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<mods:classification id="27DBA998CAEDFC4224D511E58C3BC063">journal article</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier id="77CD9EC84284AC7A13AA3FEF81DC1E94" type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.240.101716</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="4B6815A43CC36AA4BBA7D4969C9E83CB" type="Pensoft-Pub">1314-2003-240-1</mods:identifier>
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<subSection id="70515E4F42F5B005FA1DB4284724E41B" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="5. tribe cassieae">
<treatment id="34616ED95EB1EC29A1F52672C91A4880" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:34616ED95EB1EC29A1F52672C91A4880" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/34616ED95EB1EC29A1F52672C91A4880" lastPageNumber="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<subSubSection id="F89E16FBCD5B4E28A9D0A2A948A2135F" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="7A596E10D8866974D22F2E48D3C0F88C" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName id="2E380BD54322CB170F5DDA51F6C352ED" ID-CoL="9CM2K" authority="Mill., Gard. Dict. Abr. (ed. 4). 1754." authorityName="Mill., Gard. Dict. Abr. (ed. 4). 1754." class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Senna" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Senna" order="Fabales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Senna Mill., Gard. Dict. Abr. (ed. 4). 1754.</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="8701A4AF4C1098707F4FB5F492784340" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="description">
<paragraph id="05A41C8DBF3DFD6FC2E58F54F23114BC" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<figureCitation id="19D15E3D8538D3D9901CF94FEDD6CF6C" captionStart="Figure 22" captionStartId="F29" captionText="Figure 22. Examples of variation in stamens and pistil among Cassieae genera A Cassia moschata Kunth (Rando et al. 1184) B Senna macranthera (DC. ex Collad.) H. S. Irwin &amp; Barneby (Rando et al. 272) C Chamaecrista bahiae (H. S. Irwin) H. S. Irwin &amp; Barneby (Rando et al. 1214) D Melanoxylum brauna Schott (Cardoso et al. 2439) E Recordoxylon speciosum (Benoist) Gazel ex Barneby (Pereira-Silva et al. 15631) F Vouacapoua americana Aubl (Nascimento 245). G Batesia floribunda Spruce ex Benth (based on photographs of Projeto Flora Reserva Ducke, INPA / DFID, comm. Mike Hopkins). Scale: 1 cm. Drawn by Najla M. B. Scheidegger / @ ilustre. nt." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.240.101716.figure22" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1014695" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Figs 22</figureCitation>
<figureCitation id="2FF8AA3FD19BE18293CD20D5BDA6FE81" captionStart="Figure 32" captionStartId="F39" captionText="Figure 32. Examples of Senna diversity A Senna macranthera (DC. ex Collad.) H. S. Irwin &amp; Barneby flowering branch (Lima et al. 422) B Senna alata (L.) Roxb. flowering branch C Senna corifolia (Benth.) H. S. Irwin &amp; Barneby flowering branch (Rando et al. 936) D Senna angulata (Vogel) H. S. Irwin &amp; Barneby fruits E Senna multijuga (Rich.) H. S. Irwin &amp; Barneby mature individual (Lima 408) F Senna pendula (Humb. &amp; Bonpl. ex Willd.) H. S. Irwin &amp; Barneby flower (Lima et al. 435) G Senna spectabilis (DC.) H. S. Irwin &amp; Barneby flower (unvouchered) H Senna rugosa (G. Don) H. S. Irwin &amp; Barneby leaf with extrafloral nectaries between leaflets (Lima et al. 538). Photo credits A, B, E, F, H A Lima C JG Rando D F Logan G RT Queiroz https: // rubens-plantasdobrasil. blogspot. com /." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.240.101716.figure32" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1014705" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">, 32</figureCitation>
<figureCitation id="12B59F6EBA6AAA2812E999D638A92815" captionStart="Figure 33" captionStartId="F40" captionText="Figure 33. Distribution of Senna based on quality-controlled digitised herbarium records. See Suppl. material 1 for the source of occurrence data." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.240.101716.figure33" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1014706" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">, 33</figureCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="412C43B5DD57488FCBB00A058C02CB24" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="6A25494C4E37A819762107AA2A73B0C5" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName id="925D20F9EC68DAAD436B225EA36DB11D" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Chamaecassia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Chamaecassia" order="Fabales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Chamaecassia</taxonomicName>
Link, Handbuch 2: 139. 1831. Type: 
<taxonomicName id="2EE2F797CBCB33AC4DE38B982DC2145C" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Chamaecassia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Chamaecassia laevigata" order="Fabales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="laevigata">Chamaecassia laevigata</taxonomicName>
(Willd.) Link [≡ 
<taxonomicName id="19A75474CD876C551701DAB174ED0E0B" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Cassia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Cassia laevigata" order="Fabales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="laevigata">Cassia laevigata</taxonomicName>
Willd. (= 
<taxonomicName id="A2A70DE06E7C202B0EEFE7198ED9F9B4" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Senna" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Senna septemtrionalis" order="Fabales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="septemtrionalis">Senna septemtrionalis</taxonomicName>
(Viv.) H.S. Irwin &amp; Barneby)]
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="685303CD23AE4A1C6A93487D97432D52" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName id="315D7ADB4EB480F471C3EB87EA5FD942" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Chamaefistula" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Chamaefistula" order="Fabales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Chamaefistula</taxonomicName>
(DC. ex Collad.) G. Don, Gen. Hist. 2: 106. 1832. Type: 
<taxonomicName id="D4B3B84BFAB4F06382D8CE330B69D4C6" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Chamaefistula" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Chamaefistula corymbosa" order="Fabales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="corymbosa">Chamaefistula corymbosa</taxonomicName>
(Lam.) G. Don [≡ 
<taxonomicName id="00F17BAB32DC53A171172EA7C7E28C08" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Cassia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Cassia corymbosa" order="Fabales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="corymbosa">Cassia corymbosa</taxonomicName>
Lam. (≡ 
<taxonomicName id="14A61E1EFC1BAC1EE3BEFED7B0C9A574" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Senna" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Senna corymbosa" order="Fabales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="corymbosa">Senna corymbosa</taxonomicName>
(Lam.) H.S. Irwin &amp; Barneby)]
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="31A9628E4C370EBFBAED7315BE9FEA42" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName id="3AF1538B0ED6509B47E5D7D1E8018F12" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Adipera" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Adipera" order="Fabales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Adipera</taxonomicName>
Raf., Sylva Tellur.: 129. 1838. Type: 
<taxonomicName id="4880F89417FD47A7BBE9583D1B75DB6F" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Adipera" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Adipera herbertiana" order="Fabales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="herbertiana">Adipera herbertiana</taxonomicName>
(Lindl.) Raf. [= 
<taxonomicName id="F4B565CED37084A561A73B18A5470995" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Senna" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" isHybrid="true" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Senna floribunda" order="Fabales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="floribunda">
Senna 
<normalizedToken id="A68864BF1F685D3DD30FB378C9E025CA" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
floribunda
</taxonomicName>
(Cav.) H.S. Irwin &amp; Barneby]
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="FE64677E45D543A92D7C132932A613B5" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName id="13375BF834A043093FFCC99D26BE999E" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Diallobus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Diallobus" order="Fabales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Diallobus</taxonomicName>
Raf., Sylva Tellur.: 128. 1838. Type: 
<taxonomicName id="F9138A009A9F8844EA3F011F77A29AFA" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Diallobus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Diallobus tora" order="Fabales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="tora">Diallobus tora</taxonomicName>
(L.) Raf. [≡ 
<taxonomicName id="9EB0113D2443F9949A5650C9F113A737" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Cassia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Cassia tora" order="Fabales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="tora">Cassia tora</taxonomicName>
L. (≡ 
<taxonomicName id="6DDB0F07872A4A28CF9DF3A9768EF4C5" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Senna" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Senna tora" order="Fabales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="tora">Senna tora</taxonomicName>
(L.) Roxb.)]
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="7E0210AB5ED7C977DFF48A93CD4396CA" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName id="C3B0D9D75D3423A69EBDA13AFBAD1527" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Ditremexa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Ditremexa" order="Fabales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Ditremexa</taxonomicName>
Raf., Sylva Tellur.: 127. 1838. Lectotype (designated by Britton and Wilson 1924): 
<taxonomicName id="DFC3115E6245F84ACC400FFD728359C5" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Ditremexa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Ditremexa occidentalis" order="Fabales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="occidentalis">Ditremexa occidentalis</taxonomicName>
(L.) Britton &amp; Rose [≡ 
<taxonomicName id="B52FB262D5A04A0978409F705B88C0F4" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Cassia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Cassia occidentalis" order="Fabales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="occidentalis">Cassia occidentalis</taxonomicName>
L. (≡ 
<taxonomicName id="B70263BF181ACDFA6B08FE81E72C61E4" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Senna" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Senna occidentalis" order="Fabales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="occidentalis">Senna occidentalis</taxonomicName>
(L.) Link)]
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="FF16AAD511D767726773F1DE475ED1B2" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName id="9F259894C1AC9BC0F036749AAB6D7AA8" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Emelista" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Emelista" order="Fabales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Emelista</taxonomicName>
Raf., Sylva Tellur.: 127. 1838. Type: 
<taxonomicName id="8BA84E3C732C007A3AD9674669801FB3" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Emelista" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Emelista obtusifolia" order="Fabales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="obtusifolia">Emelista obtusifolia</taxonomicName>
(L.) Raf. [≡ 
<taxonomicName id="0234E0A11BB6BE8327C91382DDFCF9A2" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Cassia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Cassia obtusifolia" order="Fabales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="obtusifolia">Cassia obtusifolia</taxonomicName>
L. (≡ 
<taxonomicName id="C3FDEE9A9CFFB50751B851B870C40D80" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Senna" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Senna obtusifolia" order="Fabales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="obtusifolia">Senna obtusifolia</taxonomicName>
(L.) H.S. Irwin &amp; Barneby)]
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="698AF5ACA1B7DE5385C0D7AD0D870DC5" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName id="1391E7C9E4B3C8177E92D68532F241FF" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Herpetica" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Herpetica" order="Fabales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Herpetica</taxonomicName>
Raf., Sylva Tellur.: 123. 1838. Type: 
<taxonomicName id="35AA44EC0FB846C9ABF730C92BC2E490" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Herpetica" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Herpetica alata" order="Fabales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="alata">Herpetica alata</taxonomicName>
(L.) Raf. [≡ 
<taxonomicName id="03D0FA010056534713F2E7F3580C22F0" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Cassia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Cassia alata" order="Fabales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="alata">Cassia alata</taxonomicName>
L. (≡ 
<taxonomicName id="A0C2777227B7DFA8AE78D6A581369180" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Senna" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Senna alata" order="Fabales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="alata">Senna alata</taxonomicName>
(L.) Roxb.)]
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6009F374F9399E6D1D8235BD7922F7DE" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName id="8CEB888ECCCEC75BE14229CB896F1232" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Isandrina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Isandrina" order="Fabales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Isandrina</taxonomicName>
Raf., Sylva Tellur.: 126. 1838. Type: 
<taxonomicName id="1B9318BFC418A7045304CAED9A6CB8C7" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Isandrina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Isandrina arborescens" order="Fabales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="arborescens">Isandrina arborescens</taxonomicName>
Raf. [= 
<taxonomicName id="9E61250628D87C4F3E1CE3E3BD43C0DD" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Senna" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Senna atomaria" order="Fabales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="atomaria">Senna atomaria</taxonomicName>
(L.) H.S. Irwin &amp; Barneby]
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="C6567B21A5350950C5B1BE6D97137E59" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName id="BB78A288EE8890618BE8A1C946DF4D7D" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Panisia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Panisia" order="Fabales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Panisia</taxonomicName>
Raf., Sylva Tellur.: 128. 1838. Type: 
<taxonomicName id="6C61410F898F1E1D0687834849D92831" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Panisia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Panisia biflora" order="Fabales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="biflora">Panisia biflora</taxonomicName>
(L.) Raf. [≡ 
<taxonomicName id="5DAB5C4C7815DB8F7A64175D4946837A" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Cassia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Cassia" order="Fabales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Cassia</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="D36A7C7F1C4F9F4C206386DA80D76F81" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Panisia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Panisia biflora" order="Fabales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="biflora">Panisia biflora</taxonomicName>
L., but typus not established, probably either = 
<taxonomicName id="E4ED172C0EE1490109B57DDEC4262921" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Senna" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Senna pallida" order="Fabales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="pallida">Senna pallida</taxonomicName>
(Vahl) H.S. Irwin &amp; Barneby 
<emphasis id="F40E9EBDAE1647F9A79A439A96FE6707" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">sensu lato</emphasis>
or 
<taxonomicName id="40DB5F00C5E7094646FAC8708C071323" family="Fabaceae" higherTaxonomySource="treatment-meta" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. angustisiliqua" order="Fabales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="angustisiliqua">S. angustisiliqua</taxonomicName>
(Lam.) H.S. Irwin &amp; Barneby]
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D157B2B7FDE05F1521F52AA66C6F8998" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName id="774050C16F427C19BB59649EC4AA4839" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Peiranisia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Peiranisia" order="Fabales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Peiranisia</taxonomicName>
Raf., Sylva Tellur.: 127. 1838. Type: 
<taxonomicName id="ADB1A887AFDFBC51EF693DF6277B5911" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Peiranisia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Peiranisia aversiflora" order="Fabales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="aversiflora">Peiranisia aversiflora</taxonomicName>
(Herb.) Raf. [≡ 
<taxonomicName id="17043527F28207360225DDFF38CEDDA6" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Cassia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Cassia aversiflora" order="Fabales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="aversiflora">Cassia aversiflora</taxonomicName>
Herb. (≡ 
<taxonomicName id="8E9B6B74BBF9C9C131A8329D6C26E31E" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Senna" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Senna aversiflora" order="Fabales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="aversiflora">Senna aversiflora</taxonomicName>
(Herb.) H.S. Irwin &amp; Barneby)]
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="48B841F59DE0073E6289DCE393083DF4" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName id="F65A11335A6A5AA31ACA89405FE7791E" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Scolodia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Scolodia" order="Fabales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Scolodia</taxonomicName>
Raf., Sylva Tellur.: 128. 1838. Type: 
<taxonomicName id="118FD21E5939395D6EF1A649978D12DF" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Scolodia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Scolodia viminea" order="Fabales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="viminea">Scolodia viminea</taxonomicName>
(L.) Raf. [≡ 
<taxonomicName id="0786D23A775235B53525CC6A66DCF604" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Cassia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Cassia viminea" order="Fabales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="viminea">Cassia viminea</taxonomicName>
L. (≡ 
<taxonomicName id="F100CD454996E8D9E938A9EC773EBB64" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Senna" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Senna viminea" order="Fabales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="viminea">Senna viminea</taxonomicName>
(L.) H.S. Irwin &amp; Barneby)]
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="CF4776131F81D8681666BB63AEE6DA58" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName id="77B8B5A2AA5EF29FFF1BF5F9293DC8F0" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Cassia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Cassia (Senna) subsp. subg." order="Fabales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Senna">Cassia subg. Senna</taxonomicName>
(Mill.) Benth., Fl. Bras. 15(2): 83, 96. 1870. Type not cited, but inferred as 
<taxonomicName id="D5B2F4A45CCC5E19F33BF403962550CF" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Senna" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Senna alexandrina" order="Fabales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="alexandrina">Senna alexandrina</taxonomicName>
Mill.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="4A54A79C29029CC11B4EAD063FDE1537" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName id="6E0050016F36C9BCC86DE78EC855E3ED" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Chamaesenna" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Chamaesenna" order="Fabales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Chamaesenna</taxonomicName>
Raf. ex Pittier, Arb. Arbus. Orden Legum.: 130. 1928. Lectotype (designated by 
<bibRefCitation id="8E2AC11EEF97A33BF8F9BBABF82E148C" author="Britton, NL" journalOrPublisher="North American Flora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="201 - 349" refId="B116" refString="Britton, NL, Rose, JN, 1930. Caesalpiniaceae. North American Flora 23 (4): 201 - 349" title="Caesalpiniaceae." volume="23" year="1930">Britton and Rose 1930</bibRefCitation>
): 
<taxonomicName id="5B75957CCF01925C46C7DB4AE93A419E" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Chamaesenna" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Chamaesenna reticulata" order="Fabales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="reticulata">Chamaesenna reticulata</taxonomicName>
(Willd.) Pittier [≡ 
<taxonomicName id="92202FB1A0B218535859AE577839FF19" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Cassia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Cassia reticulata" order="Fabales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="reticulata">Cassia reticulata</taxonomicName>
Willd. (≡ 
<taxonomicName id="C735B6760909789C0C7332CE601AC73F" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Senna" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Senna reticulata" order="Fabales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="reticulata">Senna reticulata</taxonomicName>
(Willd.) H.S. Irwin &amp; Barneby)]
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="0B8530F33F853CF32F628D31A2D95E35" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName id="9C3484DE8C6F7870665E3F35BA78B227" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Cowellocassia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Cowellocassia" order="Fabales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Cowellocassia</taxonomicName>
Britton, N. Amer. Fl. 23: 251. 1930. Type: 
<taxonomicName id="7547A63E003C7603DE540D3DC444AAC4" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Cowellocassia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Cowellocassia scleroxyla" order="Fabales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="scleroxyla">Cowellocassia scleroxyla</taxonomicName>
(Britton) Britton [≡ 
<taxonomicName id="9740E7C2C94D106E60FF4188538B6DF3" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Cassia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Cassia scleroxyla" order="Fabales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="scleroxyla">Cassia scleroxyla</taxonomicName>
Britton (= 
<taxonomicName id="BF53A14EFF9FE88415F35B39ED74C51F" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Senna" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Senna domingensis" order="Fabales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="domingensis">Senna domingensis</taxonomicName>
(Spreng.) H.S. Irwin &amp; Barneby)]
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="F9CF9D23EBF26CDA35CABD67FA0F6316" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName id="F666DF63842491E089919ADB12AD6D31" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Earleocassia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Earleocassia" order="Fabales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Earleocassia</taxonomicName>
Britton, N. Amer. Fl. 23: 247. 1930. Type: 
<taxonomicName id="51F524538E80C41B20A5F2010A009503" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Earleocassia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Earleocassia roemeriana" order="Fabales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="roemeriana">Earleocassia roemeriana</taxonomicName>
(Scheele) Britton [≡ 
<taxonomicName id="BB9E76458CA266CFD09A344F10C3A81F" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Cassia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Cassia roemeriana" order="Fabales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="roemeriana">Cassia roemeriana</taxonomicName>
Scheele (≡ 
<taxonomicName id="7CFD7C48F94AF1DDEB114F61CA881D87" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Senna" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Senna roemeriana" order="Fabales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="roemeriana">Senna roemeriana</taxonomicName>
(Scheele) H.S. Irwin &amp; Barneby)]
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D2CE20626E3DA311C22CB5096583499E" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName id="24BF48E91F1A1D5D43BD1B739B715332" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Echinocassia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Echinocassia" order="Fabales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Echinocassia</taxonomicName>
Britton &amp; Rose, N. Amer. Fl. 23: 251. 1930. Type: 
<taxonomicName id="E48808E2D95274F266BE702A07D284E4" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Echinocassia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Echinocassia aculeata" order="Fabales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="aculeata">Echinocassia aculeata</taxonomicName>
(Pohl ex Benth.) Britton &amp; Rose [≡ 
<taxonomicName id="F157EC62863C2B97B264EB80044AF426" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Cassia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Cassia aculeata" order="Fabales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="aculeata">Cassia aculeata</taxonomicName>
Pohl ex Benth. (≡ 
<taxonomicName id="E9ED3C2F4A8ED86DF0C6742C81E02662" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Senna" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Senna aculeata" order="Fabales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="aculeata">Senna aculeata</taxonomicName>
(Pohl ex Benth.) H.S. Irwin &amp; Barneby)]
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6E80854C4F0366F98622E59F027656E4" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName id="F057C4CD66678FA5417A77CEFD2B01F6" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Desmodiocassia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Desmodiocassia" order="Fabales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Desmodiocassia</taxonomicName>
Britton &amp; Rose, N. Amer. Fl. 23: 244. 1930. Type: 
<taxonomicName id="6379A28ABE46A914A08D0AB997350A59" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Desmodiocassia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Desmodiocassia villosa" order="Fabales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="villosa">Desmodiocassia villosa</taxonomicName>
(Mill.) Britton &amp; Rose [≡ 
<taxonomicName id="02A5AC6DA6AF1540A8A7F631A9D2FDE1" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Cassia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Cassia villosa" order="Fabales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="villosa">Cassia villosa</taxonomicName>
Mill. (≡ 
<taxonomicName id="7A007DC799BDFDF8C596E2A31355F76C" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Senna" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Senna villosa" order="Fabales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="villosa">Senna villosa</taxonomicName>
(Mill.) H.S. Irwin &amp; Barneby]
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="CC54A650094F75215F9510C7C248F6DE" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName id="F67180A7770B7C8709953F41DF4B994A" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Gaumerocassia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Gaumerocassia" order="Fabales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Gaumerocassia</taxonomicName>
Britton, N. Amer. Fl. 23: 252. 1930. Type: 
<taxonomicName id="C34CBEA60FC553091B6898C6736C8FCF" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Gaumerocassia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Gaumerocassia peralteana" order="Fabales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="peralteana">Gaumerocassia peralteana</taxonomicName>
(Kunth) Britton [≡ 
<taxonomicName id="55C04370359FF491507C39A0F948D3D9" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Cassia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Cassia peralteana" order="Fabales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="peralteana">Cassia peralteana</taxonomicName>
Kunth (≡ 
<taxonomicName id="F04D6791E44D38767A89E015403C2DC9" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Senna" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Senna peralteana" order="Fabales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="peralteana">Senna peralteana</taxonomicName>
(Kunth) H.S. Irwin &amp; Barneby)]
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="9182AFB58B270FC69EFEE498A5EBDE37" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName id="54921110464040188D0A5CCCE3750197" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Leonocassia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Leonocassia" order="Fabales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Leonocassia</taxonomicName>
Britton, N. Amer. Fl. 23: 268. 1930. Type: 
<taxonomicName id="A631A39208DF9A060D8BDE265C2A7246" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Leonocassia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Leonocassia stenophylla" order="Fabales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="stenophylla">Leonocassia stenophylla</taxonomicName>
(Benth.) Britton [≡ 
<taxonomicName id="05B873B0B0D641964A8B5E1868BE8D92" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Cassia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Cassia stenophylla" order="Fabales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="stenophylla">Cassia stenophylla</taxonomicName>
Benth. (≡ 
<taxonomicName id="59431C96411BA147512FF7456494B89A" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Senna" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Senna stenophylla" order="Fabales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="stenophylla">Senna stenophylla</taxonomicName>
(Benth.) H.S. Irwin &amp; Barneby)]
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="9C6B52A153172840B2A5990A664E9526" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName id="09A5BF67A2C6A0E8BC06BB41ADB3BB73" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Palmerocassia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Palmerocassia" order="Fabales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Palmerocassia</taxonomicName>
Britton, N. Amer. Fl. 23: 253. 1930. Type: 
<taxonomicName id="40A25BF23E1875A56698850E8546E266" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Palmerocassia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Palmerocassia wislizeni" order="Fabales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="wislizeni">Palmerocassia wislizeni</taxonomicName>
(A. Gray) Britton [≡ 
<taxonomicName id="D057F036084A419468C7FCD71B5C1AE9" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Cassia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Cassia wislizeni" order="Fabales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="wislizeni">Cassia wislizeni</taxonomicName>
A. Gray (≡ 
<taxonomicName id="B9CC4028DFC55D6B7E9932875D352E96" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Senna" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Senna wislizeni" order="Fabales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="wislizeni">Senna wislizeni</taxonomicName>
(A. Gray) H.S. Irwin &amp; Barneby)]
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="2CFA691DAAC4E17FB6D80E5C09CDEB42" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName id="8C186899F333EB399FE28A6979A1B83D" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Phragmocassia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Phragmocassia" order="Fabales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Phragmocassia</taxonomicName>
Britton &amp; Rose, N. Amer. Fl. 23: 245. 1930. Type: 
<taxonomicName id="B2FFD2F88B37029C6510F8BED3640E97" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Phragmocassia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Phragmocassia skinneri" order="Fabales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="skinneri">Phragmocassia skinneri</taxonomicName>
(Benth.) Britton &amp; Rose [≡ 
<taxonomicName id="58FE494FB7314600812E0EF6BD4BBC67" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Cassia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Cassia skinneri" order="Fabales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="skinneri">Cassia skinneri</taxonomicName>
Benth. (≡ 
<taxonomicName id="F3670AAAC4EEDEB9735AF6EDFAFE2C9C" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Senna" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Senna skinneri" order="Fabales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="skinneri">Senna skinneri</taxonomicName>
(Benth.) H.S. Irwin &amp; Barneby)]
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="21FC8B1F7E77EB7C6B31EC7AE69BD45B" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName id="14F66CE6314005347A25A528BC9ABBAD" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Pseudocassia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Pseudocassia" order="Fabales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Pseudocassia</taxonomicName>
Britton &amp; Rose, N. Amer. Fl. 23: 230. 1930. Lectotype (designated by 
<bibRefCitation id="582C41AA7E11106D70D7A12165A81616" author="Irwin, HS" journalOrPublisher="Memoirs of the New York Botanical Garden" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1 - 918" refId="B407" refString="Irwin, HS, Barneby, RC, 1982. The American Cassiinae. A synoptical revision of Leguminosae, tribe Cassieae, subtribe Cassiinae in the New World. Memoirs of the New York Botanical Garden 35 (1-2): 1 - 918" title="The American Cassiinae. A synoptical revision of Leguminosae, tribe Cassieae, subtribe Cassiinae in the New World." volume="35" year="1982">Irwin and Barneby 1982</bibRefCitation>
): 
<taxonomicName id="13802F0D50BCAEB25E667F9A48FA4ADD" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Pseudocassia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Pseudocassia spectabilis" order="Fabales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="spectabilis">Pseudocassia spectabilis</taxonomicName>
(DC.) Britton &amp; Rose [≡ 
<taxonomicName id="F55AF2BB8FF3736875B3F258E5FB31EF" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Cassia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Cassia spectabilis" order="Fabales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="spectabilis">Cassia spectabilis</taxonomicName>
DC. (≡ 
<taxonomicName id="81F408B1FD92799C5D08F9B5E1C4173B" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Senna" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Senna spectabilis" order="Fabales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="spectabilis">Senna spectabilis</taxonomicName>
(DC.) H.S. Irwin &amp; Barneby)]
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="200A30A6A217FC1F687B98AA54EBC66F" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName id="EF5A56BAB035575D154BF9D7BF849756" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Pterocassia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Pterocassia" order="Fabales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Pterocassia</taxonomicName>
Britton &amp; Rose, N. Amer. Fl. 23: 243. 1930. Type: 
<taxonomicName id="CC2482886C3312483D56EC818F9E82FC" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Pterocassia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Pterocassia galeottiana" order="Fabales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="galeottiana">Pterocassia galeottiana</taxonomicName>
(M. Martens) Britton &amp; Rose [≡ 
<taxonomicName id="8F04C5A3DABABC03BBB3881293D72BA1" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Cassia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Cassia galeottiana" order="Fabales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="galeottiana">Cassia galeottiana</taxonomicName>
M. Martens (≡ 
<taxonomicName id="C6CE8B75667175822932519788E44704" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Senna" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Senna galeottiana" order="Fabales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="galeottiana">Senna galeottiana</taxonomicName>
(M. Martens) H.S. Irwin &amp; Barneby)]
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="A0FBAE11CBA08A940DBACC7EC5F809B5" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName id="300A0D374ED7EC71E13FDD9BA23B4E18" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Tharpia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Tharpia" order="Fabales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Tharpia</taxonomicName>
Britton &amp; Rose, N. Amer. Fl. 23: 246. 1930. Type: 
<taxonomicName id="A662344CA8472DA8AA7DFECE7A94B60C" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Tharpia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Tharpia pumilio" order="Fabales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="pumilio">Tharpia pumilio</taxonomicName>
(A. Gray) Britton &amp; Rose [≡ 
<taxonomicName id="35E718387146FAFB62A4FFE21CEA5EB8" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Cassia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Cassia pumilio" order="Fabales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="pumilio">Cassia pumilio</taxonomicName>
A. Gray (≡ 
<taxonomicName id="3D9DFE8B85F20C8BD44DB4AD9F9D14F7" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Senna" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Senna pumilio" order="Fabales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="pumilio">Senna pumilio</taxonomicName>
(A. Gray) H.S. Irwin &amp; Barneby)]
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6D69980226D217B8BFDD4BC80174E3CF" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName id="1C534898D8001B837FA1306207D4A617" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Vogelocassia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Vogelocassia" order="Fabales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Vogelocassia</taxonomicName>
Britton, N. Amer. Fl. 23: 258. 1930. Type: 
<taxonomicName id="817427DE498239B632B6B1E112E5A9BB" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Vogelocassia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Vogelocassia leiophylla" order="Fabales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="leiophylla">Vogelocassia leiophylla</taxonomicName>
(Vogel) Britton [≡ 
<taxonomicName id="1DFE8503B1001C3EB9E0756E4E8DEA9C" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Cassia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Cassia leiophylla" order="Fabales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="leiophylla">Cassia leiophylla</taxonomicName>
Vogel (≡ 
<taxonomicName id="0955DD6656DAF817A83066B15B0113F9" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Senna" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Senna leiophylla" order="Fabales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="leiophylla">Senna leiophylla</taxonomicName>
(Vogel) H.S. Irwin &amp; Barneby)]
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="5C0D8DC10EFDAF6DBB00AF5D3D8965C2" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName id="F72296F1A2A214473EDD8D555AED09A8" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Xerocassia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Xerocassia" order="Fabales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Xerocassia</taxonomicName>
Britton &amp; Rose, N. Amer. Fl. 23: 246. 1930. Type: 
<taxonomicName id="82BB81C46528C60C9F8523816EA5C236" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Xerocassia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Xerocassia armata" order="Fabales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="armata">Xerocassia armata</taxonomicName>
(S. Watson) Britton &amp; Rose [≡ 
<taxonomicName id="A7C6CB3C003661F20A472B87E2860F93" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Cassia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Cassia armata" order="Fabales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="armata">Cassia armata</taxonomicName>
S.Watson (≡ 
<taxonomicName id="4F1C70E25CCDBAD6395DDD52B0C396B8" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Senna" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Senna armata" order="Fabales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="armata">Senna armata</taxonomicName>
(S. Watson) H.S. Irwin &amp; Barneby)]
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="98D5DFC56E1D738CD964A8EE5804E1DC" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="C5E1AF4350E36C14F2F4133C14C17261" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<typeStatus id="DE869B4DE2CA9A095BEB5461DEE338E0">Type</typeStatus>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="A5AB3C682260A8281BB33C486CC2BB5F" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName id="C005998FC7BC4F359C0B6852A129C294" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Leguminosae" genus="Senna" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Senna alexandrina" order="Fabales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="alexandrina">
<emphasis id="C31EEC8EA8BF446E5C576344A3630F04" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Senna alexandrina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Mill.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="D11736B17FA4E0A26716D2CFA20B71D0" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="description">
<paragraph id="347F50543D925A0457DDDC67DCE4FC8F" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Description.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="BE2F1CC70A58A8BFCEBBA02350298106" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
Trees, treelets, erect or scandent shrubs, subshrubs, vines, rarely aphyllous shrubs with cladode-like branches, unarmed or rarely with spines or prickles. 
<emphasis id="A8719FE28620D34D6EC79D6791AB0BDE" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Stipules</emphasis>
diverse, caducous or persistent, rarely with embedded extrafloral nectary tissue. 
<emphasis id="5E419FCDE3E1573A0EB672CA0A0E62D7" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Leaves</emphasis>
distichous or spiral, bifoliolate or paripinnate, rarely absent or reduced to a petiolar phyllode; extrafloral nectaries when present, on the petiole and/or on the leaf rachis, sessile or stipitate, the secretory surface convex; leaflets 1-many pairs, opposite. 
<emphasis id="AE04657EA62206195066AF2F468C034B" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Inflorescences</emphasis>
racemes or panicles; bract 1, persistent or caducous, bracteoles absent. 
<emphasis id="1F5CF9FC553258D914362F5DC5189D6B" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Flowers</emphasis>
hypogynous, bilaterally symmetrical or asymmetrical; hypanthium absent; sepals 5, free; petals 5, free, yellow; androecium comprising 3 adaxial staminodes and (4) 6-7 heteromorphic stamens, grouped in 2 sets of 4 median and (0) 2-3 abaxial stamens, rarely all 10 stamens fertile and homomorphic, filaments glabrous, anthers apically poricidal; pollen prolate-spheroidal to prolate, not syncopate; ovary stipitate. 
<emphasis id="9B5AB16A2B19BA388001C51880C6A603" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Fruit</emphasis>
an indehiscent legume, a follicle or a legume dehiscing through both margins, linear or oblong, cylindrical, laterally compressed or tetragonal, fleshy or dry. 
<emphasis id="91664EDE3E9FED42C0BFC2F0A59640D8" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Seeds</emphasis>
variable in shape and colour.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="E68D8E72AC46A104C51B6E62DBED35F6" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="chromosome number">
<paragraph id="481E6D35991476F4EE8547F08D68DC7C" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Chromosome number.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="EDC418D9B0803DB51D8E8F465DD6E5B3" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
Haploid chromosome numbers 
<emphasis id="72830B3CEBDEE6338D8A67AAD476BB97" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">n</emphasis>
= 11, 12, 13, 14 and 28 (
<bibRefCitation id="2F3F78380729C537AADB872EDAD8B602" author="Goldblatt, P" journalOrPublisher="Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" publicationUrl="http://www.tropicos.org/Project/IPCN" refId="B312" refString="Goldblatt, P, Johnson, DE, 1979. [1979-] Index to plant chromosome numbers. Editors, IPCN database, Missouri Botanical Garden. http://www.tropicos.org/Project/IPCN" title="[1979 -] Index to plant chromosome numbers. Editors, IPCN database, Missouri Botanical Garden." url="http://www.tropicos.org/Project/IPCN" year="1979">Goldblatt and Johnson 1979</bibRefCitation>
-), but 
<emphasis id="6CBEDE51040208036E59697847F6C22E" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">n</emphasis>
= 14 is the most frequent. A single accession of 
<taxonomicName id="D1742F027A33C2258F90A08ECD89832F" family="Fabaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. rugosa" order="Fabales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="rugosa">
<emphasis id="D64F3D318135DE83CFAA9513275D3848" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. rugosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(G.Don) H.S. Irwin &amp; Barneby was found to be tetraploid with 
<emphasis id="6C7E7D68C9C3CA4C9AB121986FAD4318" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">n</emphasis>
= 28 (
<bibRefCitation id="C9A0726D4F847D04BFB527E595090868" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1080/00087114.2005.10589445" author="Biondo, E" journalOrPublisher="Caryologia" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="152 - 163" refId="B81" refString="Biondo, E, Miotto, STS, Schifino-Wittmann, MT, Castro, B, 2005b. Cytogenetics and cytotaxonomy of Brazilian species of Senna Mill. (Cassieae - Caesalpinioideae - Leguminosae). Caryologia 58 (2): 152 - 163, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00087114.2005.10589445" title="Cytogenetics and cytotaxonomy of Brazilian species of Senna Mill. (Cassieae - Caesalpinioideae - Leguminosae)." url="https://doi.org/10.1080/00087114.2005.10589445" volume="58" year="2005 b">Biondo et al. 2005b</bibRefCitation>
), in contrast to 
<bibRefCitation id="51EABD3B48492359DC6C7D20916D4DB2" author="Coleman, JR" journalOrPublisher="Rhodora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="475 - 474" publicationUrl="http://www.jstor.org/stable/23311939" refId="B195" refString="Coleman, JR, Demenezes, EM, 1980. Chromosome numbers in Leguminosae from the state of Sao Paulo, Brazil. Rhodora 82: 475 - 474, http://www.jstor.org/stable/23311939" title="Chromosome numbers in Leguminosae from the state of Sao Paulo, Brazil." url="http://www.jstor.org/stable/23311939" volume="82" year="1980">Coleman and Demenezes (1980)</bibRefCitation>
who reported 
<emphasis id="83442C229FE34AF8F54EF6FFD1F0FA07" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">n</emphasis>
= 14 for this species.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C62AF287ACD4CF9D4924B42A1F06E488" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="629F104032BB4EBFB68BFB2B27E8CE04" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Included species and geographic distribution.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="542BA755183ADD9AD905E9C11559ACA7" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
287 species (
<bibRefCitation id="89C77BB6C05CCB080F290856D95AF847" author="LPWG, [Legume Phylogeny Working Group]" journalOrPublisher="Taxon" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" publicationUrl="https://www.checklistbank.org/dataset/2304/about" refId="B506" refString="LPWG, [Legume Phylogeny Working Group], 2022. The World Checklist of Vascular Plants (WCVP): Fabaceae (Govaerts R (Ed.), 2022.v2). Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. https://www.checklistbank.org/dataset/2304/about" title="The World Checklist of Vascular Plants (WCVP): Fabaceae (Govaerts R (Ed.), 2022. v 2). Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew." url="https://www.checklistbank.org/dataset/2304/about" year="2022">LPWG 2022</bibRefCitation>
), most species distributed on the American continent, occurring in tropical, subtropical and (few) temperate areas (
<bibRefCitation id="11E2EAD03CAE32D082B8CB9B4AAB2620" author="Irwin, HS" journalOrPublisher="Memoirs of the New York Botanical Garden" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1 - 918" refId="B407" refString="Irwin, HS, Barneby, RC, 1982. The American Cassiinae. A synoptical revision of Leguminosae, tribe Cassieae, subtribe Cassiinae in the New World. Memoirs of the New York Botanical Garden 35 (1-2): 1 - 918" title="The American Cassiinae. A synoptical revision of Leguminosae, tribe Cassieae, subtribe Cassiinae in the New World." volume="35" year="1982">Irwin and Barneby 1982</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="CDE7C3253A876C79DAA38C915C2DCB13" DOI="https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.93.2.288" author="Marazzi, B" journalOrPublisher="American Journal of Botany" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="288 - 303" refId="B529" refString="Marazzi, B, Endress, PK, Queiroz, LP, Conti, E, 2006. Phylogenetic relationships within Senna (Leguminosae, Cassiinae) based on three chloroplast regions: patterns in the evolution of floral symmetry and extrafloral nectaries. American Journal of Botany 93 (1): 288 - 303, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.93.2.288" title="Phylogenetic relationships within Senna (Leguminosae, Cassiinae) based on three chloroplast regions: patterns in the evolution of floral symmetry and extrafloral nectaries." url="https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.93.2.288" volume="93" year="2006">Marazzi et al. 2006</bibRefCitation>
). Some species also distributed in Africa, Oceania and Asia (
<bibRefCitation id="8BF6863EA346EBAC764D8573E98AEBC0" DOI="https://doi.org/10.2307/4113742" author="Lock, JM" journalOrPublisher="Kew Bulletin" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="333 - 342" refId="B499" refString="Lock, JM, 1988. Cassia sensu lato (Leguminosae - Caesalpinioideae) in Africa. Kew Bulletin 43: 333 - 342, DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/4113742" title="Cassia sensu lato (Leguminosae - Caesalpinioideae) in Africa." url="https://doi.org/10.2307/4113742" volume="43" year="1988">Lock 1988</bibRefCitation>
; Du Puy 1995; 
<bibRefCitation id="D0B5C9AB6464FCC2F093F058A3AEDA00" author="Randell, BR" journalOrPublisher="Journal of the Adelaide Botanic Garden" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="19 - 49" refId="B686" refString="Randell, BR, 1988. Revision of the Cassiinae in Australia. 1. Senna Miller sect. Chamaefistula (Collad.) H.S. Irwin and Barneby. Journal of the Adelaide Botanic Garden 11: 19 - 49" title="Revision of the Cassiinae in Australia. 1. Senna Miller sect. Chamaefistula (Collad.) H. S. Irwin and Barneby." volume="11" year="1988">Randell 1988</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="2E5D9DDCB9ADE406305E7A7DA0FD9F99" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1177/1329878X9808900114" author="Randell, BR" journalOrPublisher="Flora of Australia" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="89 - 138" refId="B689" refString="Randell, BR, Barlow, BA, 1998. Senna. Flora of Australia 12: 89 - 138, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1329878X9808900114" title="Senna." url="https://doi.org/10.1177/1329878X9808900114" volume="12" year="1998">Randell and Barlow 1998</bibRefCitation>
; Fig. 
<figureCitation id="C1761C0EA1144ABE7BD5DD80F64D5E45" captionStart="Figure 33" captionStartId="F40" captionText="Figure 33. Distribution of Senna based on quality-controlled digitised herbarium records. See Suppl. material 1 for the source of occurrence data." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.240.101716.figure33" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1014706" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">33</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<caption id="8A5E714FC5D8908C91515DCBEC2B753F" doi="10.3897/phytokeys.240.101716.figure32" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1014705" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" start="Figure 32" startId="F39">
<paragraph id="4EEB7E9AD4D3911CDA67960F870C3D47" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis id="3EDE99C095BF9614AD4D4460EA9ACAF5" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Figure 32.</emphasis>
Examples of 
<taxonomicName id="084EEF755D71BC024B1F64719192A235" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Leguminosae" genus="Senna" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Senna" order="Fabales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="6F7AB19BFCC3E0B55B87021B7383523C" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Senna</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
diversity 
<emphasis id="BCA3692BBCD83674450AC41A206EC98B" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="78F0E4EC0DDB5D7B4279F737A80C17C6" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Leguminosae" genus="Senna" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Senna macranthera" order="Fabales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="macranthera">
<emphasis id="9AFEA8755DE56C5021FC8DBE092D72E0" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Senna macranthera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(DC. ex Collad.) H.S. Irwin &amp; Barneby flowering branch (
<emphasis id="499014B9D176377D409A6885592433AC" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Lima et al. 422</emphasis>
) 
<emphasis id="341A83CB36E8E311903456868A47F606" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">B</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="6645103A94099410B3D4293BBDB6BFE5" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Leguminosae" genus="Senna" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Senna alata" order="Fabales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="alata">
<emphasis id="E25FDE9DC49295DD53BF63554E804BDF" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Senna alata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(L.) Roxb. flowering branch 
<emphasis id="458F43E6C0D62DA0120DFC6EF65E18BC" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="07B1825AE685966C825C33AAFAE10689" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Leguminosae" genus="Senna" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Senna corifolia" order="Fabales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="corifolia">
<emphasis id="A532E17FD088D70977D88EEDF58F5AB0" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Senna corifolia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Benth.) H.S. Irwin &amp; Barneby flowering branch (
<emphasis id="055554D6E4D0AAB647AC768CF9A2AFE7" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Rando et al. 936</emphasis>
) 
<emphasis id="43F2A38BAFD8F6C5609EDB82EBEE0C63" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">D</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="BF59BEF9EE88DBDF69FBD45D01968A04" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Leguminosae" genus="Senna" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Senna angulata" order="Fabales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="angulata">
<emphasis id="25D34B5C9BDAF115CFBD32D7C3DEE5AE" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Senna angulata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Vogel) H.S. Irwin &amp; Barneby fruits 
<emphasis id="A94C1CAA09B8DA26B5536FB2A02B9591" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">E</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="35F2B31A5BDD7739DAFF6563A8B4A8C8" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Leguminosae" genus="Senna" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Senna multijuga" order="Fabales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="multijuga">
<emphasis id="A52D41B2C2B7F69CDC25D61DE0DDA555" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Senna multijuga</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Rich.) H.S. Irwin &amp; Barneby mature individual (
<emphasis id="E8699318D48A838AFD2020D64B9F92DA" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Lima 408</emphasis>
) 
<emphasis id="07D07FDF646646D6A5848F4D70C29306" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">F</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="8F69A6EF528F0C4E98ADD27518073DFB" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Leguminosae" genus="Senna" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Senna pendula" order="Fabales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="pendula">
<emphasis id="4F5AF8D43204300C78DA2C337C1D0188" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Senna pendula</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Humb.&amp; Bonpl. ex Willd.) H.S. Irwin &amp; Barneby flower (
<emphasis id="161FDEB3FCA44EB2BE7404B0C84BDF86" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Lima et al. 435</emphasis>
) 
<emphasis id="0D7DB06A6BC1CD1D180F00948CB9693E" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">G</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="18AB11A7A01895740C76265FE0EFB638" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Leguminosae" genus="Senna" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Senna spectabilis" order="Fabales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="spectabilis">
<emphasis id="2BBFF763CDE91916DDF39908038DD107" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Senna spectabilis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(DC.) H.S. Irwin &amp; Barneby flower (unvouchered) 
<emphasis id="2AC5DB97D8511D0D0B82BEBFAFCAB6ED" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">H</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="079D0A1486E6F92B98DE09EE639CAD6C" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Leguminosae" genus="Senna" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Senna rugosa" order="Fabales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="rugosa">
<emphasis id="75FF49F3CE8F055E1EC7BDF0C83D8962" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Senna rugosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(G. Don) H.S. Irwin &amp; Barneby leaf with extrafloral nectaries between leaflets (
<emphasis id="59C266BE2776806BE375E073917B4637" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Lima et al. 538</emphasis>
). Photo credits 
<emphasis id="B0C0A05316CC853A5017A0BDABC47D76" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A, B, E, F, H</emphasis>
A Lima 
<emphasis id="64CD8D0F6580BFFAA0FB99839AB705BD" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C</emphasis>
JG Rando 
<emphasis id="0F5B13E98AF3B4D6BBFF1B061EB1D0FC" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">D</emphasis>
F Logan 
<emphasis id="CF25F46D0064ABA94CD333FD91691DA4" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">G</emphasis>
RT Queiroz https://rubens-plantasdobrasil.blogspot.com/.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="6C4B4382A9EB528AA39F9448829F21D9" doi="10.3897/phytokeys.240.101716.figure33" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1014706" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" start="Figure 33" startId="F40">
<paragraph id="215A1040E4AA4C6E9DF1F0E753F5E14A" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis id="988F97A90D5E306A3A956B7CF42AFBE0" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Figure 33.</emphasis>
Distribution of 
<taxonomicName id="5B045F08C62329D7D015B505E33E8068" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Leguminosae" genus="Senna" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Senna" order="Fabales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="08B4AEBBDE2E791A8304DA3CE36B94D9" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Senna</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
based on quality-controlled digitised herbarium records. See Suppl. material 1 for the source of occurrence data.
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="3B01E1204233AA01C908FDB034E1DC37" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="ecology">
<paragraph id="C7BFC4DB035C6DA1180894C025A5F858" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Ecology.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="F680163F97F8E30DBA0FA7064CBDA711" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName id="4318B14ED5B77E993F2566FDC78CBA31" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Leguminosae" genus="Senna" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Senna" order="Fabales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="213DC71E4E14C76778E8A863A13AD9BD" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Senna</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
occurs in a wide range of habitats, including wet forests, seasonally deciduous forests, seasonally semi-deciduous forests, savannas, deserts and also anthropised areas (
<bibRefCitation id="EB5F0347C6C07B620DA093B109F75A97" author="Irwin, HS" journalOrPublisher="Memoirs of the New York Botanical Garden" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1 - 918" refId="B407" refString="Irwin, HS, Barneby, RC, 1982. The American Cassiinae. A synoptical revision of Leguminosae, tribe Cassieae, subtribe Cassiinae in the New World. Memoirs of the New York Botanical Garden 35 (1-2): 1 - 918" title="The American Cassiinae. A synoptical revision of Leguminosae, tribe Cassieae, subtribe Cassiinae in the New World." volume="35" year="1982">Irwin and Barneby 1982</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="A60A1F6C216377222EDB0AAA9B6F689B" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="human uses">
<paragraph id="42BCE60DB641FAE6CFEE08BA9255CF98" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Human uses.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="7CE52A8A1C77089D0B0FC4B9FCA96450" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
Species of 
<taxonomicName id="B05115B3ED89D6991392F9B1E9A10365" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Leguminosae" genus="Senna" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Senna" order="Fabales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="74AE4FACBCA10815A000572C6A33FEB1" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Senna</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are used in traditional and conventional medicine, as bee forage for honey, ornamentals and for timber. Seeds are roasted and ground as a coffee substitute (
<bibRefCitation id="38329D0D124E5ACCA8B820F91E5E2411" author="Miller, P" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Tropical Ecology" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" publicationUrl="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/79061" refId="B574" refString="Miller, P, 1754. The Gardeners Dictionary. Containing the methods of cultivating and improving all sorts of trees, plants and flowers, for the kitchen, fruit and pleasure gardens, ed 4, 1: 1-784. Printed for the author, London. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/79061" title="The Gardeners Dictionary. Containing the methods of cultivating and improving all sorts of trees, plants and flowers, for the kitchen, fruit and pleasure gardens, ed 4, 1: 1 - 784. Printed for the author, London." url="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/79061" year="1754">Miller 1754</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="929F728CB40C85811C2D427696D20BCB" author="Lewis, GP" editor="Lewis, G" journalOrPublisher="Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, United Kingdom" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="111 - 125" refId="B470" refString="Lewis, GP, 2005a. Tribe Cassieae. In: Lewis, G, Schrire, B, Mackinder, B, Lock, M, Eds., Legumes of the World. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, United Kingdom: 111 - 125" title="Tribe Cassieae." volumeTitle="Legumes of the World." year="2005 a">Lewis 2005a</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C72537C8F23CCF0C940D450C430F1CDF" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="etymology">
<paragraph id="FBF15B42E881A90C895AE5C9765043C9" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Etymology.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="3D37C89153525E68A7922696D55A3BD3" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
The name 
<taxonomicName id="849DA2F4CBEF0FC2F2369EB44C099352" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Leguminosae" genus="Senna" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Senna" order="Fabales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="A9357AF36F772D51A23269F1CCAD565B" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Senna</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
derives from the Arabic 
<normalizedToken id="B7CDEFE5948664AB3297A08002980A32" originalValue="“sana”">&quot;sana&quot;</normalizedToken>
or 
<normalizedToken id="7ABC07D66A8374D24189EC06FE8B9F80" originalValue="“sanna”">&quot;sanna&quot;</normalizedToken>
which refers to plants with cathartic properties (
<bibRefCitation id="3D53E6A19EC2D2F43E7F5158B2000DC9" author="Miller, P" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Tropical Ecology" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" publicationUrl="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/79061" refId="B574" refString="Miller, P, 1754. The Gardeners Dictionary. Containing the methods of cultivating and improving all sorts of trees, plants and flowers, for the kitchen, fruit and pleasure gardens, ed 4, 1: 1-784. Printed for the author, London. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/79061" title="The Gardeners Dictionary. Containing the methods of cultivating and improving all sorts of trees, plants and flowers, for the kitchen, fruit and pleasure gardens, ed 4, 1: 1 - 784. Printed for the author, London." url="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/79061" year="1754">Miller 1754</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="BBE933445615CDB2D3755CDE4A6B672F" author="Lewis, GP" editor="Lewis, G" journalOrPublisher="Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, United Kingdom" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="111 - 125" refId="B470" refString="Lewis, GP, 2005a. Tribe Cassieae. In: Lewis, G, Schrire, B, Mackinder, B, Lock, M, Eds., Legumes of the World. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, United Kingdom: 111 - 125" title="Tribe Cassieae." volumeTitle="Legumes of the World." year="2005 a">Lewis 2005a</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="DCBA7191ADC85975D06900D0358F011F" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="notes">
<paragraph id="B1AA3B547ACE5F621289F6674AA03D65" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Notes.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="2623EA10716AA381977813726911BAE5" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName id="2153A1AF209D6AC949FF1C6F31E8BE4E" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Leguminosae" genus="Senna" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Senna" order="Fabales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="C65A9D947593A186CBFDC5E373DE64C1" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Senna</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is morphologically characterised by the paripinnate leaves, extrafloral nectaries present in many species (on leaves, stipules, bracts, and sepals; leaf nectaries with convex secretory surface, the others are embedded and externally not clearly visible), yellow petals, heteromorphic androecium usually with 6-7 fertile stamens (Fig. 
<figureCitation id="F3F352167726D3A11E9978C3A2C3ACEA" captionStart="Figure 22" captionStartId="F29" captionText="Figure 22. Examples of variation in stamens and pistil among Cassieae genera A Cassia moschata Kunth (Rando et al. 1184) B Senna macranthera (DC. ex Collad.) H. S. Irwin &amp; Barneby (Rando et al. 272) C Chamaecrista bahiae (H. S. Irwin) H. S. Irwin &amp; Barneby (Rando et al. 1214) D Melanoxylum brauna Schott (Cardoso et al. 2439) E Recordoxylon speciosum (Benoist) Gazel ex Barneby (Pereira-Silva et al. 15631) F Vouacapoua americana Aubl (Nascimento 245). G Batesia floribunda Spruce ex Benth (based on photographs of Projeto Flora Reserva Ducke, INPA / DFID, comm. Mike Hopkins). Scale: 1 cm. Drawn by Najla M. B. Scheidegger / @ ilustre. nt." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.240.101716.figure22" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1014695" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">22</figureCitation>
), indehiscent or dehiscent fruits, and valves not twisted after dehiscence. 
<bibRefCitation id="B1F24910E8D0299488BC748BAA590D8A" author="Irwin, HS" journalOrPublisher="Memoirs of the New York Botanical Garden" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1 - 918" refId="B407" refString="Irwin, HS, Barneby, RC, 1982. The American Cassiinae. A synoptical revision of Leguminosae, tribe Cassieae, subtribe Cassiinae in the New World. Memoirs of the New York Botanical Garden 35 (1-2): 1 - 918" title="The American Cassiinae. A synoptical revision of Leguminosae, tribe Cassieae, subtribe Cassiinae in the New World." volume="35" year="1982">Irwin and Barneby (1982)</bibRefCitation>
recognised an infrageneric classification with six sections and 35 series within 
<taxonomicName id="99D4AF1846B75888769144456ED93739" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Leguminosae" genus="Senna" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Senna" order="Fabales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="42FFF4B8C6EB0DBB18D851503E3E1322" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Senna</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. In the following years, new taxonomic revisions of 
<taxonomicName id="CEFF480DA5D3C61747E6AEA1C1371BAB" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Leguminosae" genus="Senna" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Senna" order="Fabales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="6894005F239586B83ADE4FC85A0F4354" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Senna</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
for Australia (
<bibRefCitation id="52890C94C25A901A27A52F726DC14640" author="Randell, BR" journalOrPublisher="Journal of the Adelaide Botanic Garden" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="19 - 49" refId="B686" refString="Randell, BR, 1988. Revision of the Cassiinae in Australia. 1. Senna Miller sect. Chamaefistula (Collad.) H.S. Irwin and Barneby. Journal of the Adelaide Botanic Garden 11: 19 - 49" title="Revision of the Cassiinae in Australia. 1. Senna Miller sect. Chamaefistula (Collad.) H. S. Irwin and Barneby." volume="11" year="1988">Randell 1988</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="84445102A355D51D080BB175BC6AA788" author="Randell, BR" journalOrPublisher="Journal of the Adelaide Botanic Garden" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="165 - 272" refId="B687" refString="Randell, BR, 1989. Revision of the Cassiinae in Australia. 2. Senna Miller sect. Psilorhegma (J. Vogel) Irwin and Barneby. Journal of the Adelaide Botanic Garden 12: 165 - 272" title="Revision of the Cassiinae in Australia. 2. Senna Miller sect. Psilorhegma (J. Vogel) Irwin and Barneby." volume="12" year="1989">1989</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="2A28E6AB7313A0E5F2B47CC27E8EDC56" author="Randell, BR" journalOrPublisher="Journal of the Adelaide Botanic Garden" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1 - 16" refId="B688" refString="Randell, BR, 1990. Revision of the Cassiinae in Australia. 3. Senna Miller sect. Senna. Journal of the Adelaide Botanic Garden 13: 1 - 16" title="Revision of the Cassiinae in Australia. 3. Senna Miller sect. Senna." volume="13" year="1990">1990</bibRefCitation>
) and Asia (
<bibRefCitation id="8A80B9E834C0850577A0B17B439C6C7F" author="Singh, V" journalOrPublisher="Scientific Editions, Jodhpur, India" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B795" refString="Singh, V, 2001. Monograph on Indian subtribe Cassiinae (Caesalpiniaceae). Scientific Editions, Jodhpur, India" title="Monograph on Indian subtribe Cassiinae (Caesalpiniaceae)." year="2001">Singh 2001</bibRefCitation>
) recognised new taxa, including three new series, totalling 38 series within 
<taxonomicName id="1BD06BB884E00866B7BAAAD9CF65C885" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Leguminosae" genus="Senna" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Senna" order="Fabales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="60F3A5B00E0B409FC9CB54417EAB35D3" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Senna</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Phylogenetic studies based on morphological and molecular data corroborated the monophyly of 
<taxonomicName id="DF76E5EFDF3999F713A208AD42A6A5F3" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Leguminosae" genus="Senna" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Senna" order="Fabales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="2A01EA14DE79CC499CFF8E7957A01744" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Senna</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="23A20E92197F63DB5504A47C9150F411" author="Bruneau, A" journalOrPublisher="Systematic Botany" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="487 - 514" refId="B130" refString="Bruneau, A, Forest, F, Herendeen, PS, Klitgaard, BB, Lewis, GP, 2001. Phylogenetic relationships in the Caesalpinioideae (Leguminosae) as inferred from chloroplast trn L intron sequences. Systematic Botany 26: 487 - 514" title="Phylogenetic relationships in the Caesalpinioideae (Leguminosae) as inferred from chloroplast trn L intron sequences." volume="26" year="2001">Bruneau et al. 2001</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EF2225E053A2F191983A68C575D26324" author="Herendeen, PS" editor="Klitgaard, B" journalOrPublisher="Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, United Kingdom" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="37 - 62" refId="B356" refString="Herendeen, PS, Bruneau, A, Lewis, GP, 2003a. Phylogenetic relationships in caesalpinioid legumes: a preliminary analysis based on morphological and molecular data. In: Klitgaard, B, Bruneau, A, Eds., Advances in legume systematics, Part 10, Higher Level Systematics. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, United Kingdom: 37 - 62" title="Phylogenetic relationships in caesalpinioid legumes: a preliminary analysis based on morphological and molecular data." volumeTitle="Advances in legume systematics, Part 10, Higher Level Systematics." year="2003 a">Herendeen et al. 2003a</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="FEE8B487621EBF686484E4D324B5768B" DOI="https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.93.2.288" author="Marazzi, B" journalOrPublisher="American Journal of Botany" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="288 - 303" refId="B529" refString="Marazzi, B, Endress, PK, Queiroz, LP, Conti, E, 2006. Phylogenetic relationships within Senna (Leguminosae, Cassiinae) based on three chloroplast regions: patterns in the evolution of floral symmetry and extrafloral nectaries. American Journal of Botany 93 (1): 288 - 303, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.93.2.288" title="Phylogenetic relationships within Senna (Leguminosae, Cassiinae) based on three chloroplast regions: patterns in the evolution of floral symmetry and extrafloral nectaries." url="https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.93.2.288" volume="93" year="2006">Marazzi et al. 2006</bibRefCitation>
) although five of the six sections and part of the 38 series were not resolved as monophyletic (
<bibRefCitation id="20AAA3D5C2DDD1C9901D3908151C2207" DOI="https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.93.2.288" author="Marazzi, B" journalOrPublisher="American Journal of Botany" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="288 - 303" refId="B529" refString="Marazzi, B, Endress, PK, Queiroz, LP, Conti, E, 2006. Phylogenetic relationships within Senna (Leguminosae, Cassiinae) based on three chloroplast regions: patterns in the evolution of floral symmetry and extrafloral nectaries. American Journal of Botany 93 (1): 288 - 303, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.93.2.288" title="Phylogenetic relationships within Senna (Leguminosae, Cassiinae) based on three chloroplast regions: patterns in the evolution of floral symmetry and extrafloral nectaries." url="https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.93.2.288" volume="93" year="2006">Marazzi et al. 2006</bibRefCitation>
). The only monophyletic section, 
<taxonomicName id="29B9CE91D5002D4D087F02A0760A44F8" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Leguminosae" genus="Senna" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Senna subsp. sect." order="Fabales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="section" section="Psilorhegma">Senna sect. Psilorhegma</taxonomicName>
(Vogel) H.S. Irwin &amp; Barneby, comprises species characterised by having all stamens fertile (i.e., a synapomorphy of this clade).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="EF56B98D027961AA09C0AD30EDF7C1D3" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
Phylogenies have consistently retrieved seven strongly supported clades supported by floral morphological features and presence or absence of extrafloral nectaries (
<bibRefCitation id="FDD0B01C2F8D6D4E647B8DC989EBB604" DOI="https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.93.2.288" author="Marazzi, B" journalOrPublisher="American Journal of Botany" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="288 - 303" refId="B529" refString="Marazzi, B, Endress, PK, Queiroz, LP, Conti, E, 2006. Phylogenetic relationships within Senna (Leguminosae, Cassiinae) based on three chloroplast regions: patterns in the evolution of floral symmetry and extrafloral nectaries. American Journal of Botany 93 (1): 288 - 303, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.93.2.288" title="Phylogenetic relationships within Senna (Leguminosae, Cassiinae) based on three chloroplast regions: patterns in the evolution of floral symmetry and extrafloral nectaries." url="https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.93.2.288" volume="93" year="2006">Marazzi et al. 2006</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="581AD8C306FC978725BA2A22F4934D0B" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1558-5646.2010.01086.x" author="Marazzi, B" journalOrPublisher="Evolution" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="3570 - 3592" refId="B528" refString="Marazzi, B, Sanderson, MJ, 2010. Large-scale patterns of diversification in the widespread legume genus Senna and the evolutionary role of extrafloral nectaries. Evolution 64 (12): 3570 - 3592, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1558-5646.2010.01086.x" title="Large-scale patterns of diversification in the widespread legume genus Senna and the evolutionary role of extrafloral nectaries." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1558-5646.2010.01086.x" volume="64" year="2010">Marazzi and Sanderson 2010</bibRefCitation>
). Species of the clade sister to the rest of the genus are characterised by symmetrically bilateral flowers, as also found in one of the more derived clades, in which monosymmetry evolved secondarily, with all other clades characterised by variably weakly or strongly asymmetric (enantiostylous) flowers (
<bibRefCitation id="71B624FDCC3AC41BAF7B5B3C38CAAF0C" DOI="https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.95.1.22" author="Marazzi, B" journalOrPublisher="American Journal of Botany" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="22 - 40" refId="B527" refString="Marazzi, B, Endress, PK, 2008. Patterns and development of floral asymmetry in Senna (Leguminosae, Cassiinae). American Journal of Botany 95 (1): 22 - 40, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.95.1.22" title="Patterns and development of floral asymmetry in Senna (Leguminosae, Cassiinae)." url="https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.95.1.22" volume="95" year="2008">Marazzi and Endress 2008</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D9E7120C0B5D66DFC770D7E47345E076" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName id="9CEF9B599CDD496D6CC1A8ABF929FB41" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Leguminosae" genus="Senna" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Senna" order="Fabales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="CE06AEF3CF2C291DAE196AF12175A25E" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Senna</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is outstanding within legumes with respect to its specialisation in pollination mode. This specialisation is expressed especially in the androecium in which the diversity pertains to patterns of heteranthery and anther elaborations, including dehiscence patterns, pointing direction of the pores, and extension of the lateral furrow (
<bibRefCitation id="88E9DEFA4699BDC44F0E67318BD87F81" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1086/512105" author="Marazzi, B" journalOrPublisher="International Journal of Plant Sciences" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="371 - 391" refId="B530" refString="Marazzi, B, Conti, E, Endress, PK, 2007. Diversity in anthers and stigmas in the buzz-pollinated genus Senna (Leguminosae, Cassiinae). International Journal of Plant Sciences 168 (4): 371 - 391, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1086/512105" title="Diversity in anthers and stigmas in the buzz-pollinated genus Senna (Leguminosae, Cassiinae)." url="https://doi.org/10.1086/512105" volume="168" year="2007">Marazzi et al. 2007</bibRefCitation>
). Indeed, it can be regarded as the genus with the greatest androecial diversity among 
<taxonomicName id="2C8574FC6965700AFB552D4EA7231F2B" family="Leguminosae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Fabales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="tribe" tribe="Cassieae">Cassieae</taxonomicName>
. Although extrafloral nectaries are absent in two clades of the tribe, recently described stipular nectaries with the secretory tissue embedded within the tissue are a synapomorphy for another clade (
<bibRefCitation id="08B81FCC3C2AECCDF86FF1932F9F1A86" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcs226" author="Marazzi, B" journalOrPublisher="Annals of Botany" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1263 - 1275" refId="B532" refString="Marazzi, B, Conti, E, Sanderson, MJ, McMahon, MM, Bronstein, JL, 2013. Diversity and evolution of a trait mediating ant-plant interactions: insights from extrafloral nectaries in Senna (Leguminosae). Annals of Botany 111 (6): 1263 - 1275, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcs226" title="Diversity and evolution of a trait mediating ant-plant interactions: insights from extrafloral nectaries in Senna (Leguminosae)." url="https://doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcs226" volume="111" year="2013">Marazzi et al. 2013</bibRefCitation>
), and all other species, which are grouped together in a clade, have the well-known specialised leaf nectaries.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="BBD00C4F698DB88D677B390D0FDC51EF" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
Molecular dating analyses (
<bibRefCitation id="A9C20AE756E3FDB1CE0652D10725B8BA" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1558-5646.2010.01086.x" author="Marazzi, B" journalOrPublisher="Evolution" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="3570 - 3592" refId="B528" refString="Marazzi, B, Sanderson, MJ, 2010. Large-scale patterns of diversification in the widespread legume genus Senna and the evolutionary role of extrafloral nectaries. Evolution 64 (12): 3570 - 3592, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1558-5646.2010.01086.x" title="Large-scale patterns of diversification in the widespread legume genus Senna and the evolutionary role of extrafloral nectaries." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1558-5646.2010.01086.x" volume="64" year="2010">Marazzi and Sanderson 2010</bibRefCitation>
) indicate that 
<taxonomicName id="AE055453555F2BE19D8DD49DEC1092B7" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Leguminosae" genus="Senna" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Senna" order="Fabales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="D1157AA1AC8CAA1FF1FDD785A436B222" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Senna</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
originated in the early Eocene and the lineages with specialised extrafloral nectaries evolved in the late Eocene, after the main radiation of ants. These extrafloral nectaries represent a relatively old key innovation in 
<taxonomicName id="73168F415EB21B0D02ECAEF5F8FB2406" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Leguminosae" genus="Senna" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Senna" order="Fabales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="E65D9C628E034080D7D46D87A2BFC216" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Senna</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, in which the association with ants provides protection to the plants, and may have promoted the colonisation of new habitats appearing with the early uplift of the Andes (
<bibRefCitation id="D989C4065D35A7197F68EF51D10FDF1F" DOI="https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.93.2.288" author="Marazzi, B" journalOrPublisher="American Journal of Botany" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="288 - 303" refId="B529" refString="Marazzi, B, Endress, PK, Queiroz, LP, Conti, E, 2006. Phylogenetic relationships within Senna (Leguminosae, Cassiinae) based on three chloroplast regions: patterns in the evolution of floral symmetry and extrafloral nectaries. American Journal of Botany 93 (1): 288 - 303, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.93.2.288" title="Phylogenetic relationships within Senna (Leguminosae, Cassiinae) based on three chloroplast regions: patterns in the evolution of floral symmetry and extrafloral nectaries." url="https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.93.2.288" volume="93" year="2006">Marazzi et al. 2006</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="C642FCF7430EAE69F609D4977A2302D6" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcs226" author="Marazzi, B" journalOrPublisher="Annals of Botany" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1263 - 1275" refId="B532" refString="Marazzi, B, Conti, E, Sanderson, MJ, McMahon, MM, Bronstein, JL, 2013. Diversity and evolution of a trait mediating ant-plant interactions: insights from extrafloral nectaries in Senna (Leguminosae). Annals of Botany 111 (6): 1263 - 1275, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcs226" title="Diversity and evolution of a trait mediating ant-plant interactions: insights from extrafloral nectaries in Senna (Leguminosae)." url="https://doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcs226" volume="111" year="2013">2013</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="754767B86A3C2AE8ECDBE9985284566B" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1558-5646.2010.01086.x" author="Marazzi, B" journalOrPublisher="Evolution" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="3570 - 3592" refId="B528" refString="Marazzi, B, Sanderson, MJ, 2010. Large-scale patterns of diversification in the widespread legume genus Senna and the evolutionary role of extrafloral nectaries. Evolution 64 (12): 3570 - 3592, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1558-5646.2010.01086.x" title="Large-scale patterns of diversification in the widespread legume genus Senna and the evolutionary role of extrafloral nectaries." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1558-5646.2010.01086.x" volume="64" year="2010">Marazzi and Sanderson 2010</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="CF357F35E2E97D64E84C02820B4751F6" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="taxonomic references">
<paragraph id="4E626338AFB08E1350677BF67B7F9BC8" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Taxonomic references.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="80DA45F22D755A97DA58FE484B4BB5F1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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; 
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; 
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; 
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, 
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, 
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; 
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.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</subSection>
</document>