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<mods:title id="E1AE53DAB43808ACDA7578281894EB25">Making shelter for enemies: parasitoid-induced shelter-building behaviour in Paraponyx stagnalis</mods:title>
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<heading id="D0AE9E33FFD76254FEEBFE16FC05DBEA" box="[346,969,422,449]" centered="true" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="5" pageNumber="663" reason="5">
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<paragraph id="8BE6295FFFD76254FEEBFE16FD50DBEA" blockId="5.[346,969,422,449]" box="[346,668,422,449]" pageId="5" pageNumber="663">
Genus
<taxonomicName id="4C5952DCFFD76254FE01FE16FD50DBEA" ID-CoL="62QC9" authority="Westwood" authorityName="Westwood" authorityYear="1833" box="[432,668,422,449]" class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Elasmus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="663" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B92DF54DFFD76254FE01FE16FDDDDBEA" box="[432,529,422,449]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="663">Elasmus</emphasis>
Westwood
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="C3437AD4FFD76254FD15FE16FC05DBEA" box="[676,969,422,449]" pageId="5" pageNumber="663" type="multiple">
<paragraph id="8BE6295FFFD76254FD15FE16FC05DBEA" blockId="5.[346,969,422,449]" box="[676,969,422,449]" pageId="5" pageNumber="663">
(
<taxonomicName id="4C5952DCFFD76254FD1AFE16FCF6DBEA" baseAuthorityName="Haliday" baseAuthorityYear="1833" box="[683,826,422,449]" class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="663" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Eulophidae</taxonomicName>
:
<taxonomicName id="4C5952DCFFD76254FCF7FE16FC08DBEA" authorityName="Förster" authorityYear="1856" box="[838,964,422,449]" class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="663" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Elasminae">Elasminae</taxonomicName>
)
</paragraph>
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</heading>
<subSubSection id="C3437AD4FFD76254FF11FE5AFBCBD988" pageId="5" pageNumber="663" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BE6295FFFD76254FF11FE5AFBCBD988" blockId="5.[160,1156,490,931]" pageId="5" pageNumber="663">
Species within this genus exhibit a dual role as hyperparasitoids targeting
<taxonomicName id="4C5952DCFFD76254FBA8FE5AFB4FD828" authorityName="Foerster" authorityYear="1863" box="[1049,1155,490,515]" class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Apanteles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="663" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B92DF54DFFD76254FBA8FE5AFB4FD828" box="[1049,1155,490,515]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="663">Apanteles</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
genus species (refer to
<bibRefCitation id="EFC854AEFFD76254FE18FDBDFD8DD80D" author="Graham MDV" box="[425,577,525,550]" pageId="5" pageNumber="663" pagination="293 - 301" refId="ref5844" refString="Graham MDV. 1976. Notes on the type-material of some European Elasmus (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea) and description of a new species from Madeira. Bulletin du Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris (Zoologie). 255: 293 - 301." type="journal article" year="1976">Graham 1976</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFC854AEFFD76254FDFEFDBDFD4AD80D" author="Graham MWR" box="[591,646,525,550]" pageId="5" pageNumber="663" pagination="1 - 23" refId="ref5889" refString="Graham MWR. 1995. European Elasmus (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea, Elasmidae) with a key and descriptions of five new species. Entomol's Mon Mag. 131: 1 - 23." type="journal article" year="1995">1995</bibRefCitation>
) and ectoparasitoids specialising in larvae of the wasp genus
<taxonomicName id="4C5952DCFFD76254FEE5FD80FE68D862" box="[340,420,560,585]" class="Insecta" family="Eumenidae" genus="Polistes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="663" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B92DF54DFFD76254FEE5FD80FE68D862" box="[340,420,560,585]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="663">Polistes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<taxonomicName id="4C5952DCFFD76254FE01FD80FD82D862" box="[432,590,560,585]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="663" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Hymenoptera</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C5952DCFFD76254FDE6FD80FD0DD862" box="[599,705,560,585]" class="Insecta" family="Vespidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="663" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Vespidae</taxonomicName>
), as well as various lepidopteran families, including
<taxonomicName id="4C5952DCFFD76254FEA4FDE2FE71D840" box="[277,445,594,619]" class="Insecta" family="Coleophoridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="663" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Coleophoridae</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C5952DCFFD76254FE7DFDE2FD8BD840" box="[460,583,594,619]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="663" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Tortricidae</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C5952DCFFD76254FDE4FDE2FD25D840" authorityName="Stainton" authorityYear="1854" box="[597,745,594,619]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="663" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Gracillariidae</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C5952DCFFD76254FD49FDE2FC70D840" authorityName="Heinemann &amp; Wocke" authorityYear="1876" box="[760,956,594,619]" class="Insecta" family="Cosmopterigidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="663" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Cosmopterigidae</taxonomicName>
, and
<taxonomicName id="4C5952DCFFD76254FBB1FDE2FDD1D8A5" authority="(Yefremova and Strakhova 2010)" baseAuthorityName="Yefremova and Strakhova" baseAuthorityYear="2010" class="Insecta" family="Gelechiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="663" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">
Gelechiidae (
<bibRefCitation id="EFC854AEFFD76254FF17FDC5FDD8D8A5" author="Yefremova ZA &amp; Strakhova IS" box="[166,532,629,654]" pageId="5" pageNumber="663" pagination="903 - 926" refId="ref7030" refString="Yefremova ZA, Strakhova IS. 2010. A review of the species of the genus Elasmus Westwood (Hymenoptera, Eulophidae) from Russia and neighboring countries. Entomol Rev. 90: 903 - 926. doi: 10.1134 / S 0013873810070080" type="journal article" year="2010">Yefremova and Strakhova 2010</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
. Identifying characteristics of the genus include the females antenna with two anelli, a three-segmented flagellum, and a three-segmented clava, while the male possesses a trifurcate four-segmented flagellum and a two-segmented clava. The mesoscutum is densely covered with hairs, and the scutellum features two pairs of long setae. Notable wing characteristics include an elongated marginal vein, a short post marginal vein, and a slightly reduced stigma vein. The hind coxa is smooth, subdiscoidal (plate-like), and significantly enlarged, while the hind tibia exhibits short setae forming a continuous diamond shape. Colourations commonly involve yellow, black, and brown hues, often adorned with distinctive spots (
<bibRefCitation id="EFC854AEFFD76254FCE3FC3AFC36D988" author="Kim IK &amp; Kwon O &amp; Choi MB" box="[850,1018,906,931]" pageId="5" pageNumber="663" pagination="472 - 476" refId="ref6218" refString="Kim IK, Kwon O, Choi MB. 2016. Two species of Elasmus japonicus Ashmead and Elasmus polistis Burks (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) reared from nests of Polistes (Hymenoptera: Vespidae) in Korea. J Asia-Pac Biodivers. 9 (4): 472 - 476. doi: 10.1016 / j. japb. 2016.07.005." type="journal article" year="2016">
Kim
<emphasis id="B92DF54DFFD76254FC37FC3AFC7AD988" box="[902,950,906,931]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="663">et al</emphasis>
. 2016
</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
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