200 lines
25 KiB
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200 lines
25 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/jhr.84.68627" ID-GBIF-Dataset="d3d05d63-fbc7-44d0-8647-198741e5a031" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1314-2607-84-391" ID-Pensoft-UUID="57C638745EE35267B2F6471C24220D28" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5349555" ID-ZooBank="60D48C7AA3E14E16A2C71958C742A735" ModsDocID="1314-2607-84-391" checkinTime="1629847011275" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Tselikh, Ekaterina V. & Dale-Skey, Natalie" docDate="2021" docId="29588486EEC151C39B3E8D8DB3200A9E" docLanguage="en" docName="JourHymenoptRes 84: 391-403" docOrigin="Journal of Hymenoptera Research 84" docPubDate="2021-08-24" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/jhr.84.68627" docTitle="Toxeuma Walker 1833" docType="treatment" docVersion="4" id="57C638745EE35267B2F6471C24220D28" lastPageNumber="391" masterDocId="57C638745EE35267B2F6471C24220D28" masterDocTitle="Review of the genus Toxeuma Walker, 1833 (Hymenoptera, Pteromalidae) from Russia, with a key to Palaearctic species" masterLastPageNumber="403" masterPageNumber="391" pageNumber="391" updateTime="1678756158936" updateUser="pensoft">
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<mods:title>Review of the genus Toxeuma Walker, 1833 (Hymenoptera, Pteromalidae) from Russia, with a key to Palaearctic species</mods:title>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Tselikh, Ekaterina V.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:nameIdentifier type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9184-043X</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:affiliation>Zoological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier type="email">tselikhk@gmail.com</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:namePart>Dale-Skey, Natalie</mods:namePart>
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<mods:nameIdentifier type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7582-0386</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:affiliation>Natural History Museum, London, UK</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:title>Journal of Hymenoptera Research</mods:title>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:date>2021</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="pubDate">
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<mods:number>2021-08-24</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>84</mods:number>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>391</mods:start>
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<mods:end>403</mods:end>
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<mods:location>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/jhr.84.68627</mods:url>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/jhr.84.68627</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1314-2607-84-391</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ZooBank">60D48C7AA3E14E16A2C71958C742A735</mods:identifier>
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<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="184941196" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:29588486EEC151C39B3E8D8DB3200A9E" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/29588486EEC151C39B3E8D8DB3200A9E" lastPageNumber="391" pageId="0" pageNumber="391">
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="391" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="391">
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<taxonomicName ID-CoL="7Y3P" ID-ENA="2902256" LSID="29588486-EEC1-51C3-9B3E-8D8DB3200A9E" authority="Walker, 1833." authorityName="Walker" authorityYear="1833" class="Insecta" family="Pteromalidae" genus="Toxeuma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Toxeuma" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="391" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Toxeuma Walker, 1833.</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="391" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="391">
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Walker" authorityYear="1833" class="Insecta" family="Pteromalidae" genus="Toxeuma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Toxeuma fuscicornis" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="391" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fuscicornis">Toxeuma fuscicornis</taxonomicName>
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Type species:
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Walker" authorityYear="1833" class="Insecta" family="Pteromalidae" genus="Toxeuma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Toxeuma fuscicornis" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="391" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fuscicornis">Toxeuma fuscicornis</taxonomicName>
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Walker, 1833, by subsequent designation of Westwood (1839: 68).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="391">
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Hedqvist" authorityYear="1974" class="Insecta" family="Pteromalidae" genus="Cirdania" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cirdania" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="391" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Cirdania</taxonomicName>
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Hedqvist, 1974: 145. Type species:
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Hedqvist" authorityYear="1974" class="Insecta" family="Pteromalidae" genus="Cirdania" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cirdania styliclava" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="391" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="styliclava">Cirdania styliclava</taxonomicName>
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Hedqvist, 1974, by original designation. Synonymy by
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<bibRefCitation author="Boucek, Z" journalOrPublisher="Bollettino di Zoologia Agraria e Bachicoltura, Milano" pageId="0" pageNumber="391" pagination="195 - 206" refId="B4" refString="Boucek, Z, 1991. Four new genera of European Pteromalidae (Hymenoptera), with some taxonomic changes. Bollettino di Zoologia Agraria e Bachicoltura, Milano 22 (2): 195 - 206" title="Four new genera of European Pteromalidae (Hymenoptera), with some taxonomic changes." volume="22" year="1991">
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Bouček">Boucek</normalizedToken>
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(1991
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</bibRefCitation>
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: 205).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="391" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="391">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="391">
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Clypeal margin entire, truncate or slightly arched; antennal clava with or without short or long spicula; antennal formula 11263; pronotum with collar margin carinate; notauli complete; prepectus reticulate, without carinae; sculpture of propodeum at least partly irregular, petiole from transverse to slightly elongate; fore wing with slender M, metasoma ovate or lanceolate (
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<bibRefCitation author="Graham, MWRDV" journalOrPublisher="Transactions of the Society for British Entomology" pageId="0" pageNumber="391" pagination="97 - 112" refId="B8" refString="Graham, MWRDV, 1959. Notes on Pteromalidae (Hym., Chalcidoidea), with descriptions of new genera and species. Transactions of the Society for British Entomology 13 (6): 97 - 112" title="Notes on Pteromalidae (Hym., Chalcidoidea), with descriptions of new genera and species." volume="13" year="1959">Graham 1959</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1163/187631274X00173" author="Hedqvist, KJ" journalOrPublisher="Entomologica Scandinavica" pageId="0" pageNumber="391" pagination="143 - 147" refId="B11" refString="Hedqvist, KJ, 1974. The genus Merismus Walk. in Sweden and descriptions of a new genus and species (Hym. Pteromalidae, Miscogsterinae): Notes of Chalcidoidea (Hym.). VI. Entomologica Scandinavica 5 (2): 143 - 147, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1163/187631274X00173" title="The genus Merismus Walk. in Sweden and descriptions of a new genus and species (Hym. Pteromalidae, Miscogsterinae): Notes of Chalcidoidea (Hym.). VI." url="https://doi.org/10.1163/187631274X00173" volume="5" year="1974">Hedqvist 1974</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation author="Heydon, SL" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington" pageId="0" pageNumber="391" pagination="310 - 322" refId="B12" refString="Heydon, SL, Grissell, EE, 1988. A review of Nearctic Mersimus Walker and Toxeuma Walker (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Pteromalidae). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 90: 310 - 322" title="A review of Nearctic Mersimus Walker and Toxeuma Walker (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Pteromalidae)." volume="90" year="1988">Heydon and Grissell 1988</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation author="Boucek, Z" journalOrPublisher="Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Paris" pageId="0" pageNumber="391" refId="B5" refString="Boucek, Z, Rasplus, J-Y, 1991. Illustrated key to West-Palaearctic genera of Pteromalidae (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea). Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Paris" title="Illustrated key to West-Palaearctic genera of Pteromalidae (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea)." year="1991">
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Bouček">Boucek</normalizedToken>
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and Rasplus 1991
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</bibRefCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="391" type="distribution">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="391">Distribution.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="391">Palaearctic, Nearctic and Neotropics.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="391" type="comments">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="391">Comments.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="391">
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Unfortunately, the biology of most
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Walker" authorityYear="1833" class="Insecta" family="Pteromalidae" genus="Toxeuma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Toxeuma" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="391" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="391">Toxeuma</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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species is unknown. The only biological records exist for
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="T. fuscicorne" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="391" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fuscicorne">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="391">T. fuscicorne</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, which was reared from the primary host
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Giraud" authorityYear="1861" class="Insecta" family="Agromyzidae" genus="Agromyza" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Agromyza schineri" order="Diptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="391" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="schineri">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="391">Agromyza schineri</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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Giraud, 1861 (
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Diptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="391" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Diptera</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Agromyzidae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Diptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="391" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Agromyzidae</taxonomicName>
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) (
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<bibRefCitation author="Boucek, Z" journalOrPublisher="Evolution, Lancaster, Pennsylvania" pageId="0" pageNumber="391" refId="B3" refString="Boucek, Z, 1977. A faunistic review of the Yugoslavian Chalcidoidea (Parasitic Hymenoptera). Acta Entomologica Jugoslavica 13(Supplement): 1-145." title="A faunistic review of the Yugoslavian Chalcidoidea (Parasitic Hymenoptera). Acta Entomologica Jugoslavica 13 (Supplement): 1 - 145." year="1977">
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Bouček">Boucek</normalizedToken>
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1977
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</bibRefCitation>
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), and for
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="T. paludum" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="391" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="paludum">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="391">T. paludum</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, reared from the primary host
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Steinbock" authorityYear="1932" class="Insecta" family="Coleophoridae" genus="Coleophora" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Coleophora" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="391" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="391">Coleophora</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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sp. (
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Steinbock" authorityYear="1932" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="391" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Lepidoptera</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Coleophoridae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="391" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Coleophoridae</taxonomicName>
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) (
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<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1558-5646.1968.tb03998.x" author="Askew, RR" journalOrPublisher="Evolution, Lancaster, Pennsylvania" pageId="0" pageNumber="391" pagination="642 - 645" refId="B2" refString="Askew, RR, 1968. Considerations on speciation in Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera). Evolution, Lancaster, Pennsylvania 22 (3): 642 - 645, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1558-5646.1968.tb03998.x" title="Considerations on speciation in Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera)." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1558-5646.1968.tb03998.x" volume="22" year="1968">Askew 1968</bibRefCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="391">
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The genus can be distinguished from other
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Dalman" authorityYear="1820" class="Insecta" family="Pteromalidae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="391" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Pteromalidae</taxonomicName>
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genera using the keys of
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<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.5962/p.258046" author="Graham, MWRDV" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the British museum (Natural history) Entomology, Supplement" pageId="0" pageNumber="391" pagination="1 - 908" refId="B9" refString="Graham, MWRDV, 1969. The Pteromalidae of North-Western Europe (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea). Bulletin of the British museum (Natural history) Entomology, Supplement 16: 1 - 908, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5962/p.258046" title="The Pteromalidae of North-Western Europe (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea)." url="https://doi.org/10.5962/p.258046" volume="16" year="1969">Graham (1969)</bibRefCitation>
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and
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<bibRefCitation author="Boucek, Z" journalOrPublisher="Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Paris" pageId="0" pageNumber="391" refId="B5" refString="Boucek, Z, Rasplus, J-Y, 1991. Illustrated key to West-Palaearctic genera of Pteromalidae (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea). Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Paris" title="Illustrated key to West-Palaearctic genera of Pteromalidae (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea)." year="1991">
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Bouček">Boucek</normalizedToken>
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and Rasplus (1991)
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</bibRefCitation>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="391">
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In this genus, the antennal clava can have three variations: acute (Fig.
