treatments-xml/data/E9/9C/CB/E99CCB3BF902514BAA8C0AA8CD944310.xml

<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/jhr.96.111550" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1314-2607-96-983" ID-Pensoft-UUID="129D1931A48A5181B3F131522D603699" ID-ZooBank="5BE4EBEB4D7D41FA93D112AD64AC73AD" ModsDocID="1314-2607-96-983" checkinTime="1700659022387" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Vereecken, Nicolas J., Ruiz, Carlos, Marshall, Leon, Perez-Gil, Monica, Molenberg, Jean-Marc, Jacobi, Bernhard, La Roche, Francisco &amp; Litman, Jessica R." docDate="2023" docId="E99CCB3BF902514BAA8C0AA8CD944310" docLanguage="en" docName="JourHymenoptRes 96: 983-1015" docOrigin="Journal of Hymenoptera Research 96" docPubDate="2023-11-22" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/jhr.96.111550" docTitle="Pseudoanthidium (Pseudoanthidium) jacobii Vereecken &amp; Litman 2023, sp. nov." docType="treatment" docUuid="BD67A8C7-F34B-45AB-9E85-45813F167E33" docUuidSource="ZooBank" docVersion="1" id="129D1931A48A5181B3F131522D603699" lastPageNumber="983" masterDocId="129D1931A48A5181B3F131522D603699" masterDocTitle="A new small carder bee species from the eastern Canary Islands (Hymenoptera, Megachilidae, Anthidiini)" masterLastPageNumber="1015" masterPageNumber="983" pageNumber="983" updateTime="1700659022387" updateUser="pensoft">
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<mods:title id="2CBA414707549C854E43B290F32226E3">A new small carder bee species from the eastern Canary Islands (Hymenoptera, Megachilidae, Anthidiini)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="4068D43012BF7191568107ACE5949184">Vereecken, Nicolas J.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="9B3165899CEBCF12EA3EF573B85C8EE8">Universite libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Agroecology Lab, Avenue F. D. Roosevelt 50, B- 1050 Brussels, Belgium</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="5395319D420598FC14A6AFCC7EE12C05">Ruiz, Carlos</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="1120FFB24C27F2EFBBAF13DBBF249A78">Department of Animal Biology, Edaphology and Geology, University of La Laguna, 38206 La Laguna de Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:affiliation id="C50B5FBB5DF05B3EB3DA931E90BBC097">Universite libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Agroecology Lab, Avenue F. D. Roosevelt 50, B- 1050 Brussels, Belgium</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="9CD71F69C40C64B78342C38FD30BCDA2">Perez-Gil, Monica</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="167B6BD03861EE9D4426DAD8493A8BC2">Calle Guaticea 20, Playa Honda, Lanzarote, Canary Islands, Spain</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="DDA9F1F983EF4D9A54DC98BB1BFFF7D7">Molenberg, Jean-Marc</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="7BD4895BCB308787A327C2D779FFF74B">Universite libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Agroecology Lab, Avenue F. D. Roosevelt 50, B- 1050 Brussels, Belgium</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="924C90D6A0A8C118FE89F984F86D5104">Jacobi, Bernhard</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="68722E39AE6622354E66A4424791451D">Department of Animal Biology, Edaphology and Geology, University of La Laguna, 38206 La Laguna de Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="15801317786E99ED3248F2ACCB5601E9">Litman, Jessica R.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="74229CBA03FEFF8D39686BA180AC5DDD">Department of Mathematical Analysis, University of La Laguna, 38206 La Laguna de Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain</mods:affiliation>
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<taxonomicName id="9E4D4039C4337FF859813D19B64D3D00" LSID="https://zoobank.org/BD67A8C7-F34B-45AB-9E85-45813F167E33" authority="Vereecken &amp; Litman" authorityName="Vereecken &amp; Litman" authorityYear="2023" class="Insecta" family="Megachilidae" genus="Pseudoanthidium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pseudoanthidium (Pseudoanthidium) jacobii" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="983" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="jacobii" status="sp. nov." subGenus="Pseudoanthidium">Pseudoanthidium (Pseudoanthidium) jacobii Vereecken &amp; Litman</taxonomicName>
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<paragraph id="42802647E7B3245770F7DF454D6A422D" pageId="0" pageNumber="983">Type material.</paragraph>
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<emphasis id="198E0970522BFE0788F93D4827D729BF" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="983">Holotype</emphasis>
.
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Spain • 1♂; Lanzarote, 
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, 19 Apr. 2021; NJ Vereecken leg.; DZUL.
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<emphasis id="98DCDACFD8C150AE5537108973FFD102" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="983">Paratypes</emphasis>
.
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Spain • 1♀; Lanzarote, 
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, 18 Apr. 2021; J-M Molenberg leg.; ULB • Spain • 1♂; same collection data as for preceding, 19 Apr. 2021; J-M Molenberg leg.; ULB • 1♂; same collection data as for preceding, 18 Apr. 2021; J-M Molenberg leg.; DZUL.
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<paragraph id="D067DB1D60D9BFE3C624200AE738D12A" pageId="0" pageNumber="983">Other material.</paragraph>
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; 
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, 
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; 
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; 
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M 
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leg.; DZUL
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• 
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, 
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; 
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M 
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leg.; DZUL
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• 
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, 
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leg.; DZUL
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• 
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; 
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, 
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, 
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, 
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leg.; FLR
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.
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<subSubSection id="42B14598BA1D678AFFA0065124791F6B" pageId="0" pageNumber="983" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="860DD4730F3CD6C1C801234793CEBF94" pageId="0" pageNumber="983">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B1AB83ECE997C46CD57061073272C80B" pageId="0" pageNumber="983">
Besides differences in their distribution pattern across the Canary Islands archipelago (Fig. 
<figureCitation id="E20E3377A8341A8BA4DEFB0201FCB9BC" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figure 1. Ecology and distribution of Pseudoanthidium jacobii in the Canary Islands A, B male nectaring on an inflorescence of Asteriscus intermedius (Asteraceae) (Photos NJ Vereecken) C female collecting pollen on an inflorescence of A. intermedius (Photo B Jacobi) D female nesting in a pre-existing cavity located in a volcanic lava rock (Photo B Jacobi) E distribution map showing all occurrence records available to us and relevant to both P. canariense and P. jacobii in the Canary Islands." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.96.111550.figure1" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/940434" pageId="0" pageNumber="983">1</figureCitation>
), males and females of 
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<emphasis id="AE1E28722C6189BE4B3E0DD51F17726A" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="983">P. canariense</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and the newly described 
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<emphasis id="2247993DD8F1B05CEABB069979885090" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="983">P. jacobii</emphasis>
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can be unambiguously identified based on a number of morphological criteria described below, including their relative size, as well as the density of the punctuation, the colour and the shininess of their cuticle as shown on Figs 
<figureCitation id="657CF8B4AC7DA41876D7FBEF12F9BF89" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. Illustration of some key morphological traits that characterise females of Pseudoanthidium jacobii A head capsule and first half of the mesonotum in dorsal view B abdomen in dorsal view C tergites 1 - 2 (from top to bottom) in dorsal view D face in frontal view E mandibles and clypeus in frontal view. Photos NJ Vereecken; see description of each sex and the diagnosis in the text for more details." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.96.111550.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/940435" pageId="0" pageNumber="983">2</figureCitation>
- 
<figureCitation id="86D524D1E2F04BAE3C439DD98F279230" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="F4" captionText="Figure 4. Illustration of some structural diagnostic morphological traits that help discriminate between Pseudoanthidium canariense (Mavromoustakis) (A, C) and P. jacobii (B, D). Photos NJ Vereecken; see description of each sex and the diagnosis in the text for more details." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.96.111550.figure4" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/940437" pageId="0" pageNumber="983">4</figureCitation>
. Fig. 
<figureCitation id="4E2E6387B4811CF0C1BC42AA92E1F392" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figure 5. Both Pseudoanthidium jacobii and P. canariense share the same overall structure of specialized hooked and waved hairs on their metasomal sterna (S 3 - S 4 - S 5) in males, as well as their dark brown to black apicolateral combs on each lateral arm of S 5. The present photo illustrates the structure in a male P. jacobii where S 3 also exhibits a short, dense, velvety pubescence anteriorly, posteriorly with pre-marginal brush of hairs, hooked at the tips, as well as an underlying comb of thickened, wavy hairs (Photo NJ Vereecken)." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.96.111550.figure5" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/940438" pageId="0" pageNumber="983">5</figureCitation>
illustrates the structure of specialized hooked and waved hairs on the metasomal sterna (S3-S4-S5) in males, as well as their apicolateral combs on each lateral arm of S5.
</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="A4FEC331C445E551A9A522AAB613B8F1" pageId="0" pageNumber="983">
<emphasis id="BA2CC80BB9291CC92B9395D22F000B8C" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="983">Figure 2.</emphasis>
Illustration of some key morphological traits that characterise females of 
<taxonomicName id="74B1CA1F84520688EE645784CD08FC32" authorityName="Vereecken &amp; Litman" authorityYear="2023" class="Insecta" family="Megachilidae" genus="Pseudoanthidium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pseudoanthidium jacobii" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="983" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="jacobii">
<emphasis id="A374DA18C59485A34E7CB0E88462EC1C" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="983">Pseudoanthidium jacobii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="0A58ED00569DEDD8F54D7A8224181A71" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="983">A</emphasis>
head capsule and first half of the mesonotum in dorsal view 
<emphasis id="4F427B702DEE6397FBED2FE0243AA6F6" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="983">B</emphasis>
abdomen in dorsal view 
<emphasis id="BDE633A5FB1BE8EF727245F1E158F4BB" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="983">C</emphasis>
tergites 1-2 (from top to bottom) in dorsal view 
<emphasis id="E1264F9B7B28C475D0CFB7CE4B94E312" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="983">D</emphasis>
face in frontal view 
<emphasis id="306B7989147FEAA075F1626DA1058157" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="983">E</emphasis>
mandibles and clypeus in frontal view. Photos NJ Vereecken; see description of each sex and the diagnosis in the text for more details.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="02F988C77FCFC45E0A281E1438CFC4A5" doi="10.3897/jhr.96.111550.figure3" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/940436" pageId="0" pageNumber="983" start="Figure 3" startId="F3">
<paragraph id="4F24925443E48F09B8FFF42433ECCDED" pageId="0" pageNumber="983">
<emphasis id="97F962319D40DB5FAE8C39E7E8D9E788" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="983">Figure 3.</emphasis>
Illustration of some key morphological traits that characterise males of 
<taxonomicName id="70AEC6D5495CBE3657443EB8C6CDB303" authorityName="Vereecken &amp; Litman" authorityYear="2023" class="Insecta" family="Megachilidae" genus="Pseudoanthidium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pseudoanthidium jacobii" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="983" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="jacobii">
<emphasis id="3482327A35A43063D0EDC762BCFF202D" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="983">Pseudoanthidium jacobii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="C6973F5861B425A54383BCB43D7EA851" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="983">A</emphasis>
head capsule and first half of the mesonotum in dorsal view 
<emphasis id="0C3B5A4B2DCC2B500D909622F30EFE04" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="983">B</emphasis>
abdomen in dorsal view 
<emphasis id="D29BBC3DEEEC1C88A8206760487D2EE2" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="983">C</emphasis>
tergites 1-2-3 (from top to bottom) in dorsal view 
<emphasis id="3F83910D4BD66C67E8024358351FC7D6" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="983">D</emphasis>
face in frontal view 
<emphasis id="E0A9009D5A41A2D06CBF982F2D6F2F8D" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="983">E</emphasis>
gonostyli in dorsal view. Photos NJ Vereecken; see description of each sex and the diagnosis in the text for more details.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="83A01BD2C4E93B4EFDF46AD54942B6A3" doi="10.3897/jhr.96.111550.figure4" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/940437" pageId="0" pageNumber="983" start="Figure 4" startId="F4">
<paragraph id="094D68DD99ED446A1B231C19046F924B" pageId="0" pageNumber="983">
<emphasis id="D846F13E8342B7AE534EA528A0669D0D" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="983">Figure 4.</emphasis>
Illustration of some structural diagnostic morphological traits that help discriminate between 
<taxonomicName id="4AAE7FF69DA9278193ECD1A5D7548169" baseAuthorityName="Mavromoustakis" baseAuthorityYear="1954" class="Insecta" family="Megachilidae" genus="Pseudoanthidium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pseudoanthidium canariense" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="983" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="canariense">
<emphasis id="989D78F1E47E5F021B6E74EE70055F7E" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="983">Pseudoanthidium canariense</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Mavromoustakis) (
<emphasis id="8B26DB6673EC89D4452A2B38248EA202" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="983">A, C</emphasis>
) and 
<taxonomicName id="3256E4492EB4C419DDA0DDB4BE8B5F32" lsidName="P. jacobii" pageId="0" pageNumber="983" rank="species" species="jacobii">
<emphasis id="D393F9C33F12EB8D75CEF03724D99AD3" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="983">P. jacobii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<emphasis id="25BE9DA96A4E368086D9D7C43FDD1885" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="983">B, D</emphasis>
). Photos NJ Vereecken; see description of each sex and the diagnosis in the text for more details.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="4B0B2D71D012F1A2B5CD2AB152F85F13" doi="10.3897/jhr.96.111550.figure5" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/940438" pageId="0" pageNumber="983" start="Figure 5" startId="F5">
<paragraph id="83F976A536BAFECD307E702AC2F246A6" pageId="0" pageNumber="983">
<emphasis id="E4F875691F2919DB8B1E39759B14BCEA" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="983">Figure 5.</emphasis>
Both 
<taxonomicName id="15218358E6908106A085FE39FEF2024D" authorityName="Vereecken &amp; Litman" authorityYear="2023" class="Insecta" family="Megachilidae" genus="Pseudoanthidium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pseudoanthidium jacobii" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="983" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="jacobii">
<emphasis id="589F05C1C291A0597C9811DCC31DE8B3" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="983">Pseudoanthidium jacobii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="1FE62C1C897C3BD18F299E40B2B5B651" lsidName="P. canariense" pageId="0" pageNumber="983" rank="species" species="canariense">
<emphasis id="69774951D405632CEC4AE9C7B03E1471" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="983">P. canariense</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
share the same overall structure of specialized hooked and waved hairs on their metasomal sterna (S3-S4-S5) in males, as well as their dark brown to black apicolateral combs on each lateral arm of S5. The present photo illustrates the structure in a male 
<taxonomicName id="1384F4FD159801A71F926F01FE0F31D9" lsidName="P. jacobii" pageId="0" pageNumber="983" rank="species" species="jacobii">
<emphasis id="447A6C4A26C4D8298425199F7FE6C359" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="983">P. jacobii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
where S3 also exhibits a short, dense, velvety pubescence anteriorly, posteriorly with pre-marginal brush of hairs, hooked at the tips, as well as an underlying comb of thickened, wavy hairs (Photo NJ Vereecken).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="06F013BBB2C841A90D9E0C67A2C75C3B" pageId="0" pageNumber="983">
<emphasis id="38BCCE0C6C01C7B27F1942F3B1D0BAF1" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="983">Female.</emphasis>
The female of 
<taxonomicName id="FB4025D3A324ECBE4B76D4399687CC9B" lsidName="P. jacobii" pageId="0" pageNumber="983" rank="species" species="jacobii">
<emphasis id="FDBA1D10D4134CFDFBD15D294ECB1DB7" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="983">P. jacobii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
may be distinguished from 
<taxonomicName id="B0F1D9557FBC38CB0690ADC79D963ECD" lsidName="P. canariense" pageId="0" pageNumber="983" rank="species" species="canariense">
<emphasis id="070EB6FD97F3F534A90ACBEAFB5D2357" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="983">P. canariense</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by the following combination of characters: 
<emphasis id="07984B7F1C2032087AA8ECF400595600" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="983">BL</emphasis>
minimally only half size (4-7 mm in 
<taxonomicName id="68D562870B1678D5F613BA7AE12B34C3" lsidName="P. jacobii" pageId="0" pageNumber="983" rank="species" species="jacobii">
<emphasis id="CF1C3B8A4E677A460096BD3EB8F40EF8" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="983">P. jacobii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 6-9 mm in 
<taxonomicName id="462BE9D5FB6CFA518C1E5B1D76A338E0" lsidName="P. canariense" pageId="0" pageNumber="983" rank="species" species="canariense">
<emphasis id="964A8C6A89C7A6A2E484FBB5E5B8C8D0" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="983">P. canariense</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), 
<emphasis id="D99DBD9B7CC6D8AFF936F0F32A49CF6A" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="983">ITD</emphasis>
shorter (on average: 2.13 mm in 
<taxonomicName id="31CFFE616B0D36FE4ED9522F3C65B18B" lsidName="P. jacobii" pageId="0" pageNumber="983" rank="species" species="jacobii">
<emphasis id="1E3A2A99EB0E12C0E07EFB1AA7364240" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="983">P. jacobii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 2.91 mm in 
<taxonomicName id="91CAC164F406203188B2501FFD26B675" lsidName="P. canariense" pageId="0" pageNumber="983" rank="species" species="canariense">
<emphasis id="198E76B02C0BE63C87732F1B026D38D7" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="983">P. canariense</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), 
<emphasis id="9CB93C7147EE744D3C42576AF3625473" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="983">OOD</emphasis>
shorter (~ 1 ocellar diameter in 
<taxonomicName id="0C9724FCBE11FBD59AE5B5B1729D94E2" lsidName="P. jacobii" pageId="0" pageNumber="983" rank="species" species="jacobii">
<emphasis id="DD5D010705E45F8CD9656E65D879A72D" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="983">P. jacobii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, ~ 1.5-2 ocellar diameters in 
<taxonomicName id="CA307E50365AB25D3F1B84951242BB26" lsidName="P. canariense" pageId="0" pageNumber="983" rank="species" species="canariense">
<emphasis id="FF37C3C658EA46352A310DEF8E96C5D6" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="983">P. canariense</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), 
<emphasis id="A80394B0FF22BC9F70181A8DE994AFB1" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="983">TPD</emphasis>
lower (spaces between points at least ~ 1-1.5 diameter of a single point in 
<taxonomicName id="8EF1EDDB702B22628B25D7E2905182FD" lsidName="P. jacobii" pageId="0" pageNumber="983" rank="species" species="jacobii">
<emphasis id="80D97CDDEAC5FAB0DA9B0ED806084A00" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="983">P. jacobii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, &lt;0.5 diameter of a single point in 
<taxonomicName id="62FC99FA50925005677B74817C2AB8B5" lsidName="P. canariense" pageId="0" pageNumber="983" rank="species" species="canariense">
<emphasis id="6009D6AFCEB686B54425D9D4E1749241" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="983">P. canariense</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), 
<emphasis id="59B155CAEEB09B4F4E87015BCE4BB7EF" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="983">SSPD</emphasis>
slightly higher (~ 0.5 diameter of a single point in 
<taxonomicName id="FB5E409E7655FDFD5BC66667A61E47E9" lsidName="P. jacobii" pageId="0" pageNumber="983" rank="species" species="jacobii">
<emphasis id="1EA29DED58DE5DC8A74D4EF0ABE8C45C" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="983">P. jacobii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, &lt;0.5 diameter of a single point in 
<taxonomicName id="18BEA19CDE9968B4C4FB489CFE4FD6A9" lsidName="P. canariense" pageId="0" pageNumber="983" rank="species" species="canariense">
<emphasis id="11BFD8ED372691DF0CA09F1259E06305" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="983">P. canariense</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), 
<emphasis id="8FC25EE931067AF943679522831523E1" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="983">TEG</emphasis>
brighter (orange-yellow in 
<taxonomicName id="4D0BCA74F9E801E7D1788C03F3D830BF" lsidName="P. jacobii" pageId="0" pageNumber="983" rank="species" species="jacobii">
<emphasis id="6F5CEBBD5FB1DC08EB9F2D49754BEA96" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="983">P. jacobii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, black in 
<taxonomicName id="ADA7F431B3D44557AC5E295FF8DF5247" lsidName="P. canariense" pageId="0" pageNumber="983" rank="species" species="canariense">
<emphasis id="64A6163D811B80592886A169AD1BF62E" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="983">P. canariense</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), 
<emphasis id="F93DA91B0155EFD0DBE42C8258FD1DC4" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="983">ProN</emphasis>
brighter (orange-yellow in 
<taxonomicName id="988B31BCF33B2E9AFDF764A8B06C3E1D" lsidName="P. jacobii" pageId="0" pageNumber="983" rank="species" species="jacobii">
<emphasis id="D703C88EE736BA4B79AF0EF612949A0E" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="983">P. jacobii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, black in 
<taxonomicName id="FE986F77B6D0F61E05E31B25CC57216B" lsidName="P. canariense" pageId="0" pageNumber="983" rank="species" species="canariense">
<emphasis id="23498153374B3E02DAE1845D4586F739" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="983">P. canariense</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), 
<emphasis id="C80C6A68E0DBB69F37C1F838DA03654C" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="983">ProLo</emphasis>
mostly brighter (orange-yellow like the tegulae in 
<taxonomicName id="71EFE200D34E640CB394B6076A8D48BB" lsidName="P. jacobii" pageId="0" pageNumber="983" rank="species" species="jacobii">
<emphasis id="2D64F859B0B47F2659F5CE513EC6280A" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="983">P. jacobii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, black in 
<taxonomicName id="D21BC32E27BEE979733223352633662C" lsidName="P. canariense" pageId="0" pageNumber="983" rank="species" species="canariense">
<emphasis id="1D8645771A636DD304D427567FF8E59A" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="983">P. canariense</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, but more specimens of each species should be examined), 
<emphasis id="1DC1B2ADCE7BAE1DEA0A173C648DA96B" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="983">TCP</emphasis>
wider, brighter (wide and orange-yellow in 
<taxonomicName id="EB199FACA8A42F5B55AD68A0CE765C3A" lsidName="P. jacobii" pageId="0" pageNumber="983" rank="species" species="jacobii">
<emphasis id="D919EFF9A238E43A98A76B28C242F40C" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="983">P. jacobii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, narrower and dark orange in 
<taxonomicName id="C517970276F2879F2833FEB84BEB0C61" lsidName="P. canariense" pageId="0" pageNumber="983" rank="species" species="canariense">
<emphasis id="82A0563469981B329FA3CF87BEBEE559" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="983">P. canariense</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), and with a better defined maculation margin (gradual infiltration of the black colour into the orange yellow maculations of the integument in 
<taxonomicName id="F1BE95E2BAD00945C021F22E512E0BA7" lsidName="P. jacobii" pageId="0" pageNumber="983" rank="species" species="jacobii">
<emphasis id="A7EA50711482FDD634D5F8FD38BB06E6" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="983">P. jacobii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, well-defined colour boundary/contrast between darker orange maculations and black cuticule in 
<taxonomicName id="901EA381F0BC9E1E81C6028779817CE0" lsidName="P. canariense" pageId="0" pageNumber="983" rank="species" species="canariense">
<emphasis id="3F95E540B114D6F851EDB0117B3354CB" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="983">P. canariense</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), 
<emphasis id="36822B648D9A2C9382A30B0160D24CC5" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="983">FACE</emphasis>
brighter (orange-yellow clypeus, mandibles, lower part of paraoccular region in 
<taxonomicName id="8884DB1521D9A8A2BE79831C3BFBA136" lsidName="P. jacobii" pageId="0" pageNumber="983" rank="species" species="jacobii">
<emphasis id="42AD2120FCB7151AD21FBDBFE7F443AD" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="983">P. jacobii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, all black in 
<taxonomicName id="A583F60E2738D6F82E2865F8A997B651" lsidName="P. canariense" pageId="0" pageNumber="983" rank="species" species="canariense">
<emphasis id="BB6A0084F8353E57031A6460C27C9727" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="983">P. canariense</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) and wider (face broader than long in 
<taxonomicName id="22D2ED4A0F218BAF89E1D66C6F1C7272" lsidName="P. jacobii" pageId="0" pageNumber="983" rank="species" species="jacobii">
<emphasis id="00FEBF74E10FD42888D2E29E9E043187" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="983">P. jacobii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, face longer than broad in 
<taxonomicName id="C32E3AC19A673ED3D6C91BFBCCF86DE2" lsidName="P. canariense" pageId="0" pageNumber="983" rank="species" species="canariense">
<emphasis id="ECE0A831A975B120F7D75E6F5B7E9CD1" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="983">P. canariense</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), 
<emphasis id="6275D6EC28E1D31D4C6FDAA7F5F51C80" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="983">LEGS</emphasis>
brighter (all legs black only from the coxa to the very base of the femur black, the rest of the femur and other leg segments are orangish yellow in 
<taxonomicName id="FA8696DD5C1F3547ABD4DE60A44B2505" lsidName="P. jacobii" pageId="0" pageNumber="983" rank="species" species="jacobii">
<emphasis id="7CF27D856D8A2783C5F12A104DDC7850" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="983">P. jacobii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, all coxae, femurs but only posterior tibiae black in 
<taxonomicName id="3397866230120A474CFD08BD24F2BD69" lsidName="P. canariense" pageId="0" pageNumber="983" rank="species" species="canariense">
<emphasis id="0C7BD97CEEE9C33BCADC015F16150ABD" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="983">P. canariense</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="5F8ABC1A25F5CA239AFDC63A43D5F667" pageId="0" pageNumber="983">
<emphasis id="A8F19001F5D500980FF476329EDF15DD" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="983">Male.</emphasis>
The male of 
<taxonomicName id="36166D6F2B307EFC6E580C118CBAED7B" lsidName="P. jacobii" pageId="0" pageNumber="983" rank="species" species="jacobii">
<emphasis id="C661AC7CB6B2E7E4219E8AF808E93755" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="983">P. jacobii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
may be distinguished from 
<taxonomicName id="7CAF0CE90444A3D40411CBFB580F28E6" lsidName="P. canariense" pageId="0" pageNumber="983" rank="species" species="canariense">
<emphasis id="6398F4A177E8654AD36EA606D5B8EBA5" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="983">P. canariense</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by the following combination of characters: 
<emphasis id="1F1038C38B52BB146E4F1EB3E3F3521D" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="983">BL</emphasis>
minimally only half size (4-6 mm in 
<taxonomicName id="A72E510632BDF966B3EFC901C3C92DE8" lsidName="P. jacobii" pageId="0" pageNumber="983" rank="species" species="jacobii">
<emphasis id="72946A5DB0208CB7345495EF81918832" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="983">P. jacobii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 6-8 mm in 
<taxonomicName id="53F7515BDC25B1D155081E041F3AD192" lsidName="P. canariense" pageId="0" pageNumber="983" rank="species" species="canariense">
<emphasis id="348B18B861CE230F3A0D9313405D2A8C" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="983">P. canariense</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), 
<emphasis id="A7392F306441F4D6A6AA8B1CE42B783A" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="983">ITD</emphasis>
shorter (on average: 2.22 mm in 
<taxonomicName id="369C86FB674F44759E5B8DFA31817934" lsidName="P. jacobii" pageId="0" pageNumber="983" rank="species" species="jacobii">
<emphasis id="523BCE629A5212264E81B8D5ED27A827" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="983">P. jacobii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 2.95 mm in 
<taxonomicName id="77842D4CE99DFCD296A1A4125E10A74A" lsidName="P. canariense" pageId="0" pageNumber="983" rank="species" species="canariense">
<emphasis id="FF162A28C23914914F1F00E6C5FB457E" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="983">P. canariense</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), 
<emphasis id="94B77D5E804187EC4028E9BCBA4A0A0E" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="983">OOD</emphasis>
shorter (~ 1 ocellar diameter in 
<taxonomicName id="F7941B4ABEE92AA94D5A216CE58B89F8" lsidName="P. jacobii" pageId="0" pageNumber="983" rank="species" species="jacobii">
<emphasis id="7535AA44D28BBCF9FA26292614EAA203" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="983">P. jacobii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, ~ 1.5-2 ocellar diameters in 
<taxonomicName id="B1C32047E0B7AFD0250B5DD402C6AFA6" lsidName="P. canariense" pageId="0" pageNumber="983" rank="species" species="canariense">
<emphasis id="FA128E0C68B86E198359B02DCA36E9F1" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="983">P. canariense</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), 
<emphasis id="9D54C11FCECAC601FEB95A054FE2C49C" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="983">TPD</emphasis>
lower (spaces between points at least ~ 1-1.5 diameter of a single point in 
<taxonomicName id="6EAC17EF4F89E4DDCD989BD1926DFB3D" lsidName="P. jacobii" pageId="0" pageNumber="983" rank="species" species="jacobii">
<emphasis id="430F8C0F1A5A25E5186B85D0F78983F6" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="983">P. jacobii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, &lt;0.5 diameter of a single point in 
<taxonomicName id="2003CEC2DC305541EECCD43B7A325045" lsidName="P. canariense" pageId="0" pageNumber="983" rank="species" species="canariense">
<emphasis id="3316FC9AF87A153B54AC9D063909875A" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="983">P. canariense</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), 
<emphasis id="72A0E32B4F6C0C7ED629552947F58660" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="983">SSPD</emphasis>
slightly higher (~ 0.5 diameter of a single point in 
<taxonomicName id="09A795991B56068C94C98F3427639CDD" lsidName="P. jacobii" pageId="0" pageNumber="983" rank="species" species="jacobii">
<emphasis id="63D1EA4BD0F2E7F7D6E6D02C016E3B4E" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="983">P. jacobii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, &lt;0.5 diameter of a single point in 
<taxonomicName id="4DADE96B6B83AFECF6CFA1CA1BB94712" lsidName="P. canariense" pageId="0" pageNumber="983" rank="species" species="canariense">
<emphasis id="F267AD380E02A0E3E4B5BF9A6B1A6D61" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="983">P. canariense</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), 
<emphasis id="48232BC9EFFEBFD01ADC08FBFD6B539A" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="983">TEG</emphasis>
brighter (orange-yellow in 
<taxonomicName id="EA76CCDB34992F5741F17F3152389138" lsidName="P. jacobii" pageId="0" pageNumber="983" rank="species" species="jacobii">
<emphasis id="E9C23E827338A38934B9DBBB5CD7A839" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="983">P. jacobii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, black in 
<taxonomicName id="FA3989D42F8F5C2262A926C55874797A" lsidName="P. canariense" pageId="0" pageNumber="983" rank="species" species="canariense">
<emphasis id="6E67D0DAF16314188E0EB9E4FC17C2BF" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="983">P. canariense</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), 
<emphasis id="9B9D199EC1209B9744676A6111DE47EC" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="983">ProN</emphasis>
brighter (orange-yellow in 
<taxonomicName id="C30E0AF2AE6B5202669655338A0B8E07" lsidName="P. jacobii" pageId="0" pageNumber="983" rank="species" species="jacobii">
<emphasis id="E1759E08E54280CCFFEB992B246E8A22" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="983">P. jacobii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, black in 
<taxonomicName id="7882C4A593C2AE921AC3C215F78EE96C" lsidName="P. canariense" pageId="0" pageNumber="983" rank="species" species="canariense">
<emphasis id="04D9279050A4837481DBE42CE6E14A62" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="983">P. canariense</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), 
<emphasis id="0699849C75AD0CB0EC7CFDDFE9733FDE" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="983">ProLo</emphasis>
mostly brighter (orange-yellow like the tegulae in 
<taxonomicName id="01CD629CBB41786383C5860CB452E573" lsidName="P. jacobii" pageId="0" pageNumber="983" rank="species" species="jacobii">
<emphasis id="E7B3EE37AC0DCC1B11BAC271EB62087C" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="983">P. jacobii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, black in 
<taxonomicName id="382DC6BF3DDEFD39886A90D93A300A48" lsidName="P. canariense" pageId="0" pageNumber="983" rank="species" species="canariense">
<emphasis id="CA84AB604231E48F7562EAF70383AFA4" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="983">P. canariense</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, but more specimens of each species should be examined), 
<emphasis id="9AF164250607F957D2DCB60858CA6828" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="983">TCP</emphasis>
wider, brighter (wide and orange-yellow in 
<taxonomicName id="589A8E9FCEA6EAFE941CCF19ED95AFC1" lsidName="P. jacobii" pageId="0" pageNumber="983" rank="species" species="jacobii">
<emphasis id="270E06826AA49D8636CDB700BE50272A" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="983">P. jacobii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, narrower and dark orange in 
<taxonomicName id="F4550FFF62BC1E2A4BEE87FB595E0306" lsidName="P. canariense" pageId="0" pageNumber="983" rank="species" species="canariense">
<emphasis id="240D1FEA1B833DCF2D811A88D3393DC7" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="983">P. canariense</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), and with a better defined maculation margin (gradual infiltration of the black colour into the orange yellow maculations of the integument in 
<taxonomicName id="2932F007AA0DBC699E85C86B787168BD" lsidName="P. jacobii" pageId="0" pageNumber="983" rank="species" species="jacobii">
<emphasis id="4E0804DEBC57F2DC953ED0DBBA4FABDE" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="983">P. jacobii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, well-defined colour boundary/contrast between darker orange maculations and black cuticule in 
<taxonomicName id="4514D37A7C4C4C63444D85295F0C79F4" lsidName="P. canariense" pageId="0" pageNumber="983" rank="species" species="canariense">
<emphasis id="0E3C229C95D756C2522627E92BE486E4" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="983">P. canariense</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), 
<emphasis id="D26F2E31798C2AF0FE078039904714B6" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="983">FACE</emphasis>
brighter (orange-yellow clypeus, mandibles, lower part of paraoccular region in 
<taxonomicName id="3A4CF7982FA016E5E2CFD0F508D83C47" lsidName="P. jacobii" pageId="0" pageNumber="983" rank="species" species="jacobii">
<emphasis id="40D397D7E3214BA478574E5F98582DCF" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="983">P. jacobii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, all black in 
<taxonomicName id="E4EC03674AE27D53DB456AD2CDBF126F" lsidName="P. canariense" pageId="0" pageNumber="983" rank="species" species="canariense">
<emphasis id="B5A0DA0C9359B4E3A1D747FBC0BC3A71" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="983">P. canariense</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) and wider (face broader than long in 
<taxonomicName id="450DC9E8CBE2F36B158673F619E794BF" lsidName="P. jacobii" pageId="0" pageNumber="983" rank="species" species="jacobii">
<emphasis id="2B636234E7197350E6AA5706B13132E7" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="983">P. jacobii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, face longer than broad in 
<taxonomicName id="540158FB787DFF0E0AED99C6D17D6259" lsidName="P. canariense" pageId="0" pageNumber="983" rank="species" species="canariense">
<emphasis id="4020F451D91042D826D60403BB8DE213" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="983">P. canariense</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), 
<emphasis id="2859060580A77D76E10D924677E06292" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="983">LEGS</emphasis>
brighter (all legs black only from the coxa to the very base of the femur black, the rest of the femur and other leg segments are orangish yellow in 
<taxonomicName id="DA0E7F7EE7764B0EFEC3D1456809F546" lsidName="P. jacobii" pageId="0" pageNumber="983" rank="species" species="jacobii">
<emphasis id="5E955C53BD85C78290082D96C7DF389B" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="983">P. jacobii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, all coxae, femurs but only posterior tibiae black in 
<taxonomicName id="C26112B3807A595C66222F29EC240076" lsidName="P. canariense" pageId="0" pageNumber="983" rank="species" species="canariense">
<emphasis id="68B71577E0288EFC905C6244562C3B52" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="983">P. canariense</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
). Brushes of thickened, wavy hairs on S3, as well as the lateral dark brown comb of S5, identical in both species.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="0A15D8B8D06FB928D3255ED3A2D899DC" pageId="0" pageNumber="983" type="description">
<paragraph id="04F06F2465ED3A5F900092F536CA9C42" pageId="0" pageNumber="983">Description.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="FE30E6323693584970D064B252158F78" pageId="0" pageNumber="983">
<emphasis id="F8512DA49E79393C6594CEA199E72488" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="983">
Female. 
<emphasis id="43C28F2B1CA4DEB84919A6031A3D1156" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="983">Head</emphasis>
</emphasis>
: Mandible orange-yellow, except for teeth and apex of anterior margin, which are reddish-brown. Pilosity on clypeus and tufts at base of antenna white; on anterior margin of clypeus off-white, and on vertex blond. Clypeus dark yellow with black anterior margin. Punctures of clypeus dense and small anteriorly and laterally, with interspaces not larger than diameter of one-half puncture. Punctures become sparser and larger medially and posteriorly, where the maximum distance between punctures reaches two puncture diameters or more in the posterior-medial zone. Interspaces between punctures on clypeus shiny, most notably so where punctures are least dense. Paraocular area dark yellow and densely punctate, with interspaces not over the diameter of one-half puncture. Antenna with scape and pedicel black; flagellar segments dark brown. Flagellar segments shorter than wide, except for the first and the last, which are longer than wide. Frons with punctuation nearly honeycomb areolate, punctuation becoming slightly less dense toward the vertex, with shiny interspaces. Vertex with dark yellow triangle behind each eye, meeting or nearly meeting at midline of vertex. Vertex densely punctate, with interspaces not over 0.5 puncture diameter wide. Punctation on vertex mostly homogenous, with punctures just posterior to median ocellus slightly larger. Gena densely, evenly punctate, with spaces between points less than 0.25 puncture diameter wide.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="E7E4386CCF44268DCCD791F1F7143664" pageId="0" pageNumber="983">
<emphasis id="B7EC8E4AC2226C48CE6F3085A13877FB" bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="983">Mesosoma</emphasis>
: Scutum black. Punctuation dense, with spaces between punctures shiny, not more than one-quarter puncture diameter wide. Tegula dark yellow anteriorly, translucent yellow posteriorly. Pronotal lobe dark yellow apically, black basally. Scutellum black with dark yellow band medially on posterior margin. Punctures on black part of scutellum slightly larger and less dense than on scutum, with spaces between punctures on the median part of the scutellum shiny and up to one half a puncture diameter wide; punctation on yellow part of scutellum even less dense, with spaces between punctures over one puncture diameter wide. Mesepisternum densely punctate, punctures becoming smaller and less dense around episternal groove; spaces between punctures shiny. Propodeum laterally and anteriorly finely, densely punctate; medially shiny and without punctuation. On all legs, coxa, trochanter and base of femur black; the rest of the femur, tibia and tarsal segments orange-yellow. Wings infuscate.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="CED6BDA585CD6DE7632B52EC982FCBC6" pageId="0" pageNumber="983">
<emphasis id="9EFF4F6EC3F2AD121B73FD28289F02CE" bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="983">Metasoma</emphasis>
: T1 anteriorly brownish-yellow, posteriorly reddish-brown. A dark yellow spot present laterally, slightly masked by the colour of the anterior margin of the tergite. Lateral spots vaguely joined medially on the tergite by a faint yellow band connecting the posterior margin of each spot. Punctuation relatively dense, even laterally, with spaces between punctures not greater than the diameter of half a puncture. T1 with unpunctured, shiny, translucent brown posterior margin measuring about two punctures wide. T2 anteriorly black with diffuse dark yellow lateral spots; posteriorly, T2 brownish-yellow. Lateral spots on T2 placed slightly medially to those on T1. Punctation on T2 dense but less so than on T1, with spaces between punctures laterally up to nearly one puncture diameter. Diameter of punctures of T2 greater than those of T1. T2 with unpunctured, shiny, translucent brown posterior margin measuring about two punctures wide. T3 like T2 in colour, with punctation slightly less dense. Punctation of T4 similar to that of T3; T4 mostly black with yellow spots laterally and with shiny, translucent brown posterior margin; anterior edge of this margin with a single row of punctures medially. T5 black, densely punctate, with spaces between punctures shiny and measuring less than 0.25 puncture diameter. T6 black, densely punctate, spaces between punctures less shiny than those of T5 and measuring less than 0.25 puncture diameter, overall texture T6 somewhat rough.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="9BCACAE66C92E12AF9D9CEBC8F4C69B1" pageId="0" pageNumber="983">
<emphasis id="641290B4B516580BF24BAA9BC28C1C42" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="983">
Male. 
<emphasis id="257AA3894D18C89B7EF84C486E62531A" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="983">Head</emphasis>
</emphasis>
: Mandible orange-yellow, except for teeth and apex of anterior margin, which are reddish-brown. Pilosity on clypeus and tufts at base of antenna white; on anterior margin of clypeus off-white, and on vertex dark blond to brown. Clypeus rugose-punctate, orange-yellow with black anterior margin. Paraocular area orange-yellow and rugose-punctate, with interspaces not over the diameter of half a puncture. Antenna with scape and pedicel black; flagellar segments dark brown. Flagellar segments shorter than wide, except for the first and the last, which are longer than wide. Frons with punctuation nearly honeycomb areolate, punctuation becoming slightly less dense toward the vertex, with shiny interspaces. Vertex with orange-yellow triangle behind each eye, widely interrupted towards the midline of the vertex by a black punctured space. Vertex densely punctate, with interspaces not over 0.5 puncture diameter wide. Punctation on vertex mostly homogenous, with interspaces between punctures increasing towards the eye margin and the latero-posterior part of the vertex. Gena densely, evenly punctate, with spaces between points less than 0.25 puncture diameter wide.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="4DFFFE9ED30B4C706993D599661ECFB1" pageId="0" pageNumber="983">
<emphasis id="7F1A390AA75CE8717E57B2A6163543D5" bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="983">Mesosoma</emphasis>
: Scutum black. Punctuation dense, with spaces between punctures shiny, not more than one-quarter puncture diameter wide. Tegula orange-yellow anteriorly, translucent orange brown posteriorly. Pronotal lobe orange-yellow apically, black basally. Scutellum black with orange-yellow band medially on posterior margin. Punctures on black part of scutellum slightly larger and less dense than on scutum, with spaces between punctures on the median part of the scutellum shiny and up to one half a puncture diameter wide; punctation on yellow part of scutellum even less dense, with spaces between punctures over one puncture diameter wide. Mesepisternum densely punctate, punctures becoming smaller and less dense around episternal groove; spaces between punctures shiny. Propodeum laterally and anteriorly finely, densely punctate; medially shiny and without punctuation. On all legs, coxa, trochanter and base of femur black; the rest of the femur, tibia and tarsal segments orange-yellow. Wings infuscate.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B0E828D6683621217DE37D793E79EAEF" pageId="0" pageNumber="983">
<emphasis id="08D21CD933D79E6554E98EED6FF91D16" bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="983">Metasoma</emphasis>
: T1 brownish-orange on its anterior half, with an orange-yellow spot present laterally, slightly masked by the colour of the anterior margin of T1. Lateral spots joined medially on the tergite by a brownish-orange band connecting each spot. Punctuation relatively dense, even laterally, with spaces between punctures not greater than the diameter of half a puncture. T1 with unpunctured, shiny, translucent brown posterior margin measuring about two punctures wide. T2 anteriorly black with diffuse orange-yellow lateral spots; posteriorly, T2 brownish. Lateral spots on T2 placed slightly medially to those on T1. Punctation on T2 dense but less so than on T1, with spaces between punctures laterally up to nearly one puncture diameter. Diameter of punctures of T2 greater than those of T1. T2 with unpunctured, shiny, translucent brown posterior margin measuring about two punctures wide. Lateral spots on T3 placed slightly medially to those on T2. T3 similar to T2 in colour, with punctation slightly less dense. Punctation of T4 similar to that of T3; T4 mostly black with less diffuse orange-yellow spots laterally and with shiny, translucent brown posterior margin; anterior edge of this margin with a single row of punctures medially. T5 black, densely punctate, with spaces between punctures shiny and measuring less than 0.25 puncture diameter. T6 black, densely punctate, spaces between punctures less shiny than those of T5 and measuring less than 0.25 puncture diameter, overall texture T6 somewhat rough. T7 black, densely punctate, with rounded notch on posterior margin. Genitalia with semi-translucent, apically rounded (i.e., unnotched) and flattened gonostyli; penis valves flattened and rounded. S3 with short, dense, velvety pubescence anteriorly, posteriorly with premarginal brush of hairs, hooked at the tips, as well as an underlying comb of thickened, wavy hairs. S5 laterally with dark brown comb.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="1D714DD393B442F85BF92F5838226CC2" pageId="0" pageNumber="983" type="etymology">
<paragraph id="3D1873653AE3FAB34A0AEA375EFFD16D" pageId="0" pageNumber="983">Etymology.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="E2972E09D17365CE51BA11259ADB5475" pageId="0" pageNumber="983">
<taxonomicName id="847FDCE13AB508AE8E8A96124FFFFB24" authorityName="Vereecken &amp; Litman" authorityYear="2023" class="Insecta" family="Megachilidae" genus="Pseudoanthidium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pseudoanthidium (Pseudoanthidium) jacobii" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="983" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="jacobii" subGenus="Pseudoanthidium">Pseudoanthidium (Pseudoanthidium) jacobii</taxonomicName>
is dedicated to Mr. Bernhard Jacobi (Oberhausen, Germany), naturalist extraordinaire and talented macrophotographer who has a genuine and boundless passion for wild bees, particularly for species found in Europe and Australia. 
<normalizedToken id="6EB3363357AF0A119D11561C46BE5F1A" originalValue="Bernhard’s">Bernhard's</normalizedToken>
interest for the Canary Islands has grown steadily and uninterrupted ever since the publication of 
<bibRefCitation id="41E8BA561362A1B1D326689FC060D330" author="Hohmann, H" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA" pageId="0" pageNumber="983" refId="B23" refString="Hohmann, H, La Roche, F, Ortega, G, Barquin, J, 1993. Bienen, Wespen und Ameisen der Kanarischen Inseln. Koenig V, Uebersee-Museum, Bremen, 1-31." title="Bienen, Wespen und Ameisen der Kanarischen Inseln. Koenig V, Uebersee-Museum, Bremen, 1 - 31." year="1993">Hohmann et al.'s (1993)</bibRefCitation>
landmark volume on the bees, wasps and ants of the archipelago. He has since then investigated the entomofauna of all of the Canary Islands 
<emphasis id="E0E5F6B1A9E98F121A39939FA0D8033F" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="983">in situ</emphasis>
, reporting and illustrating the occurrence and distribution of the European Beewolf, 
<taxonomicName id="0CB1A117A47CC3AC75D93FDF5E6FD915" baseAuthorityName="Fabricius" baseAuthorityYear="1775" class="Hexapoda" family="Crabronidae" genus="Philanthus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Philanthus triangulum" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="983" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="triangulum">
<emphasis id="1C78EE9462C1A15CF938550F5D8C4BBD" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="983">Philanthus triangulum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Fabricius, 1775) on the archipelago (
<bibRefCitation id="8F65E2192ABCDE143EC1B073290F71E4" author="Jacobi, B" journalOrPublisher="bembiX" pageId="0" pageNumber="983" pagination="5 - 14" refId="B29" refString="Jacobi, B, Pena Tejera, G, Marquina Reyes, D, Rae, S, Checa Lopez, JE, 2013. Present distribution of Philanthus triangulum (Hymenoptera, Crabronidae) on the Canary Islands. bembiX 37: 5 - 14" title="Present distribution of Philanthus triangulum (Hymenoptera, Crabronidae) on the Canary Islands." volume="37" year="2013">Jacobi et al. 2013</bibRefCitation>
), as well as new records on the distribution and phenology of 
<taxonomicName id="C5C3C958316AE435577A4D0419ED177F" authorityName="Morice" authorityYear="1904" class="Hexapoda" family="Colletidae" genus="Colletes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Colletes perezi" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="983" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="perezi">
<emphasis id="6B767F12F425B4BCF11D31DD3886B2B3" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="983">Colletes perezi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Morice, 1904 on Fuerteventura (
<bibRefCitation id="61533C30CBFB678D715036ECD7910355" author="Jacobi, B" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA" pageId="0" pageNumber="983" refId="B28" refString="Jacobi, B, Suarez, D, 2018. First records of Philanthus triangulum (Fabricius, 1775) for Fuerteventura (Spain) and further data on the distribution and phenology of Colletes perezi Morice, 1904 recently recorded on the island (Hymenoptera, Aculeata). Ampulex (10): 20-23." title="First records of Philanthus triangulum (Fabricius, 1775) for Fuerteventura (Spain) and further data on the distribution and phenology of Colletes perezi Morice, 1904 recently recorded on the island (Hymenoptera, Aculeata). Ampulex (10): 20 - 23." year="2018">
Jacobi and 
<normalizedToken id="AF49CD47AE8BC642875D5841F289AFAB" originalValue="Suárez">Suarez</normalizedToken>
2018
</bibRefCitation>
) and the first record of the American species 
<taxonomicName id="AB968630A097B038F91B62F72A0038AA" authorityName="Cresson" authorityYear="1878" class="Hexapoda" family="Megachilidae" genus="Megachile" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Megachile (Chelostomoides) otomita" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="983" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="otomita" subGenus="Chelostomoides">Megachile (Chelostomoides) otomita</taxonomicName>
Cresson, 1878 established on Tenerife (
<bibRefCitation id="781DE96B056A713789C47AE761F00A8B" author="Strudwick, T" journalOrPublisher="Ampulex" pageId="0" pageNumber="983" pagination="41 - 45" refId="B80" refString="Strudwick, T, Jacobi, B, 2018. The American Resin bee Megachile (Chelostomoides) otomita Cresson, 1878 established on Tenerife, Canary Islands (Spain) (Hymenoptera, Anthophila). Ampulex 10: 41 - 45" title="The American Resin bee Megachile (Chelostomoides) otomita Cresson, 1878 established on Tenerife, Canary Islands (Spain) (Hymenoptera, Anthophila)." volume="10" year="2018">Strudwick and Jacobi 2018</bibRefCitation>
). Bernhard and his wife have been regular visitors to Lanzarote for over three decades, particularly during the winter months, and he was the third person (after authors NJV on 18.iv.2021 and MPG 12.ii.2023) to photograph a live specimen of 
<taxonomicName id="0DA710BE5C81A4A6864E8CAF7AEC2B09" lsidName="P. jacobii" pageId="0" pageNumber="983" rank="species" species="jacobii">
<emphasis id="54BCF5D82D219596232F132E2D8A2478" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="983">P. jacobii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in Lanzarote on 12.iii.2023 (Fig. 
<figureCitation id="57634C75F27504C34FBDF372BFAF2F82" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figure 1. Ecology and distribution of Pseudoanthidium jacobii in the Canary Islands A, B male nectaring on an inflorescence of Asteriscus intermedius (Asteraceae) (Photos NJ Vereecken) C female collecting pollen on an inflorescence of A. intermedius (Photo B Jacobi) D female nesting in a pre-existing cavity located in a volcanic lava rock (Photo B Jacobi) E distribution map showing all occurrence records available to us and relevant to both P. canariense and P. jacobii in the Canary Islands." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.96.111550.figure1" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/940434" pageId="0" pageNumber="983">1D</figureCitation>
). Bernhard has also recently contributed new occurrence records of the widespread small carder bee 
<taxonomicName id="EB15EDE4C0E9FB3F493DD07518384E23" lsidName="P. nanum" pageId="0" pageNumber="983" rank="species" species="nanum">
<emphasis id="12FB88EB2C78C5DD6BE01C7A49D58239" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="983">P. nanum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
near his home in the German state of North Rhine-Westphalia (
<bibRefCitation id="A3F25A2988B56C48610A23C9C5B129BD" author="Jacobi, B" journalOrPublisher="Elektronische Aufsa ̈ tze der Biologischen Station Westliches Ruhrgebiet" pageId="0" pageNumber="983" pagination="1 - 6" refId="B30" refString="Jacobi, B, Fluegel, H-J, Beckert, J, 2021. Nachweise der Zwergwollbiene Pseudoanthidium nanum (Mocsáry, 1881) in Nordrhein-Westfalen. Elektronische Aufsätze der Biologischen Station Westliches Ruhrgebiet 44: 1 - 6" title="Nachweise der Zwergwollbiene Pseudoanthidium nanum (Mocsa ́ ry, 1881) in Nordrhein-Westfalen." volume="44" year="2021">Jacobi et al. 2021</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="4E0216FCE8B63E324B7920535978DDFF" pageId="0" pageNumber="983" type="genetic differentiation between p. jacobii and other pseudoanthidium species">
<paragraph id="46E4E5B7B23A153D43BBDE7E8B983055" pageId="0" pageNumber="983">
Genetic differentiation between 
<taxonomicName id="E833DA467ABE5337132905652A576894" lsidName="P. jacobii" pageId="0" pageNumber="983" rank="species" species="jacobii">
<emphasis id="CA118D91598265545ACC7CBC8F551638" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="983">P. jacobii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and other 
<taxonomicName id="A3758245302250F7BA0A72EF4ACDD25C" class="Insecta" family="Megachilidae" genus="Pseudoanthidium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pseudoanthidium" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="983" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="28C851670383A00F321C2D379BA44256" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="983">Pseudoanthidium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="0E72FB371655F996B0BCC6A2B2214A98" pageId="0" pageNumber="983">
The results of CO1 analyses demonstrate that 
<taxonomicName id="D461A09EF928B49682EAC8B8891777B9" lsidName="P. jacobii" pageId="0" pageNumber="983" rank="species" species="jacobii">
<emphasis id="60EB7106ABA7EC75E7B907C4E7D970D2" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="983">P. jacobii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is strongly supported as the sister species to 
<taxonomicName id="6C74B071888250AFA4775EA01F1193BE" lsidName="P. canariense" pageId="0" pageNumber="983" rank="species" species="canariense">
<emphasis id="37D71EA1493004B5030644D67C48D0FC" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="983">P. canariense</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(ML bootstrap value = 96%) (Fig. 
<figureCitation id="5D0E3FCBD534692CBFC5A6D571DB59AE" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figure 6. Maximum likelihood-based tree based on analysis of a 658 base pair fragment of COI sequenced from selected Pseudoanthidium species in the P. scapulare complex. Maximum likelihood bootstrap support values, based on 1,000 replicates, are shown over nodes; only nodes with support values&gt; 90 % are shown. Terminals are labelled with species names, as well as the BOLD sample IDs corresponding to each specimen. Outgroup removed from figure for convenience. Individuals shown in photographs were not those sequenced for analysis A P. scapulare (Photo NJ Vereecken) B P. nanum (Photo NJ Vereecken) C P. tenellum (Photo B Jacobi) D P. stigmaticorne (Photo H Wallays) E P. canariense (Photo G Pena); and F P. jacobii (Photo NJ Vereecken)." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.96.111550.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/940439" pageId="0" pageNumber="983">6</figureCitation>
). The two species are separated by a K2P-corrected genetic distance of 2.7%. Furthermore, 
<taxonomicName id="550B8D768598E2DA39CD52A08F0EA012" lsidName="P. jacobii" pageId="0" pageNumber="983" rank="species" species="jacobii">
<emphasis id="A0E1D5C4F3FDB3369BD64DED3837365C" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="983">P. jacobii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
exhibits an average K2P-corrected genetic distance of 5.9% from the clade consisting of 
<taxonomicName id="14CA2EB90353FD570CE593D63B92F891" lsidName="P. nanum" pageId="0" pageNumber="983" rank="species" species="nanum">
<emphasis id="5474FEBDF6370A4012A12C265C7F6BC7" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="983">P. nanum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
- 
<taxonomicName id="3E5D789C53CD4A4E04F19DD08E9617DA" lsidName="P. scapulare" pageId="0" pageNumber="983" rank="species" species="scapulare">
<emphasis id="1A7229DBF14F35CCEDEB3AECAC2860E0" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="983">P. scapulare</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
- 
<taxonomicName id="6BF5109DCD0380A9BB194B494EEA583D" lsidName="P. palestinicum" pageId="0" pageNumber="983" rank="species" species="palestinicum">
<emphasis id="527D513132948692063F8CD46C8B04A4" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="983">P. palestinicum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; of 5.1% from 
<taxonomicName id="AD24CCDD1B3030C8E2AEED8AED66B6B0" lsidName="P. stigmaticorne" pageId="0" pageNumber="983" rank="species" species="stigmaticorne">
<emphasis id="DD757A9EF73DA9C508A79F4265EEA690" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="983">P. stigmaticorne</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; and of 5.3% from the clade consisting of 
<taxonomicName id="6EFB169ECAB5EC9551631C817BFD3177" lsidName="P. tenellum" pageId="0" pageNumber="983" rank="species" species="tenellum">
<emphasis id="EB5A6D09B21541E400ACE9449257120F" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="983">P. tenellum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
- 
<taxonomicName id="1D2D11B6B3163C8150989BDE95D2C3CF" lsidName="P. cribratum" pageId="0" pageNumber="983" rank="species" species="cribratum">
<emphasis id="622D8A9C1232AC820B54DF699D5CA6E2" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="983">P. cribratum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<caption id="FC340910C2E1E19BB796D52EB8457E9A" doi="10.3897/jhr.96.111550.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/940439" pageId="0" pageNumber="983" start="Figure 6" startId="F6">
<paragraph id="5DD64FF94AA3750EB32BEC9CB4F6EE8D" pageId="0" pageNumber="983">
<emphasis id="509BCE9C7566AD810E993135F57AA7DE" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="983">Figure 6.</emphasis>
Maximum likelihood-based tree based on analysis of a 658 base pair fragment of COI sequenced from selected 
<taxonomicName id="4901F8791B26F49F753FE0012B552EBA" class="Insecta" family="Megachilidae" genus="Pseudoanthidium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pseudoanthidium" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="983" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="7C4CF700D7CC34D51674A41E6A3F8B48" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="983">Pseudoanthidium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species in the 
<taxonomicName id="709E6F479F52884C30569CC186173CCE" lsidName="P. scapulare" pageId="0" pageNumber="983" rank="species" species="scapulare">
<emphasis id="E27A73EBA68DD066F3D113E592EB23E7" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="983">P. scapulare</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
complex. Maximum likelihood bootstrap support values, based on 1,000 replicates, are shown over nodes; only nodes with support values&gt;90% are shown. Terminals are labelled with species names, as well as the BOLD sample IDs corresponding to each specimen. Outgroup removed from figure for convenience. Individuals shown in photographs were not those sequenced for analysis 
<emphasis id="4B0531C59D9F6C534FEE3A1CA51A352E" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="983">A</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="E6B77630BDDB7B2D35FD7116B40CB5A6" lsidName="P. scapulare" pageId="0" pageNumber="983" rank="species" species="scapulare">
<emphasis id="22A3120372B844D772A4B2196183E0AB" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="983">P. scapulare</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Photo NJ Vereecken) 
<emphasis id="6540FC4E22C67855E51349ECE19E8F68" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="983">B</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="C8575166C78651B34CB0835EE2732E53" lsidName="P. nanum" pageId="0" pageNumber="983" rank="species" species="nanum">
<emphasis id="366C47ADAB2A4CB7D66BE4C63E2D304C" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="983">P. nanum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Photo NJ Vereecken) 
<emphasis id="10B9404FBF23E4F4FDA6F95B11461B1D" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="983">C</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="D71699E260BF6338E2FE6766C0F5FDF6" lsidName="P. tenellum" pageId="0" pageNumber="983" rank="species" species="tenellum">
<emphasis id="F4C29084401EA1EADB11F39D7048AA55" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="983">P. tenellum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Photo B Jacobi) 
<emphasis id="7A667282B6B3CA412DA73DB9A02725A2" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="983">D</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="A07C24B39E2CB523CDAF8C798F35849F" lsidName="P. stigmaticorne" pageId="0" pageNumber="983" rank="species" species="stigmaticorne">
<emphasis id="20F3C1821E96FACB29A975F75B819B54" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="983">P. stigmaticorne</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Photo H Wallays) 
<emphasis id="215FA0D058461B47F71C9EAAC7A879D1" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="983">E</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="AC4D42850D682F93A1916CAFD50EBD69" lsidName="P. canariense" pageId="0" pageNumber="983" rank="species" species="canariense">
<emphasis id="C9B4DBA05C19D11F293B31C4CA8B2298" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="983">P. canariense</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Photo G 
<normalizedToken id="7B1F6FE76DB13EC6CFF04B8ADC945F7F" originalValue="Peña">Pena</normalizedToken>
); and 
<emphasis id="45C19A76644F12DD81718D452C21C0DD" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="983">F</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="72A1271C40F14287151A71768EF6910F" lsidName="P. jacobii" pageId="0" pageNumber="983" rank="species" species="jacobii">
<emphasis id="6BF8EC6CD3678769C6473F13F9A136AB" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="983">P. jacobii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Photo NJ Vereecken).
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="FFEAF2C661EE2F5BA70C18018577180B" pageId="0" pageNumber="983" type="ecology, distribution and ecological niche differentiation">
<paragraph id="B7CEB7459BEE739378E6E4005D4A45B4" pageId="0" pageNumber="983">Ecology, distribution and ecological niche differentiation</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C52917C5F869A0BD12F2E9702E4B6056" pageId="0" pageNumber="983" type="habitat and host plant associations">
<paragraph id="CA2FB4F096D069C6DC07DE6A0B24E5C3" pageId="0" pageNumber="983">Habitat and host plant associations</paragraph>
<paragraph id="7973ADB3E57F977B3C52407D805BDA8C" pageId="0" pageNumber="983">
In Lanzarote, the vegetation at the localities of 
<normalizedToken id="55C2AB8640AA98BEA7918FCD8F958C22" originalValue="Haría">Haria</normalizedToken>
and Bco. de Elvira 
<normalizedToken id="687813A3322DD6D6B8E70E0D24CFAE14" originalValue="Sánchez">Sanchez</normalizedToken>
where males and females of 
<taxonomicName id="E7CC2736C20D3D42C7A3F616A1F6421B" lsidName="P. jacobii" pageId="0" pageNumber="983" rank="species" species="jacobii">
<emphasis id="14AD0B9FF1D438AEE1EBE1FDC6E3E375" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="983">P. jacobii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
were recorded was composed of a chamaephytic substitutional flowering plant community established on old agricultural land with deep soils, generally on eroded slopes and on stony slopes, ravines, ledges physiognomically characterised by the presence of 
<taxonomicName id="879F7409679725BB86C3B659EF77390F" class="Asteroidea" family="Asterinidae" genus="Asteriscus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Asteriscus intermedius" order="Valvatida" pageId="0" pageNumber="983" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="intermedius">
<emphasis id="F949ED13D5A8150F1A932B2B3398BEA5" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="983">Asteriscus intermedius</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(DC.) Pit. &amp; Proust (
<taxonomicName id="852ED4D347C6FE09C38ACF711E6B50DD" genus="Asteraceae" lsidName="Asteraceae" pageId="0" pageNumber="983" rank="genus">Asteraceae</taxonomicName>
) and 
<taxonomicName id="59234F0A56D382C63EEA4F8B9B4EEBD8" class="Equisetopsida" family="Lamiaceae" genus="Lavandula" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Lavandula pinnata" order="Lamiales" pageId="0" pageNumber="983" phylum="Magnoliophyta" rank="species" species="pinnata">
<emphasis id="D28960D23CC9E0C2DB3A9FEB0AA992E0" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="983">Lavandula pinnata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
L. (
<taxonomicName id="E4EE186367D0E7EFBDACD81AAC484D82" class="Equisetopsida" family="Lamiaceae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Lamiales" pageId="0" pageNumber="983" phylum="Magnoliophyta" rank="family">Lamiaceae</taxonomicName>
) among others (see also 
<normalizedToken id="BEF4D2DABA266C67119860861F3F0EB6" originalValue="Rámon">Ramon</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="93388FEC27B3216B222DB6027B11D134" originalValue="Arévalo">Arevalo</normalizedToken>
et al. 2016). By contrast, the localities of Teguise and Macher are peri-urban or rural anthropic areas with sparse natural vegetation, and the locality of Valle del Palomo is composed of xeric shrubland with a physiognomy of dendroid spurge shrubland, dominated by 
<taxonomicName id="E8EE780C44F86469C0F5A7F74C424DB0" class="Equisetopsida" family="Euphorbiaceae" genus="Euphorbia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,IPNI" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Euphorbia regis-jubae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="0" pageNumber="983" phylum="Magnoliophyta" rank="species" species="regis-jubae">
<emphasis id="0842012077BDA2CCF2FFCF6BD5A5F01C" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="983">Euphorbia regis-jubae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
J. Gay (
<taxonomicName id="023248A9A790BD143181E5BD6C80DFA8" class="Equisetopsida" family="Euphorbiaceae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,IPNI" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Malpighiales" pageId="0" pageNumber="983" phylum="Magnoliophyta" rank="family">Euphorbiaceae</taxonomicName>
). This is secondary vegetation typically found on abandoned arable or pastureland, roadsides and watercourse-beds (
<bibRefCitation id="4DD498DC6A0C3D1639945B158328FC24" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1127/phyto/31/2001/185" author="Reyes-Betancourt, J" journalOrPublisher="Phytocoenologia" pageId="0" pageNumber="983" pagination="185 - 248" refId="B71" refString="Reyes-Betancourt, J, Wildpret de la Torre, W, Leon Arencibia, M, 2001. The vegetation of Lanzarote (Canary Islands). Phytocoenologia 31 (2): 185 - 248, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1127/phyto/31/2001/185" title="The vegetation of Lanzarote (Canary Islands)." url="https://doi.org/10.1127/phyto/31/2001/185" volume="31" year="2001">Reyes-Betancourt et al. 2001</bibRefCitation>
). In Fuerteventura, the locality of Betancuria where a female of 
<taxonomicName id="3631DA69E2859207EDDE7597D982B99A" lsidName="P. jacobii" pageId="0" pageNumber="983" rank="species" species="jacobii">
<emphasis id="1D2099569150AE8003D72399C625909F" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="983">P. jacobii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was photographed is characterised by a flowering plant community consisting of dwarf chamaephytes exposed to strong winds and heavily grazed, where 
<taxonomicName id="2F40FA0864E55E0F17FB254AB58831DA" class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Cistaceae" genus="Helianthemum" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Helianthemum canariense" order="Violales" pageId="0" pageNumber="983" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="canariense">
<emphasis id="FF285A7ADA639DF804CF2652D25D3C9E" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="983">Helianthemum canariense</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Jacq.) Pers. (
<taxonomicName id="B692E56C07D98375BF6513E8002E54D5" genus="Asteraceae" lsidName="Asteraceae" pageId="0" pageNumber="983" rank="genus">Asteraceae</taxonomicName>
) and 
<taxonomicName id="A9FC8CF849A9F64428B790EA24719080" class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Caryophyllaceae" genus="Spergularia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Spergularia fimbriata" order="Centrospermae" pageId="0" pageNumber="983" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="fimbriata">
<emphasis id="E3CFB9EC48C825C0CB95BCA5F6A4456D" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="983">Spergularia fimbriata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Boiss. &amp; Reut. (
<taxonomicName id="D256E6FAA03A9EAA1F46325B966F266B" class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Caryophyllaceae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Centrospermae" pageId="0" pageNumber="983" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="family">Caryophyllaceae</taxonomicName>
) are dominant (
<bibRefCitation id="DC714560F72B5DAF339226D3B321C673" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-77255-4" author="del Arco Aguilar, MJ" journalOrPublisher="Springer Verlag, Germany" pageId="0" pageNumber="983" refId="B9" refString="del Arco Aguilar, MJ, Rodriguez Delgado, O, del Arco Aguilar, MJ, Rodriguez Delgado, O, 2018. Vegetation of the Canary Islands. Springer Verlag, Germany, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-77255-4" title="Vegetation of the Canary Islands." url="https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-77255-4" year="2018">del Arco Aguilar et al. 2018</bibRefCitation>
). Females of 
<taxonomicName id="D214306F5C5A6A0CE478AD06489AB455" lsidName="P. (P.) jacobii" pageId="0" pageNumber="983" rank="species" species="jacobii" subGenus="P.">P. (P.) jacobii</taxonomicName>
were observed collecting pollen on 
<taxonomicName id="7EB296BEFFE264B39F461EAF7B59CBDD" lsidName="A. intermedius" pageId="0" pageNumber="983" rank="species" species="intermedius">
<emphasis id="894FCBC31CD741D518A3087FDF200DF3" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="983">A. intermedius</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(DC.) Pit. &amp; Proust (endemic to Fuerteventura and Lanzarote) (Fig. 
<figureCitation id="CBAD53A64864CA950C64C935F22E8D83" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figure 1. Ecology and distribution of Pseudoanthidium jacobii in the Canary Islands A, B male nectaring on an inflorescence of Asteriscus intermedius (Asteraceae) (Photos NJ Vereecken) C female collecting pollen on an inflorescence of A. intermedius (Photo B Jacobi) D female nesting in a pre-existing cavity located in a volcanic lava rock (Photo B Jacobi) E distribution map showing all occurrence records available to us and relevant to both P. canariense and P. jacobii in the Canary Islands." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.96.111550.figure1" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/940434" pageId="0" pageNumber="983">1</figureCitation>
), 
<taxonomicName id="CE99E5C33B04A2C1D568600FEF3A31E2" class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Asteraceae" genus="Pulicaria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Pulicaria canariensis subsp. lanata" order="Campanulales" pageId="0" pageNumber="983" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="subSpecies" species="canariensis" subSpecies="lanata">Pulicaria canariensis subsp. lanata</taxonomicName>
(Font Quer &amp; Svent.) Bramwell &amp; G. Kunkel (endemic to Lanzarote), and 
<taxonomicName id="12147C2FD5B46414291CEF48442B6A4B" class="Eudicots" family="Asteraceae" genus="Glebionis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,IPNI" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Glebionis coronaria" order="Asterales" pageId="0" pageNumber="983" phylum="Magnoliophyta" rank="species" species="coronaria">
<emphasis id="C32F8E1F9C91FC9475F7C79A033D0216" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="983">Glebionis coronaria</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(L.) Cass. ex Spach (syn. 
<taxonomicName id="2A44E2E753C707A1139991B24C43729C" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1753" class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Asteraceae" genus="Chrysanthemum" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Chrysanthemum coronarium" order="Campanulales" pageId="0" pageNumber="983" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="coronarium">
<emphasis id="24603B9D43B480A9EA2DD9B999DE9239" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="983">Chrysanthemum coronarium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
L., native and of Mediterranean origin) (
<taxonomicName id="4BF80510D0C419A200BC86930C6A2DA1" genus="Asteraceae" lsidName="Asteraceae" pageId="0" pageNumber="983" rank="genus">Asteraceae</taxonomicName>
). Males were also observed nectaring and patrolling for females on and around the same flowering plant species.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="6BA3DB77A603953F194093F6CDBC9CCB" pageId="0" pageNumber="983" type="nesting behaviour">
<paragraph id="5E9CAED256F8B155D9B849B5EA262354" pageId="0" pageNumber="983">Nesting behaviour</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D94AA33C47F8659E2962D2791FF15622" pageId="0" pageNumber="983">
A single observation by co-author BJ in Lanzarote on 16.iii.2023 of a female nesting in a pre-existing cavity formed in a lava rock (Fig. 
<figureCitation id="8D415E85BF88A27EE61E0B0EF1D98E34" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figure 1. Ecology and distribution of Pseudoanthidium jacobii in the Canary Islands A, B male nectaring on an inflorescence of Asteriscus intermedius (Asteraceae) (Photos NJ Vereecken) C female collecting pollen on an inflorescence of A. intermedius (Photo B Jacobi) D female nesting in a pre-existing cavity located in a volcanic lava rock (Photo B Jacobi) E distribution map showing all occurrence records available to us and relevant to both P. canariense and P. jacobii in the Canary Islands." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.96.111550.figure1" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/940434" pageId="0" pageNumber="983">1D</figureCitation>
). All 
<taxonomicName id="D63AB73DE933D0AF70FF41C690DDDB7C" class="Insecta" family="Megachilidae" genus="Pseudoanthidium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pseudoanthidium" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="983" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="64B3D644A7B73DFDFBD08A89260347D0" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="983">Pseudoanthidium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species are reported to nest in pre-existing cavities or in pithy plant stems (see 
<bibRefCitation id="2018BEB2A8EECF95AAD5FDA0503798A0" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab062" author="Litman, J" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="0" pageNumber="983" pagination="1287 - 1337" refId="B43" refString="Litman, J, Fateryga, AV, Griswold, T, Aubert, M, Proshchalykin, M, Le Divellec, R, Burrows, S, Praz, C, 2021. Paraphyly and low levels of genetic divergence in morphologically distinct taxa: revision of the Pseudoanthidium scapulare complex of carder bees (Apoidea: Megachilidae: Anthidiini). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 195 (4): 1287 - 1337, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab062" title="Paraphyly and low levels of genetic divergence in morphologically distinct taxa: revision of the Pseudoanthidium scapulare complex of carder bees (Apoidea: Megachilidae: Anthidiini)." url="https://doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab062" volume="195" year="2021">Litman et al. 2021</bibRefCitation>
and references therein; 
<bibRefCitation id="7962B73A7C4DEA1A1477C99B17E07209" DOI="https://doi.org/10.3897/jhr.92.87215" author="Bogusch, P" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Hymenoptera Research" pageId="0" pageNumber="983" pagination="285 - 304" refId="B2" refString="Bogusch, P, Houfkova Maresova, P, Astapenkova, A, Heneberg, P, 2022. Nest structure, associated parasites and morphology of mature larvae of two European species of Pseudoanthidium Friese, 1898 (Hymenoptera, Megachilidae). Journal of Hymenoptera Research 92: 285 - 304, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3897/jhr.92.87215" title="Nest structure, associated parasites and morphology of mature larvae of two European species of Pseudoanthidium Friese, 1898 (Hymenoptera, Megachilidae)." url="https://doi.org/10.3897/jhr.92.87215" volume="92" year="2022">Bogusch et al. 2022</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="7FF8C45F1C9902419BF8F2F95B644B74" pageId="0" pageNumber="983" type="ecological niche differentiation">
<paragraph id="8CB403725A74FA86FBD76665BC6CBF18" pageId="0" pageNumber="983">Ecological niche differentiation</paragraph>
<paragraph id="32E6B79C11C002AD718B44D130FFA7EC" pageId="0" pageNumber="983">
The environmental niche space occupied by 
<taxonomicName id="03AF7C52C94C3BFA190822A4FCA0EFCB" lsidName="P. canariense" pageId="0" pageNumber="983" rank="species" species="canariense">
<emphasis id="ECF446F598B3D09CEDE7D39DCDD86241" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="983">P. canariense</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
encompasses a large part of the total environmental niche space available in the Canary Islands, covering wide elevation (from 70 m to 2,046 m with a mean of 952 m), mean annual temperature (8.3 °C to 20.9°C, 
<normalizedToken id="F8A722079DFB27A27E091D9D29861566" originalValue="µ">µ</normalizedToken>
=15.2 °C), and mean annual rainfall (135 kg m-2 to 534 kg m-2, 
<normalizedToken id="2DA184FEBF0FE14776ECBD51558C2F90" originalValue="µ">µ</normalizedToken>
=354.7 mm) gradients with greater temperature (1.9 °C to 2.2 °C, 
<normalizedToken id="A5441B6B944AD8C5DDD4A6DD45B4A326" originalValue="µ">µ</normalizedToken>
=2.1 °C) and lower precipitation seasonality (73 kg m-2, 90 kg m-2, 
<normalizedToken id="AD4551FAFFE3104BE92E17F3F0396A0C" originalValue="µ">µ</normalizedToken>
=81.2 kg m-2) gradients and occupying a variety of land cover types (Fig. 
<figureCitation id="B59447E62B3090563EBB4A020DDCA17B" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="F7" captionText="Figure 7. Distribution of elevation records relevant to A Pseudoanthidium jacobii and B P. canariense in the Canary Islands. Different letters right to the boxplots indicate highly significant differences in the elevation range and mean elevation of occurrence (black dot in boxplots) of both species (Kruskal-Wallis test: x 2 = 12.425, df = 1, p - value &lt;0.0005). Photo of P. jacobii M Perez-Gil and of P. canariense G Pena." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.96.111550.figure7" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/940440" pageId="0" pageNumber="983">7</figureCitation>
). The environmental niche space of 
<emphasis id="904C6AB06DB103DFE93424AC498FD9BC" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="983">PB</emphasis>
is almost entirely separate from the niche space occupied by 
<taxonomicName id="7C23CD32891B147807880CB2A1CD10FD" lsidName="P. canariense" pageId="0" pageNumber="983" rank="species" species="canariense">
<emphasis id="B4332F7F9B61AEA8A2E3F05633A94E70" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="983">P. canariense</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and is driven by low elevation (204 m to 460 m, 
<normalizedToken id="6DEC2457079C1F3D7E9EF3AF5E4914EF" originalValue="µ">µ</normalizedToken>
=268 m) (Fig. 
<figureCitation id="6EB8437073AEA9AB6BF34E1F08865AEA" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="F7" captionText="Figure 7. Distribution of elevation records relevant to A Pseudoanthidium jacobii and B P. canariense in the Canary Islands. Different letters right to the boxplots indicate highly significant differences in the elevation range and mean elevation of occurrence (black dot in boxplots) of both species (Kruskal-Wallis test: x 2 = 12.425, df = 1, p - value &lt;0.0005). Photo of P. jacobii M Perez-Gil and of P. canariense G Pena." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.96.111550.figure7" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/940440" pageId="0" pageNumber="983">7</figureCitation>
), warmer (17.6 °C to 19.5 °C, 
<normalizedToken id="E4AED96B94CB8AD2E4EA2CC3CBC77CA9" originalValue="µ">µ</normalizedToken>
=18.7 °C), and drier (101 kg m-2 to 170 kg m-2, 
<normalizedToken id="63F089FDDA27666430B8A8F2092D0FD2" originalValue="µ">µ</normalizedToken>
=138.9 kg m-2) areas with less variation in temperature (1.9 °C to 2.0°C, 
<normalizedToken id="14E8A9D66C088F44952FDF9F054F42F3" originalValue="µ">µ</normalizedToken>
=2.0 °C) and more varied rainfall (92 kg m-2, 100 kg m-2, 
<normalizedToken id="F2AFD8EE3C1CC7101FBB16AA8D234CF9" originalValue="µ">µ</normalizedToken>
=96.9 kg m-2) (Fig. 
<figureCitation id="A2AEA72F2DA15990B780AD17B73CDCA0" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="F7" captionText="Figure 7. Distribution of elevation records relevant to A Pseudoanthidium jacobii and B P. canariense in the Canary Islands. Different letters right to the boxplots indicate highly significant differences in the elevation range and mean elevation of occurrence (black dot in boxplots) of both species (Kruskal-Wallis test: x 2 = 12.425, df = 1, p - value &lt;0.0005). Photo of P. jacobii M Perez-Gil and of P. canariense G Pena." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.96.111550.figure7" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/940440" pageId="0" pageNumber="983">7</figureCitation>
). This comparison, as hypothesised, strongly represents the climatic and elevational differences between the islands where the species occur. The overlap between the two species represents the limits of the niche for 
<taxonomicName id="269543E62898AB7E402A814FADEA3F2D" lsidName="P. canariense" pageId="0" pageNumber="983" rank="species" species="canariense">
<emphasis id="32D69848731836FDA3134E6114616D25" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="983">P. canariense</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. As shown on Fig. 
<figureCitation id="3A68171E546AD5F1F8AC8E2FE68C65B4" captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="F8" captionText="Figure 8. Ecological niche overlap between Pseudoanthidium jacobii and P. canariense in the Canary Islands represented by a principal component analysis (PCA). Light grey diamonds represent occurrence records of P. jacobii, and the small underlying dark grey area represents its niche space. Black triangles represent occurrence records of P. canariense and the light grey underlying area represents its niche space. The small black area represents shared niche space between the two species. Small grey dots are background environmental samples from the Canary Islands. Schoener's D statistics and the p - value from the niche equivalence test are also shown. See methods and results sections for more details." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.96.111550.figure8" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/940441" pageId="0" pageNumber="983">8</figureCitation>
, overall niche overlap between the two species is less than 1% and we can accept the alternative hypothesis that the two niches are less equivalent than random (p=&lt;0.001).
</paragraph>
<caption id="FAE5FE00041E1D96B79FE862483E6F38" doi="10.3897/jhr.96.111550.figure7" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/940440" pageId="0" pageNumber="983" start="Figure 7" startId="F7">
<paragraph id="2DEBA9F279EE2C5727B8F3AD02B7F8B8" pageId="0" pageNumber="983">
<emphasis id="2ADCD3E6387481A114F1001EE80836DA" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="983">Figure 7.</emphasis>
Distribution of elevation records relevant to 
<emphasis id="CE2B57EB4086833C2B553B3D013B07DA" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="983">A</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="C42303EA70A45ADEBD72EF5841160D52" authorityName="Vereecken &amp; Litman" authorityYear="2023" class="Insecta" family="Megachilidae" genus="Pseudoanthidium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pseudoanthidium jacobii" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="983" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="jacobii">
<emphasis id="2F41F946AE02513231EDF79E659C6CC6" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="983">Pseudoanthidium jacobii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<emphasis id="DA9F56D8E170AFE4E895001CF5E7B2A3" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="983">B</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="F82AD140295A8ED38E459B7EAA35D829" lsidName="P. canariense" pageId="0" pageNumber="983" rank="species" species="canariense">
<emphasis id="46C53C5BB30EA61501BB8F827BAC395F" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="983">P. canariense</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in the Canary Islands. Different letters right to the boxplots indicate highly significant differences in the elevation range and mean elevation of occurrence (black dot in boxplots) of both species (Kruskal-Wallis test: 
<normalizedToken id="B7F0B76615AC86E04C6FA9DC3FC924DB" originalValue="χ">x</normalizedToken>
2 = 12.425, df = 1, 
<emphasis id="92E1EC4DA75F3E6B75B9A184E403C6F6" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="983">p</emphasis>
-value &lt;0.0005). Photo of 
<taxonomicName id="49EA7B2B32A2B8B55475CB01C710E183" lsidName="P. jacobii" pageId="0" pageNumber="983" rank="species" species="jacobii">
<emphasis id="FA317246755D698EB918A096DD616CAB" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="983">P. jacobii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
M 
<normalizedToken id="42D5542DEBF7A4D24ECF3A826D83A89B" originalValue="Pérez-Gil">Perez-Gil</normalizedToken>
and of 
<taxonomicName id="80B316520FE497457A716CA0080A4961" lsidName="P. canariense" pageId="0" pageNumber="983" rank="species" species="canariense">
<emphasis id="BD0894F4AB32B45AD2C1806A265AE1E4" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="983">P. canariense</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
G 
<normalizedToken id="050913AD484BCCB3E0FBFE1A1849F105" originalValue="Peña">Pena</normalizedToken>
.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="D7B6E046B633161EE1BE7F9DCD6CDD08" doi="10.3897/jhr.96.111550.figure8" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/940441" pageId="0" pageNumber="983" start="Figure 8" startId="F8">
<paragraph id="802196FB1B40CC49D091F6A64B3B56FB" pageId="0" pageNumber="983">
<emphasis id="834B67F766EC90F536DD88E073B313AF" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="983">Figure 8.</emphasis>
Ecological niche overlap between 
<taxonomicName id="C907C1D13269F7A2B6AF113BF321EBD0" authorityName="Vereecken &amp; Litman" authorityYear="2023" class="Insecta" family="Megachilidae" genus="Pseudoanthidium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pseudoanthidium jacobii" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="983" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="jacobii">
<emphasis id="B399AF3C2B70ABED4F212B32B76C521A" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="983">Pseudoanthidium jacobii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="7D3C5BEBEBC0BAB22E18DB3C41045869" lsidName="P. canariense" pageId="0" pageNumber="983" rank="species" species="canariense">
<emphasis id="961EC481DBB8733967105FCCE9F0F1D6" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="983">P. canariense</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in the Canary Islands represented by a principal component analysis (PCA). Light grey diamonds represent occurrence records of 
<taxonomicName id="951DDEF80337598D43A17CB53F81815A" lsidName="P. jacobii" pageId="0" pageNumber="983" rank="species" species="jacobii">
<emphasis id="420DC01A0BCB68FB96554413FC131E8B" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="983">P. jacobii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and the small underlying dark grey area represents its niche space. Black triangles represent occurrence records of 
<taxonomicName id="E7C2D31B695406E0CFF94F889DB48931" lsidName="P. canariense" pageId="0" pageNumber="983" rank="species" species="canariense">
<emphasis id="2986D0671B548D4F59DB068BE95E94C1" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="983">P. canariense</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and the light grey underlying area represents its niche space. The small black area represents shared niche space between the two species. Small grey dots are background environmental samples from the Canary Islands. 
<normalizedToken id="300398D869D05BE9E98DA41D953618E4" originalValue="Schoener’s">Schoener's</normalizedToken>
<emphasis id="33B46BF274FD7C88345078F3319B070D" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="983">D</emphasis>
statistics and the 
<emphasis id="8FE1CF2377E13FB508AD69453D04DEDD" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="983">p</emphasis>
-value from the niche equivalence test are also shown. See methods and results sections for more details.
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="22200828FD5A9337C35B0B0583225196" pageId="0" pageNumber="983" type="distribution and threats">
<paragraph id="263C94B8783CABE83589ECEC95248220" pageId="0" pageNumber="983">Distribution and threats</paragraph>
<paragraph id="2872B16407E290B6F1E835E937678E42" pageId="0" pageNumber="983">
Due to a lack of historical baseline data, we could not evaluate 
<taxonomicName id="09E5F0714E2032B0E331BA93A15D3BEE" lsidName="P. jacobii" pageId="0" pageNumber="983" rank="species" species="jacobii">
<emphasis id="69B11DC767A0D441BA271A050FF6C91B" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="983">P. jacobii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
using IUCN Criterion A (population reduction). However, with an EOO of 326 km2 and an AOO of 28 km2, 
<taxonomicName id="5206B49DFA83A1DB7E349D21D85375D0" lsidName="P. jacobii" pageId="0" pageNumber="983" rank="species" species="jacobii">
<emphasis id="29CC87DE86F91DABAAB2E042CA02EEDE" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="983">P. jacobii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
fulfils both Criteria B1 and B2 (restricted geographic range; EOO &lt;5,000 km2 and AOO &lt;500 km2, respectively) (IUCN 2023).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8D0EC39DB1B2E0DAA67B51B4E0625CBA" pageId="0" pageNumber="983">
Our current knowledge suggests that 
<taxonomicName id="CC2179DAADD5B57EE3A5E268B2980101" lsidName="P. jacobii" pageId="0" pageNumber="983" rank="species" species="jacobii">
<emphasis id="0009135FB3A0EC31B6E6ECBDCBFCBBA7" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="983">P. jacobii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is known only from Mediterranean type shrubland vegetation localities on the islands of Lanzarote and Fuerteventura (Fig. 
<figureCitation id="F3BE62D3F3F5EEAE955A654B4805DD09" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figure 1. Ecology and distribution of Pseudoanthidium jacobii in the Canary Islands A, B male nectaring on an inflorescence of Asteriscus intermedius (Asteraceae) (Photos NJ Vereecken) C female collecting pollen on an inflorescence of A. intermedius (Photo B Jacobi) D female nesting in a pre-existing cavity located in a volcanic lava rock (Photo B Jacobi) E distribution map showing all occurrence records available to us and relevant to both P. canariense and P. jacobii in the Canary Islands." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.96.111550.figure1" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/940434" pageId="0" pageNumber="983">1</figureCitation>
). The key host plants exclusively visited by 
<taxonomicName id="B9AB6E9EBE9EE7A68F8BBAF8312573AC" lsidName="P. jacobii" pageId="0" pageNumber="983" rank="species" species="jacobii">
<emphasis id="9634802E4CCA637C9568CC5826C7097B" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="983">P. jacobii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
females for the collection of pollen include the herbaceous single-island endemic 
<taxonomicName id="D312EA647E7C33B30DDC0FC741D9A915" class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Asteraceae" genus="Pulicaria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Pulicaria canariensis subsp. lanata" order="Campanulales" pageId="0" pageNumber="983" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="subSpecies" species="canariensis" subSpecies="lanata">Pulicaria canariensis subsp. lanata</taxonomicName>
(Font Quer &amp; Svent.) Bramwell &amp; G. Kunkel (endemic to Lanzarote), the archipelago endemic 
<taxonomicName id="09A10B54D0052C37DBF4FAE53D4DF8D9" class="Asteroidea" family="Asterinidae" genus="Asteriscus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Asteriscus intermedius" order="Valvatida" pageId="0" pageNumber="983" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="intermedius">
<emphasis id="C2B4375BC3EEA37DD1CCD855A2896E5F" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="983">Asteriscus intermedius</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(DC.) Pit. &amp; Proust (endemic to Fuerteventura and Lanzarote) and the native non-endemic 
<taxonomicName id="34B61FB42034BDCA4B18F90A94CE71D1" class="Eudicots" family="Asteraceae" genus="Glebionis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,IPNI" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Glebionis coronaria" order="Asterales" pageId="0" pageNumber="983" phylum="Magnoliophyta" rank="species" species="coronaria">
<emphasis id="5FEE6883B19ED01C0E33AE1B0F39A263" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="983">Glebionis coronaria</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(L.) Cass. ex Spach, all belonging to the family 
<taxonomicName id="2D384CAD68F21BC243271429B26987BB" genus="Asteraceae" lsidName="Asteraceae" pageId="0" pageNumber="983" rank="genus">Asteraceae</taxonomicName>
. According to a recent study by 
<bibRefCitation id="E0D84C1142E7F65CDF431F7C2B9354F6" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1111/ddi.13750" author="Hanz, DM" journalOrPublisher="Diversity and Distributions" pageId="0" pageNumber="983" pagination="1157 - 1171" refId="B21" refString="Hanz, DM, Cutts, V, Barajas-Barbosa, MP, Algar, A, Beierkuhnlein, C, Collart, F, Fernandez-Palacios, JM, Field, R, Karger, DN, Kienle, DR, Kreft, H, Patino, J, Schrodt, F, Steinbauer, MJ, Weigelt, P, Irl, SDH, 2023. Effects of climate change on the distribution of plant species and plant functional strategies on the Canary Islands. Diversity and Distributions 29 (9): 1157 - 1171, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/ddi.13750" title="Effects of climate change on the distribution of plant species and plant functional strategies on the Canary Islands." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/ddi.13750" volume="29" year="2023">Hanz et al. (2023)</bibRefCitation>
, climate change will severely restrict the climatically suitable area of Canarian herbaceous plant species, particularly archipelago endemics and single-island endemic species, and particularly on the islands of Lanzarote and Fuerteventura, which are expected to experience less annual precipitation in the future. This phenomenon along with the negative impacts of invasive flowering plant species in the archipelago (
<bibRefCitation id="50A930A2852F47C6FF716E80FD248A23" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-77255-4" author="del Arco Aguilar, MJ" journalOrPublisher="Springer Verlag, Germany" pageId="0" pageNumber="983" refId="B9" refString="del Arco Aguilar, MJ, Rodriguez Delgado, O, del Arco Aguilar, MJ, Rodriguez Delgado, O, 2018. Vegetation of the Canary Islands. Springer Verlag, Germany, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-77255-4" title="Vegetation of the Canary Islands." url="https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-77255-4" year="2018">del Arco Aguilar et al. 2018</bibRefCitation>
; but see Fernandez-Palacios et al. 2022), is very likely going to affect the availability of floral resources used by 
<taxonomicName id="8268189ECB6239B43DE3DB0FD639B01E" lsidName="P. jacobii" pageId="0" pageNumber="983" rank="species" species="jacobii">
<emphasis id="C114839B9F13527B88AB99D89CC577A5" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="983">P. jacobii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
females, with cascading impacts on their population size and distribution.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="460827F56314187254DD525FFA810E3E" pageId="0" pageNumber="983">
According to the IUCN, populations are considered &quot;severely fragmented&quot; if most individuals are found in small and relatively isolated subpopulations, where the probability of recolonization is reduced, should these subpopulations go extinct (IUCN 2023). Under this strict definition, populations of 
<taxonomicName id="9DECD0B7BC6EB3CAFBE6802F22F447C2" lsidName="P. jacobii" pageId="0" pageNumber="983" rank="species" species="jacobii">
<emphasis id="7F3C9C69DEBB8C705EA8B96BC5847986" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="983">P. jacobii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, restricted to extremely isolated pockets on Lanzarote and Fuerteventura, may be considered severely fragmented, thus fulfilling both criteria B1a and B2a. Furthermore, the continuous development of touristic infrastructures on both islands, the increase of pollution brought about by new roads facilitating transport and tourism across the islands (
<bibRefCitation id="EAA04E1AE50B647EC558EB9AE5D089CB" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2009.01.007" author="Martin-Cejas, RR" journalOrPublisher="Tourism Management" pageId="0" pageNumber="983" pagination="98 - 103" refId="B49" refString="Martin-Cejas, RR, Ramirez Sanchez, PP, 2010. Ecological footprint analysis of road transport related to tourism activity: The case for Lanzarote Island. Tourism Management 31: 98 - 103, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2009.01.007" title="Ecological footprint analysis of road transport related to tourism activity: The case for Lanzarote Island." url="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2009.01.007" volume="31" year="2010">
<normalizedToken id="A3F87A949528ED832E2D7B6A86DF4830" originalValue="Martín-Cejas">Martin-Cejas</normalizedToken>
and 
<normalizedToken id="D9596B6DF904132D588A0FD3D0D41B15" originalValue="Ramírez">Ramirez</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="BC0DDA1196950148D4C48CC81A65BF1D" originalValue="Sánchez">Sanchez</normalizedToken>
2010
</bibRefCitation>
), the increase in car ownership and usage (
<bibRefCitation id="6B115BA9BDD6BAC66FE557C31475B934" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2015.09.027" author="Martin-Cejas, RR" journalOrPublisher="Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment" pageId="0" pageNumber="983" pagination="457 - 466" refId="B50" refString="Martin-Cejas, RR, 2015. The environmental impact caused by road access to Timanfaya Natural Park on Lanzarote Island. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment 41: 457 - 466, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2015.09.027" title="The environmental impact caused by road access to Timanfaya Natural Park on Lanzarote Island." url="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2015.09.027" volume="41" year="2015">
<normalizedToken id="C3C8EB165ECB12B65B476FA9ACFF1CB5" originalValue="Martín-Cejas">Martin-Cejas</normalizedToken>
2015
</bibRefCitation>
), and other pervasive forms of anthropogenic disturbance such as irresponsible off-roading practices (with associated pollution, damages on plant and animal life, and increased soil erosion rates), sand extraction, wind farms, and increased goat grazing (
<bibRefCitation id="ADEA1EBA64DD68541428F3BC2B45D43C" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2907.2006.00077.x" author="Nogales, M" journalOrPublisher="Mammal Review" pageId="0" pageNumber="983" pagination="49 - 65" refId="B61" refString="Nogales, M, Rodriguez-Luengo, JL, Marrero, P, 2006. Ecological effects and distribution of invasive non-native mammals on the Canary Islands. Mammal Review 36 (1): 49 - 65, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2907.2006.00077.x" title="Ecological effects and distribution of invasive non-native mammals on the Canary Islands." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2907.2006.00077.x" volume="36" year="2006">Nogales et al. 2006</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="622D18E10E254BB9A1CE5CC154F76648" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1007/s10344-016-0997-x" author="Banos-Gonzalez, I" journalOrPublisher="European Journal of Wildlife Research" pageId="0" pageNumber="983" pagination="263 - 275" refId="B1" refString="Banos-Gonzalez, I, Terrier, C, Martinez-Fernandez, J, Esteve-Selma, MA, Carrascal, LM, 2016. Dynamic modelling of the potential habitat loss of endangered species: the case of the Canarian houbara bustard (Chlamydotis undulata fuerteventurae). European Journal of Wildlife Research 62: 263 - 275, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10344-016-0997-x" title="Dynamic modelling of the potential habitat loss of endangered species: the case of the Canarian houbara bustard (Chlamydotis undulata fuerteventurae)." url="https://doi.org/10.1007/s10344-016-0997-x" volume="62" year="2016">
<normalizedToken id="B892E402165E26342A6F1F9D0AA0BAE9" originalValue="Banos-González">Banos-Gonzalez</normalizedToken>
et al. 2016
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; 
<bibRefCitation id="19AA5AEC52E0A191C96402878713FB90" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2019.0136" author="Cubas, J" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the Royal Society B, Biological Sciences" pageId="0" pageNumber="983" pagination=": 20190136" refId="B8" refString="Cubas, J, Irl, SD, Villafuerte, R, Bello-Rodriguez, V, Rodriguez-Luengo, JL, Del Arco, M, Martin-Esquivel, JL, Gonzalez-Mancebo, JM, 2019. Endemic plant species are more palatable to introduced herbivores than non-endemics. Proceedings of the Royal Society B, Biological Sciences 286 (1900): 20190136, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2019.0136" title="Endemic plant species are more palatable to introduced herbivores than non-endemics." url="https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2019.0136" volume="286" year="2019">Cubas et al. 2019</bibRefCitation>
) are all likely to have a severely negative impact on the extent and/or the quality of Mediterranean-type shrubland vegetation favoured by 
<taxonomicName id="B010DA5542E929A14C97D6801BD27443" lsidName="P. jacobii" pageId="0" pageNumber="983" rank="species" species="jacobii">
<emphasis id="36797AEAF1FAD7103C8CCC85DE280B0D" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="983">P. jacobii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and its key host plants. This, in turn, might lead to a continuous reduction of EOO, AOO, the number of subpopulations and the number of mature individuals stemming from a reduction in foraging resources. Following this scenario, 
<taxonomicName id="3C8B0A51DDED4323036828B7C698B0C1" lsidName="P. jacobii" pageId="0" pageNumber="983" rank="species" species="jacobii">
<emphasis id="4F036C0405240BDFC09B8740AE86502F" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="983">P. jacobii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
also fulfils criteria B1ab(i,ii,iii,iv,v) and B2ab(i,ii,iii,iv,v).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="724B3E2AED627D57E63492B43C80C6F6" pageId="0" pageNumber="983">
Our field experience further suggests that 
<taxonomicName id="103CF99D6FA20E831E9F2EA50D8F9EFA" lsidName="P. jacobii" pageId="0" pageNumber="983" rank="species" species="jacobii">
<emphasis id="C5F994A5E2B97263DECFA2780FDF2502" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="983">P. jacobii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is characterised by very small population sizes: this can be argued based on the fact (i) that we failed to collect more than two specimens at each sampled locality when the number of specimens should have been at its peak, (ii) that 
<taxonomicName id="BB43055F1BC6392BDA760E18B9170961" lsidName="P. jacobii" pageId="0" pageNumber="983" rank="species" species="jacobii">
<emphasis id="D4865792ED39B2B141DC7DF678A25D6B" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="983">P. jacobii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has been completely overlooked up to the present day, and (iii) that females and males are relatively conspicuous in colour, sharing their pollen host plant species with other Canarian bee species active at the same time of the year, namely in early Spring. Hence, 
<taxonomicName id="4C99AA33C7DA6765C8460BB31209EF5C" lsidName="P. jacobii" pageId="0" pageNumber="983" rank="species" species="jacobii">
<emphasis id="5051E15EDEA6DC679B02B0D865E7E160" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="983">P. jacobii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
also fulfils Criterion C2a(i) based on a conservative estimation of the total number of mature individuals &lt;2,500 across its distribution, as well as an estimated, projected, or inferred decline for reasons detailed above and &lt;250 mature specimens per subpopulation (IUCN 2023).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="A4CA8D0C34BFB1391B91DA96790C7A34" pageId="0" pageNumber="983">
Because of a lack of population size estimation or comprehensive evaluation of the number of extant populations and their trends, we were unable to classify 
<taxonomicName id="B53C5FEF20E2209134BDD298CF224FE8" lsidName="P. jacobii" pageId="0" pageNumber="983" rank="species" species="jacobii">
<emphasis id="91AAB910462A15DCB64303484D5529E1" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="983">P. jacobii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
under Criteria D and E (IUCN 2023).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="0396809A6EE8A23A719079ECE5925140" pageId="0" pageNumber="983">
Last, we obtained convergent results through the parallel calculation of the IUCN rating based on EOO Area (in km2) with the 
<normalizedToken id="23D8E709572E8B2228F1162E21D327E9" originalValue="“EOORating”">&quot;EOORating&quot;</normalizedToken>
function in the 
<emphasis id="0554F8F202C698E383681881156CB93C" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="983">rCAT</emphasis>
package, which suggests that 
<taxonomicName id="D9752531269F367F52A86AAD4D1EADD5" lsidName="P. jacobii" pageId="0" pageNumber="983" rank="species" species="jacobii">
<emphasis id="5E4997223EB1C852CF9B425402C9C1AA" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="983">P. jacobii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
should be classified as 
<normalizedToken id="74280BCACC1BD8238A7BD83D355FEB3B" originalValue="“EN”">&quot;EN&quot;</normalizedToken>
(endangered).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="49B7C3FADD790646016D6DD6F9121A96" pageId="0" pageNumber="983">
Given the above results, 
<taxonomicName id="63D805942FB89E7C56BDD5C753FD1A7B" lsidName="P. jacobii" pageId="0" pageNumber="983" rank="species" species="jacobii">
<emphasis id="3D9C4FF1EB2A5DAF6BCCA82D876DF91A" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="983">P. jacobii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
thus qualifies for 
<normalizedToken id="42427BFA5BC8EC0A6D479BDAC12480B7" originalValue="“EN”">&quot;EN&quot;</normalizedToken>
(endangered) conservation status under IUCN Criteria B1ab(i,ii,iii,iv,v), B2ab(i,ii,iii,iv,v) and Criterion C2a(i); this status is also supported by the results of the 
<normalizedToken id="985D604452E620E53DBEB0E48601D6CC" originalValue="“EOORating”">&quot;EOORating&quot;</normalizedToken>
analysis mentioned above. We thus propose an IUCN conservation status of 
<normalizedToken id="96C7F6CC431F28368B4EE3828EDAED98" originalValue="“EN”">&quot;EN&quot;</normalizedToken>
(endangered) for this species.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>