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<document id="38F0E9A2CD2F325F974BA6EEEA79EE0B" ID-CLB-Dataset="80832" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.6707142" ID-GBIF-Dataset="ab66b2b7-9544-4411-bf61-5bc3651d7bca" ID-ISBN="978-84-16728-04-6" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6707142" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="carolina" IM.metadata_approvedBy="carolina" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="carolina" checkinTime="1656002532852" checkinUser="carolina" docAuthor="Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier &amp; Thomas E. Lacher, Jr" docDate="2017" docId="03F06D13FFEC202408B216550B1BFE33" docLanguage="en" docName="hbmw_7_Cricetidae_0204.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 7 Rodents II, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions" docTitle="Microtus subterraneus" docType="treatment" docVersion="14" lastPageNumber="344" masterDocId="FFC9156BFFAE20670D37145C0837FFDB" masterDocTitle="Cricetidae" masterLastPageNumber="535" masterPageNumber="204" pageNumber="343" updateTime="1718799336328" updateUser="carolina">
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<mods:title id="01FFEE6E6B22B8343B081B2025445FBB">Cricetidae</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="F569E804A5015E20E54B766AF32EAB74">Don E. Wilson</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="66250B6AC37555E8CFDC6B629B9419A7">Russell A. Mittermeier</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="B76660347C5C59FA20AE4038EB702BC6">Thomas E. Lacher, Jr</mods:namePart>
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<mods:publisher id="FB36E0CF724E463150E6B90D0094D641">Lynx Edicions</mods:publisher>
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<mods:placeTerm id="7435B346FA218B5C6D1E6BF9292CA8EE">Barcelona</mods:placeTerm>
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<mods:title id="6A97E01979FA309344837144E27FCDE5">Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 7 Rodents II</mods:title>
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<mods:classification id="DDA29DB8CD05E2A36A39400E811AFE1E">book chapter</mods:classification>
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<treatment id="03F06D13FFEC202408B216550B1BFE33" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6707101" ID-GBIF-Taxon="196220907" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6707101" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03F06D13FFEC202408B216550B1BFE33" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F06D13FFEC202408B216550B1BFE33" lastPageId="67" lastPageNumber="344" pageId="66" pageNumber="343">
<subSubSection id="C3438F8EFFEC202508B216550DE2FDE8" box="[1413,1493,521,563]" pageId="66" pageNumber="343" type="multiple">
<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FFEC202508B216550DE2FDE8" blockId="66.[1409,2388,521,645]" box="[1413,1493,521,563]" pageId="66" pageNumber="343">
<heading id="D0AE6B69FFEC202508B216550DE2FDE8" box="[1413,1493,521,563]" pageId="66" pageNumber="343">
<figureCitation id="1362C080FFEC202508B216550DE2FDE8" box="[1413,1493,521,563]" captionStart="On" captionStartId="64.[116,146,3216,3241]" captionTargetBox="[13,2749,15,3648]" captionTargetPageId="63" captionText="On following pages: 149. Meadow Vole (Microtus pennsyivanicus); 150. Long-tailed Vole (Microtus longicaudus); 151. Creeping Vole (Microtus oregoni); 152. Major's Pine Vole (Microtus majori); 153. Common Pine Vole (Microtus subterraneus); 154. Caucasian Pine Vole (Microtus daghestanicus); 155. Alpine Pine Vole (Microtus multiplex); 156. Liechtenstein’s Pine Vole (Microtus liechtensteini); 157. Tatra Pine Vole (Microtus tatricus): 158. Mediterranean Pine Vole (Microtus duodecimcostatus); 159. Lusitanian Pine Vole (Microtus lusitanicus); 160. Pyrenean Pine Vole (Microtus gerbil); 161. Savi's Pine Vole (Microtus savii): 162. Calabria Pine Vole (Microtus brachycercus); 163. Sicilian Pine Vole (Microtus nebrodensis); 164. Thomas's Pine Vole (Microtus thomasi); 165. Balkan Pine Vole (Microtus felteni); 166. Schelkovnikov's Pine Vole (Microtus schelkovnikovi): 167. Harting's Vole (Microtus hartingi); 168. Levant Vole (Microtus guentheri); 169. Dogramaci’s Vole (Microtus dogramacii); 170. Cyrenaica Vole (Microtus mustersi); 171. Social Vole (Microtus socialis): 172. Anatolian Vole (Microtus anatolicus): 173. Iranian Vole (Microtus iran); 174. Kopet Dag Pine Vole (Microtus paradoxus); 175. Common Vole (Microtus arvalis); 176. Altai Vole (Microtus obscurus); 177. East European Vole (Microtus mystacinus); 178. Kerman Vole (Microtus kermanensis); 179. Transcaspian Vole (Microtus transcaspicus); 180. Tian Shan Vole (Microtus ilaeus)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6708419" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6708419/files/figure.png" pageId="66" pageNumber="343">153.</figureCitation>
</heading>
</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="C3438F8EFFEC202508D016550F49FDE8" box="[1511,1918,521,563]" pageId="66" pageNumber="343" type="vernacular_names">
<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FFEC202508D016550F49FDE8" blockId="66.[1409,2388,521,645]" box="[1511,1918,521,563]" pageId="66" pageNumber="343">
<heading id="D0AE6B69FFEC202508D016550F49FDE8" box="[1511,1918,521,563]" pageId="66" pageNumber="343">
<vernacularName id="055AAC2BFFEC202508D016550F49FDE8" ID-CoL="7VV8X" baseAuthorityName="Selys-Longchamps" baseAuthorityYear="1836" box="[1511,1918,521,563]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Microtus" kingdom="Animalia" language="eng" order="Rodentia" pageId="66" pageNumber="343" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="subterraneus">Common Pine Vole</vernacularName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3438F8EFFEC20250A8316550163FDE8" box="[1972,2388,521,563]" pageId="66" pageNumber="343" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FFEC20250A8316550163FDE8" blockId="66.[1409,2388,521,645]" box="[1972,2388,521,563]" pageId="66" pageNumber="343">
<heading id="D0AE6B69FFEC20250A8316550163FDE8" box="[1972,2388,521,563]" pageId="66" pageNumber="343">
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFEC20250A8316550163FDE8" ID-CoL="7VV8X" baseAuthorityName="Selys-Longchamps" baseAuthorityYear="1836" box="[1972,2388,521,563]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Microtus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="66" pageNumber="343" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="subterraneus">
<emphasis id="B92D0017FFEC20250A8316550163FDE8" box="[1972,2388,521,563]" italics="true" pageId="66" pageNumber="343">Microtus subterraneus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3438F8EFFEC202508B516190F75FD5A" pageId="66" pageNumber="343" type="vernacular_names">
<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FFEC202508B51619008CFD81" blockId="66.[1409,2388,521,645]" box="[1410,2235,581,602]" pageId="66" pageNumber="343">
<heading id="D0AE6B69FFEC202508B51619008CFD81" box="[1410,2235,581,602]" pageId="66" pageNumber="343">
<emphasis id="B92D0017FFEC202508B516190DF9FD81" bold="true" box="[1410,1486,581,602]" pageId="66" pageNumber="343">French:</emphasis>
<vernacularName id="055AAC2BFFEC202508E116190E86FD81" ID-CoL="7VV8X" baseAuthorityName="Selys-Longchamps" baseAuthorityYear="1836" box="[1494,1713,581,602]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Microtus" kingdom="Animalia" language="fra" order="Rodentia" pageId="66" pageNumber="343" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="subterraneus">Campagnol souterrain</vernacularName>
/
<emphasis id="B92D0017FFEC20250BF116190F16FD81" bold="true" box="[1734,1825,581,602]" pageId="66" pageNumber="343">German:</emphasis>
<vernacularName id="055AAC2BFFEC20250A1C16190F9BFD81" ID-CoL="7VV8X" baseAuthorityName="Selys-Longchamps" baseAuthorityYear="1836" box="[1835,1964,581,602]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Microtus" kingdom="Animalia" language="deu" order="Rodentia" pageId="66" pageNumber="343" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="subterraneus">Kurzohrmaus</vernacularName>
/
<emphasis id="B92D0017FFEC20250AF61619002AFD81" bold="true" box="[1985,2077,581,602]" pageId="66" pageNumber="343">Spanish:</emphasis>
<vernacularName id="055AAC2BFFEC202505141619008CFD81" ID-CoL="7VV8X" baseAuthorityName="Selys-Longchamps" baseAuthorityYear="1836" box="[2083,2235,581,602]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Microtus" kingdom="Animalia" language="esp" order="Rodentia" pageId="66" pageNumber="343" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="subterraneus">Topillo europeo</vernacularName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FFEC202508B516300F75FD5A" blockId="66.[1409,2388,521,645]" box="[1410,1858,620,641]" pageId="66" pageNumber="343">
<heading id="D0AE6B69FFEC202508B516300F75FD5A" box="[1410,1858,620,641]" pageId="66" pageNumber="343">
<emphasis id="B92D0017FFEC202508B516300E4EFD5A" bold="true" box="[1410,1657,620,641]" pageId="66" pageNumber="343">Other common names:</emphasis>
<vernacularName id="055AAC2BFFEC20250BB416300F75FD5A" ID-CoL="7VV8X" baseAuthorityName="Selys-Longchamps" baseAuthorityYear="1836" box="[1667,1858,620,641]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Microtus" kingdom="Animalia" language="eng" order="Rodentia" pageId="66" pageNumber="343" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="subterraneus">European Pine Vole</vernacularName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3438F8EFFEC20250AD216EC0055FCC4" pageId="66" pageNumber="343" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FFEC20250AD216EC0055FCC4" blockId="66.[2021,2615,688,1115]" pageId="66" pageNumber="343">
<emphasis id="B92D0017FFEC20250AD216EC00B6FD0A" bold="true" box="[2021,2177,688,721]" pageId="66" pageNumber="343">Taxonomy.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFEC202505A516EC0130FD23" authority="de SelysLongchamps, 1836" authorityName="de SelysLongchamps" authorityYear="1836" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Arvicola" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="66" pageNumber="343" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="subterraneus">Arvicola subterraneus de SélysLongchamps, 1836</taxonomicName>
,
<materialsCitation id="3B31D658FFEC2025041E16830055FCC4" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3818814993" pageId="66" pageNumber="343">
Waremme, Liege,
<collectingCountry id="F34E9C95FFEC20250AD116A20069FCC4" box="[2022,2142,766,799]" name="Belgium" pageId="66" pageNumber="343">Belgium</collectingCountry>
.
</materialsCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3438F8EFFEC20250AD1177A0DDEFA9D" pageId="66" pageNumber="343" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FFEC20250AD1177A0DDEFA9D" blockId="66.[2021,2615,688,1115]" lastBlockId="66.[1402,2613,1121,3476]" pageId="66" pageNumber="343">
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFEC20250AD1177A0133FC9C" baseAuthorityName="Selys-Longchamps" baseAuthorityYear="1836" box="[2022,2308,806,839]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Microtus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="66" pageNumber="343" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="subterraneus">Microtus subterraneus</taxonomicName>
is placed in subgenus Terricola and
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFEC20250598170D0164FCB5" baseAuthorityName="Selys-Longchamps" baseAuthorityYear="1836" box="[2223,2387,849,878]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Microtus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="66" pageNumber="343" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="subterraneus">subterraneus</taxonomicName>
species group. Taxonomic arrangement of
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFEC202504A317290200FC4D" baseAuthorityName="Selys-Longchamps" baseAuthorityYear="1836" box="[2452,2615,885,918]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Microtus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="66" pageNumber="343" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="subterraneus">subterraneus</taxonomicName>
species group has a turbulent history and still does not achieve general consensus. Low interspecific genetic divergences and high intraspecific divergences in this group make species’ delimitation tentative. On one hand,
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFEC20250BA9103D0F46FB59" baseAuthorityName="Selys-Longchamps" baseAuthorityYear="1836" box="[1694,1905,1121,1154]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Microtus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="66" pageNumber="343" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="subterraneus">M. subterraneus</taxonomicName>
might be paraphyletic with respect to
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFEC20250492103D01C4FB59" authorityName="Shaw" authorityYear="1800" box="[2469,2547,1121,1154]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Microtus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="66" pageNumber="343" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="major">major</taxonomicName>
: and
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFEC202508B410D00E0EFB72" baseAuthorityName="Shidlovsky" baseAuthorityYear="1919" box="[1411,1593,1164,1193]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Microtus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="66" pageNumber="343" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="daghestanicus">daghestanicus</taxonomicName>
. In contrast, the two
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFEC20250A5310D00F80FB72" authorityName="Shaw" authorityYear="1800" box="[1892,1975,1164,1193]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Microtus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="66" pageNumber="343" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="major">major</taxonomicName>
phylogenetic lineages of
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFEC2025041210D001C0FB72" baseAuthorityName="Selys-Longchamps" baseAuthorityYear="1836" box="[2341,2551,1164,1193]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Microtus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="66" pageNumber="343" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="subterraneus">M. subterraneus</taxonomicName>
suggest cryptic taxonomic diversity with two putative species: European
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFEC2025046310EC01C0FB0A" baseAuthorityName="Selys-Longchamps" baseAuthorityYear="1836" box="[2388,2551,1200,1233]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Microtus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="66" pageNumber="343" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="subterraneus">subterraneus</taxonomicName>
and Asiatic fingeri. In the past,
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFEC20250BCB108B0FE7FB23" baseAuthorityName="Selys-Longchamps" baseAuthorityYear="1836" box="[1788,2000,1239,1272]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Microtus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="66" pageNumber="343" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="subterraneus">M. subterraneus</taxonomicName>
was been classified in genus
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFEC20250442108B01EFFB23" box="[2421,2520,1239,1272]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Pitymys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="66" pageNumber="343" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Pitymys</taxonomicName>
. More than 30 subspecies were named in the past, but there is no consensus over their validity.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3438F8EFFEC202508B711090E83FA67" pageId="66" pageNumber="343" type="distribution">
<caption id="DF268C8DFFEC202508B711090E83FA67" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6760643" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6760643" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6760643/files/figure.png" inLine="true" pageId="66" pageNumber="343" startId="66.[1408,1580,1365,1390]" targetBox="[1406,1998,697,1111]" targetPageId="66">
<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FFEC202508B711090E83FA67" blockId="66.[1402,2613,1121,3476]" pageId="66" pageNumber="343">
<emphasis id="B92D0017FFEC202508B711090E07FAB5" bold="true" box="[1408,1584,1365,1390]" pageId="66" pageNumber="343">Distribution.</emphasis>
W, C &amp; E Europe, from France E to W European Russia and SE to N Greece and European Turkey, and W &amp; N Anatolia, with an outlying record from Bitlis Province (SE Turkey).
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3438F8EFFEC202508B7119F0F09F8C4" pageId="66" pageNumber="343" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FFEC202508B7119F0F09F8C4" blockId="66.[1402,2613,1121,3476]" pageId="66" pageNumber="343">
<emphasis id="B92D0017FFEC202508B7119F0E40FA3F" bold="true" box="[1408,1655,1475,1508]" pageId="66" pageNumber="343">Descriptive notes.</emphasis>
Head—body 79-115 mm, tail 20-44 mm; weight 10-26 g. Laboratoryreared Common Pine Voles grew larger than free-living counterparts. The Common Pine Vole is smallto medium-sized, with dwarf eyes and relatively long ears. Tail is 20-36% of head-body length. Females have two pairs of inguinal nipples; pectoral pair is exceptional. Fur is long and soft, yellowish brown to dark brown on back and silver or gray on belly. Tail is indistinctly bicolored, and feet are brown. Skull resembles that of the Caucasian Pine Vole (
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFEC20250A6712EC000EF90A" baseAuthorityName="Shidlovsky" baseAuthorityYear="1919" box="[1872,2105,1712,1745]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Microtus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="66" pageNumber="343" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="daghestanicus">M. daghestanicus</taxonomicName>
), but it is less shallow, normally with straight or slightly convex dorsal profile, and relatively shorter rostrum. Molar pattern is as in the Caucasian Pine Vole.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3438F8EFFEC20250848137A0E86F867" pageId="66" pageNumber="343" type="biology_ecology">
<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FFEC20250848137A0E86F867" blockId="66.[1402,2613,1121,3476]" pageId="66" pageNumber="343">
<emphasis id="B92D0017FFEC20250848137A0DD9F89C" bold="true" box="[1407,1518,1830,1863]" pageId="66" pageNumber="343">Habitat.</emphasis>
Dense vegetation for shelter and deep, light, and humid soil for digging from sea level to elevations of ¢.2335 m. The Common Pine Vole occupies marshes, closecanopy woodland, and gardens. It is capable of unearthing underground tunnels in soil and among rocks.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3438F8EFFEC2025084813970EA0F5D0" pageId="66" pageNumber="343" type="food_feeding">
<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FFEC2025084813970EA0F5D0" blockId="66.[1402,2613,1121,3476]" pageId="66" pageNumber="343">
<emphasis id="B92D0017FFEC2025084813970EBBF83F" bold="true" box="[1407,1676,1995,2020]" pageId="66" pageNumber="343">Food and Feeding.</emphasis>
In western Carpathian Mountains, diets of Common Pine Voles are 15-5% sedges and grasses, 53-5% other green plants, 10% mosses, 11:5% various fruits, and 2-5% mushrooms. The most important dietary plants include common dandelion (
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFEC20250B1E1C620EF7F780" box="[1577,1728,2110,2139]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Taraxacum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="66" pageNumber="343" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Taraxacum</taxonomicName>
officinale), alpine coltsfoot (
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFEC202505631C620175F780" box="[2132,2370,2110,2139]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Homogyne" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="66" pageNumber="343" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="alpina">Homogyne alpina</taxonomicName>
), hawkweed (Hieractum), lawndaisy (
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFEC20250B9D1C390EC5F759" box="[1706,1778,2149,2178]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Bellis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="66" pageNumber="343" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Bellis</taxonomicName>
perennis), melancholy thistle (
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFEC202505861C39012BF759" box="[2225,2332,2149,2178]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Cirsium" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="66" pageNumber="343" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Cirsium</taxonomicName>
heterophyllum), and common yarrow (
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFEC20250BB61CD00EDBF772" box="[1665,1772,2188,2217]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Achillea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="66" pageNumber="343" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Achillea</taxonomicName>
millefolium), all
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFEC20250AE21CD00046F772" box="[2005,2161,2188,2217]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="66" pageNumber="343" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Asteraceae</taxonomicName>
; lady’s mantle (
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFEC2025046F1CD001D2F772" box="[2392,2533,2188,2217]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rosaceae" genus="Alchemilla" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="66" pageNumber="343" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Alchemilla</taxonomicName>
) and trailing arbutus (
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFEC20250B461CEC0EF7F70A" box="[1649,1728,2224,2257]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rosaceae" genus="Geum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="66" pageNumber="343" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Geum</taxonomicName>
reptans), both
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFEC20250AA51CEC0020F70A" box="[1938,2071,2224,2257]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rosaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="66" pageNumber="343" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Rosaceae</taxonomicName>
; yellow marsh marigold (
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFEC202504B51CEC0D9EF723" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Ranunculaceae" genus="Caltha" kingdom="Plantae" order="Ranunculales" pageId="66" pageNumber="343" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="palustris">Caltha palustris</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFEC2025088D1C830EACF723" box="[1466,1691,2271,2296]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Ranunculaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Ranunculales" pageId="66" pageNumber="343" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Ranunculaceae</taxonomicName>
); harebells (
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFEC20250A781C830060F723" box="[1871,2135,2271,2296]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Campanulaceae" genus="Campanula" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="66" pageNumber="343" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="barbata">Campanula barbata</taxonomicName>
and C. scheuchzeri,
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFEC202504511C830D94F6C4" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Campanulaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="66" pageNumber="343" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Campanulaceae</taxonomicName>
); hairy chervil (
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFEC20250BA51CA20F6FF6C4" box="[1682,1880,2302,2335]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Apiaceae" genus="Chaerophyllum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Apiales" pageId="66" pageNumber="343" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Chaerophyllum</taxonomicName>
hirsutum,
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFEC20250AD91CA2004FF6C4" box="[2030,2168,2302,2335]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Apiaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Apiales" pageId="66" pageNumber="343" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Apiaceae</taxonomicName>
); chiltern gentian (
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFEC202504AD1CA20204F6C4" box="[2458,2611,2302,2335]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Gentianaceae" genus="Gentianella" kingdom="Plantae" order="Gentianales" pageId="66" pageNumber="343" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Gentianella</taxonomicName>
germanica) and willow gentian (
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFEC20250A711D760FF4F69C" box="[1862,1987,2346,2375]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Gentianaceae" genus="Gentiana" kingdom="Plantae" order="Gentianales" pageId="66" pageNumber="343" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Gentiana</taxonomicName>
asclepiadea), both
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFEC202505F81D7601A3F69C" box="[2255,2452,2346,2375]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Gentianaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Gentianales" pageId="66" pageNumber="343" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Gentianaceae</taxonomicName>
; mountain wood sorrel (
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFEC20250B7C1D0D0E95F6B5" box="[1611,1698,2385,2414]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Oxalidaceae" genus="Oxalis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Oxalidales" pageId="66" pageNumber="343" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Oxalis</taxonomicName>
acetosella,
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFEC20250A761D0D0FCFF6B5" box="[1857,2040,2385,2414]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Oxalidaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Oxalidales" pageId="66" pageNumber="343" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Oxalidaceae</taxonomicName>
); rattle (
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFEC202505B51D0D0116F6B5" box="[2178,2337,2385,2414]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Orobanchaceae" genus="Rhinanthus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="66" pageNumber="343" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Rhinanthus</taxonomicName>
aristatus,
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFEC2025048C1D0D0DC0F64D" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Orobanchaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="66" pageNumber="343" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Orobanchaceae</taxonomicName>
); bird’s-foot trefoil (
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFEC20250A1E1D250F43F64D" authorityName="Fleming" authorityYear="1822" box="[1833,1908,2425,2454]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Lotus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="66" pageNumber="343" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Lotus</taxonomicName>
corniculatus) and various species of clover (Tri Jolium badium and T. pratense,
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFEC20250A071DC00F8DF666" box="[1840,1978,2460,2493]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="66" pageNumber="343" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Fabaceae</taxonomicName>
); stinging nettle (
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFEC202505F61DC00158F666" box="[2241,2415,2460,2493]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Urticaceae" genus="Urtica" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="66" pageNumber="343" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="dioica">Urtica dioica</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFEC202504B51DC00216F666" box="[2434,2593,2460,2493]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Urticaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="66" pageNumber="343" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Urticaceae</taxonomicName>
), and several species of gypsyweed (
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFEC20250A451D9F0FD4F63F" box="[1906,2019,2499,2532]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Plantaginaceae" genus="Veronica" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="66" pageNumber="343" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Veronica</taxonomicName>
beccabunga, V. fruticans, and V. officinalis, all
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFEC2025089D1DB60EBEF5D0" box="[1450,1673,2538,2571]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Plantaginaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="66" pageNumber="343" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Plantaginaceae</taxonomicName>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3438F8EFFEC202508491E4E0E7DF460" pageId="66" pageNumber="343" type="breeding">
<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FFEC202508491E4E0E7DF460" blockId="66.[1402,2613,1121,3476]" pageId="66" pageNumber="343">
<emphasis id="B92D0017FFEC202508491E4E0E30F5E8" bold="true" box="[1406,1543,2578,2611]" pageId="66" pageNumber="343">Breeding.</emphasis>
Breeding season of the Common Pine Vole occurs throughout the year but is frequently interrupted in winter. Gestation is 21 days. Captive females had postpartum estrus and annually delivered ten litters. Mean interpartum time is 24-5 days (range 20-26 days). Numbers of embryos are 1-5/female (most often 2-3). Mean number varies geographically between 2-3 in western Carpathians and 2-7 in eastern Poland. Mean number also varies seasonally, and litters are largest in spring and early summer. Young are born blind and helpless, with very short (0-5 mm) dorsal hair and 2-3 mm long whiskers. Eyes open at 11-14 days old. Young weigh 1-9 g at birth and c.11 g at c.4 months. They are weaned at 15-17 days old. Males are sexually mature at 2-3 months old and females at 90 days. Young can reproduce in their first year.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3438F8EFFEC2025084C1F9F0F98F314" pageId="66" pageNumber="343" type="activity">
<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FFEC2025084C1F9F0F98F314" blockId="66.[1402,2613,1121,3476]" pageId="66" pageNumber="343">
<emphasis id="B92D0017FFEC2025084C1F9F0E51F43F" bold="true" box="[1403,1638,3011,3044]" pageId="66" pageNumber="343">Activity patterns.</emphasis>
Common Pine Voles are polyphasic and nocturnal. They have 12-14 periods of activity during the
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFEC20250A1F1FB60F61F3D0" box="[1832,1878,3050,3083]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Ondatra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="66" pageNumber="343" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="day">day</taxonomicName>
, each lasting for 20-40 minutes. Young individuals are more active (23 active periods/
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFEC20250A50184D0FACF3E9" box="[1895,1947,3089,3122]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Ondatra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="66" pageNumber="343" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="day">day</taxonomicName>
) than pregnant or lactating females. Common Pine Voles move around in underground galleries. They dig their own galleries or take over mole tunnels. Unearthed soil is pushed to the ground’s surface, but entrances are only seldom sealed with heaps. Where dense vegetation provides good shelter, Common Pine Voles are active aboveground.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3438F8EFFEC2025084B18890E63F24F" pageId="66" pageNumber="343" type="biology_ecology">
<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FFEC2025084B18890E63F24F" blockId="66.[1402,2613,1121,3476]" pageId="66" pageNumber="343">
<emphasis id="B92D0017FFEC2025084B18890079F32D" bold="true" box="[1404,2126,3285,3318]" pageId="66" pageNumber="343">Movements, Home range and Social organization.</emphasis>
Female Common Pine Voles occupy exclusive territories (mean 256 m?) that overlap home ranges of one or more males (mean 1025 m?*). Common Pine Voles live in groups of 6-11 individuals that occupy several nests. Co-nesting between males and females is not frequent. Mating Is promiscuous.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3438F8EFFED20240D9D15710AF1FE42" pageId="67" pageNumber="344" type="conservation">
<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FFED20240D9D15710AF1FE42" blockId="67.[168,1374,301,490]" pageId="67" pageNumber="344">
<emphasis id="B92D0017FFED20240D9D15710A3AFE91" bold="true" box="[170,525,301,330]" pageId="67" pageNumber="344">Status and Conservation.</emphasis>
Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. Overall distribution of the Common Pine Vole is nearly 3,000,000 km? and larger than for any other species in the subgenus Terricola.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3438F8EFFED20240D9D15FB0B1BFE33" pageId="67" pageNumber="344" type="bibRefCitation_list">
<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FFED20240D9D15FB0B1BFE33" blockId="67.[168,1374,301,490]" pageId="67" pageNumber="344">
<emphasis id="B92D0017FFED20240D9D15FB0974FE1B" bold="true" box="[170,323,423,448]" pageId="67" pageNumber="344">Bibliography.</emphasis>
Gromov &amp; Erbajeva (1995), Krystufek &amp; Vohralik (2005), Niethammer (1982d), Salvioni (1988, 1995a), Shenbrot &amp; Krasnov (2005), Spitzenberger (2001c).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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