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 22–32" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figures 22 - 32. Toxeuma paludum holotype female (23) paratype female (24) non-type female (22, 25, 26) 22 body, lateral view 23 antenna (dry material) 24 antenna (dry material) 25 metasoma, dorsal view 26 scutellum, propodeum and petiole, dorsal view 27 F 6 and antennal clava (slide) Toxeuma styliclava paratype female (28, 29) non-type female (30 - 32) 28 antenna (dry material) 29 body, lateral view 30 F 6 and antennal clava (slide) 31 metasoma, dorsal view 32 propodeum and petiole, dorsal view Scale bars: 1.0 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.84.68627.figures22-32" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/580517" pageId="0" pageNumber="391">24</figureCitation>
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), with a spicula (e.g., Figs
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 1–9" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figures 1 - 9. Toxeuma acilius holotype male (1) non-type female (2 - 6) 1 body, dorsal view 2 body, dorso-lateral view 3 antenna (dry material) 4 F 6 and antennal clava (slide) 5 antenna (slide) 6 propodeum and petiole, dorsal view Toxeuma discretum holotype female (7 - 9) 7 metasoma, dorsal view 8 body, dorsal view 9 body, lateral view Scale bars: 1.0 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.84.68627.figures1-9" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/580515" pageId="0" pageNumber="391">4</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 10–21" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figures 10 - 21. Toxeuma fuscicorne non-type female (10 - 14) 10 body, lateral view 11 metasoma, dorsal view 12 scutellum, propodeum and petiole, dorsal view 13 F 6 and antennal clava (slide) 14 antenna (slide) Toxeuma leleji sp. nov. holotype female (15, 16, 18 - 20) paratype female (17, 21) 15 body, lateral view 16 fore and hind wings 17 antennal clava (slide) 18 metasoma, dorsal view 19 propodeum and petiole, dorsal view 20 head, frontal view 21 antenna (slide) Scale bars: 1.0 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.84.68627.figures10-21" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/580516" pageId="0" pageNumber="391">17</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 22–32" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figures 22 - 32. Toxeuma paludum holotype female (23) paratype female (24) non-type female (22, 25, 26) 22 body, lateral view 23 antenna (dry material) 24 antenna (dry material) 25 metasoma, dorsal view 26 scutellum, propodeum and petiole, dorsal view 27 F 6 and antennal clava (slide) Toxeuma styliclava paratype female (28, 29) non-type female (30 - 32) 28 antenna (dry material) 29 body, lateral view 30 F 6 and antennal clava (slide) 31 metasoma, dorsal view 32 propodeum and petiole, dorsal view Scale bars: 1.0 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.84.68627.figures22-32" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/580517" pageId="0" pageNumber="391">27</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 22–32" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figures 22 - 32. Toxeuma paludum holotype female (23) paratype female (24) non-type female (22, 25, 26) 22 body, lateral view 23 antenna (dry material) 24 antenna (dry material) 25 metasoma, dorsal view 26 scutellum, propodeum and petiole, dorsal view 27 F 6 and antennal clava (slide) Toxeuma styliclava paratype female (28, 29) non-type female (30 - 32) 28 antenna (dry material) 29 body, lateral view 30 F 6 and antennal clava (slide) 31 metasoma, dorsal view 32 propodeum and petiole, dorsal view Scale bars: 1.0 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.84.68627.figures22-32" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/580517" pageId="0" pageNumber="391">30</figureCitation>
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) or without spicula and rounded apically (e.g., Figs
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 10–21" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figures 10 - 21. Toxeuma fuscicorne non-type female (10 - 14) 10 body, lateral view 11 metasoma, dorsal view 12 scutellum, propodeum and petiole, dorsal view 13 F 6 and antennal clava (slide) 14 antenna (slide) Toxeuma leleji sp. nov. holotype female (15, 16, 18 - 20) paratype female (17, 21) 15 body, lateral view 16 fore and hind wings 17 antennal clava (slide) 18 metasoma, dorsal view 19 propodeum and petiole, dorsal view 20 head, frontal view 21 antenna (slide) Scale bars: 1.0 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.84.68627.figures10-21" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/580516" pageId="0" pageNumber="391">13</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 33–38" captionStartId="F4" captionText="Figures 33 - 38. Toxeuma subtruncatum paratype female (33, 34) paratype male (36) non-type female (35, 37, 38) 33 body, lateral view 34 antenna (dry material) 35 antennal clava (slide) 36 body, lateral view 37 metasoma, dorsal view 38 propodeum and petiole, dorsal view Scale bars: 1.0 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.84.68627.figures33-38" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/580518" pageId="0" pageNumber="391">35</figureCitation>
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). This is an important feature to identify species of this genus. Unfortunately, in the original descriptions of
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="T. acilius" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="391" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="acilius">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="391">T. acilius</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(Walker, 1848) and
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="T. paludum" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="391" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="paludum">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="391">T. paludum</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(Graham, 1959) as well as in previously published keys (
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<bibRefCitation author="Graham, MWRDV" journalOrPublisher="Transactions of the Society for British Entomology" pageId="0" pageNumber="391" pagination="97 - 112" refId="B8" refString="Graham, MWRDV, 1959. Notes on Pteromalidae (Hym., Chalcidoidea), with descriptions of new genera and species. Transactions of the Society for British Entomology 13 (6): 97 - 112" title="Notes on Pteromalidae (Hym., Chalcidoidea), with descriptions of new genera and species." volume="13" year="1959">Graham 1959</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.5962/p.258046" author="Graham, MWRDV" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the British museum (Natural history) Entomology, Supplement" pageId="0" pageNumber="391" pagination="1 - 908" refId="B9" refString="Graham, MWRDV, 1969. The Pteromalidae of North-Western Europe (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea). Bulletin of the British museum (Natural history) Entomology, Supplement 16: 1 - 908, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5962/p.258046" title="The Pteromalidae of North-Western Europe (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea)." url="https://doi.org/10.5962/p.258046" volume="16" year="1969">1969</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) this feature was neither mentioned nor shown on the figures. However, after studying the types and additional material, the presence of a spicula was found in almost all individuals of these species. Interestingly,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="T. paludum" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="391" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="paludum">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="391">T. paludum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Graham is characterized by variation of antennal clava from acute (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 22–32" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figures 22 - 32. Toxeuma paludum holotype female (23) paratype female (24) non-type female (22, 25, 26) 22 body, lateral view 23 antenna (dry material) 24 antenna (dry material) 25 metasoma, dorsal view 26 scutellum, propodeum and petiole, dorsal view 27 F 6 and antennal clava (slide) Toxeuma styliclava paratype female (28, 29) non-type female (30 - 32) 28 antenna (dry material) 29 body, lateral view 30 F 6 and antennal clava (slide) 31 metasoma, dorsal view 32 propodeum and petiole, dorsal view Scale bars: 1.0 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.84.68627.figures22-32" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/580517" pageId="0" pageNumber="391">24</figureCitation>
|
||
) to that with very short and straight spicula (e.g., Figs
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 22–32" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figures 22 - 32. Toxeuma paludum holotype female (23) paratype female (24) non-type female (22, 25, 26) 22 body, lateral view 23 antenna (dry material) 24 antenna (dry material) 25 metasoma, dorsal view 26 scutellum, propodeum and petiole, dorsal view 27 F 6 and antennal clava (slide) Toxeuma styliclava paratype female (28, 29) non-type female (30 - 32) 28 antenna (dry material) 29 body, lateral view 30 F 6 and antennal clava (slide) 31 metasoma, dorsal view 32 propodeum and petiole, dorsal view Scale bars: 1.0 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.84.68627.figures22-32" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/580517" pageId="0" pageNumber="391">23</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 22–32" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figures 22 - 32. Toxeuma paludum holotype female (23) paratype female (24) non-type female (22, 25, 26) 22 body, lateral view 23 antenna (dry material) 24 antenna (dry material) 25 metasoma, dorsal view 26 scutellum, propodeum and petiole, dorsal view 27 F 6 and antennal clava (slide) Toxeuma styliclava paratype female (28, 29) non-type female (30 - 32) 28 antenna (dry material) 29 body, lateral view 30 F 6 and antennal clava (slide) 31 metasoma, dorsal view 32 propodeum and petiole, dorsal view Scale bars: 1.0 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.84.68627.figures22-32" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/580517" pageId="0" pageNumber="391">27</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="391">
|
||
The discovery of a previously undescribed spicula in some Palaearctic species suggests that some members of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Walker" authorityYear="1833" class="Insecta" family="Pteromalidae" genus="Toxeuma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Toxeuma" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="391" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="391">Toxeuma</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from Nearctic Region described by
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Heydon, SL" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington" pageId="0" pageNumber="391" pagination="310 - 322" refId="B12" refString="Heydon, SL, Grissell, EE, 1988. A review of Nearctic Mersimus Walker and Toxeuma Walker (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Pteromalidae). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 90: 310 - 322" title="A review of Nearctic Mersimus Walker and Toxeuma Walker (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Pteromalidae)." volume="90" year="1988">Heydon and Grissell (1988)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
might be synonyms of the Palaearctic species, but additional research is needed to confirm this assumption.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |