367 lines
43 KiB
XML
367 lines
43 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="7D4C67E47C467FE458FDE5D305F0BAF5">Asteroidea (Echinodermata) from shallow-waters of the remote oceanic archipelago Trindade and Martin Vaz, southeastern Atlantic, with taxonomic and zoogeographical notes</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="C11933F6D4524AA7DF0DE68F6C2A0295">Cunha, Rosana</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="C402900D192633DB04C131E85FAF2F4E">Tavares, Marcos</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="B8F7E0D5D0FBDD27864661071D327BBC">Jr, Joel Braga De Mendonça</mods:namePart>
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<mods:date id="9714E58672F85545FD3478D62A973BCF">2020</mods:date>
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<heading id="796081EEFFE0FA14A9B0FD49FD9D52E0" bold="true" box="[151,607,729,756]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="12" pageNumber="43" reason="1">
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<taxonomicName id="E5974D01FFE0FA14A9B0FD49FD9D52E0" ID-CoL="43PCN" authority="(Lamarck, 1816)" baseAuthorityName="Lamarck" baseAuthorityYear="1816" box="[151,607,729,756]" class="Asteroidea" family="Mithrodiidae" genus="Mithrodia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="12" pageNumber="43" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="clavigera">
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<emphasis id="10E3EA90FFE0FA14A9B0FD49FD9D52E0" bold="true" box="[151,607,729,756]" pageId="12" pageNumber="43">
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<emphasis id="10E3EA90FFE0FA14A9B0FD49FE4A52E7" bold="true" box="[151,392,729,756]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="43">Mithrodia clavigera</emphasis>
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(
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<bibRefCitation id="46064B73FFE0FA14A8BEFD49FD9452E0" author="Lamarck, J. B. P. A." box="[409,598,729,755]" pageId="12" pageNumber="43" pagination="522 - 568" refId="ref20410" refString="Lamarck, J. B. P. A. (1816) Stellerides. In: Histoire Naturelle des Animaux sans Vertebres. Vol. 2. Verdiere, Paris, pp. 522 - 568." type="book chapter" year="1816">Lamarck, 1816</bibRefCitation>
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)
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="6A8D6509FFE0FA14A9B0FD6DFE935304" box="[151,337,765,791]" pageId="12" pageNumber="43" type="description">
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<paragraph id="22283682FFE0FA14A9B0FD6DFE935304" blockId="12.[151,607,729,791]" box="[151,337,765,791]" pageId="12" pageNumber="43">
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<figureCitation id="BAAC2A07FFE0FA14A9B0FD6DFEC25304" box="[151,256,765,791]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1496,1521]" captionTargetBox="[226,1362,202,1470]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[225,1362,201,1470]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 4. A. Copidaster lymani A. H. Clark, 1948, Trindade Island, Enseada das Orelhas. B–D. Mithrodia clavigera (Lamarck, 1816). B, C. Trindade Island, Príncipe beach. D. Fernando de Noronha, tide pool at Boldró beach. Photograph by Gabriela C. Zeineddine. E. Oreaster reticulatus (Linnaeus, 1758), Trindade Island, Enseada dos Portugueses, Farol. F. Luidia alternata alternata (Say, 1825) Trindade Island, Ponta da Calheta." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3674451" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3674451/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="43">Figures 4</figureCitation>
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B–D, 7
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</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="6A8D6509FFE0FA14A9B0FCD2FC5A5364" pageId="12" pageNumber="43" type="reference_group">
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<taxonomicName id="E5974D01FFE0FA14A9B0FCD2FDE15349" authority="Lamarck, 1816: 562" authorityName="Lamarck" authorityPageNumber="562" authorityYear="1816" box="[151,547,833,858]" class="Asteroidea" family="Asteriidae" genus="Asterias" kingdom="Animalia" order="Forcipulatida" pageId="12" pageNumber="43" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="clavigera">
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<emphasis id="10E3EA90FFE0FA14A9B0FCD2FE93534A" box="[151,337,833,857]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="43">Asterias clavigera</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="46064B73FFE0FA14A870FCD1FDE15349" author="Lamarck, J. B. P. A." box="[343,547,833,858]" pageId="12" pageNumber="43" pagination="522 - 568" refId="ref20410" refString="Lamarck, J. B. P. A. (1816) Stellerides. In: Histoire Naturelle des Animaux sans Vertebres. Vol. 2. Verdiere, Paris, pp. 522 - 568." type="book chapter" year="1816">Lamarck, 1816: 562</bibRefCitation>
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[
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<typeStatus id="FD2C8820FFE0FA14AB17FCD2FD9C5349" box="[560,606,834,858]" pageId="12" pageNumber="43">type</typeStatus>
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locality: unknown, viz.
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<bibRefCitation id="46064B73FFE0FA14AA73FCD1FB80534A" author="Clark, A. M. & Downey, M. E." box="[852,1090,833,858]" pageId="12" pageNumber="43" refId="ref19314" refString="Clark, A. M. & Downey, M. E. (1992) Starfishes of the Atlantic. Chapman and Hall-Natural History Museum Publications, London, 794 pp., 75 figs, 113 pls." type="book" year="1992">Clark & Downey, 1992</bibRefCitation>
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]
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<paragraph id="22283682FFE0FA14A9B0FCCFFC5A5364" blockId="12.[151,1097,833,887]" box="[151,920,862,887]" pageId="12" pageNumber="43">
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<taxonomicName id="E5974D01FFE0FA14A9B0FCCFFDF05364" ID-CoL="43PCN" authority="- Verrill, 1870: 289" authorityName="- Verrill" authorityPageNumber="289" authorityYear="1870" box="[151,562,862,887]" class="Asteroidea" family="Mithrodiidae" genus="Mithrodia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="12" pageNumber="43" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="clavigera">
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<emphasis id="10E3EA90FFE0FA14A9B0FCCFFEA15364" box="[151,355,863,887]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="43">Mithrodia clavigera</emphasis>
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– Verrill, 1870: 289
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;
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<treatmentCitation id="A3361093FFE0FA14AB1AFCCEFCE95364" author="Gondim, A. & Christoffersen, M. & Dias, T." box="[573,811,862,887]" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/C1BD681E887C251E071F4A52D2F03B2F" page="26" pageId="12" pageNumber="43" year="2014">
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<bibRefCitation id="46064B73FFE0FA14AB1AFCCEFCE95364" author="Gondim, A. & Christoffersen, M. & Dias, T." box="[573,811,862,887]" pageId="12" pageNumber="43" pagination="1 - 56" refId="ref19919" refString="Gondim, A., Christoffersen, M. & Dias, T. (2014) Taxonomic guide and historical review of starfishes in northeastern Brazil (Echinodermata, Asteroidea). ZooKeys, 449, 1 - 56. [online] https: // doi. org / 10.3897 / zookeys. 449.6813" type="journal article" year="2014">
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Gondim
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<emphasis id="10E3EA90FFE0FA14ABB1FCCFFD015364" box="[662,707,863,887]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="43">et al</emphasis>
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. 2014: 26
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, figs. 7f–i.
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<emphasis id="10E3EA90FFE0FA14A9B0FC34FE5253AC" bold="true" box="[151,400,932,959]" pageId="12" pageNumber="43">Trindade specimens.</emphasis>
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<collectingCountry id="5A807612FFE0FA14A8BDFC35FE2353AC" box="[410,481,933,959]" name="Brazil" pageId="12" pageNumber="43">Brazil</collectingCountry>
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,
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,
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<collectingCounty id="CB494E0EFFE0FA14AB83FC35FC9853AC" box="[676,858,933,959]" pageId="12" pageNumber="43">Trindade Island</collectingCounty>
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,
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<collectingMunicipality id="C24CACF8FFE0FA14AA4EFC35FBA853AC" box="[873,1130,933,959]" pageId="12" pageNumber="43">Enseada da Cachoeira</collectingMunicipality>
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,
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,
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,
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,
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<collectingDate id="466DE9AAFFE0FA14A817FC59FE7853F0" box="[304,442,969,995]" pageId="12" pageNumber="43" value="2012-08-14">14.viii.2012</collectingDate>
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</date>
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, 10 m: 1 spm R=110, r=10 (
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<specimenCode id="72319EF9FFE0FA14ABCEFC59FC4A53F0" box="[745,904,968,995]" collectionCode="MZUSP" country="Brazil" name="Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de Sao Paulo" pageId="12" pageNumber="43">MZUSP 1175</specimenCode>
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)
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;
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<materialsCitation id="92FF3CDFFFE0FA14AABDFC59FF19541B" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2566071224" collectingDate="2012-07-04" collectionCode="MZUSP" country="Brazil" pageId="12" pageNumber="43" specimenCode="MZUSP 1176" specimenCount="1">
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<date id="56291042FFE0FA14AABDFC59FBCC53F0" box="[922,1038,969,995]" pageId="12" pageNumber="43" value="2012-07-04">
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<collectingDate id="466DE9AAFFE0FA14AABDFC59FBCC53F0" box="[922,1038,969,995]" pageId="12" pageNumber="43" value="2012-07-04">4.vii.2012</collectingDate>
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</date>
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, 18 m: 1 spm R=160, r=15 (
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<specimenCode id="72319EF9FFE0FA14AC19FC59FF11541B" collectionCode="MZUSP" country="Brazil" name="Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de Sao Paulo" pageId="12" pageNumber="43">MZUSP 1176</specimenCode>
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)
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</materialsCitation>
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.
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<materialsCitation id="92FF3CDFFFE0FA14A9C0FC7DFACF5414" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2566071168" box="[231,1293,1004,1031]" collectingDate="2014-10-21" collectionCode="MZUSP" country="Iceland" latitude="-20.525555" location="Sul" longLatPrecision="21" longitude="-29.324446" pageId="12" pageNumber="43" specimenCode="MZUSP 1178" specimenCount="1">
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<collectingCountry id="5A807612FFE0FA14A9C0FC7DFED15414" box="[231,275,1005,1031]" name="Iceland" pageId="12" pageNumber="43">Ilha</collectingCountry>
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do
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<location id="27486059FFE0FA14A866FC7DFEAB5414" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:AA3E8794FFE0FA15A9B0FD49FC055150:27486059FFE0FA14A866FC7DFEAB5414" box="[321,361,1005,1031]" country="Iceland" latitude="-20.525555" longLatPrecision="21" longitude="-29.324446" name="Sul" pageId="12" pageNumber="43">Sul</location>
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,
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<geoCoordinate id="47A35045FFE0FA14A851FC7DFE3E5414" box="[374,508,1005,1031]" degrees="20" direction="south" minutes="31" orientation="latitude" pageId="12" pageNumber="43" precision="15" seconds="32" value="-20.525555">20°31’32”S</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate id="47A35045FFE0FA14AB2DFC7DFD5B5414" box="[522,665,1005,1031]" degrees="29" direction="west" minutes="19" orientation="longitude" pageId="12" pageNumber="43" precision="15" seconds="28" value="-29.324446">29°19’28”W</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<date id="56291042FFE0FA14AB80FC7DFCD85414" box="[679,794,1005,1031]" pageId="12" pageNumber="43" value="2014-10-21">
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<collectingDate id="466DE9AAFFE0FA14AB80FC7DFCD85414" box="[679,794,1005,1031]" pageId="12" pageNumber="43" value="2014-10-21">21.x.2014</collectingDate>
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</date>
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, 18 m: 1 spm R=220, r=25 (
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<specimenCode id="72319EF9FFE0FA14AD44FC7DFAC75414" box="[1123,1285,1005,1031]" collectionCode="MZUSP" country="Brazil" name="Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de Sao Paulo" pageId="12" pageNumber="43">MZUSP 1178</specimenCode>
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)
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</materialsCitation>
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. Enseada do
|
||
<materialsCitation id="92FF3CDFFFE0FA14A9B0FB81FB455438" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2566071166" box="[151,1159,1041,1067]" collectingDate="2014-10-21" collectionCode="MZUSP" country="Sao Tome and Principe" latitude="-20.526667" location="Principe" pageId="12" pageNumber="43" specimenCode="MZUSP 1177" specimenCount="1">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="5A807612FFE0FA14A9B0FB81FF355438" box="[151,247,1041,1067]" name="Sao Tome and Principe" pageId="12" pageNumber="43">Príncipe</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="47A35045FFE0FA14A824FB81FE4B5438" box="[259,393,1041,1067]" degrees="20" direction="south" minutes="31" orientation="latitude" pageId="12" pageNumber="43" precision="15" seconds="36" value="-20.526667">20°31’36”S</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="47A35045FFE0FA14A8B2FB81FDE65438" box="[405,548,1041,1067]" pageId="12" pageNumber="43">29°18’94”W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<date id="56291042FFE0FA14AB17FB81FD615438" box="[560,675,1041,1067]" pageId="12" pageNumber="43" value="2014-10-21">
|
||
<collectingDate id="466DE9AAFFE0FA14AB17FB81FD615438" box="[560,675,1041,1067]" pageId="12" pageNumber="43" value="2014-10-21">21.x.2014</collectingDate>
|
||
</date>
|
||
, 19 m: 1 spm R=240, r=20 (
|
||
<specimenCode id="72319EF9FFE0FA14AAF9FB81FBBC5438" box="[990,1150,1041,1067]" collectionCode="MZUSP" country="Brazil" name="Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de Sao Paulo" pageId="12" pageNumber="43">MZUSP 1177</specimenCode>
|
||
)
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="22283682FFE0FA14A9E0FBA4FE545460" blockId="12.[151,1437,932,2039]" pageId="12" pageNumber="43">
|
||
<emphasis id="10E3EA90FFE0FA14A9E0FBA4FE1B545C" bold="true" box="[199,473,1076,1103]" pageId="12" pageNumber="43">Comparative material.</emphasis>
|
||
<materialsCitation id="92FF3CDFFFE0FA14A8C6FBA5FE505460" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2566071210" collectingDate="1981-02-17" collectionCode="UFPB" country="Brazil" latitude="-7.0666666" location="Projeto" longLatPrecision="1303" longitude="-38.683334" pageId="12" pageNumber="43" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Paraiba">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="5A807612FFE0FA14A8C6FBA5FDEA545C" box="[481,552,1077,1103]" name="Brazil" pageId="12" pageNumber="43">Brazil</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="E053F860FFE0FA14AB12FBA5FD4E545C" box="[565,652,1077,1103]" country="Brazil" name="Paraiba" pageId="12" pageNumber="43">Paraíba</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<location id="27486059FFE0FA14ABBEFBA5FD28545C" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:AA3E8794FFE0FA15A9B0FD49FC055150:27486059FFE0FA14ABBEFBA5FD28545C" box="[665,746,1077,1103]" country="Brazil" latitude="-7.0666666" longLatPrecision="1303" longitude="-38.683334" name="Projeto" pageId="12" pageNumber="43" stateProvince="Paraiba">Projeto</location>
|
||
Algas–PB,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="47A35045FFE0FA14AA55FBA5FC0E545C" box="[882,972,1077,1103]" degrees="7" direction="south" minutes="04" orientation="latitude" pageId="12" pageNumber="43" precision="925" value="-7.0666666">7º04’S–</geoCoordinate>
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="47A35045FFE0FA14AAEBFBA5FBF2545C" box="[972,1072,1077,1103]" degrees="38" direction="west" minutes="41" orientation="longitude" pageId="12" pageNumber="43" precision="925" value="-38.683334">38º41’W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<date id="56291042FFE0FA14AD1AFBA5FB72545C" box="[1085,1200,1077,1103]" pageId="12" pageNumber="43" value="1981-02-17">
|
||
<collectingDate id="466DE9AAFFE0FA14AD1AFBA5FB72545C" box="[1085,1200,1077,1103]" pageId="12" pageNumber="43" value="1981-02-17">17.ii.1981</collectingDate>
|
||
</date>
|
||
, 26 m: 1 spm R=10, r=2 (
|
||
<collectionCode id="4486AE47FFE0FA14A9EAFBC9FEDB5460" box="[205,281,1113,1139]" country="Brazil" name="Departamento de Sistematica e Ecologia" pageId="12" pageNumber="43">UFPB</collectionCode>
|
||
.ECH.880)
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="6A8D6509FFE0FA14A9E0FBECFB165750" pageId="12" pageNumber="43" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph id="22283682FFE0FA14A9E0FBECFBCA5517" blockId="12.[151,1437,932,2039]" pageId="12" pageNumber="43">
|
||
<emphasis id="10E3EA90FFE0FA14A9E0FBECFEA35484" bold="true" box="[199,353,1148,1175]" pageId="12" pageNumber="43">Distribution.</emphasis>
|
||
Circumtropical (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="46064B73FFE0FA14AB07FBEDFD2E5484" author="Engel, H. & John, D. D. & Cherbonnier, G." box="[544,748,1149,1175]" pageId="12" pageNumber="43" pagination="1 - 40" refId="ref19579" refString="Engel, H., John, D. D. & Cherbonnier, G. (1948) The genus Mithrodia Gray, 1840. Zoologische Verhandelingen, 2, 1 - 40." type="journal article" year="1948">
|
||
Engel
|
||
<emphasis id="10E3EA90FFE0FA14AB4DFBEEFD5E5484" box="[618,668,1149,1175]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="43">et al</emphasis>
|
||
., 1948
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="46064B73FFE0FA14ABDFFBEDFC275484" author="Clark, A. M. & Rowe, F. W. E." box="[760,997,1149,1175]" pageId="12" pageNumber="43" pagination="1 - 238" refId="ref19271" refString="Clark, A. M. & Rowe, F. W. E. (1971) Monograph of Shallow-water Indo-West Pacific Echinoderms. Bulletin of the British Museum of Natural History, 690, 1 - 238, 31 pls." type="book chapter" year="1971">Clark & Rowe, 1971</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="46064B73FFE0FA14AAD6FBEDFB405484" author="Marsh, L. M." box="[1009,1154,1149,1175]" pageId="12" pageNumber="43" pagination="251 - 281" refId="ref21311" refString="Marsh, L. M. (1977) Coral reef asteroids of Palau, Caroline Island. Micronesica, 13, 251 - 281." type="journal article" year="1977">Marsh, 1977</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="46064B73FFE0FA14ADA9FBEDFAF75484" author="Jangoux, M." box="[1166,1333,1149,1175]" pageId="12" pageNumber="43" pagination="279 - 293" refId="ref20305" refString="Jangoux, M. (1984) Les asterides littoraux de Nouvelle-Caledonie. Bulletin du Museum National D'Histoire Naturelle, Zoologie, 6 A (2), 279 - 293." type="journal article" year="1984">Jangoux, 1984</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="46064B73FFE0FA14AC66FBEDFEFC54A8" author="Clark, A. M. & Downey, M. E." pageId="12" pageNumber="43" refId="ref19314" refString="Clark, A. M. & Downey, M. E. (1992) Starfishes of the Atlantic. Chapman and Hall-Natural History Museum Publications, London, 794 pp., 75 figs, 113 pls." type="book" year="1992">Clark & Downey, 1992</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="46064B73FFE0FA14A86FFB31FD6454A8" author="Alvarado, J. J. & Solis-Marin, F. A." box="[328,678,1185,1211]" pageId="12" pageNumber="43" refId="ref18351" refString="Alvarado, J. J. & Solis-Marin, F. A. (2013) Echinoderm research and diversity in Latin America. Springer, Berlin, 658 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / 978 - 3 - 642 - 20051 - 9" type="book" year="2013">Alvarado & Solis-Marin, 2013</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<collectingCountry id="5A807612FFE0FA14AB9FFB31FCC354A8" box="[696,769,1185,1211]" name="Brazil" pageId="12" pageNumber="43">Brazil</collectingCountry>
|
||
:
|
||
<collectingRegion id="E053F860FFE0FA14AA2BFB31FCA154A8" box="[780,867,1185,1211]" country="Brazil" name="Paraiba" pageId="12" pageNumber="43">Paraiba</collectingRegion>
|
||
, Fernando de Noronha and Trindade Islands (present study), and Vitoria Trindade Seamounts Chain (Vitoria Bank) (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="46064B73FFE0FA14AA5EFB55FC3354CC" author="Bell, F. J." box="[889,1009,1221,1247]" pageId="12" pageNumber="43" refId="ref18634" refString="Bell, F. J. (1882) Descriptions of new or rare species of Asteroidea in the collection of the British Museum. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 121 - 124, 1 pl. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.1882. tb 02733. x" type="journal volume" year="1882">Bell, 1882</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="46064B73FFE0FA14AADCFB55FB6954CC" author="Tommasi, L. R." box="[1019,1195,1221,1247]" pageId="12" pageNumber="43" pagination="1 - 61" refId="ref22708" refString="Tommasi, L. R. (1970) Lista dos asteroides recentes do Brasil. Contribuicoes Avulsas do Instituto Oceanografico, 18, 1 - 61, 38 pls." type="book chapter" year="1970">Tommasi, 1970</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="46064B73FFE0FA14AD91FB55FA5A54CC" author="Gondim, A. & Christoffersen, M. & Dias, T." box="[1206,1432,1221,1247]" pageId="12" pageNumber="43" pagination="1 - 56" refId="ref19919" refString="Gondim, A., Christoffersen, M. & Dias, T. (2014) Taxonomic guide and historical review of starfishes in northeastern Brazil (Echinodermata, Asteroidea). ZooKeys, 449, 1 - 56. [online] https: // doi. org / 10.3897 / zookeys. 449.6813" type="journal article" year="2014">
|
||
Gondim
|
||
<emphasis id="10E3EA90FFE0FA14AC3FFB56FA8A54CC" box="[1304,1352,1221,1247]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="43">et al</emphasis>
|
||
., 2014
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; present study). Depth range:
|
||
<quantity id="E56F9B67FFE0FA14A8FCFB78FDFC5510" box="[475,574,1256,1283]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.85" metricValueMax="15.7" metricValueMin="0.0" pageId="12" pageNumber="43" unit="m" value="78.5" valueMax="157.0" valueMin="0.0">0–157 m</quantity>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="46064B73FFE0FA14AB6AFB79FC955510" author="Clark, A. M. & Downey, M. E." box="[589,855,1257,1283]" pageId="12" pageNumber="43" refId="ref19314" refString="Clark, A. M. & Downey, M. E. (1992) Starfishes of the Atlantic. Chapman and Hall-Natural History Museum Publications, London, 794 pp., 75 figs, 113 pls." type="book" year="1992">Clark & Downey, 1992</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; present study).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="22283682FFE0FA14A9E0FA9CFF265654" blockId="12.[151,1437,932,2039]" pageId="12" pageNumber="43">
|
||
<emphasis id="10E3EA90FFE0FA14A9E0FA9CFE215534" bold="true" box="[199,483,1292,1319]" pageId="12" pageNumber="43">Recognition characters.</emphasis>
|
||
Small disc (
|
||
<quantity id="E56F9B67FFE0FA14AB57FA9CFD2D5534" box="[624,751,1292,1319]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.5" metricValueMax="5.0" metricValueMin="2.0" pageId="12" pageNumber="43" unit="mm" value="35.0" valueMax="50.0" valueMin="20.0">20–50 mm</quantity>
|
||
). Five long, cylindrical, flat arms, tapering terminally. Seven rows of prominent spines, occasionally five, distributed longitudinally around arm. Abactinal and marginal skeleton similar to each other, composed of well-spaced polygonal primary plates connected by elongate secondary plates arranged in a reticulum. Abactinal plates covered by granules. Papular areas large and triangular. Spines squamous other than ambulacral and oral ones. Actinal plates with row of robust spines reaching to terminal region of arm, forming clusters of 2–3 spines; papular areas between plates. Ambulacral spines seven, rounded tip, connected by membrane; central spine largest, remaining spines decreasing in size towards edge of plate. One row of subambulacral spines similar to actinal ones, but smaller and thinner. Pedicellariae rare (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="46064B73FFE0FA14AD09F999FAFF5630" author="Clark, A. M. & Downey, M. E." box="[1070,1341,1545,1571]" pageId="12" pageNumber="43" refId="ref19314" refString="Clark, A. M. & Downey, M. E. (1992) Starfishes of the Atlantic. Chapman and Hall-Natural History Museum Publications, London, 794 pp., 75 figs, 113 pls." type="book" year="1992">Clark & Downey, 1992</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; present study).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="22283682FFE0FA14A9E0F9C0FBA9569C" blockId="12.[151,1437,932,2039]" pageId="12" pageNumber="43">
|
||
<emphasis id="10E3EA90FFE0FA14A9E0F9C0FEA25678" bold="true" box="[199,352,1616,1643]" pageId="12" pageNumber="43">Color in life.</emphasis>
|
||
Arms boldly banded dark brown or reddish and light, usually gray. Papular areas are brown to black (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="46064B73FFE0FA14A9C5F9E5FE2E569C" author="Clark, A. M. & Downey, M. E." box="[226,492,1653,1679]" pageId="12" pageNumber="43" refId="ref19314" refString="Clark, A. M. & Downey, M. E. (1992) Starfishes of the Atlantic. Chapman and Hall-Natural History Museum Publications, London, 794 pp., 75 figs, 113 pls." type="book" year="1992">Clark & Downey, 1992</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="46064B73FFE0FA14A8DFF9E5FD4B569C" author="Marsh, L. M." box="[504,649,1653,1679]" pageId="12" pageNumber="43" pagination="251 - 281" refId="ref21311" refString="Marsh, L. M. (1977) Coral reef asteroids of Palau, Caroline Island. Micronesica, 13, 251 - 281." type="journal article" year="1977">Marsh, 1977</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Trindade specimens (
|
||
<figureCitation id="BAAC2A07FFE0FA14AAACF9E5FC37569C" box="[907,1013,1653,1679]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1496,1521]" captionTargetBox="[226,1362,202,1470]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[225,1362,201,1470]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 4. A. Copidaster lymani A. H. Clark, 1948, Trindade Island, Enseada das Orelhas. B–D. Mithrodia clavigera (Lamarck, 1816). B, C. Trindade Island, Príncipe beach. D. Fernando de Noronha, tide pool at Boldró beach. Photograph by Gabriela C. Zeineddine. E. Oreaster reticulatus (Linnaeus, 1758), Trindade Island, Enseada dos Portugueses, Farol. F. Luidia alternata alternata (Say, 1825) Trindade Island, Ponta da Calheta." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3674451" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3674451/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="43">Figures 4</figureCitation>
|
||
B–D, 7A).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="22283682FFE0FA14A9E0F908FB165750" blockId="12.[151,1437,932,2039]" pageId="12" pageNumber="43">
|
||
<emphasis id="10E3EA90FFE0FA14A9E0F908FEF756A0" bold="true" box="[199,309,1688,1715]" pageId="12" pageNumber="43">Habitats.</emphasis>
|
||
This species has been found to inhabit hard substrates, such as crevices, reefs gravel, rocky bottoms, and rhodolith banks (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="46064B73FFE0FA14A8ABF92DFD6656C4" author="Abreu-Perez, M. & Solis-Marin, F. A. & Laguarda-Figueras, A." box="[396,676,1724,1751]" pageId="12" pageNumber="43" pagination="29 - 52" refId="ref18180" refString="Abreu-Perez, M., Solis-Marin, F. A. & Laguarda-Figueras, A. (2005) Catalogo de los equinodermos (Echinodermata: Asteroidea y Ophiuroidea) neritico-bentonicos del Arquipielago Cubano. Revista de Biologia Tropical, 53, 29 - 52." type="journal article" year="2005">
|
||
Abreu-Pérez
|
||
<emphasis id="10E3EA90FFE0FA14AB02F92EFD9A56C4" box="[549,600,1725,1751]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="43">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2005
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="46064B73FFE0FA14AB95F92DFC5B56C4" author="Gondim, A. & Christoffersen, M. & Dias, T." box="[690,921,1725,1751]" pageId="12" pageNumber="43" pagination="1 - 56" refId="ref19919" refString="Gondim, A., Christoffersen, M. & Dias, T. (2014) Taxonomic guide and historical review of starfishes in northeastern Brazil (Echinodermata, Asteroidea). ZooKeys, 449, 1 - 56. [online] https: // doi. org / 10.3897 / zookeys. 449.6813" type="journal article" year="2014">
|
||
Gondim
|
||
<emphasis id="10E3EA90FFE0FA14AA3FF92EFC8956C4" box="[792,843,1725,1751]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="43">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2014
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). More active during the night (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="46064B73FFE0FA14AC2EF92DFF1156EF" author="Guille, A. & Laboute, P. & Menou, J. L." pageId="12" pageNumber="43" refId="ref20028" refString="Guille, A., Laboute, P. & Menou, J. L. (1986) Guide des etoiles de mer, oursins et autres echinodermes du lagon de Nouvelle- Caledonie. Vol. 25. Edition de l'Orstom, Paris, 238 pp." type="book" year="1986">
|
||
Guille
|
||
<emphasis id="10E3EA90FFE0FA14AC7CF92EFA4C56C4" box="[1371,1422,1725,1751]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="43">et al</emphasis>
|
||
., 1986
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). One specimen was observed and photographed
|
||
<emphasis id="10E3EA90FFE0FA14ABD3F972FCFA56E8" box="[756,824,1762,1787]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="43">in situ</emphasis>
|
||
by Gabriela C. Zeineddine in Fernando de Noronha (in a rocky tide pool at Boldró beach,
|
||
<date id="56291042FFE0FA14AB38F895FDB5570C" box="[543,631,1797,1823]" pageId="12" pageNumber="43" value="2019-09">ix.2019</date>
|
||
, figure 4D), but released after collection. In Trindade
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E5974D01FFE0FA14ADFEF896FAAB570C" authorityName="- Verrill" authorityYear="1870" box="[1241,1385,1797,1823]" class="Asteroidea" family="Mithrodiidae" genus="Mithrodia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="12" pageNumber="43" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="clavigera">
|
||
<emphasis id="10E3EA90FFE0FA14ADFEF896FAAB570C" box="[1241,1385,1797,1823]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="43">M. clavigera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was found in rocky bottoms or sheltered in rocky cavities, between 10 and
|
||
<quantity id="E56F9B67FFE0FA14AA8AF8B9FC245750" box="[941,998,1833,1859]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.9" pageId="12" pageNumber="43" unit="m" value="19.0">19 m</quantity>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="BAAC2A07FFE0FA14AAD3F8B9FB9D5750" box="[1012,1119,1833,1859]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1496,1521]" captionTargetBox="[226,1362,202,1470]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[225,1362,201,1470]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 4. A. Copidaster lymani A. H. Clark, 1948, Trindade Island, Enseada das Orelhas. B–D. Mithrodia clavigera (Lamarck, 1816). B, C. Trindade Island, Príncipe beach. D. Fernando de Noronha, tide pool at Boldró beach. Photograph by Gabriela C. Zeineddine. E. Oreaster reticulatus (Linnaeus, 1758), Trindade Island, Enseada dos Portugueses, Farol. F. Luidia alternata alternata (Say, 1825) Trindade Island, Ponta da Calheta." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3674451" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3674451/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="43">Figures 4</figureCitation>
|
||
B–D, 7A).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="6A8D6509FFE0FA15A9E0F8DCFC055150" lastPageId="13" lastPageNumber="44" pageId="12" pageNumber="43" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="22283682FFE0FA15A9E0F8DCFA9C50CB" blockId="12.[151,1437,932,2039]" lastBlockId="13.[151,1437,153,324]" lastPageId="13" lastPageNumber="44" pageId="12" pageNumber="43">
|
||
<emphasis id="10E3EA90FFE0FA14A9E0F8DCFE8D5774" bold="true" box="[199,335,1868,1895]" pageId="12" pageNumber="43">Comments.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E5974D01FFE0FA14A872F8DDFDEA5774" box="[341,552,1869,1895]" class="Asteroidea" family="Mithrodiidae" genus="Mithrodia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="12" pageNumber="43" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="claviger">
|
||
<emphasis id="10E3EA90FFE0FA14A872F8DDFDEA5774" box="[341,552,1869,1895]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="43">Mithrodia claviger</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
a is the only species of three in the genus to occur in the Atlantic Ocean.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E5974D01FFE0FA14AC61F8DDFE615798" authority="Bell, 1882" authorityName="Bell" authorityYear="1882" class="Asteroidea" family="Mithrodiidae" genus="Mithrodia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="12" pageNumber="43" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="victoriae">
|
||
<emphasis id="10E3EA90FFE0FA14AC61F8DDFEE75798" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="43">Mithrodia victoriae</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="46064B73FFE0FA14A80BF8E1FE615798" author="Bell, F. J." box="[300,419,1905,1931]" pageId="12" pageNumber="43" refId="ref18634" refString="Bell, F. J. (1882) Descriptions of new or rare species of Asteroidea in the collection of the British Museum. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 121 - 124, 1 pl. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.1882. tb 02733. x" type="journal volume" year="1882">Bell, 1882</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, described from off the coast of southeastern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="5A807612FFE0FA14AABBF8E1FC225798" box="[924,992,1905,1931]" name="Brazil" pageId="12" pageNumber="43">Brazil</collectingCountry>
|
||
(Vitoria Bank,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="E053F860FFE0FA14ADAAF8E1FAEF5798" box="[1165,1325,1905,1931]" country="Brazil" name="Espirito Santo" pageId="12" pageNumber="43">Espírito Santo</collectingRegion>
|
||
) has been placed by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="46064B73FFE0FA14A82AF805FDE657BC" author="Clark, A. M. & Downey, M. E." box="[269,548,1941,1967]" pageId="12" pageNumber="43" refId="ref19314" refString="Clark, A. M. & Downey, M. E. (1992) Starfishes of the Atlantic. Chapman and Hall-Natural History Museum Publications, London, 794 pp., 75 figs, 113 pls." type="book" year="1992">Clark & Downey (1992)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
under the synonymy of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E5974D01FFE0FA14AA1AF806FC0F57BC" authorityName="- Verrill" authorityYear="1870" box="[829,973,1941,1967]" class="Asteroidea" family="Mithrodiidae" genus="Mithrodia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="12" pageNumber="43" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="clavigera">
|
||
<emphasis id="10E3EA90FFE0FA14AA1AF806FC0F57BC" box="[829,973,1941,1967]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="43">M. clavigera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, who also called into question the status of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E5974D01FFE0FA14A990F82AFE0B57C0" authority="Verril, 1870" authorityName="Verril" authorityYear="1870" box="[183,457,1977,2003]" class="Asteroidea" family="Mithrodiidae" genus="Mithrodia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="12" pageNumber="43" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="bradleyi">
|
||
<emphasis id="10E3EA90FFE0FA14A990F82AFF0C57C0" box="[183,206,1978,2003]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="43">M</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="10E3EA90FFE0FA14A9FAF829FEF857C0" box="[221,314,1977,2003]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="43">bradleyi</emphasis>
|
||
Verril, 1870
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(EP) as a distinct species.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="46064B73FFE0FA14ABDBF829FC1157C0" author="Engel, H. & John, D. D. & Cherbonnier, G." box="[764,979,1977,2003]" pageId="12" pageNumber="43" pagination="1 - 40" refId="ref19579" refString="Engel, H., John, D. D. & Cherbonnier, G. (1948) The genus Mithrodia Gray, 1840. Zoologische Verhandelingen, 2, 1 - 40." type="journal article" year="1948">
|
||
Engel
|
||
<emphasis id="10E3EA90FFE0FA14AA62F82AFCBA57C0" box="[837,888,1977,2003]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="43">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (1948)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, warned that pedicellariae are not easily detected, described and illustrated the pedicellariae of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E5974D01FFE0FA14ABD1F84EFC4757E4" authorityName="- Verrill" authorityYear="1870" box="[758,901,2013,2039]" class="Asteroidea" family="Mithrodiidae" genus="Mithrodia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="12" pageNumber="43" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="clavigera">
|
||
<emphasis id="10E3EA90FFE0FA14ABD1F84EFC4757E4" box="[758,901,2013,2039]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="43">M. clavigera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
based on specimens from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="5A807612FFE0FA14AD8AF84DFADF57E4" box="[1197,1309,2013,2039]" name="Indonesia" pageId="12" pageNumber="43">Moluccas</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="5A807612FFE0FA14AC00F84DFAAF57E4" box="[1319,1389,2013,2039]" name="Indonesia" pageId="12" pageNumber="43">Flores</collectingCountry>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectingRegion id="E053F860FFE1FA15A9B0FF09FF0B50A0" box="[151,201,153,179]" country="Indonesia" name="Jawa Timur" pageId="13" pageNumber="44">Java</collectingRegion>
|
||
(
|
||
<collectingCountry id="5A807612FFE1FA15A9FFFF09FE8950A7" box="[216,331,153,180]" name="Indonesia" pageId="13" pageNumber="44">Indonesia</collectingCountry>
|
||
), and Haingsisi (Timor). However, pedicellariae have not been found neither in the specimen from
|
||
<collectingRegion id="E053F860FFE1FA15A9B0FF2DFF2950C4" box="[151,235,189,215]" country="Brazil" name="Paraiba" pageId="13" pageNumber="44">Paraíba</collectingRegion>
|
||
(northeastern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="5A807612FFE1FA15A8AAFF2DFE1150CB" box="[397,467,189,216]" name="Brazil" pageId="13" pageNumber="44">Brazil</collectingCountry>
|
||
) studied by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="46064B73FFE1FA15AB7AFF2DFC8950C4" author="Gondim, A. & Christoffersen, M. & Dias, T." box="[605,843,189,215]" pageId="13" pageNumber="44" pagination="1 - 56" refId="ref19919" refString="Gondim, A., Christoffersen, M. & Dias, T. (2014) Taxonomic guide and historical review of starfishes in northeastern Brazil (Echinodermata, Asteroidea). ZooKeys, 449, 1 - 56. [online] https: // doi. org / 10.3897 / zookeys. 449.6813" type="journal article" year="2014">
|
||
Gondim
|
||
<emphasis id="10E3EA90FFE1FA15AB98FF2EFD3250C4" box="[703,752,189,215]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="44">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (2014)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, nor in the Trindade specimens (present study).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="22283682FFE1FA15A9E0FF71FC055150" blockId="13.[151,1437,153,324]" pageId="13" pageNumber="44">
|
||
These are the first records of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E5974D01FFE1FA15AB38FF72FD7250E8" authorityName="- Verrill" authorityYear="1870" box="[543,688,225,251]" class="Asteroidea" family="Mithrodiidae" genus="Mithrodia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="13" pageNumber="44" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="clavigera">
|
||
<emphasis id="10E3EA90FFE1FA15AB38FF72FD7250E8" box="[543,688,225,251]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="44">M. clavigera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from the oceanic islands of Fernando de Noronha and Trindade. Previous to the oceanic insular waters,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E5974D01FFE1FA15AB69FE96FD1F510C" authorityName="- Verrill" authorityYear="1870" box="[590,733,261,287]" class="Asteroidea" family="Mithrodiidae" genus="Mithrodia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="13" pageNumber="44" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="clavigera">
|
||
<emphasis id="10E3EA90FFE1FA15AB69FE96FD1F510C" box="[590,733,261,287]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="44">M. clavigera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was known in the southwestern Atlantic from the northeastern Brazilian coast (
|
||
<collectingRegion id="E053F860FFE1FA15A86AFEB9FE675157" box="[333,421,297,324]" country="Brazil" name="Paraiba" pageId="13" pageNumber="44">Paraíba</collectingRegion>
|
||
) and the Vitória Bank,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="E053F860FFE1FA15AB8EFEB9FC8B5150" box="[681,841,297,323]" country="Brazil" name="Espirito Santo" pageId="13" pageNumber="44">Espírito Santo</collectingRegion>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="BAAC2A07FFE1FA15AA70FEB9FC745150" box="[855,950,297,323]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="3.[151,250,961,986]" captionTargetBox="[190,1397,415,934]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[190,1398,415,934]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 1. A. Diagrammatic East-West oriented cross-section of the volcanic Vitoria-Trindade Seamount Chain. Brazil’s landmass in dark grey. B, C. Trindade and Martin Vaz islands, respectively. Photographs by J.B. Mendonça Jr." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3674445" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3674445/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="44">Figure 1</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |