245 lines
31 KiB
XML
245 lines
31 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="EC48002B5CB860DFA4A4CBD74F090361">Cricetidae</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="BAD904045D409D5968BAAFBDD14A6193">Don E. Wilson</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="F5CF69C59C97C72826799E61EDFE9028">Russell A. Mittermeier</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="49B1ECDCC584FB6B26A145113E2FA416">Thomas E. Lacher, Jr</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="B23EBC44FFAE294DA7832331D940D412">Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 7 Rodents II</mods:title>
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<treatment id="03F06D13FFB6207F0D50100D0EA9FE4F" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6706666" ID-GBIF-Taxon="196220956" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6706666" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03F06D13FFB6207F0D50100D0EA9FE4F" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F06D13FFB6207F0D50100D0EA9FE4F" lastPageNumber="303" pageId="24" pageNumber="303">
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<heading id="D0AE6B69FFB6207F0D50100D0896FBA4" box="[103,161,1105,1151]" pageId="24" pageNumber="303">
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<figureCitation id="1362C080FFB6207F0D50100D0896FBA4" box="[103,161,1105,1151]" captionStart="Plate 11: Cricetidae" captionStartId="18.[107,137,3099,3124]" captionTargetBox="[25,2753,22,3645]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="34. Nearctic Collared Lemming (Dicrostonyx groenlandicus), 35. Ungava Collared Lemming (Dicrostonyx hudsonius), 36. Nelson's Collared Lemming (Dicrostonyx nelsoni), 37. Ogilvie Mountains Collared Lemming (Dicrostonyx nunatakensis), 38. Richardson’s Collared Lemming (Ducrostonyx richardsoni), 39. Palearctic Collared Lemming (Dicrostonyx torquatus), 40. Unalaska Collared Lemming (Dicrostonyx unalascensis), 41. Gray Red-backed Vole (Craseomys rufocanus), 42. Hokkaido Red-backed Vole (Craseomys rex), 43. Korean Red-backed Vole (Craseomys regulus), 44. Shanxi Red-backed Vole (Craseomys shanseius), 45. Anderson’s Red-backed Vole (Craseomys andersoni), 46. Smith’s Red-backed Vole (Craseomys smith), 47. Western Red-backed Vole (Myodes californicus), 48. Southern Red-backed Vole (Myodes gapperi), 49. Bank Vole (Mpyodes glareolus), 50. Tian Shan Red-backed Vole (Myodes centralis), 51. Large-eared Vole (Myodes macrotis), 52. Northern Red-backed Vole (Myodes rutilus), 53. Silver Mountain Vole (Alticola argentatus), 54. White-tailed Mountain Vole (Alticola albicauda), 55. Kashmir Mountain Vole (Alticola montosus), 56. Royle’s Mountain Vole (Alticola roylei), 57. Strelzov’s Mountain Vole (Alticola strelzouvi), 58. Tuva Mountain Vole (Alticola tuvinicus), 59. Gobi Altai Mountain Vole (Alticola barakshin), 60. null (null), 60. null (null), 61. Mongolian Mountain Vole (Alticola semicanus), 61. Mongolian Mountain Vole (Alticola semicanus), 62. Stoliczka’s Mountain Vole (Alticola stoliczkanus), 62. Stoliczka’s Mountain Vole (Alticola stoliczkanus), 63. Lemming Mountain Vole (Aschizomys lemminus), 63. Lemming Mountain Vole (Aschizomys lemminus), 64. Gansu Red-backed Vole (Caryomys eva), 64. Gansu Red-backed Vole (Caryomys eva), 65. Kolan Red-backed Vole (Caryomys inez), 65. Kolan Red-backed Vole (Caryomys inez), 66. Pere David's Red-backed Vole (Eothenomys melanogaster), 66. Pere David’s Red-backed Vole (Eothenomys melanogaster), 67. Yunnan Red-backed Vole (Eothenomys miletus), 68. Sichuan Red-backed Vole (Eothenomys chinensis), 69. Southwest China Red-backed Vole (Eothenomys custos), 70. Black-eared Red-backed Vole (Eothenomys olitor), 71. Yulongxuen Red-backed Vole (FEothenomys proditor), 72. Ward’s Red-backed Vole (Eothenomys wardi), 73. Hinton’s Red-backed Vole (Eothenomys hintoni), 74. Tarquinius Red-backed Vole (Eothenomys tarquinius), 75. Burrowing Vole (Hyperacrius fertilis), 76. Murree Vole (Hyperacrius wynnei)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6709261" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6709261/files/figure.png" pageId="24" pageNumber="303">50.</figureCitation>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3438F8EFFB6207F0D86100D0AC5FBA4" box="[177,754,1105,1151]" pageId="24" pageNumber="303" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FFB6207F0D86100D0AC5FBA4" blockId="24.[103,1142,1105,1230]" box="[177,754,1105,1151]" pageId="24" pageNumber="303">
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<heading id="D0AE6B69FFB6207F0D86100D0AC5FBA4" box="[177,754,1105,1151]" pageId="24" pageNumber="303">
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<vernacularName id="055AAC2BFFB6207F0D86100D0AC5FBA4" ID-CoL="454PZ" baseAuthorityName="G. S. Miller" baseAuthorityYear="1906" box="[177,754,1105,1151]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Myodes" kingdom="Animalia" language="eng" order="Rodentia" pageId="24" pageNumber="303" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="centralis">Tian Shan Red-backed Vole</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3438F8EFFB6207F0E0E100D0C60FBA4" box="[825,1111,1105,1151]" pageId="24" pageNumber="303" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FFB6207F0E0E100D0C60FBA4" blockId="24.[103,1142,1105,1230]" box="[825,1111,1105,1151]" pageId="24" pageNumber="303">
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<heading id="D0AE6B69FFB6207F0E0E100D0C60FBA4" box="[825,1111,1105,1151]" pageId="24" pageNumber="303">
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<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFB6207F0E0E100D0C60FBA4" ID-CoL="454PZ" baseAuthorityName="G. S. Miller" baseAuthorityYear="1906" box="[825,1111,1105,1151]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Myodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="24" pageNumber="303" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="centralis">
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<emphasis id="B92D0017FFB6207F0E0E100D0C60FBA4" box="[825,1111,1105,1151]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="303">Myodes centralis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="C3438F8EFFB6207F0D5010CD0A93FB15" pageId="24" pageNumber="303" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FFB6207F0D5010CD0C41FB7D" blockId="24.[103,1142,1105,1230]" box="[103,1142,1169,1190]" pageId="24" pageNumber="303">
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<heading id="D0AE6B69FFB6207F0D5010CD0C41FB7D" box="[103,1142,1169,1190]" pageId="24" pageNumber="303">
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<emphasis id="B92D0017FFB6207F0D5010CD0884FB7D" bold="true" box="[103,179,1169,1190]" pageId="24" pageNumber="303">French:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="055AAC2BFFB6207F0D8B10CD09F3FB7D" ID-CoL="454PZ" baseAuthorityName="G. S. Miller" baseAuthorityYear="1906" box="[188,452,1169,1190]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Myodes" kingdom="Animalia" language="fra" order="Rodentia" pageId="24" pageNumber="303" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="centralis">Campagnol dAsie centrale</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis id="B92D0017FFB6207F0CEE10CD0A04FB7D" bold="true" box="[473,563,1169,1190]" pageId="24" pageNumber="303">German:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="055AAC2BFFB6207F0F0E10CD0B27FB7D" ID-CoL="454PZ" baseAuthorityName="G. S. Miller" baseAuthorityYear="1906" box="[569,784,1169,1190]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Myodes" kingdom="Animalia" language="deu" order="Rodentia" pageId="24" pageNumber="303" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="centralis">Tienschan-Rotelmaus</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis id="B92D0017FFB6207F0E1210CD0BB7FB7D" bold="true" box="[805,896,1169,1190]" pageId="24" pageNumber="303">Spanish:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="055AAC2BFFB6207F0EB210CD0C41FB7D" ID-CoL="454PZ" baseAuthorityName="G. S. Miller" baseAuthorityYear="1906" box="[901,1142,1169,1190]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Myodes" kingdom="Animalia" language="esp" order="Rodentia" pageId="24" pageNumber="303" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="centralis">Topillo rojo de Tian Shan</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FFB6207F0D5010E50A93FB15" blockId="24.[103,1142,1105,1230]" box="[103,676,1209,1230]" pageId="24" pageNumber="303">
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<heading id="D0AE6B69FFB6207F0D5010E50A93FB15" box="[103,676,1209,1230]" pageId="24" pageNumber="303">
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<emphasis id="B92D0017FFB6207F0D5010E50969FB15" bold="true" box="[103,350,1209,1230]" pageId="24" pageNumber="303">Other common names:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="055AAC2BFFB6207F0C5410E50A93FB15" ID-CoL="454PZ" baseAuthorityName="G. S. Miller" baseAuthorityYear="1906" box="[355,676,1209,1230]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Myodes" kingdom="Animalia" language="eng" order="Rodentia" pageId="24" pageNumber="303" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="centralis">Tian Shan Gray Red-backed Vole</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3438F8EFFB6207F0FFB115C0B46FA49" pageId="24" pageNumber="303" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FFB6207F0FFB115C0B46FA49" blockId="24.[716,1308,1280,1703]" pageId="24" pageNumber="303">
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<emphasis id="B92D0017FFB6207F0FFB115C0B50FAC6" bold="true" box="[716,871,1280,1309]" pageId="24" pageNumber="303">Taxonomy.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFB6207F0E41115C0B27FA9F" authority="G. S. Miller, 1906" authorityName="G. S. Miller" authorityYear="1906" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Evotomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="24" pageNumber="303" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="centralis">Evotomys centralis G. S. Miller, 1906</taxonomicName>
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,
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<materialsCitation id="3B31D658FFB6207F0E13117B0B46FA49" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3818814358" pageId="24" pageNumber="303">
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“Koksu Valley, altitude
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<quantity id="4CA171E0FFB6207F095A117B0CC7FA9F" box="[1133,1264,1319,1348]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.7432" pageId="24" pageNumber="303" unit="ft" value="9000.0">9000 feet</quantity>
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[=
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<quantity id="4CA171E0FFB6207F0FFA11130B75FAB7" box="[717,834,1359,1388]" metricMagnitude="6" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.743" pageId="24" pageNumber="303" unit="km" value="2743.0">2743 km</quantity>
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|,” western Tian Shan Mountains,
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<collectingCountry id="F34E9C95FFB6207F0FFA112D0B59FA49" box="[717,878,1393,1426]" name="Kazakhstan" pageId="24" pageNumber="303">Kazakhstan</collectingCountry>
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.
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</materialsCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3438F8EFFB6207F0FFA11FD0995F92F" pageId="24" pageNumber="303" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FFB6207F0FFA11FD0995F92F" blockId="24.[716,1308,1280,1703]" lastBlockId="24.[95,1305,1708,3473]" pageId="24" pageNumber="303">
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In the past,
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<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFB6207F0E4011FD0BE8FA61" authorityName="G. S. Miller" authorityYear="1906" box="[887,991,1441,1466]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Myodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="24" pageNumber="303" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="centralis">centralis</taxonomicName>
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was included in Fvotomys or
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<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFB6207F0E01119D0BD2FA39" box="[822,997,1473,1506]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Clethrionomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="24" pageNumber="303" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Clethrionomys</taxonomicName>
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; both generic names are junior synonyms of
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<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFB6207F091211B40CB5F9D2" authorityName="Pallas" authorityYear="1811" box="[1061,1154,1512,1545]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Myodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="24" pageNumber="303" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Myodes</taxonomicName>
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. Some authors synonymized
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<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFB6207F0EDC124F0C64F9EB" authorityName="G. S. Miller" authorityYear="1906" box="[1003,1107,1555,1584]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Myodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="24" pageNumber="303" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="centralis">centralis</taxonomicName>
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with
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<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFB6207F099C124F0D2CF9EB" baseAuthorityName="Schreber" baseAuthorityYear="1780" box="[1195,1307,1555,1584]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Myodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="24" pageNumber="303" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="glareolus">glareolus</taxonomicName>
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or
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<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFB6207F0FC312670B7FF983" baseAuthorityName="Pallas" baseAuthorityYear="1779" box="[756,840,1595,1624]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Myodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="24" pageNumber="303" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rutilus">rutilus</taxonomicName>
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||
. Molecular evidence showed that
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<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFB6207F0FFA123E0B02F9A4" authorityName="G. S. Miller" authorityYear="1906" box="[717,821,1634,1663]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Myodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="24" pageNumber="303" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="centralis">centralis</taxonomicName>
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is phylogenetically closer to
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<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFB6207F09FE123E0AC5F97C" baseAuthorityName="Schreber" baseAuthorityYear="1780" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Myodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="24" pageNumber="303" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="glareolus">glareolus</taxonomicName>
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. Two subspecies of
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<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFB6207F093A12DA0C42F97C" authorityName="G. S. Miller" authorityYear="1906" box="[1037,1141,1670,1703]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Myodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="24" pageNumber="303" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="centralis">centralis</taxonomicName>
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were classified as distinct species in the past; Chinese authors continue to treat them this way. Two subspecies recognized.
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3438F8EFFB6207F0D5112A60BCFF8B1" pageId="24" pageNumber="303" type="synonymic_list">
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<caption id="DF268C8DFFB6207F0D5112A60BCFF8B1" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6760383" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6760383" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6760383/files/figure.png" inLine="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="303" startId="24.[102,256,1786,1819]" targetBox="[100,692,1284,1698]" targetPageId="24">
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<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FFB6207F0D5112A609C2F8C0" blockId="24.[95,1305,1708,3473]" box="[102,501,1786,1819]" pageId="24" pageNumber="303">
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<emphasis id="B92D0017FFB6207F0D5112A609C2F8C0" bold="true" box="[102,501,1786,1819]" pageId="24" pageNumber="303">Subspecies and Distribution.</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FFB6207F0D51137E0CB7F898" blockId="24.[95,1305,1708,3473]" box="[102,1152,1826,1859]" pageId="24" pageNumber="303">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFB6207F0D51137E0CB7F898" authority="G. S. Miller, 1906" authorityName="G. S. Miller" authorityYear="1906" box="[102,1152,1826,1859]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Myodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="24" pageNumber="303" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="centralis" subSpecies="centralis">M.c.centralisG.S.Miller,1906—SEKazakhstanandNWXinjiang(China).</taxonomicName>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FFB6207F0D5113110BCFF8B1" blockId="24.[95,1305,1708,3473]" box="[102,1016,1869,1898]" pageId="24" pageNumber="303">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFB6207F0D51131109F7F8B1" authority="Thomas, 1908" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1908" box="[102,448,1869,1898]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Myodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="24" pageNumber="303" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="centralis" subSpecies="frater">M. c. frater Thomas, 1908</taxonomicName>
|
||
— Kyrgyzstan and NW Xinjiang (China).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3438F8EFFB6207F0D531329091DF717" pageId="24" pageNumber="303" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FFB6207F0D531329091DF717" blockId="24.[95,1305,1708,3473]" pageId="24" pageNumber="303">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92D0017FFB6207F0D5313290957F849" bold="true" box="[100,352,1909,1938]" pageId="24" pageNumber="303">Descriptive notes.</emphasis>
|
||
Head-body 104-115 mm (males) and 104-120 mm (females), tail 41-52 mm (males) and 50-56 mm (females); weight 24-33-5 g (males) and 28-5-33 g (females). Sexes are about the same size. The Tian Shan Red-backed Vole is similar in appearance to the Bank Vole (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFB6207F0F2B13BB0AF5F7D3" baseAuthorityName="Schreber" baseAuthorityYear="1780" box="[540,706,2023,2056]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Myodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="24" pageNumber="304" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="glareolus">M. glareolus</taxonomicName>
|
||
), but pelage is less rusty. Back is ocherous buff to rich brown, and belly is light smoke gray. Darker juvenile pelage is replaced with adult pelage at body weights of 17-18 g. Tail is sharply bicolored. Skull is of same size and proportions as in the Bank Vole. Unlike in other red-backed voles, the Tian Shan Red-backed Vole has longer roots of upper incisors that stretch posteriorly close to roots of M'.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3438F8EFFB6207F0D531C880CA6F698" pageId="24" pageNumber="303" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FFB6207F0D531C880CA6F698" blockId="24.[95,1305,1708,3473]" pageId="24" pageNumber="303">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92D0017FFB6207F0D531C8808E3F72E" bold="true" box="[100,212,2260,2293]" pageId="24" pageNumber="303">Habitat.</emphasis>
|
||
Forests at elevations of 1300-3500 m, exceptionally at lower elevations. Majority of the distribution of the Tian Shan Red-backed Vole coincides with fir (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFB6207F09FA1CA70D25F6C7" box="[1229,1298,2299,2332]" class="Pinopsida" family="Pinaceae" genus="Abies" kingdom="Plantae" order="Pinales" pageId="24" pageNumber="303" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Abies</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFB6207F0D521D7E08D5F698" box="[101,226,2338,2371]" class="Pinopsida" family="Pinaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Pinales" pageId="24" pageNumber="303" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Pinaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
) forests and preferred habitats have shrubs, rocks, and dead wood.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3438F8EFFB6207F0D531D160B75F5A5" pageId="24" pageNumber="303" type="food_feeding">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FFB6207F0D531D160B75F5A5" blockId="24.[95,1305,1708,3473]" pageId="24" pageNumber="303">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92D0017FFB6207F0D531D16095DF6B0" bold="true" box="[100,362,2378,2411]" pageId="24" pageNumber="303">Food and Feeding.</emphasis>
|
||
Diets of Tian Shan Red-backed Voles mainly contain green plants; seeds and fruits are next in importance; and mushrooms and insects are rarely consumed. Preferred plants are willowherbs (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFB6207F0FF71DC50B72F661" box="[704,837,2457,2490]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Onagraceae" genus="Epilobium" kingdom="Plantae" order="Myrtales" pageId="24" pageNumber="303" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Epilobium</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFB6207F0E6F1DC50C30F661" box="[856,1031,2457,2490]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Onagraceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Myrtales" pageId="24" pageNumber="303" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Onagraceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
); Siberian clematis (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFB6207F0D471D9808E8F63A" box="[112,223,2500,2529]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Ranunculaceae" genus="Clematis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Ranunculales" pageId="24" pageNumber="303" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Clematis</taxonomicName>
|
||
sibirica,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFB6207F0C6E1D980A01F63A" box="[345,566,2500,2529]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Ranunculaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Ranunculales" pageId="24" pageNumber="303" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Ranunculaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
); Alpine bells (Cortusa matthioli,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFB6207F093A1D980CF6F63A" box="[1037,1217,2500,2529]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Primulaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Ericales" pageId="24" pageNumber="303" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Primulaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
); various species of Mulgedium and goldenrod (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFB6207F0F8B1DB40B1DF5D2" box="[700,810,2536,2569]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Solidago" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="24" pageNumber="303" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Solidago</taxonomicName>
|
||
virga-aurea), both
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFB6207F09051DB40CFCF5D2" box="[1074,1227,2536,2569]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="24" pageNumber="303" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Asteraceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
; gentian (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFB6207F0D851E4F091AF5EB" box="[178,301,2579,2608]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Gentianaceae" genus="Gentiana" kingdom="Plantae" order="Gentianales" pageId="24" pageNumber="303" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Gentiana</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFB6207F0C081E4F0A33F5EB" box="[319,516,2579,2608]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Gentianaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Gentianales" pageId="24" pageNumber="303" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Gentianaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
); geranium (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFB6207F0FF11E4F0B72F5EB" box="[710,837,2579,2608]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Geraniaceae" genus="Geranium" kingdom="Plantae" order="Geraniales" pageId="24" pageNumber="303" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Geranium</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFB6207F0E6F1E4F0C3AF5EB" box="[856,1037,2579,2608]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Geraniaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Geraniales" pageId="24" pageNumber="303" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Geraniaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
); raspberry (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFB6207F09F21E4F0D2EF5EB" box="[1221,1305,2579,2608]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rosaceae" genus="Rubus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="24" pageNumber="303" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Rubus</taxonomicName>
|
||
idaeus), hawthorn (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFB6207F0C451E6609C4F58C" box="[370,499,2618,2647]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rosaceae" genus="Crataegus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="24" pageNumber="303" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Crataegus</taxonomicName>
|
||
tianschanica), and rowan (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFB6207F0E511E660B8BF58C" box="[870,956,2618,2647]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rosaceae" genus="Sorbus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="24" pageNumber="303" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Sorbus</taxonomicName>
|
||
tianschanica), all
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFB6207F09871E6608B3F5A5" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rosaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="24" pageNumber="303" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Rosaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
; and berries of barberry (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFB6207F0CD91E390A64F5A5" box="[494,595,2661,2686]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Berberidaceae" genus="Berberis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Ranunculales" pageId="24" pageNumber="303" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Berberis</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFB6207F0F541E390B03F5A5" box="[611,820,2661,2686]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Berberidaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Ranunculales" pageId="24" pageNumber="303" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Berberidaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3438F8EFFB6207F0D531ED90CEAF3F4" pageId="24" pageNumber="303" type="breeding">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FFB6207F0D531ED90CEAF3F4" blockId="24.[95,1305,1708,3473]" pageId="24" pageNumber="303">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92D0017FFB6207F0D531ED908D0F57D" bold="true" box="[100,231,2693,2726]" pageId="24" pageNumber="303">Breeding.</emphasis>
|
||
Breeding season of the Tian Shan Red-backed Vole lasts c.7 months from early March to late September—early October at lower elevations and 4-4-5 months from early May to late August—early September in northern parts of its distribution. Females have up to three litters each breeding season; only two litters are born if spring starts late. Numbers of embryos are 2-9/litter. Adult females have litters averaging 4-4-5-3 young, depending on year, season, and location. Resorption of embryos was rarely observed. Young males are sexually mature at 2-2-5 months old and females at more than one month old. Both sexes participate in reproduction during their first year oflife. Young females are only 5-10% ofthe reproductive population, and they have a low number of embryos (mean 3-6). Young weigh c.1-5 g at birth, 2-1-2-8 g at
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFB6207F0E0A1FBB0B5CF3D3" box="[829,875,3047,3080]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Ondatra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="24" pageNumber="303" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="day">day</taxonomicName>
|
||
three, and c.7-5 g at two weeks. Eyes and ears open at 11-12 days of age, and young start eating solid food
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFB6207F096218520C87F3F4" box="[1109,1200,3086,3119]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Ondatra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="24" pageNumber="283" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="day">on day</taxonomicName>
|
||
15.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3438F8EFFB6207F0D5518660A2CF299" pageId="24" pageNumber="303" type="activity">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FFB6207F0D5518660A2CF299" blockId="24.[95,1305,1708,3473]" pageId="24" pageNumber="303">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92D0017FFB6207F0D5518660979F38C" bold="true" box="[98,334,3130,3159]" pageId="24" pageNumber="303">Activity patterns.</emphasis>
|
||
The Tian Shan Red-backed Vole is mainly nocturnal and crepuscular, rarely diurnal. Two peaks of activity were recorded in August: 22:00 h and 05:00-07:00 h. Nests chamberis frequently inside a decaying fir tree (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFB6207F0EE718D80C22F37E" box="[976,1045,3204,3237]" class="Pinopsida" family="Pinaceae" genus="Abies" kingdom="Plantae" order="Pinales" pageId="24" pageNumber="303" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Abies</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFB6207F091218D80C90F37E" box="[1061,1191,3204,3237]" class="Pinopsida" family="Pinaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Pinales" pageId="24" pageNumber="303" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Pinaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
), under roots or rocks, or in soil 25-30 cm below the surface and at least 30-35 cm from the entrance. Nest is woven from plant material (leaves, steams, and mosses), hairs, and feathers, and is 25-30 cm in diameter. Winter nests are constructed under thick snow, frequently close to a tree trunk.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3438F8EFFB6207F0D5419140C46F24A" pageId="24" pageNumber="303" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FFB6207F0D5419140C46F24A" blockId="24.[95,1305,1708,3473]" pageId="24" pageNumber="303">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92D0017FFB6207F0D5419140B0CF2B2" bold="true" box="[99,827,3400,3433]" pageId="24" pageNumber="303">Movements, Home range and Social organization.</emphasis>
|
||
When feeding, Tian Shan Redbacked Voles rarely move more than 3 m from entrances to their burrows.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3438F8EFFB6207F085415740149FE9E" box="[1379,2430,296,325]" pageId="24" pageNumber="303" type="conservation">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FFB6207F085415740149FE9E" blockId="24.[1379,2585,296,408]" box="[1379,2430,296,325]" pageId="24" pageNumber="303">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92D0017FFB6207F085415740EF7FE9E" bold="true" box="[1379,1728,296,325]" pageId="24" pageNumber="303">Status and Conservation.</emphasis>
|
||
Classified as [Least Concern on The IUCN Red Last.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3438F8EFFB6207F085315080EA9FE4F" pageId="24" pageNumber="303" type="bibRefCitation_list">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FFB6207F085315080EA9FE4F" blockId="24.[1379,2585,296,408]" pageId="24" pageNumber="303">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92D0017FFB6207F085315080DCAFEB6" bold="true" box="[1380,1533,340,365]" pageId="24" pageNumber="303">Bibliography.</emphasis>
|
||
Fedosenko (2016), Gromov & Erbajeva (1995), Luo Zexun et al. (2000), Shenbrot & Krasnov (2005), Sludskiy et al. (1978).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |