180 lines
26 KiB
XML
180 lines
26 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="4D4450D11DE40EDC463E81ACA7F0F598">The Hopping Dead: Late Cretaceous Frogs From The Middle - Late Campanian (Judithian) Of Western North America</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="39AB1C6D381518C65F5D59259D61BEF2">Gardner, James D.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="2E18189858F424C79D70F85F903D8BD0">Redman, Cory M.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="52943EC95A926EFCCBE412A536B248EC">Cifelli, Richard L.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:date id="4C368142CC3BCFB6518A4B632A676013">2016</mods:date>
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<taxonomicName id="DBDC4D67667DFFC2FE8317B4F8CFFC4B" authority="Gardner & Redman & Cifelli, 2016" authorityName="Gardner & Redman & Cifelli" authorityYear="2016" box="[330,454,940,963]" class="Amphibia" family="Tregobatrachidae" genus="Theatonius" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="8" pageNumber="86" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus" status="sp. nov.">
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<emphasis id="2EA8EAF6667DFFC2FE8317B4F8CFFC4B" bold="true" box="[330,454,940,963]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="86">Theatonius</emphasis>
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<subSubSection id="54C6656F667DFFC2FE9117C4FAA2F8DD" pageId="8" pageNumber="86" type="description">
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<paragraph id="1C6336E4667DFFC2FE9117C4F8F3FC7A" blockId="8.[344,506,988,1010]" box="[344,506,988,1010]" pageId="8" pageNumber="86">
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(
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<figureCitation id="84E72A61667DFFC2FE9617C4F8FAFC7A" box="[351,499,988,1010]" captionStart="Text-fig" captionStartId="8.[106,187,616,637]" captionTargetBox="[106,1459,152,574]" captionTargetId="figure-607@8.[121,1447,159,558]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Text-fig. 5. Edentulous anuran maxillae from the middle – late Campanian (Judithian) of Alberta, Canada and Utah, USA. All images are photographs and depict specimens lightly dusted with ammonium chloride to enhance details and texture. Images at different magnifications; see corresponding scale bars. a–f – Tyrrellbatrachus brinkmani GARDNER, 2015, all from basal part of Dinosaur Park Formation, Dinosaur Provincial Park,Alberta: a, b – incomplete right maxilla, TMP 1985.066.0035 (holotype), in labial (a) and lingual (b) views, from TMP locality L0404; c, d – incomplete right maxilla, TMP 1986.033.0033, in labial (c) and lingual (d) views, from TMP locality L0031; e, f – incomplete left maxilla, TMP 1986.214.0032, in labial (e) and lingual (f) views, from TMP locality L0051. g, h – Theatonius n. sp., nearly complete left maxilla, OMNH 67082, in labial (g) and lingual (h) views, from Kaiparowits Formation, OMNH locality V6, Utah." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4773074" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4773074/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="86">
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Text-fig.
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, h
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</figureCitation>
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)
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="1C6336E4667DFFC2FF591011FBE0FBA8" blockId="8.[106,745,1033,1087]" box="[144,745,1033,1056]" pageId="8" pageNumber="86">M a t e r i a l a n d o c c u r r e n c e s: Six maxillae from</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="1C6336E4667DFFC2FFA31030FB88FBB7" blockId="8.[106,745,1033,1087]" box="[106,641,1064,1087]" pageId="8" pageNumber="86">
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Kaiparowits Formation,
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<collectingRegion id="DE18F806667DFFC2FEA61030F8AFFBB7" box="[367,422,1064,1087]" country="United States of America" name="Utah" pageId="8" pageNumber="86">Utah</collectingRegion>
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,
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<collectingCountry id="64CB7674667DFFC2FE791030F8EDFBB7" box="[432,484,1064,1087]" name="United States of America" pageId="8" pageNumber="86">USA</collectingCountry>
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(Appendix 2).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="1C6336E4667DFFC2FF591042F8EEF828" blockId="8.[106,745,1114,1952]" pageId="8" pageNumber="86">
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D e s c r i p t i o n: The six maxillary specimens inclu- de a fragmentary example from the UMNH collections previously figured as being from an unidentified anuran (
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<bibRefCitation id="784D4B15667DFFC2FFB810A0F84EFB47" author="Rocek, Z. & Eaton, J. G. & Gardner, J. D. & Prikryl, T." box="[113,327,1208,1231]" pageId="8" pageNumber="86" pagination="341 - 394" refId="ref26694" refString="Rocek, Z., Eaton, J. G., Gardner, J. D., Prikryl, T. (2010): Evolution of anuran assemblages in the Late Cretaceous of Utah, USA. - Palaeobiodiversity and Palaeoenvironments, 90 (4): 341 - 394. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 12549 - 010 - 0040 - 2" type="journal article" year="2010">Roček et al. 2010</bibRefCitation>
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: fig. 16Ab) plus five more recently identified examples from the OMNH collections: a nearly complete left maxilla (OMNH 67082;
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<figureCitation id="84E72A61667DFFC2FDDB10EFFBBBFA86" box="[530,690,1271,1294]" captionStart="Text-fig" captionStartId="8.[106,187,616,637]" captionTargetBox="[106,1459,152,574]" captionTargetId="figure-607@8.[121,1447,159,558]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Text-fig. 5. Edentulous anuran maxillae from the middle – late Campanian (Judithian) of Alberta, Canada and Utah, USA. All images are photographs and depict specimens lightly dusted with ammonium chloride to enhance details and texture. Images at different magnifications; see corresponding scale bars. a–f – Tyrrellbatrachus brinkmani GARDNER, 2015, all from basal part of Dinosaur Park Formation, Dinosaur Provincial Park,Alberta: a, b – incomplete right maxilla, TMP 1985.066.0035 (holotype), in labial (a) and lingual (b) views, from TMP locality L0404; c, d – incomplete right maxilla, TMP 1986.033.0033, in labial (c) and lingual (d) views, from TMP locality L0031; e, f – incomplete left maxilla, TMP 1986.214.0032, in labial (e) and lingual (f) views, from TMP locality L0051. g, h – Theatonius n. sp., nearly complete left maxilla, OMNH 67082, in labial (g) and lingual (h) views, from Kaiparowits Formation, OMNH locality V6, Utah." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4773074" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4773074/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="86">
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Text-fig.
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, h
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</figureCitation>
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) and four less complete maxillae (unfigured). Collectively these
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<specimenCount id="0ADAFD6D667DFFC2FFA3112EF809FAC5" box="[106,256,1334,1357]" pageId="8" pageNumber="86" type="generic">six specimens</specimenCount>
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document the entire structure of the maxilla. These specimens are strikingly similar to maxillae of the late Maastrichtian (Lancian) anuran
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<taxonomicName id="DBDC4D67667DFFC2FE04116CFBBDFA03" authorityName="FOX" authorityYear="1976" box="[461,692,1396,1419]" class="Amphibia" family="Tregobatrachidae" genus="Theatonius" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="8" pageNumber="86" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lancensis">
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<emphasis id="2EA8EAF6667DFFC2FE04116CFBBDFA03" box="[461,692,1396,1419]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="86">Theatonius lancensis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(see revised species diagnosis by
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<bibRefCitation id="784D4B15667DFFC2FE54118CFB38FA23" author="Gardner, J. D." box="[413,561,1428,1451]" pageId="8" pageNumber="86" pagination="219 - 249" refId="ref24635" refString="Gardner, J. D. (2008): New information on frogs (Lissamphibia: Anura) from the Lance Formation (late Maastrichtian) and Bug Creek Anthills (late Maastrichtian and early Paleoecene), Hell Creek Formation, USA. - In: Sankey, J. T., Baszio, B. (eds), Vertebrate Microfossil Assemblages: Their Role in Paleoecology and Paleobiogeography, Indiana University Press, Bloomington, pp. 219 - 249." type="book chapter" year="2008">Gardner 2008</bibRefCitation>
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) in the following features: small size (OMNH 67082 is 4.9 mm long); labial surface ornamented with moderate-sized and closely packed pustules; crista dentalis moderately deep and lacks teeth; lamina horizontalis a weakly developed and lingually convex ridge; margo orbitalis deeply and asymmetrically concave; preorbital area taller and longer than postorbital area; processus palatinus relatively massive, projects linguodorsally, and dorsally bears a prominent facet; groove for ductus nasolacrimalis deep, wraps around labial base of processus palatinus and extends onto margo orbitalis; anterior portion of lamina anterior lingually bears a prominent facet; rostellum small, pointed, and directed anteriorly; processus pterygoideus lingually short, but anteroposteriorly elongate, and bears prominent articular facet that wraps posterodorsally onto processus zygomatico-maxillaris; and posterior end of processus posterior bluntly pointed.
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||
</paragraph>
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||
<paragraph id="1C6336E4667DFFC2FF5913A4FC28FAAB" blockId="8.[106,745,1980,2099]" lastBlockId="8.[820,1459,940,1877]" pageId="8" pageNumber="86">
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R e m a r k s: As indicated above, maxillae reported here from the Kaiparowits Formation compare favourably with the type species
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<taxonomicName id="DBDC4D67667DFFC2FEE613E4FB13F79B" authorityName="FOX" authorityYear="1976" box="[303,538,2044,2067]" class="Amphibia" family="Tregobatrachidae" genus="Theatonius" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="8" pageNumber="86" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lancensis">
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<emphasis id="2EA8EAF6667DFFC2FEE613E4FB13F79B" box="[303,538,2044,2067]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="86">Theatonius lancensis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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. The one notable difference is that the occlusolingual rim of the pars dentalis bears a row of tiny bumps in the
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<collectingRegion id="DE18F806667DFFC2FB6817B4FDDCFC4B" box="[1185,1237,940,963]" country="United States of America" name="Utah" pageId="8" pageNumber="86">Utah</collectingRegion>
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specimens, whereas that margin is smooth in the two maxillae (
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<typeStatus id="C3678846667DFFC2FB3317D4FC50FC6B" box="[1274,1369,972,995]" pageId="8" pageNumber="86" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
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and one referred:
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<bibRefCitation id="784D4B15667DFFC2FC5017F4FD3DFB8B" author="Gardner, J. D." box="[921,1076,1004,1027]" pageId="8" pageNumber="86" pagination="219 - 249" refId="ref24635" refString="Gardner, J. D. (2008): New information on frogs (Lissamphibia: Anura) from the Lance Formation (late Maastrichtian) and Bug Creek Anthills (late Maastrichtian and early Paleoecene), Hell Creek Formation, USA. - In: Sankey, J. T., Baszio, B. (eds), Vertebrate Microfossil Assemblages: Their Role in Paleoecology and Paleobiogeography, Indiana University Press, Bloomington, pp. 219 - 249." type="book chapter" year="2008">Gardner 2008</bibRefCitation>
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: fig. 13.2A–D and E, respectively) described for
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<taxonomicName id="DBDC4D67667DFFC2FC2F1014FDD6FBAB" authorityName="FOX" authorityYear="1976" box="[998,1247,1036,1059]" class="Amphibia" family="Tregobatrachidae" genus="Theatonius" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="8" pageNumber="86" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lancensis">
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<emphasis id="2EA8EAF6667DFFC2FC2F1014FDD6FBAB" box="[998,1247,1036,1059]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="86">Theatonius lancensis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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from the Lance Formation. That morphological difference, coupled with differences in ages (i.e., middle – late Campanian vs. late Maastrichtian), suggest the maxillae from the Kaiparowits Formation pertain to a second species of
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<taxonomicName id="DBDC4D67667DFFC2FAFA1094FCA5FB2B" authorityName="Gardner & Redman & Cifelli" authorityYear="2016" box="[1331,1452,1164,1187]" class="Amphibia" family="Tregobatrachidae" genus="Theatonius" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="8" pageNumber="86" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="2EA8EAF6667DFFC2FAFA1094FCA5FB2B" box="[1331,1452,1164,1187]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="86">Theatonius</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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. Unfortunately, no examples of the equally distinctive frontoparietals or squamosals comparable to those known for
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<taxonomicName id="DBDC4D67667DFFC2FC9010F4FADCFA8B" authorityName="FOX" authorityYear="1976" box="[857,981,1260,1283]" class="Amphibia" family="Tregobatrachidae" genus="Theatonius" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="8" pageNumber="86" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lancensis">
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<emphasis id="2EA8EAF6667DFFC2FC9010F4FADCFA8B" box="[857,981,1260,1283]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="86">T. lancensis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(see
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<bibRefCitation id="784D4B15667DFFC2FBC510F4FD88FA8B" author="Fox, R. C." box="[1036,1153,1260,1283]" pageId="8" pageNumber="86" pagination="1486 - 1490" refId="ref24212" refString="Fox, R. C. (1976 b): An edentulous frog (Theatonius lancensis, new genus and species) from the Upper Cretaceous Lance Formation of Wyoming. - Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 13 (10): 1486 - 1490. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1139 / e 76 - 154" type="journal article" year="1976">Fox 1976b</bibRefCitation>
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||
,
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<bibRefCitation id="784D4B15667DFFC2FB4210F4FC28FA8B" author="Gardner, J. D." box="[1163,1313,1260,1283]" pageId="8" pageNumber="86" pagination="219 - 249" refId="ref24635" refString="Gardner, J. D. (2008): New information on frogs (Lissamphibia: Anura) from the Lance Formation (late Maastrichtian) and Bug Creek Anthills (late Maastrichtian and early Paleoecene), Hell Creek Formation, USA. - In: Sankey, J. T., Baszio, B. (eds), Vertebrate Microfossil Assemblages: Their Role in Paleoecology and Paleobiogeography, Indiana University Press, Bloomington, pp. 219 - 249." type="book chapter" year="2008">Gardner 2008</bibRefCitation>
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||
: fig. 13.2F–J) have been identified among the
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||
<collectingRegion id="DE18F806667DFFC2FB431114FDB7FAAB" box="[1162,1214,1292,1315]" country="United States of America" name="Utah" pageId="8" pageNumber="86">Utah</collectingRegion>
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samples.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="1C6336E4667DFFC2FC931133FAA2F8DD" blockId="8.[820,1459,940,1877]" pageId="8" pageNumber="86">
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||
The occurrence of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="DBDC4D67667DFFC2FB811133FDC8FACA" authorityName="Gardner & Redman & Cifelli" authorityYear="2016" box="[1096,1217,1323,1346]" class="Amphibia" family="Tregobatrachidae" genus="Theatonius" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="8" pageNumber="86" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="2EA8EAF6667DFFC2FB811133FDC8FACA" box="[1096,1217,1323,1346]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="86">Theatonius</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in the Kaiparowits Formation of south-central
|
||
<collectingRegion id="DE18F806667DFFC2FBAD1152FD90FAE9" box="[1124,1177,1354,1377]" country="United States of America" name="Utah" pageId="8" pageNumber="86">Utah</collectingRegion>
|
||
extends the geographical range for the genus southwards into
|
||
<collectingRegion id="DE18F806667DFFC2FB041172FC0BFA09" box="[1229,1282,1386,1409]" country="United States of America" name="Utah" pageId="8" pageNumber="86">Utah</collectingRegion>
|
||
from
|
||
<collectingRegion id="DE18F806667DFFC2FA811172FCBAFA09" box="[1352,1459,1386,1409]" country="United States of America" name="Wyoming" pageId="8" pageNumber="86">Wyoming</collectingRegion>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="784D4B15667DFFC2FCF51191FAB2FA28" author="Fox, R. C." box="[828,955,1417,1440]" pageId="8" pageNumber="86" pagination="1486 - 1490" refId="ref24212" refString="Fox, R. C. (1976 b): An edentulous frog (Theatonius lancensis, new genus and species) from the Upper Cretaceous Lance Formation of Wyoming. - Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 13 (10): 1486 - 1490. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1139 / e 76 - 154" type="journal article" year="1976">Fox 1976b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and
|
||
<collectingRegion id="DE18F806667DFFC2FBCF1191FD6FFA28" box="[1030,1126,1417,1440]" country="United States of America" name="Montana" pageId="8" pageNumber="86">Montana</collectingRegion>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="784D4B15667DFFC2FBB51191FCA6FA28" author="Gardner, J. D. & DeMar, D. G., Jr." box="[1148,1455,1417,1440]" pageId="8" pageNumber="86" pagination="459 - 515" refId="ref24890" refString="Gardner, J. D., DeMar, D. G., Jr. (2013): Mesozoic and Paleocene lissamphibian assemblages of North America: a comprehensive review. - Palaeobiodiversity and Palaeoenvironments, 93 (4): 459 - 515. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 12549 - 013 - 0130 - z" type="journal article" year="2013">Gardner and DeMar 2013</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="784D4B15667DFFC2FCFD11B0FAF3FA37" author="Mercier, G. & DeMar, D. G., Jr. & Wilson, G. P." box="[820,1018,1448,1471]" pageId="8" pageNumber="86" pagination="187" refId="ref25915" refString="Mercier, G., DeMar, D. G., Jr., Wilson, G. P. (2014): Frogs and toads (Lissamphibia, Anura) during the end-Cretaceous mass extinction: evidence from the fossil record of northeastern Montana. - In: Program and Abstracts, 74 th Annual Meeting, Society of Vertebrate Paleontology, p. 187." type="book chapter" year="2014">Mercier et al. 2014</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and extends its temporal range back from the late Maastrichtian to the middle – late Campanian. There also is an unconfirmed report of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="DBDC4D67667DFFC2FB4211FEFC0BFA75" authorityName="Gardner & Redman & Cifelli" authorityYear="2016" box="[1163,1282,1510,1533]" class="Amphibia" family="Tregobatrachidae" genus="Theatonius" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="8" pageNumber="86" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="2EA8EAF6667DFFC2FB4211FEFC0BFA75" box="[1163,1282,1510,1533]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="86">Theatonius</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
-like squamosals in the Campanian (possibly Aquilan or Judithian equivalent; see
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="784D4B15667DFFC2FCAD123DFD3EF9B4" author="Cifelli, R. L. & Eberle, J. J. & Lofgren, D. L. & Lillegraven, J. A. & Clemens, W. A." box="[868,1079,1573,1596]" pageId="8" pageNumber="86" pagination="21 - 42" refId="ref22191" refString="Cifelli, R. L., Eberle, J. J., Lofgren, D. L., Lillegraven, J. A., Clemens, W. A. (2004): Mammalian biochronology of the latest Cretaceous. - In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Late Cretaceous and Cenozoic Mammals of North America: Biostratigraphy and Geochronology, Columbia University Press, New York, pp. 21 - 42." type="book chapter" year="2004">Cifelli et al. 2004</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="784D4B15667DFFC2FB8E123DFCA5F9B4" author="Kielan-Jaworowska, Z. & Cifelli, R. L. & Luo, Z. - X." box="[1095,1452,1573,1596]" pageId="8" pageNumber="86" refId="ref25705" refString="Kielan-Jaworowska, Z., Cifelli, R. L., Luo, Z. - X. (2004): Mammals from the Age of Dinosaurs: Origins, Evolution, and Structure. - Columbia University Press, New York, 630 pp." type="book" year="2004">Kielan-Jaworowska et al. 2004</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) Marshalltown Formation of
|
||
<collectingRegion id="DE18F806667DFFC2FB92125CFDDCF9D3" box="[1115,1237,1604,1627]" country="United States of America" name="New Jersey" pageId="8" pageNumber="86">New Jersey</collectingRegion>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="784D4B15667DFFC2FB28125CFA67F9F2" author="Denton, R. K., Jr. & O'Neill, R. C." pageId="8" pageNumber="86" pagination="484 - 494" refId="ref22816" refString="Denton, R. K., Jr., O'Neill, R. C. (1998): Parrisia neocesariensis, a new batrachosauroidid salamander and other amphibians from the Campanian of eastern North America. - Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 18 (3): 484 - 494. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1080 / 02724634.1998.10011076" type="journal article" year="1998">Denton and O’Neill 1998</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Compared to the apparently restricted distribution of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="DBDC4D67667DFFC2FC9A129AFADDF911" authorityName="FOX" authorityYear="1976" box="[851,980,1666,1689]" class="Amphibia" family="Tregobatrachidae" genus="Theatonius" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="8" pageNumber="86" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lancensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="2EA8EAF6667DFFC2FC9A129AFADDF911" box="[851,980,1666,1689]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="86">T. lancensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in the Lance Formation, where it is known only from the Bushy Tailed Blowout locality, the putative new species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="DBDC4D67667DFFC2FC3012D9FD7BF950" authorityName="Gardner & Redman & Cifelli" authorityYear="2016" box="[1017,1138,1729,1752]" class="Amphibia" family="Tregobatrachidae" genus="Theatonius" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="8" pageNumber="86" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="2EA8EAF6667DFFC2FC3012D9FD7BF950" box="[1017,1138,1729,1752]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="86">Theatonius</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from
|
||
<collectingRegion id="DE18F806667DFFC2FB0112D9FDF4F950" box="[1224,1277,1729,1752]" country="United States of America" name="Utah" pageId="8" pageNumber="86">Utah</collectingRegion>
|
||
has a broader stratigraphic distribution, being represented at five localities in both the lower (OMNH V6 and V9; UMNH VP 108) and upper (OMNH V5 and 61) parts of the Kaiparowits Formation.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |