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<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1066.69697" ID-GBIF-Dataset="89be094e-6732-48a6-b5aa-74053d16f748" ID-GBIF-Taxon="189599901" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-1066-1" ID-Pensoft-UUID="BD84F4C3157550C9B64120B2BE53F01A" ID-ZooBank="133CE040A5AF44F1BC9A558C2F06A8AA" ModsDocID="1313-2970-1066-1" checkinTime="1635480455043" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Filander, Zoleka N., Kitahara, Marcelo V., Cairns, Stephen D., Sink, Kerry J. &amp; Lombard, Amanda T." docDate="2021" docId="13857A0A3859EF1A1284966D6852A3E2" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 1066: 1-198" docOrigin="ZooKeys 1066" docPubDate="2021-10-28" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1066.69697" docTitle="Truncatoflabellum multispinosum Cairns in Cairns &amp; Keller 1993" docType="treatment" docVersion="3" id="BD84F4C3157550C9B64120B2BE53F01A" lastPageNumber="1" masterDocId="BD84F4C3157550C9B64120B2BE53F01A" masterDocTitle="Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Cnidaria, Anthozoa) from South Africa" masterLastPageNumber="198" masterPageNumber="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" updateTime="1635513010010" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:titleInfo>
<mods:title>Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Cnidaria, Anthozoa) from South Africa</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Filander, Zoleka N.</mods:namePart>
<mods:nameIdentifier type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6905-4440</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:affiliation>Biodiversity and Coastal Research, Oceans and Coasts, Department of Environment, Forestry, and Fisheries, Cape Town, South Africa &amp; Zoology Department, Nelson Mandela University, Port Elizabeth, South Africa</mods:affiliation>
<mods:nameIdentifier type="email">zfilander@gmail.com</mods:nameIdentifier>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Kitahara, Marcelo V.</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo, Departamento de Ciencias do Mar, Santos, Brazil &amp; Centro de Biologia Marinha, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Sebastiao, Brazil</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Cairns, Stephen D.</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>Department of Invertebrate Zoology, Smithsonian Institution, Washington DC, USA</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Sink, Kerry J.</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>South African National Biodiversity Institute, Cape Town, South Africa &amp; Institute for Coastal and Marine Research, Nelson Mandela University, Port Elizabeth, South Africa</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Lombard, Amanda T.</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>Institute for Coastal and Marine Research, Nelson Mandela University, Port Elizabeth, South Africa</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
<mods:relatedItem type="host">
<mods:titleInfo>
<mods:title>ZooKeys</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:part>
<mods:date>2021</mods:date>
<mods:detail type="pubDate">
<mods:number>2021-10-28</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:detail type="volume">
<mods:number>1066</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:extent unit="page">
<mods:start>1</mods:start>
<mods:end>198</mods:end>
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<mods:location>
<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1066.69697</mods:url>
</mods:location>
<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1066.69697</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1313-2970-1066-1</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="ZooBank">133CE040A5AF44F1BC9A558C2F06A8AA</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-UUID">BD84F4C3157550C9B64120B2BE53F01A</mods:identifier>
</mods:mods>
<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="189599901" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:13857A0A3859EF1A1284966D6852A3E2" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/13857A0A3859EF1A1284966D6852A3E2" lastPageNumber="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName authority="Cairns in Cairns &amp; Keller, 1993" authorityName="Cairns in Cairns &amp; Keller" authorityYear="1993" class="Anthozoa" family="Flabellidae" genus="Truncatoflabellum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Truncatoflabellum multispinosum" order="Scleractinia" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="multispinosum">Truncatoflabellum multispinosum Cairns in Cairns &amp; Keller, 1993</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="description">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 12" captionStartId="F12" captionText="Figure 12. A, B Javania insignis (SAMC _ A 090116, off Port Dunford, 85 m) A calicular view B lateral view C, D Placotrochides scaphula (USNM 91772, off Scottburgh, 1360 m) C calicular view D calicular view E, H Rhizotrochus typus E, F (SAMC _ A 090094, off Coffee Bay, 160 m) E calicular view F lateral view G, H (SCD 39 B, off Coffee Bay, 160 m) G calicular view H lateral view I, J Truncatoflabellum formosum (SAM _ H 1389, off Shaka's Rock, 183 m) I calicular view J lateral view K, L Truncatoflabellum gardineri (SAM _ H 3847, off Shaka's Rock, 138 m) K calicular view L lateral view M, N Truncatoflabellum inconstans (SAM _ H 1241, off Kei Mouth, 66 m) M calicular view N lateral view O, P Truncatoflabellum multispinosum (SAMC _ A 087450, locality data unknown) O calicular view P lateral view. Scale bars: 10 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1066.69697.figure12" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/604115" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Fig. 12O-P.</figureCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="reference_group">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName authorityName="Cairns in Cairns &amp; Keller" authorityYear="1993" class="Anthozoa" family="Flabellidae" genus="Truncatoflabellum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Truncatoflabellum multispinosum" order="Scleractinia" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="multispinosum">Truncatoflabellum multispinosum</taxonomicName>
Cairns in Cairns &amp; Keller, 1993: 268 and 272, figs 11H, 12A-C. -
<bibRefCitation author="Cairns, S" journalOrPublisher="Atoll Research Bulletin" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1 - 46" refId="B42" refString="Cairns, S, 1999b. Species richness of recent Scleractinia. Atoll Research Bulletin 459: 1 - 46" title="Species richness of recent Scleractinia." volume="459" year="1999 b">Cairns 1999b</bibRefCitation>
: 32. -
<bibRefCitation author="Cairns, S" journalOrPublisher="ZooKeys" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1 - 48" refId="B49" refString="Cairns, S, 2016. A key to the genera and species of the transversely-dividing Flabellidae (Anthozoa, Scleractinia, Flabellidae), with a guide to the literature, and the description of two new species. ZooKeys 562: 1 - 48" title="A key to the genera and species of the transversely-dividing Flabellidae (Anthozoa, Scleractinia, Flabellidae), with a guide to the literature, and the description of two new species." volume="562" year="2016">Cairns 2016</bibRefCitation>
: 32, fig. 8D. -
<bibRefCitation author="Tenjing, S" journalOrPublisher="Vie Mileu" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="89 - 93" refId="B279" refString="Tenjing, S, Krishnan, P, Samuel, V, Purvaja, R, 2019. Truncatoflabellum madrasensis sp. nov. - a new ahermatypic coral species from India: a checklist of species under genus Truncatoflabellum from the Indian ocean. Vie Mileu 69 (2-3): 89 - 93" title="Truncatoflabellum madrasensis sp. nov. - a new ahermatypic coral species from India: a checklist of species under genus Truncatoflabellum from the Indian ocean." volume="69" year="2019">Tenjing et al. 2019</bibRefCitation>
: 92. -
<bibRefCitation author="Kitahara, M" journalOrPublisher="Publications Scientifiques du Museum, Paris" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B154" refString="Kitahara, M, Cairns, S, 2021. Tropical Deep-Sea Benthos volume 32: Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Cnidaria, Anthozoa) from New Caledonia. Memoires du Museum national d'Histoire naturelle. Publications Scientifiques du Museum, Paris" title="Tropical Deep-Sea Benthos volume 32: Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Cnidaria, Anthozoa) from New Caledonia. Memoires du Museum national d'Histoire naturelle." year="2021">Kitahara and Cairns 2021</bibRefCitation>
: 251, 253, figs 128, 131A-D.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="type locality">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Type locality.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
Off Quissico, south-eastern Mozambique (RV
<normalizedToken originalValue="Vityaz">'Vityaz'</normalizedToken>
stn. 2634:
<geoCoordinate degrees="25" direction="south" minutes="05" orientation="latitude" precision="15" seconds="00" value="-25.083334">25°05'00&quot;S</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate degrees="34" direction="east" minutes="50" orientation="longitude" precision="15" seconds="00" value="34.833332">34°50'00&quot;E</geoCoordinate>
); 90-92 m (
<bibRefCitation author="Cairns, S" journalOrPublisher="Annals of the South African Museum" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="213 - 292" refId="B50" refString="Cairns, S, Keller, N, 1993. New taxa distributional records of azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Cnidaria, Anthozoa) from the tropical southwest Indian Ocean, with comments on their zoogeography and ecology. Annals of the South African Museum 103 (5): 213 - 292" title="New taxa distributional records of azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Cnidaria, Anthozoa) from the tropical southwest Indian Ocean, with comments on their zoogeography and ecology." volume="103" year="1993">Cairns and Keller 1993</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="type material">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Type material.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
The holotype and most paratypes are deposited at NMNH, whilst one paratype is deposited at the SAM (
<bibRefCitation author="Cairns, S" journalOrPublisher="Annals of the South African Museum" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="213 - 292" refId="B50" refString="Cairns, S, Keller, N, 1993. New taxa distributional records of azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Cnidaria, Anthozoa) from the tropical southwest Indian Ocean, with comments on their zoogeography and ecology. Annals of the South African Museum 103 (5): 213 - 292" title="New taxa distributional records of azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Cnidaria, Anthozoa) from the tropical southwest Indian Ocean, with comments on their zoogeography and ecology." volume="103" year="1993">Cairns and Keller 1993</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Material examined.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<materialsCitation collectingDate="2021-01-01" collectingDateMax="2021-12-31" collectingDateMin="2021-01-01" county="Elsies Estuary" elevation="112" latitude="-25.116667" location="Locality" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="34.566666" municipality="Ponta Do Ouro" specimenCount="3" typeStatus="paratype">
SAMC_A087450 (
<specimenCount type="generic">2 specimens</specimenCount>
):
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:13857A0A3859EF1A1284966D6852A3E2:EC90A42FC0FBB46A3C36E28498C8E5A3" county="Elsies Estuary" latitude="-25.116667" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="34.566666" municipality="Ponta Do Ouro" name="Locality">Locality</location>
unknown.
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
SAM_H4580 (
<specimenCount type="generic">1 specimen</specimenCount>
:
<typeStatus>paratype</typeStatus>
)
</emphasis>
:
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:13857A0A3859EF1A1284966D6852A3E2:BA79C66602C87723B2967F3F4294881A" county="Elsies Estuary" latitude="-25.116667" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="34.566666" municipality="Ponta Do Ouro" name="Eastern">Eastern</location>
margin,
<quantity metricMagnitude="5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.56" unit="km" value="256.0">256 km</quantity>
south of
<collectingMunicipality>Ponta Do Ouro</collectingMunicipality>
/
<quantity metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" unit="km" value="1.0">1 km</quantity>
off
<collectingCounty>Elsies Estuary</collectingCounty>
,
<geoCoordinate degrees="25" direction="south" minutes="07" orientation="latitude" precision="1" seconds="00.00" value="-25.116667">25°07'00.00&quot;S</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate degrees="34" direction="east" minutes="34" orientation="longitude" precision="1" seconds="00.00" value="34.566666">34°34'00.00&quot;E</geoCoordinate>
;
<specimenCount type="generic">
<quantity metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.1199999999999999" unit="m" value="112.0">
<elevation metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.1199999999999999" unit="m" value="112.0">112 m</elevation>
</quantity>
.
</specimenCount>
</materialsCitation>
<materialsCitation collectingDate="2021-01-01" collectingDateMax="2021-12-31" collectingDateMin="2021-01-01" county="Mgobezeleni Estuary" elevation="75" latitude="-27.522667" location="Eastern" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="32.819664" municipality="Cape Vidal" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="paratype">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
USNM 91746 (
<specimenCount type="generic" typeStatus="paratype">1 paratype</specimenCount>
)
</emphasis>
:
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:13857A0A3859EF1A1284966D6852A3E2:0B4155E119A74DDE1FA4E0BA30C63D74" county="Mgobezeleni Estuary" latitude="-27.522667" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="32.819664" municipality="Cape Vidal" name="Eastern">Eastern</location>
margin,
<quantity metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.3" unit="km" value="73.0">73 km</quantity>
from
<collectingMunicipality>Cape Vidal</collectingMunicipality>
/
<quantity metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.7" unit="km" value="17.0">17 km</quantity>
off
<collectingCounty>Mgobezeleni Estuary</collectingCounty>
,
<geoCoordinate degrees="27" direction="south" minutes="31" orientation="latitude" precision="1" seconds="21.60" value="-27.522667">27°31'21.60&quot;S</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate degrees="32" direction="east" minutes="49" orientation="longitude" precision="1" seconds="10.80" value="32.819664">32°49'10.80&quot;E</geoCoordinate>
;
<specimenCount type="generic">
<quantity metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.5" unit="m" value="75.0">
<elevation metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.5" unit="m" value="75.0">75 m</elevation>
</quantity>
.
</specimenCount>
</materialsCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="description">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Description.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
Corallum medium-sized (GCD ~25.0 mm) and sub-cylindrical. Calice elliptical (GCD:LCD = 2.05-2.80), with a thin and slightly serrated calicular margin. Basal scar 8.9
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
4.9 mm in diameter, with 24 complete septa observable on scar. Largest anthocyathus examined (SAMC_A087450) 22.3
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
11.9 mm in CD, and 18.4 mm in H. Five pairs of slender and rounded thecal spines occur on thecal edges. Thecal faces diverge in an angle ~ 55°, and thecal edges ~ 30°. Corallum white, with theca being faintly greenish brown.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
Septa decamerally arranged in five cycles, last being incomplete, according to the formula: S1-2&gt; S3&gt; S4&gt; S5 (84 septa). S1-2 slightly larger than S3, but all having vertical and slightly sinuous axial margins. S4
<normalizedToken originalValue="½">1/2</normalizedToken>
the width of S1-3 and bear sinuous and slightly dentate axial margin. S5 rudimentary. Septal faces covered with granules obliquely aligned in rows along axial septal margin. Fossa deep with a trabecular columella formed by the fusion of lower axial margins of S1-3.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="distribution">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Distribution.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
Regional: Eastern margin of South Africa, off Cape Vidal extending towards Elsies Estuary (256 km south of Ponta Do Ouro: Mozambique); 67-75 m. Elsewhere: Zanzibar; Mozambique; Madagascar (
<bibRefCitation author="Cairns, S" journalOrPublisher="Annals of the South African Museum" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="213 - 292" refId="B50" refString="Cairns, S, Keller, N, 1993. New taxa distributional records of azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Cnidaria, Anthozoa) from the tropical southwest Indian Ocean, with comments on their zoogeography and ecology. Annals of the South African Museum 103 (5): 213 - 292" title="New taxa distributional records of azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Cnidaria, Anthozoa) from the tropical southwest Indian Ocean, with comments on their zoogeography and ecology." volume="103" year="1993">Cairns and Keller 1993</bibRefCitation>
); New Caledonia (
<bibRefCitation author="Cairns, S" journalOrPublisher="ZooKeys" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1 - 48" refId="B49" refString="Cairns, S, 2016. A key to the genera and species of the transversely-dividing Flabellidae (Anthozoa, Scleractinia, Flabellidae), with a guide to the literature, and the description of two new species. ZooKeys 562: 1 - 48" title="A key to the genera and species of the transversely-dividing Flabellidae (Anthozoa, Scleractinia, Flabellidae), with a guide to the literature, and the description of two new species." volume="562" year="2016">Cairns 2016</bibRefCitation>
);
<bibRefCitation author="Kitahara, M" journalOrPublisher="Publications Scientifiques du Museum, Paris" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B154" refString="Kitahara, M, Cairns, S, 2021. Tropical Deep-Sea Benthos volume 32: Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Cnidaria, Anthozoa) from New Caledonia. Memoires du Museum national d'Histoire naturelle. Publications Scientifiques du Museum, Paris" title="Tropical Deep-Sea Benthos volume 32: Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Cnidaria, Anthozoa) from New Caledonia. Memoires du Museum national d'Histoire naturelle." year="2021">Kitahara and Cairns 2021</bibRefCitation>
62-350 m.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="remarks">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Remarks.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName authorityName="Cairns in Cairns &amp; Keller" authorityYear="1993" class="Anthozoa" family="Flabellidae" genus="Truncatoflabellum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Truncatoflabellum multispinosum" order="Scleractinia" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="multispinosum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Truncatoflabellum multispinosum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is well described by
<bibRefCitation author="Cairns, S" journalOrPublisher="Annals of the South African Museum" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="213 - 292" refId="B50" refString="Cairns, S, Keller, N, 1993. New taxa distributional records of azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Cnidaria, Anthozoa) from the tropical southwest Indian Ocean, with comments on their zoogeography and ecology. Annals of the South African Museum 103 (5): 213 - 292" title="New taxa distributional records of azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Cnidaria, Anthozoa) from the tropical southwest Indian Ocean, with comments on their zoogeography and ecology." volume="103" year="1993">Cairns and Keller (1993)</bibRefCitation>
, who outline the variation in symmetry and number of septa in relation to corallum size. The two newly examined specimens represent a medium-sized anthocyathus (above description is based on this specimen).
<taxonomicName authorityName="Cairns in Cairns &amp; Keller" authorityYear="1993" class="Anthozoa" family="Flabellidae" genus="Truncatoflabellum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Truncatoflabellum multispinosum" order="Scleractinia" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="multispinosum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Truncatoflabellum multispinosum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName genus="T." lsidName="T. vanuatu" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="vanuatu">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">T. vanuatu</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Wells, 1984) are the only two Recent species reported to have ≤ five pairs of thecal spines. However,
<taxonomicName genus="T." lsidName="T. multispinosum" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="multispinosum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">T. multispinosum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
differs by having a larger corallum, greater thecal edge angle range, and a higher number of septa (
<bibRefCitation author="Cairns, S" journalOrPublisher="Annals of the South African Museum" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="213 - 292" refId="B50" refString="Cairns, S, Keller, N, 1993. New taxa distributional records of azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Cnidaria, Anthozoa) from the tropical southwest Indian Ocean, with comments on their zoogeography and ecology. Annals of the South African Museum 103 (5): 213 - 292" title="New taxa distributional records of azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Cnidaria, Anthozoa) from the tropical southwest Indian Ocean, with comments on their zoogeography and ecology." volume="103" year="1993">Cairns and Keller 1993</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation author="Cairns, S" journalOrPublisher="ZooKeys" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1 - 48" refId="B49" refString="Cairns, S, 2016. A key to the genera and species of the transversely-dividing Flabellidae (Anthozoa, Scleractinia, Flabellidae), with a guide to the literature, and the description of two new species. ZooKeys 562: 1 - 48" title="A key to the genera and species of the transversely-dividing Flabellidae (Anthozoa, Scleractinia, Flabellidae), with a guide to the literature, and the description of two new species." volume="562" year="2016">Cairns 2016</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>