264 lines
37 KiB
XML
264 lines
37 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="C9CC587C65C8E549B8417CF9B8FC4774">Cricetidae</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="6F9AC030BF0DD52644500D2172DB0542">Don E. Wilson</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="DBE07B7CACB08B34EEF638A63B04DC4A">Russell A. Mittermeier</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="CC00CF653CC9882409563E8DE9D1CA99">Thomas E. Lacher, Jr</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="DA8CF04EE5072B57B27FF158CB58AF76">Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 7 Rodents II</mods:title>
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<treatment id="03F06D13FF53209908511C900AE1F3D1" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6727703" ID-GBIF-Taxon="196221071" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6727703" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03F06D13FF53209908511C900AE1F3D1" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F06D13FF53209908511C900AE1F3D1" lastPageId="254" lastPageNumber="533" pageId="253" pageNumber="532">
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<heading id="D0AE6B69FF53209A08511C900D80F721" box="[1382,1463,2252,2298]" pageId="253" pageNumber="532">
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<figureCitation id="1362C080FF53209A08511C900D80F721" box="[1382,1463,2252,2298]" captionStart="Plate 31: Cricetidae" captionStartId="245.[107,137,3149,3170]" captionTargetBox="[11,2726,13,3647]" captionTargetPageId="244" captionText="725. Haggard’s Leaf-eared Mouse (Phyllotis haggardi), 726. Andean Leaf-eared Mouse (Phyllotis andium), 727. Peruvian Leaf-eared Mouse (Phyllotis gerbillus), 728. Friendly Leaf-eared Mouse (Phyllotis amicus), 729. Narrow-nasal Leaf-eared Mouse (Phyllotis stenops), 730. Pearson’s Leaf-eared Mouse (Phyllotis pearson), 731. Western Leaf-eared Mouse (Phyllotis occidens), 732. Ancash Leaf-eared Mouse (Phyllotis definitus), 733. Lima Leaf-eared Mouse (Phyllotis limatus), 734. Master Leaf-eared Mouse (Phyllotis magister), 735. Yellow-rumped Leaf-eared Mouse (Phyllotis xanthopygus), 736. Osgood’s Leaf-eared Mouse (Phyllotis osgoodi), 737. Bunch Grass Leaf-eared Mouse (Phyllotis osilae), 738. Capricorn Leaf-eared Mouse (Phyllotis caprinus), 739. Tucuman Leaf-eared Mouse (Phyllotis tucumanus), 740. Walnut Leaf-eared Mouse (Phyllotis nogalaris), 741. Darwin’s Leaf-eared Mouse (Phyllotis darwinii), 742. Los Alisos Leaf-eared Mouse (Phyllotis alisosiensis), 743. Anita’s Leaf-eared Mouse (Phyllotis anitae), 744. Bonarian Leaf-eared Mouse (Phyllotis bonariensis), 745. Wolffsohn’s Leaf-eared Mouse 1 (apecomys wolffsohni), 746. Tapecua Leaf-eared Mouse (Tapecomys primus), 747. Southern Big-eared Mouse (Loxodontomys micropus), 748. Delicate Salt Flat Mouse (Salinomys delicatus), 749. Pearson’s Chaco Mouse (Andalgalomys pearsoni), 750. Olrog’s Chaco Mouse (Andalgalomys olrogi), 751. Garlepp’s Mouse (Galenomys garleppii), 752. Painted Big-eared Mouse (Auliscomys pictus), 753. Bolivian Big-eared Mouse (Auliscomys boliviensis), 754. Andean Big-eared Mouse (Auliscomys sublimis), 755. Sumichrast’s Vesper Rat (Nyctomys sumichrasti), 756. Yucatan Vesper Rat (Otonyctomys hatti), 757. Big-eared Climbing Rat (Ototylomys phyllotis), 758. La Pera Climbing Rat (Ototylomys chiapensis), 759. Peters’s Climbing Rat (Tylomys nudicaudus), 760. Chiapan Climbing Rat (Tylomys bullaris), 761. Tumbala Climbing Rat 1 (ylomys tumbalensis), 762. Watson’s Climbing Rat (Tylomys watsoni), 763. Fulvous-bellied Climbing Rat (Tylomys fulviventer), 764. Panama Climbing Rat (Tylomys panamensis), 765. Mira Climbing Rat (Tylomys mirae)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6708613" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6708613/files/figure.png" pageId="253" pageNumber="532">755.</figureCitation>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3438F8EFF53209A08FF1C900F8DF721" box="[1480,1978,2252,2298]" pageId="253" pageNumber="532" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FF53209A08FF1C900F8DF721" blockId="253.[1378,2453,2252,2377]" box="[1480,1978,2252,2298]" pageId="253" pageNumber="532">
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<heading id="D0AE6B69FF53209A08FF1C900F8DF721" box="[1480,1978,2252,2298]" pageId="253" pageNumber="532">
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<vernacularName id="055AAC2BFF53209A08FF1C900F8DF721" ID-CoL="485W5" baseAuthorityName="Saussure" baseAuthorityYear="1860" box="[1480,1978,2252,2298]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Nyctomys" kingdom="Animalia" language="eng" order="Rodentia" pageId="253" pageNumber="532" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sumichrasti">Sumichrast’s Vesper Rat</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3438F8EFF53209A0ADA1C900149F721" box="[2029,2430,2252,2298]" pageId="253" pageNumber="532" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FF53209A0ADA1C900149F721" blockId="253.[1378,2453,2252,2377]" box="[2029,2430,2252,2298]" pageId="253" pageNumber="532">
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<heading id="D0AE6B69FF53209A0ADA1C900149F721" box="[2029,2430,2252,2298]" pageId="253" pageNumber="532">
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<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FF53209A0ADA1C900149F721" ID-CoL="485W5" baseAuthorityName="Saussure" baseAuthorityYear="1860" box="[2029,2430,2252,2298]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Nyctomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="253" pageNumber="532" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sumichrasti">
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<emphasis id="B92D0017FF53209A0ADA1C900149F721" box="[2029,2430,2252,2298]" italics="true" pageId="253" pageNumber="532">Nyctomys sumichrasti</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="C3438F8EFF53209A08531D500EF9F692" pageId="253" pageNumber="532" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FF53209A08531D5001A3F6FA" blockId="253.[1378,2453,2252,2377]" box="[1380,2452,2316,2337]" pageId="253" pageNumber="532">
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<heading id="D0AE6B69FF53209A08531D5001A3F6FA" box="[1380,2452,2316,2337]" pageId="253" pageNumber="532">
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<emphasis id="B92D0017FF53209A08531D500D98F6FA" bold="true" box="[1380,1455,2316,2337]" pageId="253" pageNumber="532">French:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="055AAC2BFF53209A088E1D500E84F6FA" ID-CoL="485W5" baseAuthorityName="Saussure" baseAuthorityYear="1860" box="[1465,1715,2316,2337]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Nyctomys" kingdom="Animalia" language="fra" order="Rodentia" pageId="253" pageNumber="532" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sumichrasti">Nyctomys de Sumichrast</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis id="B92D0017FF53209A0BF01D500F16F6FA" bold="true" box="[1735,1825,2316,2337]" pageId="253" pageNumber="532">German:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="055AAC2BFF53209A0A1C1D500025F6FA" ID-CoL="485W5" baseAuthorityName="Saussure" baseAuthorityYear="1860" box="[1835,2066,2316,2337]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Nyctomys" kingdom="Animalia" language="deu" order="Rodentia" pageId="253" pageNumber="532" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sumichrasti">Sumichrast-Vesperratte</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis id="B92D0017FF53209A051F1D5000B4F6FA" bold="true" box="[2088,2179,2316,2337]" pageId="253" pageNumber="532">Spanish:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="055AAC2BFF53209A05BA1D5001A3F6FA" ID-CoL="485W5" baseAuthorityName="Saussure" baseAuthorityYear="1860" box="[2189,2452,2316,2337]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Nyctomys" kingdom="Animalia" language="esp" order="Rodentia" pageId="253" pageNumber="532" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sumichrasti">Rata laucha de Sumichrast</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FF53209A08531D680EF9F692" blockId="253.[1378,2453,2252,2377]" box="[1380,1742,2356,2377]" pageId="253" pageNumber="532">
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<heading id="D0AE6B69FF53209A08531D680EF9F692" box="[1380,1742,2356,2377]" pageId="253" pageNumber="532">
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<emphasis id="B92D0017FF53209A08531D680E6DF692" bold="true" box="[1380,1626,2356,2377]" pageId="253" pageNumber="532">Other common names:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="055AAC2BFF53209A0B551D680EF9F692" ID-CoL="485W5" baseAuthorityName="Saussure" baseAuthorityYear="1860" box="[1634,1742,2356,2377]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Nyctomys" kingdom="Animalia" language="eng" order="Rodentia" pageId="253" pageNumber="532" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sumichrasti">Vesper Rat</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3438F8EFF53209A0AF01D260199F5EF" pageId="253" pageNumber="532" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FF53209A0AF01D260199F5EF" blockId="253.[1991,2586,2426,2848]" pageId="253" pageNumber="532">
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<emphasis id="B92D0017FF53209A0AF01D260055F64C" bold="true" box="[1991,2146,2426,2455]" pageId="253" pageNumber="532">Taxonomy.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FF53209A05B71D26006BF665" authority="Saussure, 1860" authorityName="Saussure" authorityYear="1860" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Hesperomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="253" pageNumber="532" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sumichrasti">Hesperomys sumichrasti Saussure, 1860</taxonomicName>
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,
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<materialsCitation id="3B31D658FF53209A05471DC10199F5EF" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3818814542" pageId="253" pageNumber="532">
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Cordillera in the provincia of Vera-Cruz,
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<collectingCountry id="F34E9C95FF53209A055E1D9000E5F63E" box="[2153,2258,2508,2533]" name="Mexico" pageId="253" pageNumber="532">
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<collectingRegion id="499D12E7FF53209A055E1D9000E5F63E" box="[2153,2258,2508,2533]" country="Mexico" name="Mexico" pageId="253" pageNumber="532">Mexico</collectingRegion>
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</collectingCountry>
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. Restricted by T. Alvarez in 1963 to Uvéro,
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<quantity id="4CA171E0FF53209A05C91DAF0164F5D7" box="[2302,2387,2547,2572]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="253" pageNumber="532" unit="km" value="20.0">20 km</quantity>
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north-west of Santiago Tuxtla,
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<collectingRegion id="499D12E7FF53209A05841E4B0106F5EF" box="[2227,2353,2583,2612]" country="Mexico" name="Veracruz de Ignacio de la Llave" pageId="253" pageNumber="532">Veracruz</collectingRegion>
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,
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<collectingCountry id="F34E9C95FF53209A04751E4B019CF5EF" box="[2370,2475,2583,2612]" name="Mexico" pageId="253" pageNumber="532">
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<collectingRegion id="499D12E7FF53209A04751E4B019CF5EF" box="[2370,2475,2583,2612]" country="Mexico" name="Mexico" pageId="253" pageNumber="532">Mexico</collectingRegion>
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</collectingCountry>
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.
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</materialsCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3438F8EFF53209A0AFE1E620DEEF492" pageId="253" pageNumber="532" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FF53209A0AFE1E620DEEF492" blockId="253.[1991,2586,2426,2848]" lastBlockId="253.[1381,2585,2856,3478]" pageId="253" pageNumber="532">
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Recent phylogenetic studies have shown that
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<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FF53209A053C1E3E0049F558" box="[2059,2174,2658,2691]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Nyctomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="253" pageNumber="532" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Nyctomys</taxonomicName>
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is paraphyletic. Upland populations are genetically and morphometrically distinct from lowland populations. Nevertheless, the genusis currently under taxonomic revision. Nine subspecies recognized.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3438F8EFF53209A08521F0F0174F29C" pageId="253" pageNumber="532" type="synonymic_list">
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<caption id="DF268C8DFF53209A08521F0F0174F29C" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6708307" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6708307" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6708307/files/figure.png" inLine="true" pageId="253" pageNumber="532" targetBox="[1377,1968,2426,2841]" targetPageId="253">
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<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FF53209A08521F0F0EC3F4AB" blockId="253.[1381,2585,2856,3478]" box="[1381,1780,2899,2928]" pageId="253" pageNumber="532">
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<emphasis id="B92D0017FF53209A08521F0F0EC3F4AB" bold="true" box="[1381,1780,2899,2928]" pageId="253" pageNumber="532">Subspecies and Distribution.</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FF53209A08511F260DD6F465" blockId="253.[1381,2585,2856,3478]" pageId="253" pageNumber="532">
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<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FF53209A08511F260DD6F465" authority="Saussure, 1860" authorityName="Saussure" authorityYear="1860" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Nyctomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="253" pageNumber="532" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="sumichrasti" subSpecies="sumichrasti">N.s.sumichrastiSaussure,1860—SEMexico(SVeracruz,WTabasco,andextremeNOaxaca).</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FF53209A08511F940D83F3D6" blockId="253.[1381,2585,2856,3478]" pageId="253" pageNumber="532">
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<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FF53209A08511F940D83F3D6" authority="Laurie, 1953" authorityName="Laurie" authorityYear="1953" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Nyctomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="253" pageNumber="532" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="sumichrasti" subSpecies="colimensis">N.s.colimensisLaurie,1953—SWMexico(SJalisco,Colima,SMichoacan,andSGuerrero).</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FF53209A0851184B0034F3EF" blockId="253.[1381,2585,2856,3478]" box="[1382,2051,3095,3124]" pageId="253" pageNumber="532">
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<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FF53209A0851184B0034F3EF" authority="Goldman, 1937" authorityName="Goldman" authorityYear="1937" box="[1382,2051,3095,3124]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Nyctomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="253" pageNumber="532" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="sumichrasti" subSpecies="costaricensis">N.s.costaricensisGoldman,1937—WCostaRica.</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FF53209A0851181E0198F380" blockId="253.[1381,2585,2856,3478]" box="[1382,2479,3138,3163]" pageId="253" pageNumber="532">
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<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FF53209A0851181E0198F380" authority="True, 1894" authorityName="True" authorityYear="1894" box="[1382,2479,3138,3163]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Nyctomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="253" pageNumber="532" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="sumichrasti" subSpecies="decolorus">N.s.decolorusTrue,1894—extremeEGuatemala,SBelize,andNWHonduras.</taxonomicName>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FF53209A085118360E0FF371" blockId="253.[1381,2585,2856,3478]" pageId="253" pageNumber="532">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FF53209A085118360E0FF371" authority="Goldman, 1937" authorityName="Goldman" authorityYear="1937" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Nyctomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="253" pageNumber="532" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="sumichrasti" subSpecies="florencei">N.s.florenceiGoldman,1937—extremeSEGuatemala,ElSalvador,SHonduras,andNWNicaragua.</taxonomicName>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FF53209A085118E90057F309" blockId="253.[1381,2585,2856,3478]" box="[1382,2144,3253,3282]" pageId="253" pageNumber="532">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FF53209A085118E90057F309" authority="Bangs, 1902" authorityName="Bangs" authorityYear="1902" box="[1382,2144,3253,3282]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Nyctomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="253" pageNumber="532" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="sumichrasti" subSpecies="natellinus">N.s.natellinusBangs,1902—ECostaRicaandPanama.</taxonomicName>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FF53209A08511884017BF322" blockId="253.[1381,2585,2856,3478]" box="[1382,2380,3288,3321]" pageId="253" pageNumber="532">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FF53209A08511884017BF322" authority="Goldman, 1937" authorityName="Goldman" authorityYear="1937" box="[1382,2380,3288,3321]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Nyctomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="253" pageNumber="532" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="sumichrasti" subSpecies="pallidulus">N.s.pallidulusGoldman,1937—SEMexico(SOaxacaandWChiapas).</taxonomicName>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FF53209A0851195F0168F2FB" blockId="253.[1381,2585,2856,3478]" box="[1382,2399,3331,3360]" pageId="253" pageNumber="532">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FF53209A0851195F0168F2FB" authority="Tomes, 1862" authorityName="Tomes" authorityYear="1862" box="[1382,2399,3331,3360]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Nyctomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="253" pageNumber="532" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="sumichrasti" subSpecies="salvini">N.s.salviniTomes,1862—SEMexico(EChiapas)andC&SGuatemala.</taxonomicName>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FF53209A085019720174F29C" blockId="253.[1381,2585,2856,3478]" box="[1383,2371,3374,3399]" pageId="253" pageNumber="532">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FF53209A085019720F22F29C" authority="Goldman, 1916" authorityName="Goldman" authorityYear="1916" box="[1383,1813,3374,3399]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Nyctomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="253" pageNumber="532" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="sumichrasti" subSpecies="venustulus">N. s. venustulus Goldman, 1916</taxonomicName>
|
||
— S & SE Nicaragua and NE Costa Rica.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3438F8EFF532099085219120AD5FD7D" lastPageId="254" lastPageNumber="533" pageId="253" pageNumber="532" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FF532099085219120AD5FD7D" blockId="253.[1381,2585,2856,3478]" lastBlockId="254.[172,1384,296,3084]" lastPageId="254" lastPageNumber="533" pageId="253" pageNumber="532">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92D0017FF53209A085219120E68F2B4" bold="true" box="[1381,1631,3406,3439]" pageId="253" pageNumber="532">Descriptive notes.</emphasis>
|
||
Head—body 128-140 mm, tail 143-155 mm; weight 40-55 g. Sumichrast’s
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FF53209A08E219290E40F24D" authority="Rats" authorityName="Rats" box="[1493,1655,3445,3478]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Apiaceae" genus="Vesper" kingdom="Plantae" order="Apiales" pageId="253" pageNumber="532" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Vesper Rats</taxonomicName>
|
||
have large heads, long whiskers, and small ears, longer than wide and almost naked. Eyes are relatively large, with mask of dark brown to black hairs. Fur is soft and thick, dorsum varies from tawny to orange, sides are same color as back but lighter, and venter varies from white to cream. Legs are white. Hindlegs are short and broad; except for the first, fingers are long and fourth finger is the longest; six pads are very developed; and plantar surface is naked and has compressed curved claws, modified for arboreal life. Tail is longer than body, brown, and hairy; it terminates in tuft resembling brush. There are two pairs of nipples. Size and shape of skull are not sexually dimorphic. Chromosomal complement has FN = 50-52, 2n = 22 pairs of acrocentric chromosomes, and long subtelocentric couple in the X-chromosome. Subspecies vary by geography and color.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3438F8EFF5020990D8616ED092AFCB0" pageId="254" pageNumber="533" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FF5020990D8616ED092AFCB0" blockId="254.[172,1384,296,3084]" pageId="254" pageNumber="533">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92D0017FF5020990D8616ED0928FD15" bold="true" box="[177,287,689,718]" pageId="254" pageNumber="533">Habitat.</emphasis>
|
||
High forests, tropical forest, lowland forest, riparian vegetation, deciduous forests, tropical dry forest associated with fields of sugar cane, cloud forest with agricultural disturbance, secondary vegetation, along streams, forests associated with water bodies and weeds associated with coconut trees from sea level up to elevations of 2950 m.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3438F8EFF5020990D86172E0D71FB2E" pageId="254" pageNumber="533" type="food_feeding">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FF5020990D86172E0D71FB2E" blockId="254.[172,1384,296,3084]" pageId="254" pageNumber="533">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92D0017FF5020990D86172E0981FC48" bold="true" box="[177,438,882,915]" pageId="254" pageNumber="533">Food and Feeding.</emphasis>
|
||
Sumichrast’s
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FF5020990F4C172E0B25FC48" authority="Rat" authorityName="Rat" box="[635,786,882,915]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Apiaceae" genus="Vesper" kingdom="Plantae" order="Apiales" pageId="254" pageNumber="533" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Vesper Rat</taxonomicName>
|
||
feeds mainly on fruits, flowers, seeds, and insects. It has been reported to eat fruits,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FF5020990FC117C10BE4FC61" box="[758,979,925,954]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rubiaceae" genus="Psychotria" kingdom="Plantae" order="Gentianales" pageId="254" pageNumber="533" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="gracilis">Psychotria gracilis</taxonomicName>
|
||
and Hoffmania sp. (both
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FF502099080017C1092AFC39" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rubiaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Gentianales" pageId="254" pageNumber="533" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Rubiaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
), and insects such as moths. In Jalisco, Mexico, it eats fruits ofJacquinia pungens (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FF5020990D8A17B00958FBD2" box="[189,367,1004,1033]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Primulaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Ericales" pageId="254" pageNumber="533" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Primulaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
). In Nicaragua, it eats fruits of Cordia diversifolia (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FF502099090017B00CC3FBD2" box="[1079,1268,1004,1033]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Boraginaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Boraginales" pageId="254" pageNumber="533" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Boraginaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
) in the wet season and fruits of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FF5020990CCC104F0B27FBEB" box="[507,784,1043,1072]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Moraceae" genus="Ficus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="254" pageNumber="533" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="undetermined">Ficus sp. (Moraceae)</taxonomicName>
|
||
in the dry season. It is considered a pest of cacaotrees (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FF5020990C68106709D3FB83" box="[351,484,1083,1112]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Malvaceae" genus="Theobroma" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malvales" pageId="254" pageNumber="533" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Theobroma</taxonomicName>
|
||
cacao,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FF5020990F0A10670AE6FB83" box="[573,721,1083,1112]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Malvaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malvales" pageId="254" pageNumber="533" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Malvaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
). In Costa Rica,it eats young leaves of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FF50209909E310670A19FBA4" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Thymelaeaceae" genus="Daphnopsis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malvales" pageId="254" pageNumber="533" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="americana">Daphnopsis americana (Thymelaeaceae)</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Sumichrast’s
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FF5020990FC210020BA3FBA4" authority="Rats" authorityName="Rats" box="[757,916,1118,1151]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Apiaceae" genus="Vesper" kingdom="Plantae" order="Apiales" pageId="254" pageNumber="533" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Vesper Rats</taxonomicName>
|
||
have been caught in traps baited with a blend of vanilla, oatmeal, and peanut butter, and in Nicaragua,in traps baited with tomato. In captivity, they are fed a diet ofseeds and fruits from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FF502099090610E90C96FB15" box="[1073,1185,1205,1230]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Anacardiaceae" genus="Spondias" kingdom="Plantae" order="Sapindales" pageId="254" pageNumber="533" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Spondias</taxonomicName>
|
||
purpurea (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FF502099080410E90960FB2E" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Anacardiaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Sapindales" pageId="254" pageNumber="533" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Anacardiaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FF5020990C44108409DAFB2E" box="[371,493,1240,1269]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Bignoniaceae" genus="Crescentia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="254" pageNumber="533" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Crescentia</taxonomicName>
|
||
alata (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FF5020990F7E10840B3CFB2E" box="[585,779,1240,1269]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Bignoniaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="254" pageNumber="533" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Bignoniaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
), and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FF5020990E5210840BDCFB2E" box="[869,1003,1240,1269]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Combretaceae" genus="Terminalia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Myrtales" pageId="254" pageNumber="533" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Terminalia</taxonomicName>
|
||
catappa (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FF502099095E10840D0EFB2E" box="[1129,1337,1240,1269]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Combretaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Myrtales" pageId="254" pageNumber="533" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Combretaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3438F8EFF5020990D9810A30A7EF862" pageId="254" pageNumber="533" type="breeding">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FF5020990D9810A30A7EF862" blockId="254.[172,1384,296,3084]" pageId="254" pageNumber="533">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92D0017FF5020990D9810A30902FAC7" bold="true" box="[175,309,1279,1308]" pageId="254" pageNumber="533">Breeding.</emphasis>
|
||
Sumichrast’s
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FF5020990CCC10A30AAAFAC7" authority="Rats" authorityName="Rats" box="[507,669,1279,1308]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Apiaceae" genus="Vesper" kingdom="Plantae" order="Apiales" pageId="254" pageNumber="533" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Vesper Rats</taxonomicName>
|
||
breed year-round in wet and dry seasons. In Panama, females are pregnant in February—June, and lactation first occurs in March. Males have enlarged testicles in December—June. In Colima, Mexico, lactating females can be found in January. Sumichrast’s
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FF5020990FAE112A0B0AFA48" authority="Rats" authorityName="Rats" box="[665,829,1398,1427]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Apiaceae" genus="Vesper" kingdom="Plantae" order="Apiales" pageId="254" pageNumber="533" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Vesper Rats</taxonomicName>
|
||
make nests in forks of trees using vegetable fibers and leaves. In the region of Monteverde, Costa Rica, nests are often found at entrances of human houses surrounded by vegetation and made of remnants of paper, foam mattresses, and clothes. In captivity, copulation occurs after self-grooming; male mounts female for 30-40 seconds. A female, on average, has five litters in seven months, and gestation lasts 30-38 days. Litters have 1-4 young that attach to teats of their mothers for c.2 weeks. In captivity, both adults build globular nests where births occur; a male usually leaves the nest seven days after birth. Young are born with hair on dorsum and bare bellies; their total lengths are ¢.77 mm (tail 22 mm), and they weigh 4-5 g. At two days old, they can perform weak and slow movements, but they are slow on inclines. At 15 days old when their eyes open, movements become deliberate, and motor coordination is similar to adults. They leave nests after 17 days. Sexual maturity can be reached at 75 days old. Sumichrast’s
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FF5020990E2013130B8FF8B7" authority="Rats" authorityName="Rats" box="[791,952,1871,1900]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Apiaceae" genus="Vesper" kingdom="Plantae" order="Apiales" pageId="254" pageNumber="533" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Vesper Rats</taxonomicName>
|
||
can be separated intofive age categories based on appearance, pelage characteristics, wear ofteeth, and cranial (e.g. sutures) and somatic metrics.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3438F8EFF5020990D9A13990CC5F77C" pageId="254" pageNumber="533" type="activity">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FF5020990D9A13990CC5F77C" blockId="254.[172,1384,296,3084]" pageId="254" pageNumber="533">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92D0017FF5020990D9A139909A3F839" bold="true" box="[173,404,1989,2018]" pageId="254" pageNumber="533">Activity patterns.</emphasis>
|
||
Sumichrast’s
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FF5020990F6013990B3FF839" authority="Ratis" authorityName="Ratis" box="[599,776,1989,2018]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Apiaceae" genus="Vesper" kingdom="Plantae" order="Apiales" pageId="254" pageNumber="533" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Vesper Ratis</taxonomicName>
|
||
arboreal and most active at night. In Costa Rica, it commonly inhabits the canopy, and it is rarely observed because ofits arboreal and nocturnal habits. In Colima, Mexico, only 29 individuals were captured in five years during 40,000 trap-nights. In Jalisco, Mexico, Sumichrast’s
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FF5020990EE11C6B0C42F783" authority="Rats" authorityName="Rats" box="[982,1141,2103,2136]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Apiaceae" genus="Vesper" kingdom="Plantae" order="Apiales" pageId="254" pageNumber="533" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Vesper Rats</taxonomicName>
|
||
are active on the ground and in tree tops. In captivity, they are nocturnal, although individuals leave nests to drink or urinate during the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FF5020990F631CDA0AB3F77C" authorityName=": Osgood" authorityYear="1916" box="[596,644,2182,2215]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Akodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="254" pageNumber="533" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="day">day</taxonomicName>
|
||
; they leave nests two hours after dark to feed.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3438F8EFF5020990D991CED0C07F57C" pageId="254" pageNumber="533" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FF5020990D991CED0C07F57C" blockId="254.[172,1384,296,3084]" pageId="254" pageNumber="533">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92D0017FF5020990D991CED0B44F715" bold="true" box="[174,883,2225,2254]" pageId="254" pageNumber="533">Movements, Home range and Social organization.</emphasis>
|
||
Sumichrast’s
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FF502099090C1CED0CE9F715" authority="Rats" authorityName="Rats" box="[1083,1246,2225,2254]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Apiaceae" genus="Vesper" kingdom="Plantae" order="Apiales" pageId="254" pageNumber="533" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Vesper Rats</taxonomicName>
|
||
are agile in trees and usually found ¢.3 m up in tree canopies. On the ground, they move in areas with dense vegetation and trees. In Jalisco, Mexico, individuals move more during the dry season in search of food and less during rain after shelters are located. Males travel longer distances than females, in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FF5020990FC51D130B6EF6B7" box="[754,857,2383,2412]" class="Insecta" family="Acrididae" genus="Oaxaca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="254" pageNumber="533" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Oaxaca</taxonomicName>
|
||
males travel in average 35-4 m and females 34-9 m. In captivity, they deliberately move somewhat erratically when feeding, handling food, and grooming. A Sumichrast’s
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FF5020990E081DC20BE1F660" authority="Rat" authorityName="Rat" box="[831,982,2462,2491]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Apiaceae" genus="Vesper" kingdom="Plantae" order="Apiales" pageId="254" pageNumber="533" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Vesper Rat</taxonomicName>
|
||
can perch on branches like a bird; it hangs its tail vertically at 30-45° angles, while its front legs and head rest on its chest—a very strong, balanced posture. Vocalizations consist of squeaks at frequencies of 3-5 kHz, repeated at irregular intervals and used to locate mates, when excited, and while young play. To locate mates in a nest, males vocalize in low tones at intervals of ¢.5 minutes. Sumichrast’s
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FF5020990F731E020AD0F5A4" authority="Rats" authorityName="Rats" box="[580,743,2654,2687]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Apiaceae" genus="Vesper" kingdom="Plantae" order="Apiales" pageId="254" pageNumber="533" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Vesper Rats</taxonomicName>
|
||
live in family groups and become aggressive when introduced to strangers. They live for c.5 years in captivity.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3438F8EFF5020990D991EED09B1F498" pageId="254" pageNumber="533" type="conservation">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FF5020990D991EED09B1F498" blockId="254.[172,1384,296,3084]" pageId="254" pageNumber="533">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92D0017FF5020990D991EED0A22F515" bold="true" box="[174,533,2737,2766]" pageId="254" pageNumber="533">Status and Conservation.</emphasis>
|
||
Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. Sumichrast’s
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FF5020990C151E81098AF52D" authority="Rat" authorityName="Rat" box="[290,445,2781,2806]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Apiaceae" genus="Vesper" kingdom="Plantae" order="Apiales" pageId="254" pageNumber="533" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Vesper Rat</taxonomicName>
|
||
has a wide distribution, is tolerant of habitat modification, and occurs in protected areas. Nevertheless, there is a lack of information because of their arboreal habits.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3438F8EFF5020990D991F080AE1F3D1" pageId="254" pageNumber="533" type="bibRefCitation_list">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FF5020990D991F080AE1F3D1" blockId="254.[172,1384,296,3084]" pageId="254" pageNumber="533">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92D0017FF5020990D991F080970F4B6" bold="true" box="[174,327,2900,2925]" pageId="254" pageNumber="533">Bibliography.</emphasis>
|
||
Alvarez (1963b), Alvarez-Castafieda et al. (2015), Birkenholz & Wirtz (1965), Chavarria (2013), Corley et al. (2011), Dominguez-Castellanos et al. (2007), Genoways & Jones (1972), Goldman (1916), Hunt et al. (2004), Lira & Vargas (2009), Pena et al. (2006), Pérez-Lustre & Santos-Moreno (2010), Ramirez-Pulido, Gonzalez-Ruiz et al. (2014), Reid (2009), Romero & Timm (2013), Schnell, Abreu et al. (2010), Timm & Vriesendorp (2003), Vazquez (2016), Wilson & Cole (2000).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |