984 lines
146 KiB
XML
984 lines
146 KiB
XML
<document id="E88F2AC3096799A57CE6B0909CB39B2A" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.3686.5.3" ID-GBIF-Dataset="09401339-882f-45fe-94f5-dac41bbd1c3e" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="223333" ID-ZooBank="15AEDA97-9392-4A68-A57F-93665D3B8B91" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" IM.treatmentCitations_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1460649121447" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Cabrera, Nora, Sosa, Alejandro J. & Julien, Mic" docDate="2013" docId="03DC8B4EE005FFAAECBEA3D7FD4EFD47" docLanguage="en" docName="zt03686p555.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 3686 (5)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Phenrica littoralis Bechyne" docType="treatment" docVersion="13" lastPageNumber="554" masterDocId="FFE5F336E004FFA1EC29A610FF80FFC3" masterDocTitle="Phenrica littoralis (Bechyné, 1955) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) a potential candidate for the biological control of alligator weed, Alternanthera philoxeroides (Martius) Grisebach (Amaranthaceae): redescription of the adult, first description of immature stages, and biological notes" masterLastPageNumber="555" masterPageNumber="543" pageNumber="544" updateTime="1698337574672" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:title id="849DD090D279E6A3C402902C4FC280BC">Phenrica littoralis (Bechyné, 1955) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) a potential candidate for the biological control of alligator weed, Alternanthera philoxeroides (Martius) Grisebach (Amaranthaceae): redescription of the adult, first description of immature stages, and biological notes</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="28D14FA696C5D7F0956CC76733AB07B6">Cabrera, Nora</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="D7B50D11A9E7F9DF17A93BAD6F6EB88A">Sosa, Alejandro J.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="DA542C77BC8A76401B6DC5796C0DE9F1">Julien, Mic</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="B79D6C005517652D000E3FDCEA665BB7">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="9CE5E84D9DFEF775C1E567579C9FA7E7">2013</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="907EB7669A5CD366773EFAB18E7E013E">2013-07-16</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="4045FE2DC73B651882FD73AB54DED04A">3686</mods:number>
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<treatment id="03DC8B4EE005FFAAECBEA3D7FD4EFD47" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6164400" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119572454" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6164400" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03DC8B4EE005FFAAECBEA3D7FD4EFD47" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03DC8B4EE005FFAAECBEA3D7FD4EFD47" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="554" pageId="1" pageNumber="544">
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<subSubSection id="C36F69D3E005FFA0ECBEA3D7FE76FA22" box="[151,502,1479,1505]" pageId="1" pageNumber="544" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BCA3A58E005FFA0ECBEA3D7FE76FA22" blockId="1.[151,502,1479,1538]" box="[151,502,1479,1505]" pageId="1" pageNumber="544">
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<heading id="D0828D34E005FFA0ECBEA3D7FE76FA22" bold="true" box="[151,502,1479,1505]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="1" pageNumber="544" reason="1">
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<taxonomicName id="4C7541DBE005FFA0ECBEA3D7FE76FA22" authority="Bechyne" authorityName="Bechyne" box="[151,502,1479,1505]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Phenrica" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="544" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="littoralis">
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<emphasis id="B901E64AE005FFA0ECBEA3D7FE76FA22" bold="true" box="[151,502,1479,1505]" pageId="1" pageNumber="544">
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<emphasis id="B901E64AE005FFA0ECBEA3D7FEF2FA22" bold="true" box="[151,370,1479,1505]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="544">Phenrica littoralis</emphasis>
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(Bechyné)
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C36F69D3E005FFA0ECBEA3FAFE92F9C1" box="[151,274,1514,1538]" pageId="1" pageNumber="544" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8BCA3A58E005FFA0ECBEA3FAFE92F9C1" blockId="1.[151,502,1479,1538]" box="[151,274,1514,1538]" pageId="1" pageNumber="544">
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(
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<figureCitation id="134E26DDE005FFA0ECB6A3FAFE89F9C1" box="[159,265,1514,1538]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 1" captionStart-1="FIGURES 2 – 7" captionStart-2="FIGURES 8 – 17" captionStart-3="FIGURES 18 – 21" captionStart-4="FIGURES 22 – 27" captionStart-5="FIGURES 28 – 31" captionStart-6="FIGURES 32 – 37" captionStart-7="FIGURES 38 – 39" captionStartId-0="2.[151,250,1347,1370]" captionStartId-1="3.[151,264,1864,1887]" captionStartId-2="4.[151,264,1860,1883]" captionStartId-3="5.[151,264,1186,1209]" captionStartId-4="6.[151,264,1136,1159]" captionStartId-5="7.[151,264,1331,1354]" captionStartId-6="8.[151,264,1624,1647]" captionStartId-7="9.[151,264,1860,1883]" captionTargetBox-1="[151,1436,375,1839]" captionTargetBox-2="[213,1360,190,1830]" captionTargetBox-3="[151,1436,195,1162]" captionTargetBox-4="[177,1415,210,1112]" captionTargetBox-5="[151,1436,339,1306]" captionTargetBox-6="[164,1417,769,1582]" captionTargetBox-7="[273,1313,1012,1812]" captionTargetId-0="figure@2.[428,1160,267,1323]" captionTargetId-1="figure@3.[151,1436,375,1839]" captionTargetId-2="figure@4.[209,1369,185,1831]" captionTargetId-3="figure@5.[151,1436,195,1162]" captionTargetId-4="figure@6.[159,1428,195,1112]" captionTargetId-5="figure@7.[151,1436,339,1307]" captionTargetId-6="figure@8.[151,1435,735,1600]" captionTargetId-7="figure@9.[249,1337,988,1837]" captionTargetPageId-0="2" captionTargetPageId-1="3" captionTargetPageId-2="4" captionTargetPageId-3="5" captionTargetPageId-4="6" captionTargetPageId-5="7" captionTargetPageId-6="8" captionTargetPageId-7="9" captionText-0="FIGURE 1. Phenrica littoralis (Bechyné), male, dorsal habitus." captionText-1="FIGURES 2 – 7. Phenrica littoralis (Bechyné) (2) Head, frontal view. (3) Head, lateral. (4) Mandible, external face. (5) Mandible, detail of mola. (6) Maxilla, ventral view. (7) Labium, dorsal view." captionText-2="FIGURES 8 – 17. Phenrica littoralis (Bechyné) (8) Hind wing. (9) Metanotum. (10) Scutellum. (11) Metaleg, detail of metafemoral spring. (12) Metendosternite, dorsal view. (13) Mandible, external face. (14) Labrum, ventral view. (15) Labrum, dorsal view. (16) Maxilla, ventral view. (17) Labium, dorsal view. Abbreviations: a, metanotal ridge a; AA, anal anterior vein; b 2, metanotal ridge b 2; c, metanotal ridge c; CuA, cubitoanal vein; CuA 3 + 4, cubito anal vein 3 + 4; d, metanotal ridge d; mg, median groove; MP 1 - 2, medial posterior vein 1 - 2; RA, radial vein; RP-MP 2, radial posterior-medial posterior vein 2; SC, subcostal vein. Scale bars =: 0.1 mm." captionText-3="FIGURES 18 – 21. Phenrica littoralis (Bechyné) (18) Elytron ventral view, detail of binding patch. (19) Detail of binding patch, surface covered with spoonbill shaped spicules and sharktooth-shaped spicules on distal area. (20 Metendosternite. (21) Tarsal claws appendiculate. Abbreviations: shs, sharktooth spicule; sm, spiniform microtrichia; sps, spoonbill spicules." captionText-4="FIGURES 22 – 27. Phenrica littoralis (Bechyné) (22) Median lobe, dorsal view. (23) Median lobe, lateral view. (24) sternite 8. (25) Spermatheca. (26) Abdomen, male, ventral view. (27) Abdomen, female, ventral view. Scale bars = 1 mm." captionText-5="FIGURES 28 – 31. Phenrica littoralis (Bechyné), (28) Median lobe, dorsal view. (29) Median lobe, detail of dorsal median process. (30) Median lobe, lateral view. (31) Median lobe, detail of dorsal median process. Scale bars = 1 mm." captionText-6="FIGURES 32 – 37. Phenrica littoralis (Bechyné), mature larvae (32) Habitus, lateral view. (33) Habitus, dorsal view. (34) Cephalic capsule, frontal view. (35) Cephalic capsule, lateral view. (36) labium and maxilla. (37) Mandible, dorsal view. Scale bars = 1 mm." captionText-7="FIGURES 38 – 39. Phenrica littoralis (Bechyné), pupae (38) Habitus, dorsal view. (39) Habitus, lateral view. Scale bars = 1 mm." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6115631" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/6115631/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/223334/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/223335/files/figure.png" httpUri-3="https://zenodo.org/record/223336/files/figure.png" httpUri-4="https://zenodo.org/record/223337/files/figure.png" httpUri-5="https://zenodo.org/record/223338/files/figure.png" httpUri-6="https://zenodo.org/record/223339/files/figure.png" httpUri-7="https://zenodo.org/record/223340/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="544">Figs1–39</figureCitation>
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)
|
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="C36F69D3E005FFA0ECBEA022FAEDF9A4" pageId="1" pageNumber="544" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="8BCA3A58E005FFA0ECBEA022FD09F98B" blockId="1.[151,1389,1586,1639]" box="[151,649,1586,1608]" pageId="1" pageNumber="544">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB651D76E005FFA0ECBEA022FD09F98B" box="[151,649,1586,1608]" pageId="1" pageNumber="544">
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<treatmentCitation id="0AD41C49E005FFA0ECBEA022FD05F98B" author="Bechyne" box="[151,645,1586,1608]" page="126" pageId="1" pageNumber="544" year="1955">
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<taxonomicName id="4C7541DBE005FFA0ECBEA022FDA0F98B" authority="Bechyne 1955: 126" authorityName="Bechyne" authorityPageNumber="126" authorityYear="1955" box="[151,544,1586,1608]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Nephrica" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="544" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="littoralis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B901E64AE005FFA0ECBEA022FED2F98B" box="[151,338,1586,1608]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="544">Nephrica littoralis</emphasis>
|
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<bibRefCitation id="EFE447A9E005FFA0ED70A022FDA0F98B" author="Bechyne, J." box="[345,544,1586,1608]" firstAuthor="Bechyne" journalOrPublisher="Entomologische Arbeiten Museum G. Frey" page="126" pageId="1" pageNumber="544" pagination="74 - 266" part="6" refId="ref6179" refString="Bechyne, J. (1955) Reise des Herrn G. Frey in Sudamerika: Alticidae (Col. Phytophaga). Entomologische Arbeiten Museum G. Frey, 6, 74 - 266." title="Reise des Herrn G. Frey in Sudamerika: Alticidae (Col. Phytophaga)" type="journal article" year="1955">Bechyné 1955: 126</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE447A9E005FFA0EE03A022FD05F98B" author="Bechyne, J." box="[554,645,1586,1608]" firstAuthor="Bechyne" journalOrPublisher="Iheringia" page="11" pageId="1" pageNumber="544" pagination="1 - 52" part="3" refId="ref6244" refString="Bechyne, J. (1957) Provisorische Liste der Alticiden von Rio Grande do Sul (Col. Phytoph. Chrysomeloidea). Iheringia, 3, 1 - 52." title="Provisorische Liste der Alticiden von Rio Grande do Sul (Col. Phytoph. Chrysomeloidea)" type="journal article" year="1957">1957: 11</bibRefCitation>
|
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</treatmentCitation>
|
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.
|
||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
|
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</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BCA3A58E005FFA0ECBEA041FAEDF9A4" blockId="1.[151,1389,1586,1639]" box="[151,1389,1617,1639]" pageId="1" pageNumber="544">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB651D76E005FFA0ECBEA041FAEDF9A4" box="[151,1389,1617,1639]" pageId="1" pageNumber="544">
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<treatmentCitation id="0AD41C49E005FFA0ECBEA041FCE4F9A4" author="Bechyne" box="[151,868,1617,1639]" page="1018" pageId="1" pageNumber="544" year="1956">
|
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<taxonomicName id="4C7541DBE005FFA0ECBEA041FDA9F9A4" authority="Bechyne 1956: 1018" authorityName="Bechyne" authorityPageNumber="1018" authorityYear="1956" box="[151,553,1617,1639]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Phenrica" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="544" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="littoralis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B901E64AE005FFA0ECBEA041FED1F9A4" box="[151,337,1617,1639]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="544">Phenrica littoralis</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE447A9E005FFA0ED7EA041FDA9F9A4" author="Bechyne, J." box="[343,553,1617,1639]" firstAuthor="Bechyne" journalOrPublisher="Entomologische Arbeiten Museum G. Frey" page="1018" pageId="1" pageNumber="544" pagination="965 - 1071" part="7" refId="ref6215" refString="Bechyne, J. (1956) Beitrage zur Kenntnis der neotropischen Alticiden und Galeruciden. Entomologische Arbeiten Museum G. Frey, 7, 965 - 1071." title="Beitrage zur Kenntnis der neotropischen Alticiden und Galeruciden" type="journal article" year="1956">Bechyné 1956: 1018</bibRefCitation>
|
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</taxonomicName>
|
||
(new combination), 1958: 660
|
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</treatmentCitation>
|
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,
|
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<treatmentCitation id="0AD41C49E005FFA0EF47A041FBABF9A4" author="Scherer" box="[878,1067,1617,1639]" page="252" pageId="1" pageNumber="544" year="1960">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE447A9E005FFA0EF47A041FBABF9A4" author="Scherer, G." box="[878,1067,1617,1639]" firstAuthor="Scherer" journalOrPublisher="Entomologische Arbeiten Museum G. Frey" page="252" pageId="1" pageNumber="544" pagination="181 - 271" part="9" refId="ref7528" refString="Scherer, G. 1960 Beitrag zur kenntnis der alticidenfauna brasiliens (Col. Phytoph.) Entomologische Arbeiten Museum G. Frey, 9 (2), 181 - 271." title="Beitrag zur kenntnis der alticidenfauna brasiliens (Col. Phytoph.)" type="journal article" year="1960">Scherer 1960: 252</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="0AD41C49E005FFA0E81CA041FAE9F9A4" author="Bechyne" box="[1077,1385,1617,1639]" page="76" pageId="1" pageNumber="544" year="1961">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE447A9E005FFA0E81CA041FAE9F9A4" author="Bechyne, J. & Springlova de Bechyne, B." box="[1077,1385,1617,1639]" firstAuthor="Bechyne" journalOrPublisher="Boletim do Museu Paraense Emilio Goeldi, Zooogia" page="76" pageId="1" pageNumber="544" pagination="1 - 93" part="37" refId="ref6310" refString="Bechyne, J. & Springlova de Bechyne, B. (1961) Notas sobre Chrysomeloidea neotropicais. Boletim do Museu Paraense Emilio Goeldi, Zooogia, 37, 1 - 93." title="Notas sobre Chrysomeloidea neotropicais" type="journal article" year="1961">Bechyné & Bechyné 1961: 76</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
|
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</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C36F69D3E005FFA0ECBEA0A7FC70F8FF" pageId="1" pageNumber="544" type="diagnosis">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BCA3A58E005FFA0ECBEA0A7FC70F8FF" blockId="1.[151,1437,1719,2032]" pageId="1" pageNumber="544">
|
||
<emphasis id="B901E64AE005FFA0ECBEA0A7FE91F913" bold="true" box="[151,273,1719,1744]" pageId="1" pageNumber="544">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
|
||
Head with impressed punctures on interocular space and close to inner margin of eyes. Elytra piceous with eight yellow spots. Median lobe of aedeagus strongly curved, dorsal median process strongly curved upwards laterally, internal sac with sclerotized plate at base, and larger sclerotized area in the middle. Spermatheca with rounded receptacle, pump smaller, and pronounced neck between both parts.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C36F69D3E005FFA7ECEEA157FB5DF8B1" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="549" pageId="1" pageNumber="544" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8BCA3A58E005FFA3ECEEA157FC41FF17" blockId="1.[151,1437,1719,2032]" lastBlockId="2.[151,1436,151,212]" lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="545" pageId="1" pageNumber="544">
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<emphasis id="B901E64AE005FFA0ECEEA157FEF4F8A3" bold="true" box="[199,372,1863,1888]" pageId="1" pageNumber="544">Redescription.</emphasis>
|
||
Body oval to elongate, slightly convex (
|
||
<figureCitation id="134E26DDE005FFA0EF7BA157FC17F89C" box="[850,919,1863,1887]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="2.[151,250,1347,1370]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[428,1160,267,1323]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 1. Phenrica littoralis (Bechyné), male, dorsal habitus." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6115631" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6115631/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="544">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
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||
), length
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<quantity id="4C8D97BDE005FFA0E82BA157FB21F89C" box="[1026,1185,1863,1887]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.06" metricValueMax="4.55" metricValueMin="3.57" pageId="1" pageNumber="544" unit="mm" value="4.06" valueMax="4.55" valueMin="3.57">3.57–4.55mm</quantity>
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, width 2.60–3.00mm.
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<emphasis id="B901E64AE005FFA0ECBEA17BFF60F847" bold="true" box="[151,224,1899,1924]" pageId="1" pageNumber="544">Color.</emphasis>
|
||
Head capsule piceous, labrum and mouthparts brown tinged with yellow, apical one-third of mandibles, and maxillary palpi 3–5 dark brown. Antennae piceous, basal half of antennomeres 1 and inner margin of 1–3 flavous. Pronotum yellow. Scutellum, elytra and epipleura piceous; each elytron with four yellow spots, one oval near scutellum, two on the disk, and basal subrectangular one not reaching apical margin. Coxae 1 and trochanter yellowish, coxae 2 and 3, tibiae, and tarsi dark brown, metafemora piceous. Venter, prosternum yellow, mesometasternum piceous, abdomen dark brown tinged laterally with yellow.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF0A6AD0E006FFA3ECBEA353FCA2FA9A" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6115631" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6115631" box="[151,802,1347,1370]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6115631/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="545" startId="2.[151,250,1347,1370]" targetBox="[443,1145,282,1302]" targetPageId="2">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BCA3A58E006FFA3ECBEA353FCA2FA9A" blockId="2.[151,802,1347,1370]" box="[151,802,1347,1370]" pageId="2" pageNumber="545">
|
||
<emphasis id="B901E64AE006FFA3ECBEA353FE93FA9A" bold="true" box="[151,275,1347,1370]" pageId="2" pageNumber="545">FIGURE 1.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7541DBE006FFA3ED30A354FDC6FA9A" authority="Bechyne" authorityName="Bechyne" box="[281,582,1347,1370]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Phenrica" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="545" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="littoralis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B901E64AE006FFA3ED30A354FE53FA99" box="[281,467,1348,1370]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="545">Phenrica littoralis</emphasis>
|
||
(Bechyné)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, male, dorsal habitus.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BCA3A58E006FFA2ECEEA396FEA6FEFC" blockId="2.[151,1436,1414,2014]" lastBlockId="3.[151,1436,151,319]" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="546" pageId="2" pageNumber="545">
|
||
<emphasis id="B901E64AE006FFA3ECEEA396FE84FA5D" box="[199,260,1414,1438]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="545">Head</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="134E26DDE006FFA3ED3FA396FE04FA5D" box="[278,388,1414,1438]" captionStart="FIGURES 2 – 7" captionStartId="3.[151,264,1864,1887]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,375,1839]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[151,1436,375,1839]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURES 2 – 7. Phenrica littoralis (Bechyné) (2) Head, frontal view. (3) Head, lateral. (4) Mandible, external face. (5) Mandible, detail of mola. (6) Maxilla, ventral view. (7) Labium, dorsal view." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/223334/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="545">Figs. 2–3</figureCitation>
|
||
) Vertex smooth; more or less convex in lateral view, with coarse impressed punctures on interocular space near eyes and others close to inner margin of eyes, antennal calli barely raised, trapezoidal, narrower than antennal sockets; supracallinal sulcus and midfrontal sulcus hardly impressed; antennal sockets closed to anterior margin of eyes; interantennal space slightly narrower than transverse diameter of antennal sockets. Eyes convex. Frontal ridge narrow, moderately convex, surrounded laterally by seven long setae, and seven setae below antennal sockets; anterofrontal ridge not separated from frontal ridge, slightly lower than frontal ridge in lateral view. Antennae 11-segmented, inserted below midline of eyes, extending a little more than half length of elytra; antennomere 2 subconical, shorter than 3, antennomeres 4–10 elongate, similar in length, antennomere 11 apically acuminate; antennomeres 1–3 scarcely setose, antennomeres 4–11 densely setose throughout, all antennomeres with erect, sparse setae at apex. Clypeus with 4 preapical long setae. Labrum (
|
||
<figureCitation id="134E26DDE006FFA3E94DA0DAFF5EF8C5" captionStart="FIGURES 8 – 17" captionStartId="4.[151,264,1860,1883]" captionTargetBox="[213,1360,190,1830]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[209,1369,185,1831]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURES 8 – 17. Phenrica littoralis (Bechyné) (8) Hind wing. (9) Metanotum. (10) Scutellum. (11) Metaleg, detail of metafemoral spring. (12) Metendosternite, dorsal view. (13) Mandible, external face. (14) Labrum, ventral view. (15) Labrum, dorsal view. (16) Maxilla, ventral view. (17) Labium, dorsal view. Abbreviations: a, metanotal ridge a; AA, anal anterior vein; b 2, metanotal ridge b 2; c, metanotal ridge c; CuA, cubitoanal vein; CuA 3 + 4, cubito anal vein 3 + 4; d, metanotal ridge d; mg, median groove; MP 1 - 2, medial posterior vein 1 - 2; RA, radial vein; RP-MP 2, radial posterior-medial posterior vein 2; SC, subcostal vein. Scale bars =: 0.1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/223335/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="545">Figs. 14–15</figureCitation>
|
||
) approximately rectangular, lateral margins rounded, anterior margin with small central notch, with a row of six long setae, ventrally eight thick setae in each lateral margin, about eight central, short setae in notch. Mandibles (
|
||
<figureCitation id="134E26DDE006FFA3ECB6A126FF70F88D" box="[159,240,1846,1870]" captionStart="FIGURES 2 – 7" captionStartId="3.[151,264,1864,1887]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,375,1839]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[151,1436,375,1839]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURES 2 – 7. Phenrica littoralis (Bechyné) (2) Head, frontal view. (3) Head, lateral. (4) Mandible, external face. (5) Mandible, detail of mola. (6) Maxilla, ventral view. (7) Labium, dorsal view." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/223334/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="545">Figs. 4</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="134E26DDE006FFA3ECD7A126FE9AF88D" box="[254,282,1846,1870]" captionStart="FIGURES 8 – 17" captionStartId="4.[151,264,1860,1883]" captionTargetBox="[213,1360,190,1830]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[209,1369,185,1831]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURES 8 – 17. Phenrica littoralis (Bechyné) (8) Hind wing. (9) Metanotum. (10) Scutellum. (11) Metaleg, detail of metafemoral spring. (12) Metendosternite, dorsal view. (13) Mandible, external face. (14) Labrum, ventral view. (15) Labrum, dorsal view. (16) Maxilla, ventral view. (17) Labium, dorsal view. Abbreviations: a, metanotal ridge a; AA, anal anterior vein; b 2, metanotal ridge b 2; c, metanotal ridge c; CuA, cubitoanal vein; CuA 3 + 4, cubito anal vein 3 + 4; d, metanotal ridge d; mg, median groove; MP 1 - 2, medial posterior vein 1 - 2; RA, radial vein; RP-MP 2, radial posterior-medial posterior vein 2; SC, subcostal vein. Scale bars =: 0.1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/223335/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="545">13</figureCitation>
|
||
) 5-toothed, teeth 3–5 visible on external face, teeth 2–3 acute, subequal, tooth 3 more than 2.0 times longer than 4; tooth 4 blunt at apex, almost 2.0 times the length of 5, tooth 5, short, acute, teeth 1–2 visible on internal face, tooth 1 narrow, acute, one-half the length of 2nd, mola (
|
||
<figureCitation id="134E26DDE006FFA3EFB2A16EFC5CF855" box="[923,988,1918,1942]" captionStart="FIGURES 2 – 7" captionStartId="3.[151,264,1864,1887]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,375,1839]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[151,1436,375,1839]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURES 2 – 7. Phenrica littoralis (Bechyné) (2) Head, frontal view. (3) Head, lateral. (4) Mandible, external face. (5) Mandible, detail of mola. (6) Maxilla, ventral view. (7) Labium, dorsal view." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/223334/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="545">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
|
||
) well developed. Maxillae (
|
||
<figureCitation id="134E26DDE006FFA3E93FA16EFAE4F855" box="[1302,1380,1918,1942]" captionStart="FIGURES 2 – 7" captionStartId="3.[151,264,1864,1887]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,375,1839]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[151,1436,375,1839]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURES 2 – 7. Phenrica littoralis (Bechyné) (2) Head, frontal view. (3) Head, lateral. (4) Mandible, external face. (5) Mandible, detail of mola. (6) Maxilla, ventral view. (7) Labium, dorsal view." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/223334/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="545">Figs. 6</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="134E26DDE006FFA3E959A16EFA0EF855" box="[1392,1422,1918,1942]" captionStart="FIGURES 8 – 17" captionStartId="4.[151,264,1860,1883]" captionTargetBox="[213,1360,190,1830]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[209,1369,185,1831]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURES 8 – 17. Phenrica littoralis (Bechyné) (8) Hind wing. (9) Metanotum. (10) Scutellum. (11) Metaleg, detail of metafemoral spring. (12) Metendosternite, dorsal view. (13) Mandible, external face. (14) Labrum, ventral view. (15) Labrum, dorsal view. (16) Maxilla, ventral view. (17) Labium, dorsal view. Abbreviations: a, metanotal ridge a; AA, anal anterior vein; b 2, metanotal ridge b 2; c, metanotal ridge c; CuA, cubitoanal vein; CuA 3 + 4, cubito anal vein 3 + 4; d, metanotal ridge d; mg, median groove; MP 1 - 2, medial posterior vein 1 - 2; RA, radial vein; RP-MP 2, radial posterior-medial posterior vein 2; SC, subcostal vein. Scale bars =: 0.1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/223335/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="545">16</figureCitation>
|
||
), cardo apically broadened, with two long setae near outer margin; galea and lacinia rectangular, both with fringelike pilosity, scarcer and shorter in the galea. Maxillary palpi with palpomere 1 quadrangular; palpomere 2 short, subquadrate; palpomere 3 subcylindrical, more than one half length of palpomere 2, palpomere 4 subcylindrical, palpomere 5, subconical with wide base, tapering apically, digitiform, subrectangular sensilla patch on externobasal corner. Labium (
|
||
<figureCitation id="134E26DDE007FFA2EDB4A6CFFE70FF34" box="[413,496,223,247]" captionStart="FIGURES 2 – 7" captionStartId="3.[151,264,1864,1887]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,375,1839]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[151,1436,375,1839]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURES 2 – 7. Phenrica littoralis (Bechyné) (2) Head, frontal view. (3) Head, lateral. (4) Mandible, external face. (5) Mandible, detail of mola. (6) Maxilla, ventral view. (7) Labium, dorsal view." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/223334/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="546">Figs. 7</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="134E26DDE007FFA2EE29A6CFFD9DFF34" box="[512,541,223,247]" captionStart="FIGURES 8 – 17" captionStartId="4.[151,264,1860,1883]" captionTargetBox="[213,1360,190,1830]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[209,1369,185,1831]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURES 8 – 17. Phenrica littoralis (Bechyné) (8) Hind wing. (9) Metanotum. (10) Scutellum. (11) Metaleg, detail of metafemoral spring. (12) Metendosternite, dorsal view. (13) Mandible, external face. (14) Labrum, ventral view. (15) Labrum, dorsal view. (16) Maxilla, ventral view. (17) Labium, dorsal view. Abbreviations: a, metanotal ridge a; AA, anal anterior vein; b 2, metanotal ridge b 2; c, metanotal ridge c; CuA, cubitoanal vein; CuA 3 + 4, cubito anal vein 3 + 4; d, metanotal ridge d; mg, median groove; MP 1 - 2, medial posterior vein 1 - 2; RA, radial vein; RP-MP 2, radial posterior-medial posterior vein 2; SC, subcostal vein. Scale bars =: 0.1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/223335/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="546">17</figureCitation>
|
||
) with two setae between bases of palps, ligula rectangular. Labial palp with palpomere 1 rectangular; palpomere 2 subconical, more than 2.0 times longer than 1; palpomere 3 subconical with narrow base.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF0A6AD0E007FFA2ECBEA158FC20F8BE" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/223334/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="546" startId="3.[151,264,1864,1887]" targetBox="[151,1436,375,1839]" targetPageId="3">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BCA3A58E007FFA2ECBEA158FC20F8BE" blockId="3.[151,1435,1864,1917]" pageId="3" pageNumber="546">
|
||
<emphasis id="B901E64AE007FFA2ECBEA158FEBFF89E" bold="true" box="[151,319,1864,1887]" pageId="3" pageNumber="546">FIGURES 2–7.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7541DBE007FFA2ED63A158FDFFF89D" authority="Bechyne" authorityName="Bechyne" box="[330,639,1864,1886]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Phenrica" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="546" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="littoralis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B901E64AE007FFA2ED63A158FD89F89D" box="[330,521,1864,1886]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="546">Phenrica littoralis</emphasis>
|
||
(Bechyné)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(2) Head, frontal view. (3) Head, lateral. (4) Mandible, external face. (5) Mandible, detail of mola. (6) Maxilla, ventral view. (7) Labium, dorsal view.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="DF0A6AD0E000FFA5ECBEA154FD85F837" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/223335/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="547" startId="4.[151,264,1860,1883]" targetBox="[213,1360,190,1830]" targetPageId="4">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BCA3A58E000FFA5ECBEA154FD85F837" blockId="4.[151,1436,1860,2036]" pageId="4" pageNumber="547">
|
||
<emphasis id="B901E64AE000FFA5ECBEA154FECDF899" bold="true" box="[151,333,1860,1883]" pageId="4" pageNumber="547">FIGURES 8–17.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7541DBE000FFA5ED71A155FD0EF898" authority="Bechyne" authorityName="Bechyne" box="[344,654,1861,1883]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Phenrica" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="547" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="littoralis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B901E64AE000FFA5ED71A155FD98F898" box="[344,536,1861,1883]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="547">Phenrica littoralis</emphasis>
|
||
(Bechyné)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(8) Hind wing. (9) Metanotum. (10) Scutellum. (11) Metaleg, detail of metafemoral spring. (12) Metendosternite, dorsal view. (13) Mandible, external face. (14) Labrum, ventral view. (15) Labrum, dorsal view. (16) Maxilla, ventral view. (17) Labium, dorsal view. Abbreviations: a, metanotal ridge a; AA, anal anterior vein; b2, metanotal ridge b2; c, metanotal ridge c; CuA, cubitoanal vein; CuA 3+4, cubito anal vein 3+4; d, metanotal ridge d; mg, median groove; MP 1-2, medial posterior vein 1-2; RA, radial vein; RP-MP2, radial posterior-medial posterior vein 2; SC, subcostal vein. Scale bars=: 0.1mm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="DF0A6AD0E001FFA4ECBEA2B2FACAFB35" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/223336/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="548" startId="5.[151,264,1186,1209]" targetBox="[151,1436,195,1162]" targetPageId="5">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BCA3A58E001FFA4ECBEA2B2FACAFB35" blockId="5.[151,1436,1186,1270]" pageId="5" pageNumber="548">
|
||
<emphasis id="B901E64AE001FFA4ECBEA2B2FED7FB7B" bold="true" box="[151,343,1186,1209]" pageId="5" pageNumber="548">FIGURES 18–21.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7541DBE001FFA4ED49A2B3FD12FB7B" authority="Bechyne" authorityName="Bechyne" box="[352,658,1186,1209]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Phenrica" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="548" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="littoralis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B901E64AE001FFA4ED49A2B3FD9EFB7A" box="[352,542,1187,1209]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="548">Phenrica littoralis</emphasis>
|
||
(Bechyné)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(18) Elytron ventral view, detail of binding patch. (19) Detail of binding patch, surface covered with spoonbill shaped spicules and sharktooth-shaped spicules on distal area. (20 Metendosternite. (21) Tarsal claws appendiculate. Abbreviations: shs, sharktooth spicule; sm, spiniform microtrichia; sps, spoonbill spicules.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BCA3A58E001FFA4ECEEA333FA14F82C" blockId="5.[151,1437,1315,2031]" pageId="5" pageNumber="548">
|
||
<emphasis id="B901E64AE001FFA4ECEEA333FE98FAF8" box="[199,280,1315,1339]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="548">Thorax</emphasis>
|
||
Pronotum slightly convex, rectangular, PW/PL: 1.61–2.46 times wider than long, widest at middle, PW: 1.70–2.00mm; surface shiny, minutely punctate; anterior margin almost straight, lateral sides slightly expanded anteriorly, posterior margin arched; anterior callosity well produced, rounded, posterior callosity poorly developed, dentiform; each one bearing a long seta. Prosternum convex; intercoxal prosternal process thin, procoxal cavities closed, oval. Scutellum (
|
||
<figureCitation id="134E26DDE001FFA4EE59A3A3FD43FA08" box="[624,707,1459,1483]" captionStart="FIGURES 8 – 17" captionStartId="4.[151,264,1860,1883]" captionTargetBox="[213,1360,190,1830]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[209,1369,185,1831]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURES 8 – 17. Phenrica littoralis (Bechyné) (8) Hind wing. (9) Metanotum. (10) Scutellum. (11) Metaleg, detail of metafemoral spring. (12) Metendosternite, dorsal view. (13) Mandible, external face. (14) Labrum, ventral view. (15) Labrum, dorsal view. (16) Maxilla, ventral view. (17) Labium, dorsal view. Abbreviations: a, metanotal ridge a; AA, anal anterior vein; b 2, metanotal ridge b 2; c, metanotal ridge c; CuA, cubitoanal vein; CuA 3 + 4, cubito anal vein 3 + 4; d, metanotal ridge d; mg, median groove; MP 1 - 2, medial posterior vein 1 - 2; RA, radial vein; RP-MP 2, radial posterior-medial posterior vein 2; SC, subcostal vein. Scale bars =: 0.1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/223335/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="548">Fig. 10</figureCitation>
|
||
). Metanotum transverse, wider than long; metanotal ridge
|
||
<emphasis id="B901E64AE001FFA4E978A3A3FADFFA08" box="[1361,1375,1459,1483]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="548">d</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="134E26DDE001FFA4E947A3A3FF26FA2C" captionStart="FIGURES 8 – 17" captionStartId="4.[151,264,1860,1883]" captionTargetBox="[213,1360,190,1830]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[209,1369,185,1831]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURES 8 – 17. Phenrica littoralis (Bechyné) (8) Hind wing. (9) Metanotum. (10) Scutellum. (11) Metaleg, detail of metafemoral spring. (12) Metendosternite, dorsal view. (13) Mandible, external face. (14) Labrum, ventral view. (15) Labrum, dorsal view. (16) Maxilla, ventral view. (17) Labium, dorsal view. Abbreviations: a, metanotal ridge a; AA, anal anterior vein; b 2, metanotal ridge b 2; c, metanotal ridge c; CuA, cubitoanal vein; CuA 3 + 4, cubito anal vein 3 + 4; d, metanotal ridge d; mg, median groove; MP 1 - 2, medial posterior vein 1 - 2; RA, radial vein; RP-MP 2, radial posterior-medial posterior vein 2; SC, subcostal vein. Scale bars =: 0.1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/223335/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="548">Fig. 9</figureCitation>
|
||
) intersecting
|
||
<emphasis id="B901E64AE001FFA4ED61A3C8FED4FA2C" box="[328,340,1496,1519]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="548">c</emphasis>
|
||
anteriorly to midpoint of
|
||
<emphasis id="B901E64AE001FFA4EEA7A3C8FD1AFA2C" box="[654,666,1496,1519]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="548">c</emphasis>
|
||
. Metasternum transverse, slightly concave centrally, with slightly pronounced bidentate projection between inner margin of metacoxae; metacoxal cavities inserted at posterior margin, narrowly separated. Metendosternite (
|
||
<figureCitation id="134E26DDE001FFA4EEB4A00FFD7AF9F4" box="[669,762,1567,1591]" captionStart="FIGURES 8 – 17" captionStartId="4.[151,264,1860,1883]" captionTargetBox="[213,1360,190,1830]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[209,1369,185,1831]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURES 8 – 17. Phenrica littoralis (Bechyné) (8) Hind wing. (9) Metanotum. (10) Scutellum. (11) Metaleg, detail of metafemoral spring. (12) Metendosternite, dorsal view. (13) Mandible, external face. (14) Labrum, ventral view. (15) Labrum, dorsal view. (16) Maxilla, ventral view. (17) Labium, dorsal view. Abbreviations: a, metanotal ridge a; AA, anal anterior vein; b 2, metanotal ridge b 2; c, metanotal ridge c; CuA, cubitoanal vein; CuA 3 + 4, cubito anal vein 3 + 4; d, metanotal ridge d; mg, median groove; MP 1 - 2, medial posterior vein 1 - 2; RA, radial vein; RP-MP 2, radial posterior-medial posterior vein 2; SC, subcostal vein. Scale bars =: 0.1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/223335/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="548">Figs. 12</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="134E26DDE001FFA4EF2FA00FFCA3F9F4" box="[774,803,1567,1591]" captionStart="FIGURES 18 – 21" captionStartId="5.[151,264,1186,1209]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,195,1162]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[151,1436,195,1162]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURES 18 – 21. Phenrica littoralis (Bechyné) (18) Elytron ventral view, detail of binding patch. (19) Detail of binding patch, surface covered with spoonbill shaped spicules and sharktooth-shaped spicules on distal area. (20 Metendosternite. (21) Tarsal claws appendiculate. Abbreviations: shs, sharktooth spicule; sm, spiniform microtrichia; sps, spoonbill spicules." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/223336/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="548">20</figureCitation>
|
||
) T-shaped, stalk wider at base, shorter than lateral arms, lateral arms widen to apex; mesofurcal-metafurcal tendons well developed, inserted near apex of lateral arms.
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3627AC8E001FFA4E94DA053FA1CF998" box="[1380,1436,1603,1627]" name="India" pageId="5" pageNumber="548">Hind</collectingCountry>
|
||
wings (
|
||
<figureCitation id="134E26DDE001FFA4ECC0A077FEABF9BC" box="[233,299,1639,1663]" captionStart="FIGURES 8 – 17" captionStartId="4.[151,264,1860,1883]" captionTargetBox="[213,1360,190,1830]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[209,1369,185,1831]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURES 8 – 17. Phenrica littoralis (Bechyné) (8) Hind wing. (9) Metanotum. (10) Scutellum. (11) Metaleg, detail of metafemoral spring. (12) Metendosternite, dorsal view. (13) Mandible, external face. (14) Labrum, ventral view. (15) Labrum, dorsal view. (16) Maxilla, ventral view. (17) Labium, dorsal view. Abbreviations: a, metanotal ridge a; AA, anal anterior vein; b 2, metanotal ridge b 2; c, metanotal ridge c; CuA, cubitoanal vein; CuA 3 + 4, cubito anal vein 3 + 4; d, metanotal ridge d; mg, median groove; MP 1 - 2, medial posterior vein 1 - 2; RA, radial vein; RP-MP 2, radial posterior-medial posterior vein 2; SC, subcostal vein. Scale bars =: 0.1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/223335/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="548">Fig. 8</figureCitation>
|
||
) with veins RA, MP, CuA well sclerotized whereas veins CuA2 RP-MP2 and AA scarcely sclerotized. Vein SC connected to RA more than half its length, radial cell darkly pigmented, elongate, subtriangular; RP-MP2 not reaching r4; RP-MP less than one-half the distance of MP 1–2, AA connected to CuA3+4 more than one-half the distance from origin of CuA; cubital anal cell closed, elongate. Elytra oval, convex, surface densely, uniformly punctate, elytra slightly wider than pronotum, HW/PW: 1.16–1.29, humeral calli rounded, slightly prominent, EW/ HW: 1.20–1.29; greatest width near apical one thirds of elytra; epipleura subvertical, basally broad, gradually narrowed at apical half of elytral length; basal inner surface of elytra with an oval binding patch (
|
||
<figureCitation id="134E26DDE001FFA4E923A157FA14F89C" box="[1290,1428,1863,1887]" captionStart="FIGURES 18 – 21" captionStartId="5.[151,264,1186,1209]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,195,1162]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[151,1436,195,1162]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURES 18 – 21. Phenrica littoralis (Bechyné) (18) Elytron ventral view, detail of binding patch. (19) Detail of binding patch, surface covered with spoonbill shaped spicules and sharktooth-shaped spicules on distal area. (20 Metendosternite. (21) Tarsal claws appendiculate. Abbreviations: shs, sharktooth spicule; sm, spiniform microtrichia; sps, spoonbill spicules." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/223336/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="548">Figs. 18–19</figureCitation>
|
||
) uniformly covered with spoonbill-shaped spicules, small sharktooth-shaped spicules covering anterior and posterior end of binding patch, surface close to biding patch covered with thin micro-spicules. All legs similar; pro- and mesotibiae without apical spine, metafemora (
|
||
<figureCitation id="134E26DDE001FFA4EEDDA1A3FCCAF808" box="[756,842,1971,1995]" captionStart="FIGURES 8 – 17" captionStartId="4.[151,264,1860,1883]" captionTargetBox="[213,1360,190,1830]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[209,1369,185,1831]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURES 8 – 17. Phenrica littoralis (Bechyné) (8) Hind wing. (9) Metanotum. (10) Scutellum. (11) Metaleg, detail of metafemoral spring. (12) Metendosternite, dorsal view. (13) Mandible, external face. (14) Labrum, ventral view. (15) Labrum, dorsal view. (16) Maxilla, ventral view. (17) Labium, dorsal view. Abbreviations: a, metanotal ridge a; AA, anal anterior vein; b 2, metanotal ridge b 2; c, metanotal ridge c; CuA, cubitoanal vein; CuA 3 + 4, cubito anal vein 3 + 4; d, metanotal ridge d; mg, median groove; MP 1 - 2, medial posterior vein 1 - 2; RA, radial vein; RP-MP 2, radial posterior-medial posterior vein 2; SC, subcostal vein. Scale bars =: 0.1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/223335/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="548">Fig. 11</figureCitation>
|
||
) robust, metatibiae thick, curved, tarsomere 1 of metalegs longer than tarsomeres 2+3 together. Metafemoral spring (
|
||
<figureCitation id="134E26DDE001FFA4EFA6A1C7FC60F82C" box="[911,992,2007,2031]" captionStart="FIGURES 8 – 17" captionStartId="4.[151,264,1860,1883]" captionTargetBox="[213,1360,190,1830]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[209,1369,185,1831]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURES 8 – 17. Phenrica littoralis (Bechyné) (8) Hind wing. (9) Metanotum. (10) Scutellum. (11) Metaleg, detail of metafemoral spring. (12) Metendosternite, dorsal view. (13) Mandible, external face. (14) Labrum, ventral view. (15) Labrum, dorsal view. (16) Maxilla, ventral view. (17) Labium, dorsal view. Abbreviations: a, metanotal ridge a; AA, anal anterior vein; b 2, metanotal ridge b 2; c, metanotal ridge c; CuA, cubitoanal vein; CuA 3 + 4, cubito anal vein 3 + 4; d, metanotal ridge d; mg, median groove; MP 1 - 2, medial posterior vein 1 - 2; RA, radial vein; RP-MP 2, radial posterior-medial posterior vein 2; SC, subcostal vein. Scale bars =: 0.1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/223335/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="548">Fig. 11</figureCitation>
|
||
). Tarsal claws (
|
||
<figureCitation id="134E26DDE001FFA4E8B9A1C7FB61F82C" box="[1168,1249,2007,2031]" captionStart="FIGURES 18 – 21" captionStartId="5.[151,264,1186,1209]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,195,1162]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[151,1436,195,1162]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURES 18 – 21. Phenrica littoralis (Bechyné) (18) Elytron ventral view, detail of binding patch. (19) Detail of binding patch, surface covered with spoonbill shaped spicules and sharktooth-shaped spicules on distal area. (20 Metendosternite. (21) Tarsal claws appendiculate. Abbreviations: shs, sharktooth spicule; sm, spiniform microtrichia; sps, spoonbill spicules." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/223336/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="548">Fig. 21</figureCitation>
|
||
) appendiculate.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF0A6AD0E002FFA7ECBEA260FB71FB66" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/223337/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="549" startId="6.[151,264,1136,1159]" targetBox="[177,1415,210,1112]" targetPageId="6">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BCA3A58E002FFA7ECBEA260FB71FB66" blockId="6.[151,1436,1136,1190]" pageId="6" pageNumber="549">
|
||
<emphasis id="B901E64AE002FFA7ECBEA260FED4FB45" bold="true" box="[151,340,1136,1159]" pageId="6" pageNumber="549">FIGURES 22–27.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7541DBE002FFA7ED73A261FD04FB44" authority="Bechyne" authorityName="Bechyne" box="[346,644,1137,1159]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Phenrica" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="549" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="littoralis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B901E64AE002FFA7ED73A261FD94FB44" box="[346,532,1137,1159]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="549">Phenrica littoralis</emphasis>
|
||
(Bechyné)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(22) Median lobe, dorsal view. (23) Median lobe, lateral view. (24) sternite 8. (25) Spermatheca. (26) Abdomen, male, ventral view. (27) Abdomen, female, ventral view. Scale bars= 1mm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BCA3A58E002FFA7ECEEA2C2FD05FA5D" blockId="6.[151,1437,1234,2015]" pageId="6" pageNumber="549">
|
||
<emphasis id="B901E64AE002FFA7ECEEA2C2FEB1FB29" box="[199,305,1234,1258]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="549">Abdomen</emphasis>
|
||
Male with apical margin of tergite 7 with about ten long curved setae, base with few scattered microtrichia, indistinct under low magnification; apical margin of sternite 7 (
|
||
<figureCitation id="134E26DDE002FFA7E80AA2E6FBF9FACD" box="[1059,1145,1270,1294]" captionStart="FIGURES 22 – 27" captionStartId="6.[151,264,1136,1159]" captionTargetBox="[177,1415,210,1112]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[159,1428,195,1112]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURES 22 – 27. Phenrica littoralis (Bechyné) (22) Median lobe, dorsal view. (23) Median lobe, lateral view. (24) sternite 8. (25) Spermatheca. (26) Abdomen, male, ventral view. (27) Abdomen, female, ventral view. Scale bars = 1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/223337/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="549">Fig. 26</figureCitation>
|
||
) weakly truncate, lateral margin with two curved setae. Female with tergite 7 (
|
||
<figureCitation id="134E26DDE002FFA7EEC3A30AFCBBFAF1" box="[746,827,1306,1330]" captionStart="FIGURES 22 – 27" captionStartId="6.[151,264,1136,1159]" captionTargetBox="[177,1415,210,1112]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[159,1428,195,1112]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURES 22 – 27. Phenrica littoralis (Bechyné) (22) Median lobe, dorsal view. (23) Median lobe, lateral view. (24) sternite 8. (25) Spermatheca. (26) Abdomen, male, ventral view. (27) Abdomen, female, ventral view. Scale bars = 1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/223337/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="549">Fig. 27</figureCitation>
|
||
) triangular, covered with long setae evenly distributed and six long, curved setae on each lateral margin and 2 rows of 4 curved setae, base densely covered with spiniform microtrichia centrally and compound microtrichia laterally; margin of sternite 7 with four curved setae laterally; and sternite 6 with two lateral, curved setae.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BCA3A58E002FFA7ECEEA3BAFDBEF991" blockId="6.[151,1437,1234,2015]" pageId="6" pageNumber="549">
|
||
<emphasis id="B901E64AE002FFA7ECEEA3BAFEF6FA01" box="[199,374,1450,1474]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="549">Male genitalia.</emphasis>
|
||
Median lobe of aedeagus (
|
||
<figureCitation id="134E26DDE002FFA7EE9FA3BAFC98FA01" box="[694,792,1450,1474]" captionStart="FIGURES 22 – 27" captionStartId="6.[151,264,1136,1159]" captionTargetBox="[177,1415,210,1112]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[159,1428,195,1112]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURES 22 – 27. Phenrica littoralis (Bechyné) (22) Median lobe, dorsal view. (23) Median lobe, lateral view. (24) sternite 8. (25) Spermatheca. (26) Abdomen, male, ventral view. (27) Abdomen, female, ventral view. Scale bars = 1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/223337/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="549">Figs. 23</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="134E26DDE002FFA7EF0EA3BAFCEEFA01" box="[807,878,1450,1474]" captionStart="FIGURES 28 – 31" captionStartId="7.[151,264,1331,1354]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,339,1306]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[151,1436,339,1307]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURES 28 – 31. Phenrica littoralis (Bechyné), (28) Median lobe, dorsal view. (29) Median lobe, detail of dorsal median process. (30) Median lobe, lateral view. (31) Median lobe, detail of dorsal median process. Scale bars = 1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/223338/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="549">30–31</figureCitation>
|
||
) strongly curved in lateral view. In dorsal view (
|
||
<figureCitation id="134E26DDE002FFA7ECB6A3DEFF7FFA25" box="[159,255,1486,1510]" captionStart="FIGURES 22 – 27" captionStartId="6.[151,264,1136,1159]" captionTargetBox="[177,1415,210,1112]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[159,1428,195,1112]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURES 22 – 27. Phenrica littoralis (Bechyné) (22) Median lobe, dorsal view. (23) Median lobe, lateral view. (24) sternite 8. (25) Spermatheca. (26) Abdomen, male, ventral view. (27) Abdomen, female, ventral view. Scale bars = 1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/223337/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="549">Figs. 22</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="134E26DDE002FFA7ED25A3DEFED6FA25" box="[268,342,1486,1510]" captionStart="FIGURES 28 – 31" captionStartId="7.[151,264,1331,1354]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,339,1306]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[151,1436,339,1307]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURES 28 – 31. Phenrica littoralis (Bechyné), (28) Median lobe, dorsal view. (29) Median lobe, detail of dorsal median process. (30) Median lobe, lateral view. (31) Median lobe, detail of dorsal median process. Scale bars = 1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/223338/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="549">28–29</figureCitation>
|
||
), scarcely wider at apex, ostium relatively large, almost reaching middle of median lobe length, dorsal median process strongly curved upwards laterally; basal foramen wide, internal sac with small rounded sclerotized plate at base and larger sclerotized area in middle of median lobe; tegmen Y-shaped, stem slightly curved, lateral arms longer than stem.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BCA3A58E002FFA7ECEEA04EFC49F921" blockId="6.[151,1437,1234,2015]" pageId="6" pageNumber="549">
|
||
<emphasis id="B901E64AE002FFA7ECEEA04EFE14F9B5" box="[199,404,1630,1654]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="549">Female genitalia.</emphasis>
|
||
Sternite 8 (
|
||
<figureCitation id="134E26DDE002FFA7EE02A04EFD04F9B5" box="[555,644,1630,1654]" captionStart="FIGURES 22 – 27" captionStartId="6.[151,264,1136,1159]" captionTargetBox="[177,1415,210,1112]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[159,1428,195,1112]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURES 22 – 27. Phenrica littoralis (Bechyné) (22) Median lobe, dorsal view. (23) Median lobe, lateral view. (24) sternite 8. (25) Spermatheca. (26) Abdomen, male, ventral view. (27) Abdomen, female, ventral view. Scale bars = 1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/223337/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="549">Fig. 24</figureCitation>
|
||
) with a narrow, basal, rectangular-shaped area, distal area broad, triangular, gonocoxae asetose. Bursa copulatrix membranous, without sclerotized areas. Receptacle (
|
||
<figureCitation id="134E26DDE002FFA7E926A092FAE3F959" box="[1295,1379,1666,1690]" captionStart="FIGURES 22 – 27" captionStartId="6.[151,264,1136,1159]" captionTargetBox="[177,1415,210,1112]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[159,1428,195,1112]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURES 22 – 27. Phenrica littoralis (Bechyné) (22) Median lobe, dorsal view. (23) Median lobe, lateral view. (24) sternite 8. (25) Spermatheca. (26) Abdomen, male, ventral view. (27) Abdomen, female, ventral view. Scale bars = 1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/223337/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="549">Fig. 25</figureCitation>
|
||
) and pump of spermatheca well sclerotized, receptacle rounded, pump smaller than receptacle, oval, pronounced neck between both parts, proximal spermathecal duct curved, well sclerotized.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BCA3A58E002FFA7ECEEA0FEFB5DF8B1" blockId="6.[151,1437,1234,2015]" pageId="6" pageNumber="549">
|
||
<emphasis id="B901E64AE002FFA7ECEEA0FEFECDF8C4" bold="true" box="[199,333,1774,1799]" pageId="6" pageNumber="549">Variability.</emphasis>
|
||
Specimens from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3627AC8E002FFA7EE3DA0FEFD03F8C5" box="[532,643,1774,1798]" name="Argentina" pageId="6" pageNumber="549">Argentina</collectingCountry>
|
||
and northern areas of
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3627AC8E002FFA7EFACA0FEFC4AF8C5" box="[901,970,1774,1798]" name="Brazil" pageId="6" pageNumber="549">Brazil</collectingCountry>
|
||
(Santa Catarina and Mato Grosso states) are similar in color pattern to the
|
||
<typeStatus id="54CE84FAE002FFA7EE02A102FD10F8E9" box="[555,656,1810,1834]" pageId="6" pageNumber="549" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
, however, some of these individuals differ by the following traits: presence of a small piceous basal vitta on the thorax, color of abdomen from light brown to yellowish, basal half of metafemora yellowish, tarsi yellowish brown to entirely brown, and elytral spots deeply punctate.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C36F69D3E002FFA6ECEEA16EFEEEFEDF" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="550" pageId="6" pageNumber="549" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BCA3A58E002FFA6ECEEA16EFEEEFEDF" blockId="6.[151,1437,1234,2015]" lastBlockId="7.[151,1436,151,284]" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="550" pageId="6" pageNumber="549">
|
||
<emphasis id="B901E64AE002FFA7ECEEA16EFE28F854" bold="true" box="[199,424,1918,1943]" pageId="6" pageNumber="549">Geographic range.</emphasis>
|
||
This species was originally described from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3627AC8E002FFA7EF83A16EFC6FF855" box="[938,1007,1918,1942]" name="Brazil" pageId="6" pageNumber="549">Brazil</collectingCountry>
|
||
(Santa Catarina state),
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3627AC8E002FFA7E928A16FFAE9F854" box="[1281,1385,1919,1943]" name="Paraguay" pageId="6" pageNumber="549">Paraguay</collectingCountry>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3627AC8E002FFA7ECBEA1B2FE86F879" box="[151,262,1954,1978]" name="Argentina" pageId="6" pageNumber="549">Argentina</collectingCountry>
|
||
(Misiones province) (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE447A9E002FFA7EE2CA1B2FD2EF879" author="Bechyne, J." box="[517,686,1954,1978]" firstAuthor="Bechyne" journalOrPublisher="Entomologische Arbeiten Museum G. Frey" pageId="6" pageNumber="549" pagination="74 - 266" part="6" refId="ref6179" refString="Bechyne, J. (1955) Reise des Herrn G. Frey in Sudamerika: Alticidae (Col. Phytophaga). Entomologische Arbeiten Museum G. Frey, 6, 74 - 266." title="Reise des Herrn G. Frey in Sudamerika: Alticidae (Col. Phytophaga)" type="journal article" year="1955">Bechyné 1955</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Later Bechyné recorded this species from other Brazilian states (Bahia, Mato Grosso, Santa Catarina and Rio Grande do Sul (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE447A9E002FFA7EF56A1D6FBAAF81D" author="Bechyne, J." box="[895,1066,1990,2014]" firstAuthor="Bechyne" journalOrPublisher="Entomologische Arbeiten Museum G. Frey" pageId="6" pageNumber="549" pagination="965 - 1071" part="7" refId="ref6215" refString="Bechyne, J. (1956) Beitrage zur Kenntnis der neotropischen Alticiden und Galeruciden. Entomologische Arbeiten Museum G. Frey, 7, 965 - 1071." title="Beitrage zur Kenntnis der neotropischen Alticiden und Galeruciden" type="journal article" year="1956">Bechyné 1956</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE447A9E002FFA7E813A1D6FBF6F81D" author="Bechyne, J." box="[1082,1142,1990,2014]" firstAuthor="Bechyne" journalOrPublisher="Iheringia" pageId="6" pageNumber="549" pagination="1 - 52" part="3" refId="ref6244" refString="Bechyne, J. (1957) Provisorische Liste der Alticiden von Rio Grande do Sul (Col. Phytoph. Chrysomeloidea). Iheringia, 3, 1 - 52." title="Provisorische Liste der Alticiden von Rio Grande do Sul (Col. Phytoph. Chrysomeloidea)" type="journal article" year="1957">1957</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The range of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7541DBE002FFA6E91CA1D6FF78FF73" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Phenrica" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="550" order="Coleoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="549" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="littoralis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B901E64AE002FFA6E91CA1D6FF78FF73" italics="true" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="550" pageId="6" pageNumber="549">Phenrica littoralis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
includes the Chaco province (Chaco Domain) and Paranense and Cerrado provinces (Amazonian Domain) following the biogeographic scheme proposed by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE447A9E003FFA6EF1FA6ACFBEDFF17" author="Cabrera, A. L. & Willink, A." box="[822,1133,188,212]" firstAuthor="Cabrera" journalOrPublisher="OEA, Washington, DC" pageId="7" pageNumber="550" pagination="107 pp" refId="ref6544" refString="Cabrera, A. L. & Willink, A. (1980) Biogeografia de America Latina. Monografia 13, Serie Biologia, OEA, Washington, DC. 107 pp." title="Biogeografia de America Latina. Monografia 13, Serie Biologia" type="book" year="1980">Cabrera and Willink (1980)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
also denominated Cerrado and Caatinga provinces (Chaqueña subregion) and Bosque Paranaense province (Paranaense subregion) according to
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE447A9E003FFA6EC9AA715FEEAFEDF" author="Morrone, J. J." bookContentInfo="148 pp." box="[179,362,260,284]" firstAuthor="Morrone" journalOrPublisher="Zaragoza" pageId="7" pageNumber="550" refId="ref7495" refString="Morrone, J. J. (2001) Biogeografia de America Latina y el Caribe. M 6 T-Manuales & Tesis SEA, vol. 3, Zaragoza, 148 pp." title="Biogeografia de America Latina y el Caribe" type="book" year="2001">Morrone (2001)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<caption id="DF0A6AD0E003FFA6ECBEA323FB68FAAB" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/223338/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="550" startId="7.[151,264,1331,1354]" targetBox="[151,1436,339,1306]" targetPageId="7">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BCA3A58E003FFA6ECBEA323FB68FAAB" blockId="7.[151,1436,1331,1385]" pageId="7" pageNumber="550">
|
||
<emphasis id="B901E64AE003FFA6ECBEA323FED6FA8B" bold="true" box="[151,342,1331,1354]" pageId="7" pageNumber="550">FIGURES 28–31.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7541DBE003FFA6ED76A323FD10FA8A" authority="Bechyne" authorityName="Bechyne" box="[351,656,1331,1353]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Phenrica" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="550" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="littoralis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B901E64AE003FFA6ED76A323FD9CFA8A" box="[351,540,1331,1353]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="550">Phenrica littoralis</emphasis>
|
||
(Bechyné)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, (28) Median lobe, dorsal view. (29) Median lobe, detail of dorsal median process. (30) Median lobe, lateral view. (31) Median lobe, detail of dorsal median process. Scale bars= 1mm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C36F69D3E003FFA6ECEEA385FD62F90D" pageId="7" pageNumber="550" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BCA3A58E003FFA6ECEEA385FD62F90D" blockId="7.[151,1436,1429,2029]" pageId="7" pageNumber="550">
|
||
<emphasis id="B901E64AE003FFA6ECEEA385FEBBFA6E" bold="true" box="[199,315,1429,1453]" pageId="7" pageNumber="550">Remarks.</emphasis>
|
||
The original description of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7541DBE003FFA6EE54A386FD7BFA6E" box="[637,763,1429,1453]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Phenrica" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="550" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="littoralis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B901E64AE003FFA6EE54A386FD7BFA6E" box="[637,763,1429,1453]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="550">P. littoralis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7541DBE003FFA6EFBEA385FC7FFA6E" box="[919,1023,1429,1453]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Nephrica" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="550" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B901E64AE003FFA6EFBEA385FC7FFA6E" box="[919,1023,1429,1453]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="550">Nephrica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
included a dichotomous key for six
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7541DBE003FFA6ECBEA3A9FF7FFA12" box="[151,255,1465,1489]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Nephrica" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="550" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B901E64AE003FFA6ECBEA3A9FF7FFA12" box="[151,255,1465,1489]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="550">Nephrica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7541DBE003FFA6ED40A3AAFDF1FA12" authority="Schaufuss" authorityName="Schaufuss" box="[361,625,1465,1489]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Disonycha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="550" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="austriaca">
|
||
<emphasis id="B901E64AE003FFA6ED40A3AAFE75FA12" box="[361,501,1466,1489]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="550">N. austriaca</emphasis>
|
||
Schaufuss
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7541DBE003FFA6EE57A3AAFCD4FA12" authority="Bechyne" authorityName="Bechyne" box="[638,852,1465,1489]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Nephrica" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="550" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cisseis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B901E64AE003FFA6EE57A3AAFD69FA12" box="[638,745,1466,1489]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="550">N. cisseis</emphasis>
|
||
Bechyné
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7541DBE003FFA6EFA4A3AAFBDFFA12" authority="Weise" authorityName="Weise" box="[909,1119,1465,1489]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Nephrica" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="550" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="huebneri">
|
||
<emphasis id="B901E64AE003FFA6EFA4A3AAFB93FA12" box="[909,1043,1465,1489]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="550">N. huebneri</emphasis>
|
||
Weise
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(unknown to Bechyné) and the new species:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7541DBE003FFA6ED7EA3CEFDD3FA36" box="[343,595,1501,1525]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Nephrica" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="550" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aequinoctialiformis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B901E64AE003FFA6ED7EA3CEFDD3FA36" box="[343,595,1501,1525]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="550">N. aequinoctialiformis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7541DBE003FFA6EE4AA3CEFD79FA36" box="[611,761,1501,1525]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Nephrica" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="550" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="weyrauchi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B901E64AE003FFA6EE4AA3CEFD79FA36" box="[611,761,1501,1525]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="550">N. weyrauchi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
y
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7541DBE003FFA6EF3EA3CEFC3BFA36" box="[791,955,1502,1525]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Nephrica" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="550" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mapiriensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B901E64AE003FFA6EF3EA3CEFC3BFA36" box="[791,955,1502,1525]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="550">N. mapiriensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. All these species are characterized by the presence of two transverse elytral vittae (each one sometimes divided in two sections) and two rounded spots situated near scutellum. According to the key proposed by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE447A9E003FFA6EF0EA035FC5AF9FE" author="Bechyne, J." box="[807,986,1573,1597]" firstAuthor="Bechyne" journalOrPublisher="Entomologische Arbeiten Museum G. Frey" pageId="7" pageNumber="550" pagination="74 - 266" part="6" refId="ref6179" refString="Bechyne, J. (1955) Reise des Herrn G. Frey in Sudamerika: Alticidae (Col. Phytophaga). Entomologische Arbeiten Museum G. Frey, 6, 74 - 266." title="Reise des Herrn G. Frey in Sudamerika: Alticidae (Col. Phytophaga)" type="journal article" year="1955">Bechyné (1955)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and specimens examined from different museums, we conclude that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7541DBE003FFA6EDFEA05AFDD5F9A2" box="[471,597,1609,1633]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Phenrica" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="550" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="littoralis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B901E64AE003FFA6EDFEA05AFDD5F9A2" box="[471,597,1609,1633]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="550">P. littoralis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is closely related to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7541DBE003FFA6EF69A05AFC5FF9A2" box="[832,991,1610,1633]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Nephrica" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="550" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mapiriensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B901E64AE003FFA6EF69A05AFC5FF9A2" box="[832,991,1610,1633]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="550">P. mapiriensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<typeStatus id="54CE84FAE003FFA6EFC6A059FBA1F9A2" box="[1007,1057,1609,1633]" pageId="7" pageNumber="550">type</typeStatus>
|
||
specimen examined by Cabrera). This species, described from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3627AC8E003FFA6EDF7A07DFDB3F946" box="[478,563,1645,1669]" name="Bolivia" pageId="7" pageNumber="550">Bolivia</collectingCountry>
|
||
, differs from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7541DBE003FFA6EEE5A07EFCC8F946" box="[716,840,1645,1669]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Phenrica" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="550" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="littoralis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B901E64AE003FFA6EEE5A07EFCC8F946" box="[716,840,1645,1669]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="550">P. littoralis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in its longer body, general color dark brown with the ventral surface entirely black, head with only few punctures, prothorax smooth without anterobasal depression, and few isolated punctures next to upper margin of eyes.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C36F69D3E003FFA9ECEEA0C8FE44FDFF" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="551" pageId="7" pageNumber="550" type="materials_examined">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BCA3A58E003FFA6ECEEA0C8FE5EF842" blockId="7.[151,1436,1429,2029]" pageId="7" pageNumber="550">
|
||
<emphasis id="B901E64AE003FFA6ECEEA0C8FDE6F932" bold="true" box="[199,614,1752,1777]" pageId="7" pageNumber="550">
|
||
Material examined.
|
||
<typeStatus id="54CE84FAE003FFA6ED91A0C9FE73F932" box="[440,499,1753,1777]" pageId="7" pageNumber="550">Type</typeStatus>
|
||
material.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE447A9E003FFA6EE47A0C9FCA2F932" author="Bechyne, J." box="[622,802,1753,1777]" firstAuthor="Bechyne" journalOrPublisher="Entomologische Arbeiten Museum G. Frey" pageId="7" pageNumber="550" pagination="74 - 266" part="6" refId="ref6179" refString="Bechyne, J. (1955) Reise des Herrn G. Frey in Sudamerika: Alticidae (Col. Phytophaga). Entomologische Arbeiten Museum G. Frey, 6, 74 - 266." title="Reise des Herrn G. Frey in Sudamerika: Alticidae (Col. Phytophaga)" type="journal article" year="1955">Bechyné (1955)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
described
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7541DBE003FFA6EFB5A0CAFB9AF932" box="[924,1050,1753,1777]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Phenrica" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="550" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="littoralis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B901E64AE003FFA6EFB5A0CAFB9AF932" box="[924,1050,1753,1777]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="550">P. littoralis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from a female collected in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3627AC8E003FFA6E979A0C9FA18F932" box="[1360,1432,1753,1777]" name="Brazil" pageId="7" pageNumber="550">Brazil</collectingCountry>
|
||
. Bechyné normally used the word “
|
||
<typeStatus id="54CE84FAE003FFA6EE0CA0EDFDE1F8D6" box="[549,609,1789,1813]" pageId="7" pageNumber="550">Type</typeStatus>
|
||
” or “
|
||
<typeStatus id="54CE84FAE003FFA6EEB6A0EDFC8CF8D6" box="[671,780,1789,1813]" pageId="7" pageNumber="550" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
” on his identification label to indicate the
|
||
<typeStatus id="54CE84FAE003FFA6E8D1A0EDFADEF8D6" box="[1272,1374,1789,1813]" pageId="7" pageNumber="550" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
.
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B1D3005E003FFA6E943A0EDFE5EF842" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3467117304" collectionCode="NHMB" country="Brazil" determinerName="J. Bechyne" location="Nova Teutonia" municipality="Nova Teutonia" pageId="7" pageNumber="550" specimenCount="1" specimenCount-female="1" typeStatus="holotype">
|
||
This
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D73F1D1E003FFA6ECBEA131FF63F8FA" box="[151,227,1825,1849]" pageId="7" pageNumber="550" type="female">female</specimenCount>
|
||
is labeled as
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3627AC8E003FFA6ED52A131FE63F8FA" box="[379,483,1825,1849]" name="Brazil" pageId="7" pageNumber="550">Brasilien</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingMunicipality id="6BAEA022E003FFA6EDC7A132FD16F8FA" box="[494,662,1825,1849]" pageId="7" pageNumber="550">Nova Teutonia</collectingMunicipality>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE415C9FE003FFA6EE8BA131FCDAF8FA" box="[674,858,1825,1849]" pageId="7" pageNumber="550">27º 11º8 52º 23º</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, Fritz Plaumann typeface/
|
||
<typeStatus id="54CE84FAE003FFA6E8AFA132FB41F8F9" box="[1158,1217,1826,1850]" pageId="7" pageNumber="550">Type</typeStatus>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7541DBE003FFA6E8E5A131FA1BF8FA" box="[1228,1435,1825,1849]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Nephrica" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="550" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="littoralis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B901E64AE003FFA6E8E5A131FA1BF8FA" box="[1228,1435,1825,1849]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="550">Nephrica littoralis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
m., handwriting,
|
||
<determinerName id="7E16D69CE003FFA6ED77A156FE5DF89E" box="[350,477,1861,1885]" pageId="7" pageNumber="550">J. Bechyné</determinerName>
|
||
det.,
|
||
<originalDetermination id="A86B82A4E003FFA6EE0BA155FDDAF89E" box="[546,602,1861,1885]" pageId="7" pageNumber="550">1954</originalDetermination>
|
||
typeface. This specimen is deposited at the Naturhistorisches Museum, Basel, Switzerland (
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED64A29DE003FFA6ED51A179FE52F842" box="[376,466,1897,1921]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/1d5a-4efs" name="Naturhistorisches Museum, Basel" pageId="7" pageNumber="550">NHMB</collectionCode>
|
||
).
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BCA3A58E003FFA6ECEEA19CFA1CF80A" blockId="7.[151,1436,1429,2029]" pageId="7" pageNumber="550">
|
||
<emphasis id="B901E64AE003FFA6ECEEA19CFDBAF866" bold="true" box="[199,570,1932,1957]" pageId="7" pageNumber="550">Additional material examined.</emphasis>
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B1D3005E003FFA6EE64A19DFD89F80A" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3467117315" pageId="7" pageNumber="550">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3627AC8E003FFA6EE64A19DFD75F866" box="[589,757,1933,1957]" name="Argentina" pageId="7" pageNumber="550">ARGENTINA</collectingCountry>
|
||
:
|
||
<emphasis id="B901E64AE003FFA6EF2AA19CFCEDF866" bold="true" box="[771,877,1932,1957]" pageId="7" pageNumber="550">Misiones</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D73F1D1E003FFA6EF57A19DFC65F866" box="[894,997,1933,1957]" pageId="7" pageNumber="550" type="male">12 males</specimenCount>
|
||
and
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D73F1D1E003FFA6E80BA19DFB14F866" box="[1058,1172,1933,1957]" pageId="7" pageNumber="550" type="female">9 females</specimenCount>
|
||
, San Ignacio,
|
||
<date id="FFCB1C98E003FFA6E912A19DFA17F866" box="[1339,1431,1933,1957]" pageId="7" pageNumber="550" value="2003-11-06">6-XI-03</date>
|
||
, Sosa and Dorado col. (FUEDEI)
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B1D3005E003FFA6EE3CA1A1FA18F80A" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3467117320" box="[533,1432,1969,1993]" pageId="7" pageNumber="550">
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D73F1D1E003FFA6EE3CA1A1FDECF80A" box="[533,620,1969,1993]" pageId="7" pageNumber="550" type="male">8 males</specimenCount>
|
||
and
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D73F1D1E003FFA6EE8DA1A1FC93F80A" box="[676,787,1969,1993]" pageId="7" pageNumber="550" type="female">4 females</specimenCount>
|
||
, Playa del Sol,
|
||
<date id="FFCB1C98E003FFA6EFEAA1A1FB99F80A" box="[963,1049,1969,1993]" pageId="7" pageNumber="550" value="2004-01-23">23-I-04</date>
|
||
, Sosa and Dorado col. (FUEDEI)
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BCA3A58E003FFA9ECBEA1C5FE44FDFF" blockId="7.[151,1436,1429,2029]" lastBlockId="8.[151,1436,151,679]" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="551" pageId="7" pageNumber="550">
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B1D3005E003FFA6ECBEA1C5FB80F82E" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3467117323" box="[151,1024,2005,2029]" pageId="7" pageNumber="550">
|
||
Iguazú, Estación Garganta,
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D73F1D1E003FFA6EDE4A1C5FD98F82E" box="[461,536,2005,2029]" pageId="7" pageNumber="550" type="male">1 male</specimenCount>
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D73F1D1E003FFA6EE36A1C5FD03F82E" box="[543,643,2005,2029]" pageId="7" pageNumber="550" type="female">1 female</specimenCount>
|
||
, Sosa and Dorado col. (FUEDEI)
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B1D3005E003FFA9E823A1C5FC40FF6C" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3467117311" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="551" pageId="7" pageNumber="550">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3627AC8E003FFA6E823A1C5FBF4F82E" box="[1034,1140,2005,2029]" name="Brazil" pageId="7" pageNumber="550">BRAZIL</collectingCountry>
|
||
: Rio Grande do Sul: Serro Azul (actually Cerro Largo),
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D73F1D1E00CFFA9EDCFA687FDB6FF6C" box="[486,566,151,175]" pageId="8" pageNumber="551" type="male">1 male</specimenCount>
|
||
,
|
||
<date id="FFCB1C98E00CFFA9EE6AA687FD38FF6C" box="[579,696,151,175]" pageId="8" pageNumber="551" value="1939-08">VIII-1939</date>
|
||
, P. Buck col. (
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED64A29DE00CFFA9EF76A687FC34FF6C" box="[863,948,151,175]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/mrbr-7r6t" name="Museu Anchieta Porto Alegra" pageId="8" pageNumber="551">MAPA</collectionCode>
|
||
),
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B1D3005E00CFFA9EFE0A687FA05FF6C" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3467117309" box="[969,1413,151,175]" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="551" pageId="8" pageNumber="550">
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D73F1D1E00CFFA9EFE0A687FB99FF6C" box="[969,1049,151,175]" pageId="8" pageNumber="551" type="male">1 male</specimenCount>
|
||
,
|
||
<date id="FFCB1C98E00CFFA9E80FA687FBFCFF6C" box="[1062,1148,151,175]" pageId="8" pageNumber="551" value="1943-02">II-1943</date>
|
||
, P. Buck col. (
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED64A29DE00CFFA9E90DA687FAF9FF6C" box="[1316,1401,151,175]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/mrbr-7r6t" name="Museu Anchieta Porto Alegra" pageId="8" pageNumber="551">MAPA</collectionCode>
|
||
),
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B1D3005E00CFFA9E9A7A687FDC4FF17" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3467117318" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="551" pageId="8" pageNumber="550">
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D73F1D1E00CFFA9E9A7A687FF5BFF17" pageId="8" pageNumber="551" type="male">2 males</specimenCount>
|
||
,
|
||
<date id="FFCB1C98E00CFFA9ECCEA6ACFEBFFF17" box="[231,319,188,212]" pageId="8" pageNumber="551" value="1945-10">X-1945</date>
|
||
, P. Buck col. (
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED64A29DE00CFFA9EDCDA6ACFDB9FF17" box="[484,569,188,212]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/mrbr-7r6t" name="Museu Anchieta Porto Alegra" pageId="8" pageNumber="551">MAPA</collectionCode>
|
||
),
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B1D3005E00CFFA9EE65A6ACFBAFFF17" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3467117314" box="[588,1071,188,212]" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="551" pageId="8" pageNumber="550">
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D73F1D1E00CFFA9EE65A6ACFD3DFF17" box="[588,701,188,212]" pageId="8" pageNumber="551" type="female">2 females</specimenCount>
|
||
,
|
||
<date id="FFCB1C98E00CFFA9EEE0A6ACFCABFF17" box="[713,811,188,212]" pageId="8" pageNumber="551" value="1949-11">XI-1949</date>
|
||
, P. Buck col. (
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED64A29DE00CFFA9EFE6A6ACFBA4FF17" box="[975,1060,188,212]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/mrbr-7r6t" name="Museu Anchieta Porto Alegra" pageId="8" pageNumber="551">MAPA</collectionCode>
|
||
),
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B1D3005E00CFFA9E811A6ACFD86FF34" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3467117317" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="551" pageId="8" pageNumber="550">
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D73F1D1E00CFFA9E811A6ACFB07FF17" box="[1080,1159,188,212]" pageId="8" pageNumber="551" type="male">1 male</specimenCount>
|
||
, Marcelino Ramos,
|
||
<date id="FFCB1C98E00CFFA9E945A6ADFF52FF34" pageId="8" pageNumber="551" value="1938-12">XII-1938</date>
|
||
, F. Plaumann col. (
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED64A29DE00CFFA9ED85A6CFFE7AFF34" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:33834" box="[428,506,223,247]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:33834" name="Museo del Instituto de Zoologia Agricola Francisco Fernandez Yepez" pageId="8" pageNumber="551">MIZA</collectionCode>
|
||
).
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B1D3005E00CFFA9EE24A6CFFABCFF34" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3467117305" box="[525,1340,223,248]" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="551" pageId="8" pageNumber="550">
|
||
<emphasis id="B901E64AE00CFFA9EE24A6CFFD46FF3B" bold="true" box="[525,710,223,248]" pageId="8" pageNumber="551">Santa Catarina</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D73F1D1E00CFFA9EEFFA6CFFCA5FF34" box="[726,805,223,247]" pageId="8" pageNumber="551" type="male">1 male</specimenCount>
|
||
, Nova Teutonia,
|
||
<date id="FFCB1C98E00CFFA9EFCEA6CFFBBEFF34" box="[999,1086,223,247]" pageId="8" pageNumber="551" value="1935-02">II-1935</date>
|
||
, B. Pohl col. (
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED64A29DE00CFFA9E8C8A6CFFAB0FF34" box="[1249,1328,223,247]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/9yp6-zxp9" name="Sao Paulo, Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de Sao Paulo" pageId="8" pageNumber="551">MZSP</collectionCode>
|
||
),
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B1D3005E00CFFA9E96DA6CFFA02FEDF" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3467117310" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="551" pageId="8" pageNumber="550">
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D73F1D1E00CFFA9E96DA6CFFA1CFF34" box="[1348,1436,223,247]" pageId="8" pageNumber="551" type="male">2 males</specimenCount>
|
||
and
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D73F1D1E00CFFA9ECE2A714FEB3FEDF" box="[203,307,260,284]" pageId="8" pageNumber="551" type="female">1 female</specimenCount>
|
||
,
|
||
<date id="FFCB1C98E00CFFA9ED6AA714FE18FEDF" box="[323,408,260,284]" pageId="8" pageNumber="551" value="1935-05">V-1935</date>
|
||
, B. Pohl col. handwritten
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7541DBE00CFFA9EEF8A714FB94FEDF" authority="Bechyne" authorityName="Bechyne" box="[721,1044,260,284]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Phenrica" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="551" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="littoralis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B901E64AE00CFFA9EEF8A714FC23FEDF" box="[721,931,260,284]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="551">Phenrica littoralis</emphasis>
|
||
Bechyné
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, det. G. Scherer 1954 (
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED64A29DE00CFFA9E901A714FAF7FEDF" box="[1320,1399,260,284]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/9yp6-zxp9" name="Sao Paulo, Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de Sao Paulo" pageId="8" pageNumber="551">MZSP</collectionCode>
|
||
),
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B1D3005E00CFFA9E9A7A714FA89FEFC" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3467117306" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="551" pageId="8" pageNumber="550">
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D73F1D1E00CFFA9E9A7A714FF66FEFC" pageId="8" pageNumber="551" type="female">1 female</specimenCount>
|
||
, 12-1939, B. Pohl col., 2˚ handwritten
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7541DBE00CFFA9EE89A738FC5BFEFC" authority="Bechyne" authorityName="Bechyne" box="[672,987,295,320]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Phenrica" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="551" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="littoralis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B901E64AE00CFFA9EE89A738FCEFFE83" box="[672,879,296,320]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="551">Phenrica littoralis</emphasis>
|
||
Bechyné
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, et. B. Pohl 1959 (
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED64A29DE00CFFA9E887A737FB7DFEFC" box="[1198,1277,295,319]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/9yp6-zxp9" name="Sao Paulo, Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de Sao Paulo" pageId="8" pageNumber="551">MZSP</collectionCode>
|
||
),
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B1D3005E00CFFA9E938A737FE56FEA7" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3467117316" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="551" pageId="8" pageNumber="550">
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D73F1D1E00CFFA9E938A737FAEBFEFC" box="[1297,1387,295,319]" pageId="8" pageNumber="551" type="male">3 males</specimenCount>
|
||
, 11- 1944, B. Pohl col. (
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED64A29DE00CFFA9ED52A75CFE4AFEA7" box="[379,458,332,356]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/9yp6-zxp9" name="Sao Paulo, Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de Sao Paulo" pageId="8" pageNumber="551">MZSP</collectionCode>
|
||
),
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B1D3005E00CFFA9EDC9A75CFC65FEA7" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3467117319" box="[480,997,332,356]" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="551" pageId="8" pageNumber="550">
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D73F1D1E00CFFA9EDC9A75CFDB1FEA7" box="[480,561,332,356]" pageId="8" pageNumber="551" type="male">1 male</specimenCount>
|
||
,
|
||
<date id="FFCB1C98E00CFFA9EE69A75CFD2AFEA7" box="[576,682,332,356]" pageId="8" pageNumber="551" value="1938-12">XII-1938</date>
|
||
, F. Plaumann col. (
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED64A29DE00CFFA9EFA5A75CFC59FEA7" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:33834" box="[908,985,332,356]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:33834" name="Museo del Instituto de Zoologia Agricola Francisco Fernandez Yepez" pageId="8" pageNumber="551">MIZA</collectionCode>
|
||
),
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B1D3005E00CFFA9EFC6A75CFCACFE44" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3467117322" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="551" pageId="8" pageNumber="550">
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D73F1D1E00CFFA9EFC6A75CFBD6FEA7" box="[1007,1110,332,356]" pageId="8" pageNumber="551" type="female">1 female</specimenCount>
|
||
, Dirings col, 2˚ handwritten
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7541DBE00CFFA9ECBEA760FE58FE44" authority="Bechyne" authorityName="Bechyne" box="[151,472,367,392]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Phenrica" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="551" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="littoralis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B901E64AE00CFFA9ECBEA760FEE9FE4B" box="[151,361,368,392]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="551">Phenrica littoralis</emphasis>
|
||
Bechyné
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, det.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE447A9E00CFFA9EE33A77FFD3FFE44" author="Bechyne, J. & Springlova de Bechyne, B" box="[538,703,367,391]" firstAuthor="Bechyne" journalOrPublisher="Entomologische Tidskrift" pageId="8" pageNumber="551" pagination="142 - 170" part="87" refId="ref6344" refString="Bechyne, J. & Springlova de Bechyne, B (1966) Evidenz der bisher bekannten Phenrica - Arten (Col. Phytophaga, Alticinae) Entomologische Tidskrift, 87, 142 - 170." title="Evidenz der bisher bekannten Phenrica - Arten (Col. Phytophaga, Alticinae)" type="journal article" year="1966">Bechyné 1966</bibRefCitation>
|
||
(
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED64A29DE00CFFA9EEFBA77FFCA0FE44" box="[722,800,367,391]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/9yp6-zxp9" name="Sao Paulo, Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de Sao Paulo" pageId="8" pageNumber="551">MZSP</collectionCode>
|
||
),
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B1D3005E00CFFA9EF1EA77FFBC4FE6F" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3467117321" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="551" pageId="8" pageNumber="550">
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D73F1D1E00CFFA9EF1EA77FFC07FE44" box="[823,903,367,391]" pageId="8" pageNumber="551" type="male">3males</specimenCount>
|
||
and
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D73F1D1E00CFFA9EFECA77FFBB7FE44" box="[965,1079,367,391]" pageId="8" pageNumber="551" type="female">4 females</specimenCount>
|
||
, 1975, 27˚ 11’B 52˚ 23’,
|
||
<quantity id="4C8D97BDE00CFFA9E940A77FFF59FE6F" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" metricValueMax="5.0" metricValueMin="3.0" pageId="8" pageNumber="551" unit="m" value="400.0" valueMax="500.0" valueMin="300.0">300- 500m</quantity>
|
||
, Fritz Plaumann, 2˚ handwritten
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7541DBE00CFFA9EE61A784FC96FE6F" box="[584,790,404,428]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Phenrica" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="551" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="littoralis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B901E64AE00CFFA9EE61A784FC96FE6F" box="[584,790,404,428]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="551">Phenrica littoralis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
det Scherer 1981 (
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED64A29DE00CFFA9EFC1A784FBB8FE6F" box="[1000,1080,404,428]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/5xp9-edpx" name="Universidade Federal do Parana, Colecao de Entomologia Pe. Jesus Santiago Moure" pageId="8" pageNumber="551">DZUP</collectionCode>
|
||
).
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B1D3005E00CFFA9E863A784FA1BFE0C" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3467117301" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="551" pageId="8" pageNumber="550">
|
||
<emphasis id="B901E64AE00CFFA9E863A784FB6DFE6F" bold="true" box="[1098,1261,403,428]" pageId="8" pageNumber="551">Mato Grosso:</emphasis>
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D73F1D1E00CFFA9E8DDA784FAC1FE6F" box="[1268,1345,404,428]" pageId="8" pageNumber="551" type="male">1 male</specimenCount>
|
||
, Riacho Herval, Rio Paraná, 1-1952, B. Pohl col., handwritten
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7541DBE00CFFA9EF30A7A8FBDCFE0C" authority="Bechyne" authorityName="Bechyne" box="[793,1116,439,464]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Phenrica" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="551" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="littoralis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B901E64AE00CFFA9EF30A7A8FC6CFE13" box="[793,1004,440,464]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="551">Phenrica littoralis</emphasis>
|
||
Bechyné
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, et. B. Pohl 1959 (
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED64A29DE00CFFA9E969A7A7FA0FFE0C" box="[1344,1423,439,463]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/9yp6-zxp9" name="Sao Paulo, Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de Sao Paulo" pageId="8" pageNumber="551">MZSP</collectionCode>
|
||
);
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B1D3005E00CFFA9ECBEA7CCFD6CFE37" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3467117312" box="[151,748,476,500]" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="551" pageId="8" pageNumber="550">
|
||
Itapiranga,
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D73F1D1E00CFFA9ED3EA7CCFEFCFE37" box="[279,380,476,500]" pageId="8" pageNumber="551" type="female">1 female</specimenCount>
|
||
,
|
||
<date id="FFCB1C98E00CFFA9EDA1A7CCFE69FE37" box="[392,489,476,500]" pageId="8" pageNumber="551" value="1953-09">IX-1953</date>
|
||
, P. Buck col.(
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED64A29DE00CFFA9EEA1A7CCFD60FE37" box="[648,736,476,500]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/mrbr-7r6t" name="Museu Anchieta Porto Alegra" pageId="8" pageNumber="551">MAPA</collectionCode>
|
||
),
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B1D3005E00CFFA9EEDDA7CCFB48FE37" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3467117302" box="[756,1224,476,500]" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="551" pageId="8" pageNumber="550">
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D73F1D1E00CFFA9EEDDA7CCFCE4FE37" box="[756,868,476,500]" pageId="8" pageNumber="551" type="female">2 females</specimenCount>
|
||
,
|
||
<date id="FFCB1C98E00CFFA9EF59A7CCFC45FE37" box="[880,965,476,500]" pageId="8" pageNumber="551" value="1954-05">V-1954</date>
|
||
, P. Buck col. (
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED64A29DE00CFFA9E841A7CCFB3DFE37" box="[1128,1213,476,500]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/mrbr-7r6t" name="Museu Anchieta Porto Alegra" pageId="8" pageNumber="551">MAPA</collectionCode>
|
||
),
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B1D3005E00CFFA9E8F9A7CCFE0CFDD4" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3467117313" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="551" pageId="8" pageNumber="550">
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D73F1D1E00CFFA9E8F9A7CCFAAAFE37" box="[1232,1322,476,500]" pageId="8" pageNumber="551" type="male">2 males</specimenCount>
|
||
,
|
||
<date id="FFCB1C98E00CFFA9E91FA7CCFA17FE37" box="[1334,1431,476,500]" pageId="8" pageNumber="551" value="1954-09">IX-1954</date>
|
||
, P. Buck col. (
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED64A29DE00CFFA9ED05A7EFFE01FDD4" box="[300,385,511,535]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/mrbr-7r6t" name="Museu Anchieta Porto Alegra" pageId="8" pageNumber="551">MAPA</collectionCode>
|
||
),
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B1D3005E00CFFA9EDBDA7EFFCC7FDD4" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3467117307" box="[404,839,511,535]" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="551" pageId="8" pageNumber="550">
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D73F1D1E00CFFA9EDBDA7EFFE62FDD4" box="[404,482,511,535]" pageId="8" pageNumber="551" type="male">1 male</specimenCount>
|
||
,
|
||
<date id="FFCB1C98E00CFFA9EDC7A7EFFDC7FDD4" box="[494,583,511,535]" pageId="8" pageNumber="551" value="1954-10">X-1954</date>
|
||
, P. Buck col. (
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED64A29DE00CFFA9EECEA7EFFCBCFDD4" box="[743,828,511,535]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/mrbr-7r6t" name="Museu Anchieta Porto Alegra" pageId="8" pageNumber="551">MAPA</collectionCode>
|
||
),
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B1D3005E00CFFA9EF66A7EFFA8EFDD4" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3467117303" box="[847,1294,511,535]" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="551" pageId="8" pageNumber="550">
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D73F1D1E00CFFA9EF66A7EFFC33FDD4" box="[847,947,511,535]" pageId="8" pageNumber="551" type="female">1 female</specimenCount>
|
||
,
|
||
<date id="FFCB1C98E00CFFA9EF96A7EFFB8BFDD4" box="[959,1035,511,535]" pageId="8" pageNumber="551" value="1960-01">I-1960</date>
|
||
, P. Buck col. (
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED64A29DE00CFFA9E884A7EFFA82FDD4" box="[1197,1282,511,535]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/mrbr-7r6t" name="Museu Anchieta Porto Alegra" pageId="8" pageNumber="551">MAPA</collectionCode>
|
||
);
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B1D3005E00CFFA9E93CA7EFFE44FDFF" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3467117308" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="551" pageId="8" pageNumber="550">
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D73F1D1E00CFFA9E93CA7EFFAECFDD4" box="[1301,1388,511,535]" pageId="8" pageNumber="551" type="male">2 males</specimenCount>
|
||
and
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D73F1D1E00CFFA9ECBEA434FF7BFDFF" box="[151,251,548,572]" pageId="8" pageNumber="551" type="female">1 female</specimenCount>
|
||
,
|
||
<date id="FFCB1C98E00CFFA9ED2FA434FEDCFDFF" box="[262,348,548,572]" pageId="8" pageNumber="551" value="1954-10">X-1954</date>
|
||
(
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED64A29DE00CFFA9ED43A434FE38FDFF" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:33834" box="[362,440,548,572]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:33834" name="Museo del Instituto de Zoologia Agricola Francisco Fernandez Yepez" pageId="8" pageNumber="551">MIZA</collectionCode>
|
||
).
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C36F69D3E00CFFABECEEA458FB5DFE44" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="553" pageId="8" pageNumber="551" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BCA3A58E00CFFA9ECEEA458FD4FFD64" blockId="8.[151,1436,151,679]" pageId="8" pageNumber="551">
|
||
<emphasis id="B901E64AE00CFFA9ECEEA458FEFFFDA3" bold="true" box="[199,383,584,608]" pageId="8" pageNumber="551">Mature Larvae</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="134E26DDE00CFFA9EDB9A457FD95FD9C" box="[400,533,583,607]" captionStart="FIGURES 32 – 37" captionStartId="8.[151,264,1624,1647]" captionTargetBox="[164,1417,769,1582]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[151,1435,735,1600]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURES 32 – 37. Phenrica littoralis (Bechyné), mature larvae (32) Habitus, lateral view. (33) Habitus, dorsal view. (34) Cephalic capsule, frontal view. (35) Cephalic capsule, lateral view. (36) labium and maxilla. (37) Mandible, dorsal view. Scale bars = 1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/223339/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="551">Figs 32–33</figureCitation>
|
||
). Length
|
||
<quantity id="4C8D97BDE00CFFA9EEA8A457FC84FD9C" box="[641,772,583,607]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.65" metricValueMax="5.6" metricValueMin="3.7" pageId="8" pageNumber="551" unit="mm" value="4.65" valueMax="5.6" valueMin="3.7">3.7–5.6mm</quantity>
|
||
, width 1.0–
|
||
<quantity id="4C8D97BDE00CFFA9EFA5A457FC5EFD9C" box="[908,990,583,607]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.7" pageId="8" pageNumber="551" unit="mm" value="1.7">1.7mm</quantity>
|
||
. Body weakly convex when preserved, bright yellow, with prominent scoli each with a seta in dark ring. Head capsule, mouthparts, tubercles, and legs light brown. Microsculpture of the body granulate.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF0A6AD0E00CFFA9ECBEA048FE91F968" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/223339/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="551" startId="8.[151,264,1624,1647]" targetBox="[164,1417,769,1582]" targetPageId="8">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BCA3A58E00CFFA9ECBEA048FE91F968" blockId="8.[151,1436,1624,1708]" pageId="8" pageNumber="551">
|
||
<emphasis id="B901E64AE00CFFA9ECBEA048FED7F9AD" bold="true" box="[151,343,1624,1647]" pageId="8" pageNumber="551">FIGURES 32–37.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7541DBE00CFFA9ED48A048FD15F9AD" authority="Bechyne" authorityName="Bechyne" box="[353,661,1624,1646]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Phenrica" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="551" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="littoralis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B901E64AE00CFFA9ED48A048FD9EF9AD" box="[353,542,1624,1646]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="551">Phenrica littoralis</emphasis>
|
||
(Bechyné)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, mature larvae (32) Habitus, lateral view. (33) Habitus, dorsal view. (34) Cephalic capsule, frontal view. (35) Cephalic capsule, lateral view. (36) labium and maxilla. (37) Mandible, dorsal view. Scale bars= 1mm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BCA3A58E00CFFA8ECEEA0C8FD2CFE0C" blockId="8.[151,1436,1752,2029]" lastBlockId="9.[151,1436,151,932]" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="552" pageId="8" pageNumber="551">
|
||
<emphasis id="B901E64AE00CFFA9ECEEA0C8FE84F933" box="[199,260,1752,1776]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="551">Head</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="134E26DDE00CFFA9ED30A0C8FE24F933" box="[281,420,1752,1776]" captionStart="FIGURES 32 – 37" captionStartId="8.[151,264,1624,1647]" captionTargetBox="[164,1417,769,1582]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[151,1435,735,1600]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURES 32 – 37. Phenrica littoralis (Bechyné), mature larvae (32) Habitus, lateral view. (33) Habitus, dorsal view. (34) Cephalic capsule, frontal view. (35) Cephalic capsule, lateral view. (36) labium and maxilla. (37) Mandible, dorsal view. Scale bars = 1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/223339/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="551">Figs 34–35</figureCitation>
|
||
). Hypognathous, rounded, well sclerotized. Epicranial suture distinct, Y-shaped; well developed, coronal suture short, extending more than one fourth the length of head, frontal arms pale, distinct throughout, broadly divergent and curved. Endocarina present a black line extending to fronto-clypeal sutures. Frons bearing one pair of long setae medially, two pairs fixed on anterior margin and another two pairs on clypeal area. Each side of epicranial plate bearing two large, dorsal, capitate setae along frontal suture, one fixed laterally on disc, one behind stemmata, and another on the outer side of antennae, four microsetae arranged in a longitudinal row near middle. Antennae short, 3-segmented; attached to head capsule by large, translucent membrane, segment 1 transverse bearing three setae, segment 3 with conical sensory appendage at base. Clypeus transverse, bearing one seta on each lateral margin. Labrum transverse, apical margin emarginated; bearing four large setae in median row. Mandibles (
|
||
<figureCitation id="134E26DDE00DFFA8ED71A6ACFE2BFF17" box="[344,427,188,212]" captionStart="FIGURES 32 – 37" captionStartId="8.[151,264,1624,1647]" captionTargetBox="[164,1417,769,1582]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[151,1435,735,1600]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURES 32 – 37. Phenrica littoralis (Bechyné), mature larvae (32) Habitus, lateral view. (33) Habitus, dorsal view. (34) Cephalic capsule, frontal view. (35) Cephalic capsule, lateral view. (36) labium and maxilla. (37) Mandible, dorsal view. Scale bars = 1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/223339/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="552">Fig. 37</figureCitation>
|
||
) robust, heavily sclerotized at apex, 4-toothed, tooth 1 small, teeth 2–3 sharply pointed, tooth 4 blunt at apex, half the length of the previous two teeth, two long mandibular setae inserted dorso laterally, penicillus consisting of four thick setae. Maxillae (
|
||
<figureCitation id="134E26DDE00DFFA8EEF9A714FCA1FEDF" box="[720,801,260,284]" captionStart="FIGURES 32 – 37" captionStartId="8.[151,264,1624,1647]" captionTargetBox="[164,1417,769,1582]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[151,1435,735,1600]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURES 32 – 37. Phenrica littoralis (Bechyné), mature larvae (32) Habitus, lateral view. (33) Habitus, dorsal view. (34) Cephalic capsule, frontal view. (35) Cephalic capsule, lateral view. (36) labium and maxilla. (37) Mandible, dorsal view. Scale bars = 1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/223339/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="552">Fig. 36</figureCitation>
|
||
) cardo well-sclerotized, subtriangular, bearing two setae at outer side. Stipes quadrate, with short, narrow inner projection with two long outer setae. Mala densely setose, with about six short setae. Maxillary palpi: palpiger bearing two long setae, segment 1 with two short setae, segment 3 conical. Labium (
|
||
<figureCitation id="134E26DDE00DFFA8EDF3A77FFDADFE44" box="[474,557,367,391]" captionStart="FIGURES 32 – 37" captionStartId="8.[151,264,1624,1647]" captionTargetBox="[164,1417,769,1582]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[151,1435,735,1600]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURES 32 – 37. Phenrica littoralis (Bechyné), mature larvae (32) Habitus, lateral view. (33) Habitus, dorsal view. (34) Cephalic capsule, frontal view. (35) Cephalic capsule, lateral view. (36) labium and maxilla. (37) Mandible, dorsal view. Scale bars = 1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/223339/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="552">Fig. 36</figureCitation>
|
||
) with submentum not much sclerotized, widened at base, with a pair of long, filiform submental setae; prementum broad, with a pair of long setae between labial palpi, labial palpi 3- segmented, short. Hypopharynx densely setose.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BCA3A58E00DFFA8ECEEA7CCFE9FFCD7" blockId="9.[151,1436,151,932]" pageId="9" pageNumber="552">
|
||
<emphasis id="B901E64AE00DFFA8ECEEA7CCFE98FE37" box="[199,280,476,500]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="552">Thorax</emphasis>
|
||
. Pronotum transverse, pronotal sclerite not well defined, dorsal side with short club-like setae each borne on a minute tubercle arranged in anterior and posterior rows, epipleural tubercle bearing three setae, small pre-hypopleural tubercle bearing one seta. Meso- and metathorax wider than prothorax, each bearing four setae arranged along mid-line. Meso-and metapleura each with alar tubercle bearing two setae and anterior epipleural bearing one seta, pro-meso-and metasterna with two medial setae. Spiracle annuliform displaced into mesothoracic region. Legs 5-segmented, strongly chitinized, the third pair slightly increased in size; coxa trapezoidal bearing 3 long setae and a sensilla; trochanter, triangular, with two setae, femur sub-rectangular bearing eight long setae; tibia bearing six setae. Tarsungulus moderately curved, with single basal seta; paranonchial appendix projecting behind tarsungulus.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BCA3A58E00DFFA8ECEEA530FECCFC67" blockId="9.[151,1436,151,932]" pageId="9" pageNumber="552">
|
||
<emphasis id="B901E64AE00DFFA8ECEEA530FEB1FCFB" box="[199,305,800,824]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="552">Abdomen</emphasis>
|
||
. Abdominal segments 1–8 with a pair of dorsal setae, posterior parascutal area bearing two setae, epipleural and hypopleural areas each bearing one seta, ventrally eusternal area of segments 1–7 with a pair of very short club like setae; segment 8 with four pairs of long, filiform setae segment 9 forming fleshy pygopod. Spiracles 1–8 annuliform.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF0A6AD0E00DFFA8ECBEA154FA1CF899" box="[151,1436,1860,1883]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/223340/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="552" startId="9.[151,264,1860,1883]" targetBox="[273,1313,1012,1812]" targetPageId="9">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BCA3A58E00DFFA8ECBEA154FA1CF899" blockId="9.[151,1436,1860,1883]" box="[151,1436,1860,1883]" pageId="9" pageNumber="552">
|
||
<emphasis id="B901E64AE00DFFA8ECBEA154FED3F89A" bold="true" box="[151,339,1860,1883]" pageId="9" pageNumber="552">FIGURES 38–39.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7541DBE00DFFA8ED70A154FD04F899" authority="(Bechyne)" authorityName="Bechyne" baseAuthorityName="Bechyne" box="[345,644,1860,1882]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Phenrica" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="552" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="littoralis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B901E64AE00DFFA8ED70A154FD92F899" box="[345,530,1860,1882]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="552">Phenrica littoralis</emphasis>
|
||
(Bechyné)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, pupae (38) Habitus, dorsal view. (39) Habitus, lateral view. Scale bars= 1mm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BCA3A58E00DFFABECEEA197FB5DFE44" blockId="9.[151,1436,1927,2023]" lastBlockId="10.[151,1437,151,2013]" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="553" pageId="9" pageNumber="552">
|
||
<emphasis id="B901E64AE00DFFA8ECEEA197FE85F85C" bold="true" box="[199,261,1927,1951]" pageId="9" pageNumber="552">Pupa</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="134E26DDE00DFFA8ED3EA197FE2EF85C" box="[279,430,1927,1951]" captionStart="FIGURES 38 – 39" captionStartId="9.[151,264,1860,1883]" captionTargetBox="[273,1313,1012,1812]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[249,1337,988,1837]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURES 38 – 39. Phenrica littoralis (Bechyné), pupae (38) Habitus, dorsal view. (39) Habitus, lateral view. Scale bars = 1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/223340/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="552">Figs. 38– 39</figureCitation>
|
||
). Length
|
||
<quantity id="4C8D97BDE00DFFA8EE37A197FD20F85C" box="[542,672,1927,1951]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.75" metricValueMax="4.1" metricValueMin="3.4" pageId="9" pageNumber="552" unit="mm" value="3.75" valueMax="4.1" valueMin="3.4">3.4–4.1mm</quantity>
|
||
, width
|
||
<quantity id="4C8D97BDE00DFFA8EED1A197FCFBF85C" box="[760,891,1927,1951]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.15" metricValueMax="2.5" metricValueMin="1.8" pageId="9" pageNumber="552" unit="mm" value="2.15" valueMax="2.5" valueMin="1.8">1.8–2.5mm</quantity>
|
||
. Color of body pale yellow. Tubercles, base of spiracles and cerci light brown. Head deflexed, not visible from above, with only two pairs of setae: one on eyes and one subantennal. Mouthparts well developed. Pronotum with seven pairs of pronotal setae situated on disc and margins: two pairs on disc, three pairs on outer margins, and one pair on posterior margin, one pair of rounded spiracles. Meso- and metathorax with two pairs of meso-and metathoracic setae arranged in transverse rows. Podothecae with two pairs of femoral setae on apex of femora. Abdominal segments1–6 transverse, each with two pairs of dorsal setae one pair of spiracles and one pair of pleural setae originating from a lateral projection, abdominal segment 6–7 with similar chaetotaxy but without spiracles, abdominal segment 7 subconical. Abdominal segment 8 reduced with two short lateral setae, abdominal 9 with one pair of urogomphi straight with two pairs of setae at base, ventrally two pairs of lateral setae and other two shorter setae medially.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C36F69D3E00EFFABECEEA784FC3FFABB" pageId="10" pageNumber="553" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BCA3A58E00EFFABECEEA784FEB4FD47" blockId="10.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="10" pageNumber="553">
|
||
<emphasis id="B901E64AE00EFFABECEEA784FEBBFE6F" bold="true" box="[199,315,404,428]" pageId="10" pageNumber="553">Remarks.</emphasis>
|
||
Considering all known larvae of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7541DBE00EFFABEEF7A784FCEFFE6F" box="[734,879,404,428]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="553" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subTribe" subTribe="Disonychina">Disonychina</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7541DBE00EFFABEFA8A784FC68FE6F" box="[897,1000,404,428]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Phenrica" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="553" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B901E64AE00EFFABEFA8A784FC68FE6F" box="[897,1000,404,428]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="553">Phenrica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is more closely related to those of
|
||
<emphasis id="B901E64AE00EFFABECBEA7A8FE96FE13" box="[151,278,440,464]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="553">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7541DBE00EFFABECBEA7A8FE92FE13" box="[151,274,440,464]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Disonycha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="553" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Disonycha</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE447A9E00EFFABED36A7A8FE4CFE0C" author="Lawson, F. A." box="[287,460,439,463]" editor="Stehr, F. W." firstAuthor="Lawson" journalOrPublisher="Kendall Hunt Publishers, Dubuque, Iowa" pageId="10" pageNumber="553" pagination="568 - 585" part="2" refId="ref7235" refString="Lawson, F. A. (1991) Chrysomelidae (Chrysomeloidea) (= Cassididae, Cryptocephalidae, Megalopodidae, Sagridae, etc.) pp. 568 - 585. In: Stehr, F. W. (ed) Immature insects. Vol. 2 F Kendall Hunt Publishers, Dubuque, Iowa." title="Chrysomelidae (Chrysomeloidea) (= Cassididae, Cryptocephalidae, Megalopodidae, Sagridae, etc" type="journal article" volumeTitle="Immature insects" year="1991">Lawson (1991)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
illustrated larvae of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7541DBE00EFFABEE96A7A8FBC6FE0C" authority="Dalman" authorityName="Dalman" box="[703,1094,439,464]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Disonycha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="553" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="xanthomelas">
|
||
<emphasis id="B901E64AE00EFFABEE96A7A8FC4DFE13" box="[703,973,440,464]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="553">Disonycha xanthomelas</emphasis>
|
||
(Dalman)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7541DBE00EFFABE87DA7A9FAC5FE0C" authority="Say" authorityName="Say" box="[1108,1349,439,464]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Disonycha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="553" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="triangularis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B901E64AE00EFFABE87DA7A9FB7FFE13" box="[1108,1279,440,464]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="553">D. triangularis</emphasis>
|
||
(Say)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7541DBE00EFFABE9A8A7A9FED2FE37" authority="Illiger" authorityName="Illiger" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Disonycha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="553" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="alternata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B901E64AE00EFFABE9A8A7A9FF7EFE37" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="553">D. alternata</emphasis>
|
||
Illiger
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, however the lack of detailed chaetotaxy characters for these descriptions prevent in-depth comparisons with
|
||
<emphasis id="B901E64AE00EFFABED4EA411FD44FDDB" box="[359,708,512,536]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="553">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7541DBE00EFFABED4EA411FE69FDDB" box="[359,489,512,536]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Phenrica" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="553" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="littoralis">P. littoralis</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7541DBE00EFFABEDDCA410FD44FDDB" box="[501,708,512,536]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Phenrica" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="553" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="littoralis">Phenrica littoralis</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
shares the following characters with these disonychine species: similar arrangement of body setae, head and legs brown, antennae 2-segmented, stemmata present, abdomen with prominent light scoli. Larvae of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7541DBE00EFFABEE2BA459FDFDFDA3" box="[514,637,584,608]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Phenrica" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="553" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="littoralis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B901E64AE00EFFABEE2BA459FDFDFDA3" box="[514,637,584,608]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="553">P. littoralis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
differs by the shape of mandibles, maxillae, tarsunguli and the number of body setae.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BCA3A58E00EFFABECEEA49FFC72FCFB" blockId="10.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="10" pageNumber="553">
|
||
Little is known about
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7541DBE00EFFABED92A49FFDC9FD64" box="[443,585,655,679]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="553" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subTribe" subTribe="Disonychina">Disonychina</taxonomicName>
|
||
pupae. The pupae of only five species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7541DBE00EFFABE830A480FB11FD6B" box="[1049,1169,656,680]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Disonycha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="553" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B901E64AE00EFFABE830A480FB11FD6B" box="[1049,1169,656,680]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="553">Disonycha</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
have been described by different authors (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE447A9E00EFFABED4FA4A4FDAFFD0F" author="Chittenden, F. H." box="[358,559,692,716]" firstAuthor="Chittenden" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the United States Department of Agriculture, Entomology Division (New series)" pageId="10" pageNumber="553" pagination="80 - 85" part="19" refId="ref6578" refString="Chittenden, F. H. (1899) Some insects injurious to garden and orchard crops. The spinach flea-beetle (Disonycha xanthomelaena Dalm.) Bulletin of the United States Department of Agriculture, Entomology Division (New series), 19, 80 - 85." title="Some insects injurious to garden and orchard crops. The spinach flea-beetle (Disonycha xanthomelaena Dalm.)" type="journal article" year="1899">Chittenden, 1899</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE447A9E00EFFABEE16A4A5FD45FD0F" author="Frers, A. G." box="[575,709,692,716]" firstAuthor="Frers" journalOrPublisher="Physis" pageId="10" pageNumber="553" pagination="565 - 573" part="4" refId="ref6875" refString="Frers, A. G. (1919) Metamorfosis de coleopteros argentinos. Physis 4, 565 - 573." title="Metamorfosis de coleopteros argentinos" type="journal article" year="1919">Frers, 1919</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE447A9E00EFFABEEFDA4A5FBC2FD0F" author="Hemenway, R. & Whitcomb, W. H." box="[724,1090,692,717]" firstAuthor="Hemenway" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Kansas Entomological Society" pageId="10" pageNumber="553" pagination="174 - 178" part="41" refId="ref6924" refString="Hemenway, R. & Whitcomb, W. H. (1968) The life history of Disonycha glabrata (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). Journal of Kansas Entomological Society, 41 (2), 174 - 178." title="The life history of Disonycha glabrata (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)" type="journal article" year="1968">Hemenway & Whitcomb, 1968</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Whitehead, 1918). However, only the descriptions of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7541DBE00EFFABED98A4C9FD44FD2C" authority="Jacoby" authorityName="Jacoby" box="[433,708,727,752]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Disonycha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="553" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="argentinensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B901E64AE00EFFABED98A4C9FDECFD33" box="[433,620,729,752]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="553">D. argentinensis</emphasis>
|
||
Jacoby
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7541DBE00EFFABEEFBA4C9FC22FD33" box="[722,930,728,752]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Disonycha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="553" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="xanthomelaena">
|
||
<emphasis id="B901E64AE00EFFABEEFBA4C9FC22FD33" box="[722,930,728,752]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="553">D. xanthomelaena</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and illustrations of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7541DBE00EFFABE8A4A4C9FA1CFD2C" authority="Boheman" authorityName="Boheman" box="[1165,1436,727,752]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Disonycha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="553" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bicarinata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B901E64AE00EFFABE8A4A4C9FAA6FD33" box="[1165,1318,728,752]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="553">D. bicarinata</emphasis>
|
||
Boheman
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(the three latter modified by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE447A9E00EFFABEDF1A4ECFDC9FCD7" author="Cox, M. L." box="[472,585,764,788]" editor="Jolivet, P. H. A. & Cox, M. L." firstAuthor="Cox" journalOrPublisher="Academic Publishing, Amsterdam, The Hague, The Netherlands" pageId="10" pageNumber="553" pagination="73 - 90" refId="ref6627" refString="Cox, M. L. (1996) The pupae of Chrysomeloidea. In: Jolivet, P. H. A. &. Cox, M. L. (Eds), Chrysomelidae Biology: The Classification, Phylogeny and Genetics. Academic Publishing, Amsterdam, The Hague, The Netherlands. pp. 73 - 90." title="The pupae of Chrysomeloidea" type="book chapter" volumeTitle="Chrysomelidae Biology: The Classification, Phylogeny and Genetics" year="1996">Cox 1996</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE447A9E00EFFABEE7DA4ECFD0DFCD7" author="Cox, M. L." box="[596,653,764,788]" firstAuthor="Cox" journalOrPublisher="Museo Regionale di Scienze Naturali Torino" pageId="10" pageNumber="553" pagination="73 - 90" part="1998" refId="ref6690" refString="Cox, M. L. (1998) The pupae of Chrysomeloidea and their use in Phylogeny (Coleoptera). Proceedings of the Fourth International Symposium on the Chrysomelidae Proceedings of XX I. C. E. Firenze, 1996. Museo Regionale di Scienze Naturali Torino 1998, 73 - 90." title="The pupae of Chrysomeloidea and their use in Phylogeny (Coleoptera). Proceedings of the Fourth International Symposium on the Chrysomelidae Proceedings of XX I. C. E. Firenze, 1996" type="journal article" year="1998">1998</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) can be compared with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7541DBE00EFFABEFB3A4ECFB81FCD7" box="[922,1025,764,788]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Phenrica" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="553" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B901E64AE00EFFABEFB3A4ECFB81FCD7" box="[922,1025,764,788]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="553">Phenrica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7541DBE00EFFABE827A4ECFAF0FCD7" authority="Fabricius" authorityName="Fabricius" box="[1038,1392,764,788]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Disonycha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="553" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="glabrata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B901E64AE00EFFABE827A4ECFB6EFCD7" box="[1038,1262,764,788]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="553">Disonycha glabrata</emphasis>
|
||
(Fabricius)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has not been described in detail and is therefore impossible to properly compare.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BCA3A58E00EFFABECEEA554FAF3FBCC" blockId="10.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="10" pageNumber="553">
|
||
The pupa of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7541DBE00EFFABED75A555FE59FC9F" box="[348,473,836,860]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Phenrica" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="553" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="littoralis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B901E64AE00EFFABED75A555FE59FC9F" box="[348,473,836,860]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="553">P. littoralis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
differs mainly from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7541DBE00EFFABEEE2A555FC05FC9F" box="[715,901,837,860]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Disonycha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="553" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="argentinensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B901E64AE00EFFABEEE2A555FC05FC9F" box="[715,901,837,860]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="553">D. argentinensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by the presence of seven pairs of setae on the pronotum, femora bearing two setae, abdominal segments with two pairs of dorsal setae and one pair of pleural setae, ventral surface without setae and urogomphi straight. It is difficult to compare in detail with the pupa of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7541DBE00EFFABE9A8A59DFEC2FC0B" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Disonycha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="553" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="xanthomelaena">
|
||
<emphasis id="B901E64AE00EFFABE9A8A59DFEC2FC0B" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="553">D. xanthomelaena</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, but according to the characters presented by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE447A9E00EFFABEF68A5BFFC44FC04" author="Cox, M. L." box="[833,964,943,967]" editor="Jolivet, P. H. A. & Cox, M. L." firstAuthor="Cox" journalOrPublisher="Academic Publishing, Amsterdam, The Hague, The Netherlands" pageId="10" pageNumber="553" pagination="73 - 90" refId="ref6627" refString="Cox, M. L. (1996) The pupae of Chrysomeloidea. In: Jolivet, P. H. A. &. Cox, M. L. (Eds), Chrysomelidae Biology: The Classification, Phylogeny and Genetics. Academic Publishing, Amsterdam, The Hague, The Netherlands. pp. 73 - 90." title="The pupae of Chrysomeloidea" type="book chapter" volumeTitle="Chrysomelidae Biology: The Classification, Phylogeny and Genetics" year="1996">Cox (1996)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, differences were observed by the number of setae on the pronotum, abdominal sternites, and the urogomphi slightly divergent. According to the illustrations of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7541DBE00EFFABEC9CA5E9FECCFBD3" box="[181,332,1016,1040]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Disonycha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="553" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bicarinata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B901E64AE00EFFABEC9CA5E9FECCFBD3" box="[181,332,1016,1040]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="553">D. bicarinata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, this species shares with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7541DBE00EFFABEE4EA5E8FD4EFBD3" box="[615,718,1016,1040]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Phenrica" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="553" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B901E64AE00EFFABEE4EA5E8FD4EFBD3" box="[615,718,1016,1040]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="553">Phenrica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
the number of setae on the pronotum, abdomen and femora.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BCA3A58E00EFFABECEEA20CFB80FB94" blockId="10.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="10" pageNumber="553">
|
||
<emphasis id="B901E64AE00EFFABECEEA20CFE1DFBF7" box="[199,413,1052,1076]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="553">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7541DBE00EFFABECEEA20CFEB1FBF7" box="[199,305,1052,1076]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Phenrica" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="553" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Phenrica</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7541DBE00EFFABED15A20CFE1DFBF7" box="[316,413,1052,1076]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Phenrica" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="553" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="littoralis">littoralis</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
differs by its more slender body, distribution of head setae, the conical shape of abdominal segment 7, and number of its setae and urogomphi straight and close together.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BCA3A58E00EFFABECEEA274FC3FFABB" blockId="10.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="10" pageNumber="553">
|
||
On the other hand, some pupal features, like the position and presence of some setae and urogomphi, allow conjecturing as to the pupation biology of this species (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE447A9E00EFFABEF22A298FCFFFB63" author="Cox, M. L." box="[779,895,1160,1184]" editor="Jolivet, P. H. A. & Cox, M. L." firstAuthor="Cox" journalOrPublisher="Academic Publishing, Amsterdam, The Hague, The Netherlands" pageId="10" pageNumber="553" pagination="73 - 90" refId="ref6627" refString="Cox, M. L. (1996) The pupae of Chrysomeloidea. In: Jolivet, P. H. A. &. Cox, M. L. (Eds), Chrysomelidae Biology: The Classification, Phylogeny and Genetics. Academic Publishing, Amsterdam, The Hague, The Netherlands. pp. 73 - 90." title="The pupae of Chrysomeloidea" type="book chapter" volumeTitle="Chrysomelidae Biology: The Classification, Phylogeny and Genetics" year="1996">Cox 1996</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). According to this author, the chief function of both structures is to protect the pupal integument from abrasion against the walls of the cell. Therefore, it should be present in species that build cells. Laboratory observations indicate
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7541DBE00EFFABEFA0A2C1FB84FB2B" box="[905,1028,1232,1256]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Phenrica" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="553" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="littoralis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B901E64AE00EFFABEFA0A2C1FB84FB2B" box="[905,1028,1232,1256]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="553">P. littoralis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
pupates in the soil substrate in a cell probably built with soil cemented with some excretion (n=23). It was also observed that some individuals pupated even if deprived of a substrate (sand or soil), but emergence success was much lower (2/10). These observations are similar to those for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7541DBE00EFFABEDB5A32CFD94FA97" box="[412,532,1340,1364]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Disonycha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="553" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B901E64AE00EFFABEDB5A32CFD94FA97" box="[412,532,1340,1364]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="553">Disonycha</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
spp., which pupate in wet soil and build a mud cell sealed with cement-like anal or oral exudates, or both, applied in successive layers (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE447A9E00EFFABEED3A370FC32FABB" author="Vogt, G. B. & McGuire, J. U. & Cushman, A. D." box="[762,946,1376,1400]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Vogt" journalOrPublisher="Technical Bulletin. U. S. Department of Agriculture" pageId="10" pageNumber="553" pagination="1 - 148" part="1593" refId="ref7674" refString="Vogt, G. B., McGuire, J. U. & Cushman, A. D. (1979) Probable evolution and morphological variation in South American disonychine flea beetles (coleopteran: Chrysomelidae) and their amaranthaceous hosts. Technical Bulletin. U. S. Department of Agriculture, 1593, 1 - 148." title="Probable evolution and morphological variation in South American disonychine flea beetles (coleopteran: Chrysomelidae) and their amaranthaceous hosts" type="journal article" year="1979">
|
||
Vogt
|
||
<emphasis id="B901E64AE00EFFABEF11A371FCF0FABB" box="[824,880,1376,1400]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="553">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
1979
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C36F69D3E00EFFABECEEA394FA00F88F" pageId="10" pageNumber="553" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BCA3A58E00EFFABECEEA394FEAEF98C" blockId="10.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="10" pageNumber="553">
|
||
<emphasis id="B901E64AE00EFFABECEEA394FE08FA5F" bold="true" box="[199,392,1411,1436]" pageId="10" pageNumber="553">Host specificity.</emphasis>
|
||
None of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7541DBE00EFFABEE07A394FD15FA5F" box="[558,661,1412,1436]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Phenrica" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="553" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B901E64AE00EFFABEE07A394FD15FA5F" box="[558,661,1412,1436]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="553">Phenrica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species are listed as pests in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3627AC8E00EFFABEFD7A394FBEDFA5F" box="[1022,1133,1412,1436]" name="Argentina" pageId="10" pageNumber="553">Argentina</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE447A9E00EFFABE8A8A394FAA1FA5F" author="Cabrera, N. & Cabrera Walsh, G." box="[1153,1313,1412,1436]" firstAuthor="Cabrera" journalOrPublisher="Annals of the Entomological Society of America" pageId="10" pageNumber="553" pagination="6 - 14" part="97" refId="ref6441" refString="Cabrera, N. & Cabrera Walsh, G. (2004) Platybrotica misionensis a new genus and species of Luperini (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae: Galerucinae) from Argentina. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 97 (1), 6 - 14." title="Platybrotica misionensis a new genus and species of Luperini (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae: Galerucinae) from Argentina" type="journal article" year="2004">Cabrera 2004</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) or
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3627AC8E00EFFABE97EA394FA1BFA5F" box="[1367,1435,1412,1436]" name="Brazil" pageId="10" pageNumber="553">Brazil</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE447A9E00EFFABECB7A3B7FE5AFA7C" author="DAraujo e Silva, A. G. & Goncalves, C. R. & Monteiro, G. D." box="[158,474,1447,1472]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="DAraujo e Silva" journalOrPublisher="Min. Agric." pageId="10" pageNumber="553" pagination="2" part="1" refId="ref6746" refString="DAraujo e Silva, A. G., Goncalves, C. R. & Monteiro, G. D. (1968) Quarto catalogo dos insetos que vivem nas plantas do Brasil, seus parasitos e predadores. Min. Agric. Vol 1, part 2. Rio de Janeiro, Brazil." title="Quarto catalogo dos insetos que vivem nas plantas do Brasil, seus parasitos e predadores" type="journal article" year="1968">
|
||
DÁraujo e Silva
|
||
<emphasis id="B901E64AE00EFFABED76A3B9FE17FA03" box="[351,407,1448,1472]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="553">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
1968
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), but some species recorded on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7541DBE00EFFABEF6BA3B7FC70FA7C" box="[834,1008,1447,1471]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Amaranthaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="10" pageNumber="553" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Amaranthaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7541DBE00EFFABE828A3B9FBBBFA03" box="[1025,1083,1449,1472]" class="Sordariomycetes" family="Meliolaceae" genus="Irene" kingdom="Fungi" order="Meliolales" pageId="10" pageNumber="553" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B901E64AE00EFFABE828A3B9FBBBFA03" box="[1025,1083,1449,1472]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="553">Irene</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7541DBE00EFFABE860A3B8FB30FA03" box="[1097,1200,1448,1472]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Amaranthaceae" genus="Cyathula" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="10" pageNumber="553" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B901E64AE00EFFABE860A3B8FB30FA03" box="[1097,1200,1448,1472]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="553">Cyathula</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<emphasis id="B901E64AE00EFFABE8CEA3B8FA12FA03" box="[1255,1426,1448,1472]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="553">Althernanthera</emphasis>
|
||
) (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE447A9E00EFFABECB7A3DCFE75FA27" author="Jolivet, P & Hawkeswood, T" bookContentInfo="281 pp." box="[158,501,1484,1508]" firstAuthor="Jolivet" journalOrPublisher="Leiden, Backhuys Publishers" pageId="10" pageNumber="553" refId="ref7019" refString="Jolivet, P & Hawkeswood, T (1995) Host-Plants of Chrysomelidae of the World. An Essay about the Relationships between the Leaf beetles and their Food-plants. Leiden, Backhuys Publishers, 281 pp." title="Host-Plants of Chrysomelidae of the World. An Essay about the Relationships between the Leaf beetles and their Food-plants" type="book" year="1995">Jolivet & Hawkeswood 1995</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), were also observed on cultivated
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7541DBE00EFFABEFBCA3DCFC7DFA27" box="[917,1021,1484,1508]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="10" pageNumber="553" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Fabaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
on which they occasionally caused some damage (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE447A9E00EFFABED64A3FFFD10F9C4" author="Bechyne, J. & Springlova de Bechyne, B" box="[333,656,1519,1543]" firstAuthor="Bechyne" journalOrPublisher="Entomologische Tidskrift" pageId="10" pageNumber="553" pagination="142 - 170" part="87" refId="ref6344" refString="Bechyne, J. & Springlova de Bechyne, B (1966) Evidenz der bisher bekannten Phenrica - Arten (Col. Phytophaga, Alticinae) Entomologische Tidskrift, 87, 142 - 170." title="Evidenz der bisher bekannten Phenrica - Arten (Col. Phytophaga, Alticinae)" type="journal article" year="1966">Bechyné & Bechyné 1966</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7541DBE00EFFABEE83A3E0FC73F9C4" authority="Bechyne" authorityName="Bechyne" box="[682,1011,1519,1544]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Phenrica" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="553" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="guerini">
|
||
<emphasis id="B901E64AE00EFFABEE83A3E0FCF0F9CB" box="[682,880,1520,1544]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="553">Phenrica guerini</emphasis>
|
||
(Bechyné)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was the first species in the genus mentioned as a biocontrol agent of another weed,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3627AC8E00EFFABEEC2A004FCD5F9EF" box="[747,853,1556,1580]" name="Barbados" pageId="10" pageNumber="553">Barbados</collectingCountry>
|
||
gooseberry,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7541DBE00EFFABEFC4A004FA1CF9EF" authority="Miller" authorityName="Miller" box="[1005,1436,1556,1580]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Cactaceae" genus="Pereskia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="10" pageNumber="553" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="aculeata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B901E64AE00EFFABEFC4A004FB3BF9EF" box="[1005,1211,1556,1580]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="553">Pereskia aculeata</emphasis>
|
||
Miller (Cactaceae)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE447A9E00EFFABECB7A027FEA1F98C" author="Klein, H." box="[158,289,1591,1615]" firstAuthor="Klein" journalOrPublisher="African Entomology Memoir" pageId="10" pageNumber="553" pagination="3 - 14" part="1" refId="ref7106" refString="Klein, H. (1989) Biological control of three cactaceous weeds, Pereskia acualeata Miller, Harrisia martinii (Labouret) Britton and Cereus jamacaru De Candolle in South Africa. African Entomology Memoir, 1, 3 - 14." title="Biological control of three cactaceous weeds, Pereskia acualeata Miller, Harrisia martinii (Labouret) Britton and Cereus jamacaru De Candolle in South Africa" type="journal article" year="1989">Klein 1989</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BCA3A58E00EFFABECEEA04BFA00F88F" blockId="10.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="10" pageNumber="553">
|
||
<emphasis id="B901E64AE00EFFABECEEA04BFE21F9B7" bold="true" box="[199,417,1627,1652]" pageId="10" pageNumber="553">Biological aspects.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7541DBE00EFFABED86A04CFDFDF9B7" box="[431,637,1628,1652]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Phenrica" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="553" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="littoralis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B901E64AE00EFFABED86A04CFDFDF9B7" box="[431,637,1628,1652]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="553">Phenrica littoralis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was found in San Ignacio, Misiones and in several locations nearby. In the field, adults were found in large numbers on shaded plants growing under trees in a completely terrestrial situation. Larvae have not been observed in the field. In the laboratory, egg masses were obtained on moist tissue paper (14.5 ± 5.7 eggs/mass, n=12). Around 85% emergence occurred between 9 and 12 days after oviposition. Eggs are yellow and larvae and pupae are light pink. Larvae fed on alligator weed leaves and pupated in the substrate. Immature stages lasted between 24 and 35 days (28.3 ± 4.3 days, n=23), and the larval survival was 46 % (23/50). Immature duration and biological aspects are similar to its close related species
|
||
<emphasis id="B901E64AE00EFFABE85CA125FB5EF88F" box="[1141,1246,1845,1868]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="553">P. g u e r i n i</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE447A9E00EFFABE8D9A124FAF3F88F" author="Klein, H." box="[1264,1395,1844,1868]" firstAuthor="Klein" journalOrPublisher="African Entomology Memoir" pageId="10" pageNumber="553" pagination="3 - 14" part="1" refId="ref7106" refString="Klein, H. (1989) Biological control of three cactaceous weeds, Pereskia acualeata Miller, Harrisia martinii (Labouret) Britton and Cereus jamacaru De Candolle in South Africa. African Entomology Memoir, 1, 3 - 14." title="Biological control of three cactaceous weeds, Pereskia acualeata Miller, Harrisia martinii (Labouret) Britton and Cereus jamacaru De Candolle in South Africa" type="journal article" year="1989">Klein 1989</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C36F69D3E00EFFAAECEEA147FD4EFD47" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="554" pageId="10" pageNumber="553" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BCA3A58E00EFFAAECEEA147FE0AFF17" blockId="10.[151,1437,151,2013]" lastBlockId="11.[151,1436,151,644]" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="554" pageId="10" pageNumber="553">
|
||
<emphasis id="B901E64AE00EFFABECEEA147FE42F8B3" bold="true" box="[199,450,1879,1904]" pageId="10" pageNumber="553">Final considerations.</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE447A9E00EFFABEDE2A148FDF7F8B3" author="Duckett, C. N." box="[459,631,1880,1904]" editor="M. L. Cox & M. L." firstAuthor="Duckett" journalOrPublisher="Backlhuys Publishers, leiden, The Hague, The Netherlands" pageId="10" pageNumber="553" pagination="105 - 136" part="1" refId="ref6803" refString="Duckett, C. N. (1999) A preliminary cladistic analysis of the subtribe Disonychina with special emphasis on the series Paralactica (Chrysomelidae: Galerucinae: Alticini). In: M. L. Cox, M. L. (Ed.), Advances in Chrysomelidae Biology 1, Backlhuys Publishers, leiden, The Hague, The Netherlands. pp. 105 - 136." title="A preliminary cladistic analysis of the subtribe Disonychina with special emphasis on the series Paralactica (Chrysomelidae: Galerucinae: Alticini)" type="journal article" volumeTitle="Advances in Chrysomelidae Biology" year="1999">Duckett (1999)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
proposed the first phylogenetic hypothesis of relationships among the subtribe
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7541DBE00EFFABECD7A16CFE0CF857" box="[254,396,1916,1940]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="553" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subTribe" subTribe="Disonychina">Disonychina</taxonomicName>
|
||
based on adult morphology. In this analysis it is postulated that species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7541DBE00EFFABE90CA16CFA15F857" box="[1317,1429,1916,1940]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Balzanica" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="553" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B901E64AE00EFFABE90CA16CFA15F857" box="[1317,1429,1916,1940]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="553">Balzanica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7541DBE00EFFABECBEA1B0FE8FF87B" box="[151,271,1952,1976]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Disonycha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="553" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B901E64AE00EFFABECBEA1B0FE8FF87B" box="[151,271,1952,1976]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="553">Disonycha</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7541DBE00EFFABED78A1B0FE38F87B" box="[337,440,1952,1976]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Phenrica" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="553" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B901E64AE00EFFABED78A1B0FE38F87B" box="[337,440,1952,1976]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="553">Phenrica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
constitute a clade supported mainly by genitalic characters.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE447A9E00EFFABE8BBA1B0FAC2F87B" author="Duckett, C. N." box="[1170,1346,1952,1976]" editor="M. L. Cox & M. L." firstAuthor="Duckett" journalOrPublisher="Backlhuys Publishers, leiden, The Hague, The Netherlands" pageId="10" pageNumber="553" pagination="105 - 136" part="1" refId="ref6803" refString="Duckett, C. N. (1999) A preliminary cladistic analysis of the subtribe Disonychina with special emphasis on the series Paralactica (Chrysomelidae: Galerucinae: Alticini). In: M. L. Cox, M. L. (Ed.), Advances in Chrysomelidae Biology 1, Backlhuys Publishers, leiden, The Hague, The Netherlands. pp. 105 - 136." title="A preliminary cladistic analysis of the subtribe Disonychina with special emphasis on the series Paralactica (Chrysomelidae: Galerucinae: Alticini)" type="journal article" volumeTitle="Advances in Chrysomelidae Biology" year="1999">Duckett (1999)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
further proposed that the series
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7541DBE00EFFABED8FA1D4FD9EF81F" box="[422,542,1988,2012]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Disonycha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="553" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B901E64AE00EFFABED8FA1D4FD9EF81F" box="[422,542,1988,2012]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="553">Disonycha</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
should include the genera
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7541DBE00EFFABEF65A1D4FC33F81F" box="[844,947,1988,2012]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Phenrica" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="553" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B901E64AE00EFFABEF65A1D4FC33F81F" box="[844,947,1988,2012]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="553">Phenrica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7541DBE00EFFABEFC0A1D4FBE1F81F" box="[1001,1121,1988,2012]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Disonycha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="553" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B901E64AE00EFFABEFC0A1D4FBE1F81F" box="[1001,1121,1988,2012]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="553">Disonycha</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7541DBE00EFFABE8E0A1D4FAB0F81F" box="[1225,1328,1988,2012]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Phenrica" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="553" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B901E64AE00EFFABE8E0A1D4FAB0F81F" box="[1225,1328,1988,2012]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="553">Phenrica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
may be a junior synonym of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7541DBE00FFFAAED58A688FE69FF73" box="[369,489,152,176]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Disonycha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="554" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B901E64AE00FFFAAED58A688FE69FF73" box="[369,489,152,176]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="554">Disonycha</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Although as only one species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7541DBE00FFFAAEF47A688FC55FF73" box="[878,981,152,176]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Phenrica" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="554" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B901E64AE00FFFAAEF47A688FC55FF73" box="[878,981,152,176]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="554">Phenrica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was included, a detailed analysis of the genera is still needed.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BCA3A58E00FFFAAECEEA6CFFE36FEA7" blockId="11.[151,1436,151,644]" pageId="11" pageNumber="554">
|
||
This is the first description of the immature stages of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7541DBE00FFFAAEF3EA6F0FCFDFF3B" box="[791,893,224,248]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Phenrica" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="554" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B901E64AE00FFFAAEF3EA6F0FCFDFF3B" box="[791,893,224,248]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="554">Phenrica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, which will contribute to enhance the taxonomic and biological knowledge of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7541DBE00FFFAAEDDDA714FDCDFEDF" box="[500,589,260,284]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="554" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Alticini">Alticini</taxonomicName>
|
||
. As a complement of the study of adult structures, the morphology of immature stages provide a source of new characters that could help establish a phylogenetic hypothesis of relationships among taxa.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BCA3A58E00FFFAAECEEA77FFEC7FDD4" blockId="11.[151,1436,151,644]" pageId="11" pageNumber="554">
|
||
Other flea beetles were proposed as potential candidates for the biological control of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7541DBE00FFFAAE8D6A760FEAEFE6F" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Amaranthaceae" genus="Alternanthera" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="11" pageNumber="554" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="philoxeroides">
|
||
<emphasis id="B901E64AE00FFFAAE8D6A760FEAEFE6F" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="554">Alternanthera philoxeroides</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE447A9E00FFFAAED16A784FDACFE6F" author="Julien, M. H. & Chan, R. R." box="[319,556,404,428]" firstAuthor="Julien" journalOrPublisher="Entomophaga" pageId="11" pageNumber="554" pagination="215 - 221" part="37" refId="ref7057" refString="Julien, M. H. & Chan, R. R. (1992) Biological control of alligator weed: unsuccessful attempts to control terrestrial growth using the flea beetle Disonycha argentinensis (Col.: Chrysomelidae). Entomophaga, 37, 215 - 221." title="Biological control of alligator weed: unsuccessful attempts to control terrestrial growth using the flea beetle Disonycha argentinensis (Col.: Chrysomelidae)" type="journal article" year="1992">Julien & Chan 1992</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE447A9E00FFFAAEE13A784FD78FE6F" author="Sosa, A. J. & Julien, M. & Cordo, H. A" box="[570,760,404,428]" editor="Cullen, J. M. & Briese, D. T. & D. J. Kriticos & D. J., Lonsdale & W. M.,. Morin, L. & Scout, J. K." etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Sosa" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the XI International Symposium on Biological Control of Weeds. CSIRO Entomology, Canberra, Australia" pageId="11" pageNumber="554" pagination="180 - 185" refId="ref7561" refString="Sosa, A. J., Julien, M. &. Cordo, H. A (2004) New research on alligator weed (Alternanthera philoxeroides) in its South American native range. In: Cullen, J. M., Briese, D. T., D. J. Kriticos, D. J., Lonsdale, W. M.,. Morin, L. & Scout, J. K. (Eds.), Proceedings of the XI International Symposium on Biological Control of Weeds. CSIRO Entomology, Canberra, Australia. pp. 180 - 185." title="New research on alligator weed (Alternanthera philoxeroides) in its South American native range" type="proceedings paper" year="2004">
|
||
Sosa
|
||
<emphasis id="B901E64AE00FFFAAEE51A785FD33FE6F" box="[632,691,404,428]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="554">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2004
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), but these species were not sufficiently specific.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7541DBE00FFFAAE91CA784FF78FE13" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Phenrica" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="554" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="littoralis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B901E64AE00FFFAAE91CA784FF78FE13" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="554">Phenrica littoralis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was only found on terrestrial alligator weed and preliminary information from laboratory (unpublished data) encourages new studies. The beetle has being introduced into quarantine facilities in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3627AC8E00FFFAAE885A7CCFA93FE37" box="[1196,1299,476,500]" name="Australia" pageId="11" pageNumber="554">Australia</collectingCountry>
|
||
to study its host specificity.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BCA3A58E00FFFAAECEEA434FD4EFD47" blockId="11.[151,1436,151,644]" pageId="11" pageNumber="554">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7541DBE00FFFAAECEEA434FDE3FDFE" authority="Selman & Vogt" authorityName="Selman & Vogt" box="[199,611,548,573]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Agasicles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="554" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hygrophila">
|
||
<emphasis id="B901E64AE00FFFAAECEEA434FE33FDFF" box="[199,435,548,572]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="554">Agasicles hygrophila</emphasis>
|
||
Selman & Vogt
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is the first flea beetle used as biological control agent of alligator weed. If a high-level of specificity of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7541DBE00FFFAAEDC9A459FDDDFDA3" box="[480,605,584,608]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Phenrica" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="554" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="littoralis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B901E64AE00FFFAAEDC9A459FDDDFDA3" box="[480,605,584,608]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="554">P. littoralis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is confirmed it will be the second flea beetle – utilized for the biological control of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7541DBE00FFFAAED25A47CFDC7FD47" box="[268,583,620,644]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Amaranthaceae" genus="Alternanthera" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="11" pageNumber="554" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="philoxeroides">
|
||
<emphasis id="B901E64AE00FFFAAED25A47CFDC7FD47" box="[268,583,620,644]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="554">Alternanthera philoxeroides</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
worldwide.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |