treatments-xml/data/5C/6E/87/5C6E878A3B29FFB8856619ABF55FF927.xml

<document id="F8B75BC1F9E50435D0DE942A41DB4B87" ID-CLB-Dataset="127174" ID-DOI="10.1080/00222933.2022.2090868" ID-GBIF-Dataset="c1158180-a341-4802-964c-25791c786b35" ID-ISSN="1464-5262" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7012060" ID-ZooBank="7A1DEC81-E355-44FC-B7CD-F444663ED9CE" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1660989682993" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Dorff, Nathan, Borkent, Art, Curler, Gregory &amp; Madriz, R. Isaí" docDate="2022" docId="5C6E878A3B29FFB8856619ABF55FF927" docLanguage="en" docName="JNATHIST.56.13-16.1007-1028.pdf" docOrigin="Journal of Natural History 56 (13 - 16)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2022.2090868" docStyle="DocumentStyle:3C762F9783B768A90048B82ACD135A62.3:JNatHist.2017-.journal_article.0cover" docStyleId="3C762F9783B768A90048B82ACD135A62" docStyleName="JNatHist.2017-.journal_article.0cover" docStyleVersion="3" docTitle="Corethrella (Corethrella) kipferi Dorff, Borkent and Curler 2022, sp. nov." docType="treatment" docVersion="9" lastPageNumber="1022" masterDocId="A057FFF23B2CFFB784631C06F60DFFBC" masterDocTitle="A new species of hyporheic Corethrella Coquillett from North America (Diptera: Corethrellidae)" masterLastPageNumber="1028" masterPageNumber="1007" pageNumber="1012" updateTime="1699370674555" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CLOSED">
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<mods:title id="B08CABE304B6EBC74D820B961B2FEEEC">A new species of hyporheic Corethrella Coquillett from North America (Diptera: Corethrellidae)</mods:title>
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<heading id="8F3081F03B29FFB2856619ABF212FA7B" box="[261,1055,1453,1479]" centered="true" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="5" pageNumber="1012" reason="5">
<taxonomicName id="13C74D1F3B29FFB2856619ABF5B5FA7B" ID-CoL="BCR9G" authority="Dorff, Borkent and Curler" authorityName="Dorff, Borkent and Curler" authorityYear="2022" box="[261,952,1453,1479]" class="Insecta" family="Corethrellidae" genus="Corethrella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="1012" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="kipferi" status="sp. nov." subGenus="Corethrella">
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<emphasis id="E6B3EA8E3B29FFB2856619ABF783FA7B" bold="true" box="[261,398,1453,1479]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="1012">Corethrella</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="E6B3EA8E3B29FFB285FD19ABF42AFA7B" bold="true" box="[414,551,1453,1479]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="1012">Corethrella</emphasis>
) 
<emphasis id="E6B3EA8E3B29FFB2865419ABF48BFA7B" bold="true" box="[567,646,1453,1479]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="1012">kipferi</emphasis>
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Dorff, Borkent and Curler
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, 
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<paragraph id="D478369C3B29FFB2862519DAF4D3FA4A" blockId="5.[582,734,1500,1526]" box="[582,734,1500,1526]" pageId="5" pageNumber="1012">
(
<figureCitation id="4CFC2A193B29FFB2862D19DAF4DBFA4A" box="[590,726,1500,1526]" captionStart-0="Figure 4" captionStart-1="Figure 5" captionStart-2="Figure 6" captionStart-3="Figure 7" captionStart-4="Figure 8" captionStart-5="Figure 9" captionStartId-0="6.[160,225,1278,1301]" captionStartId-1="7.[160,227,1616,1639]" captionStartId-2="8.[160,225,644,667]" captionStartId-3="9.[160,225,1570,1593]" captionStartId-4="10.[160,225,1135,1158]" captionStartId-5="11.[160,227,1723,1746]" captionTargetBox-0="[162,1154,142,1247]" captionTargetBox-1="[162,1154,142,1583]" captionTargetBox-2="[161,1153,142,612]" captionTargetBox-3="[165,1150,145,1534]" captionTargetBox-4="[162,1154,142,1104]" captionTargetBox-5="[328,985,146,1688]" captionTargetId-0="figure-106@6.[162,1154,142,1247]" captionTargetId-1="figure-3@7.[162,1154,142,1584]" captionTargetId-2="figure-306@8.[161,1153,142,612]" captionTargetId-3="figure-3@9.[162,1154,142,1538]" captionTargetId-4="figure-152@10.[162,1154,142,1104]" captionTargetId-5="figure-1@11.[327,987,142,1692]" captionTargetPageId-0="6" captionTargetPageId-1="7" captionTargetPageId-2="8" captionTargetPageId-3="9" captionTargetPageId-4="10" captionTargetPageId-5="11" captionText-0="Figure 4. Photomicrograph of Corethrella kipferi female habitus, lateral view." captionText-1="Figure 5. Photomicrograph of Corethrella kipferi female head capsule, frontal view. Scale bar = 0.125 mm. Abbreviations: cl = clypeus; cs = coronal suture; fr = frons; f = flagellomeres; p = palpal segments." captionText-2="Figure 6. Photomicrograph of Corethrella kipferi female wing, dorsal view. Scale bar = 0.5 mm." captionText-3="Figure 7. Photomicrographs of Corethrella kipferi fourth-instar larval habitus. (a) Dorsal view. (b) Ventral view. (c) Lateral view. Scale bars = 0.25 mm." captionText-4="Figure 8. Photomicrograph of Corethrella kipferi fourth-instar larval head capsule, ventral view. Scale bar = 0.125 mm. Abbreviations: ant = antenna; gen = gena; lmpo = postmentum; lmpr = prementum; lr = labrum; md = mandible; mx = maxilla." captionText-5="Figure 9. Line drawing of Corethrella kipferi fourth-instar larva, ventral view. Abbreviations: I–VIII, X = numbered abdominal segments; M = mesothorax; P = prothorax; T = metathorax. Scale bar = 0.5 mm." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7012068" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7012070" figureDoi-2="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7012072" figureDoi-3="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7012074" figureDoi-4="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7012076" figureDoi-5="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7012078" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/7012068/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/7012070/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/7012072/files/figure.png" httpUri-3="https://zenodo.org/record/7012074/files/figure.png" httpUri-4="https://zenodo.org/record/7012076/files/figure.png" httpUri-5="https://zenodo.org/record/7012078/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="1012">Figures 4–9</figureCitation>
)
</paragraph>
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<emphasis id="E6B3EA8E3B29FFB284C31A38F749F9E4" bold="true" box="[160,324,1598,1624]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="1012">Type material</emphasis>
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, female adult on microscope slide, labelled ‘ 
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<taxonomicName id="13C74D1F3B29FFB2871E1A64F6FAF922" authority="Dorff, Borkent" authorityName="Dorff, Borkent and Curler" authorityYear="2022" class="Insecta" family="Corethrellidae" genus="Corethrella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="1012" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="kipferi">
<emphasis id="E6B3EA8E3B29FFB2871E1A64F230F9C7" box="[893,1085,1634,1659]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="1012">Corethrella kipferi</emphasis>
Dorff, Borkent
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&amp; Curler’, ‘ 
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SE of Ozark
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, 
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, 
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36° 52.697 
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N
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93° 9.312 
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W
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, 
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, 
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<collectingDate id="B03DE9B43B29FFB280771A83F28CF922" box="[1044,1153,1669,1694]" pageId="5" pageNumber="1012" value="2018-06-06">6-VI-2018</collectingDate>
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, 
<collectorName id="7932534A3B29FFB284C31AA1F6F2F97C" box="[160,255,1703,1728]" pageId="5" pageNumber="1012">N. Dorff</collectorName>
, 
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(
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)
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. 
<typeStatus id="0B7C883E3B29FFB2867D1AA1F482F97C" box="[542,655,1703,1728]" pageId="5" pageNumber="1012" type="paratype">Paratypes</typeStatus>
: 1 on microscope slide from type locality, GenBank® accession number 
<accessionNumber id="CB94AB7F3B2AFFB185851975F454FA30" box="[486,601,1395,1420]" httpUri="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ena/browser/api/embl/OK624783" pageId="6" pageNumber="1013">OK624783</accessionNumber>
(
<collectionCode id="B2D6AE593B2AFFB186061975F4BDFA30" box="[613,688,1395,1420]" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="6" pageNumber="1013" type="Museum">USNM</collectionCode>
); 24, pinned, from type locality (6, 
<collectionCode id="B2D6AE593B2AFFB1804E1975F26AFA30" box="[1069,1127,1395,1420]" country="Canada" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/rzcb-tdp2" name="Canadian National Collection Insects" pageId="6" pageNumber="1013">CNCI</collectionCode>
; 8, 
<collectionCode id="B2D6AE593B2AFFB184C31993F6EFFA12" box="[160,226,1429,1454]" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34264" name="University of Kansas - Biodiversity Institute" pageId="6" pageNumber="1013" type="Museum">SEMC</collectionCode>
; 10 
<collectionCode id="B2D6AE593B2AFFB185681993F758FA12" box="[267,341,1429,1454]" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="6" pageNumber="1013" type="Museum">USNM</collectionCode>
); 24, on microscope slides, from type locality (8, 
<collectionCode id="B2D6AE593B2AFFB187061993F592FA12" box="[869,927,1429,1454]" country="Canada" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/rzcb-tdp2" name="Canadian National Collection Insects" pageId="6" pageNumber="1013">CNCI</collectionCode>
; 8, 
<collectionCode id="B2D6AE593B2AFFB187A31993F20FFA12" box="[960,1026,1429,1454]" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34264" name="University of Kansas - Biodiversity Institute" pageId="6" pageNumber="1013" type="Museum">SEMC</collectionCode>
; 8 
<collectionCode id="B2D6AE593B2AFFB1807E1993F26AFA12" box="[1053,1127,1429,1454]" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="6" pageNumber="1013" type="Museum">USNM</collectionCode>
); 5 fourth-instar larvae on microscope slides from type locality (2 
<collectionCode id="B2D6AE593B2AFFB1870B19BEF5AFFA6D" box="[872,930,1464,1489]" country="Canada" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/rzcb-tdp2" name="Canadian National Collection Insects" pageId="6" pageNumber="1013">CNCI</collectionCode>
; 3 
<collectionCode id="B2D6AE593B2AFFB187A719BEF203FA6D" box="[964,1038,1464,1489]" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="6" pageNumber="1013" type="Museum">USNM</collectionCode>
); 5 fourthinstar, 5 third-instar, 6 second-instar, 6 first-instar larvae, on microscope slides, locality labelled as for 
<typeStatus id="0B7C883E3B2AFFB1852D19FBF7BFF9AA" box="[334,434,1533,1558]" pageId="6" pageNumber="1013" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
but ‘36° 53.152 
<emphasis id="E6B3EA8E3B2AFFB1860919FBF47DF9A9" bold="true" box="[618,624,1533,1557]" pageId="6" pageNumber="1013">ʹ</emphasis>
<geoCoordinate id="B1F3505B3B2AFFB1861319FBF4F1F9A9" box="[624,764,1533,1558]" degrees="93" direction="north" minutes="9.271" orientation="latitude" pageId="6" pageNumber="1013" precision="1" value="93.15452">
N 93° 9.271 
<emphasis id="E6B3EA8E3B2AFFB1869519FBF4F1F9A9" bold="true" box="[758,764,1533,1557]" pageId="6" pageNumber="1013">ʹ</emphasis>
</geoCoordinate>
W’’, from variable dates (4 fourthinstar, 4 third-instar, 4 second-instar, 2 first-instar, all on one slide, 
<collectionCode id="B2D6AE593B2AFFB187151A26F5BDF985" box="[886,944,1568,1593]" country="Canada" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/rzcb-tdp2" name="Canadian National Collection Insects" pageId="6" pageNumber="1013">CNCI</collectionCode>
; 1 4 
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, 1 3 
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, 2 2 
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, 4 1 
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, 
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).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<caption id="80B866143B2AFFB184C318F8F59AFAA9" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7012068" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7012068" box="[160,919,1278,1301]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7012068/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="1013" startId="6.[160,225,1278,1301]" targetBox="[162,1154,142,1247]" targetPageId="6">
<paragraph id="D478369C3B2AFFB184C318F8F59AFAA9" blockId="6.[160,919,1278,1301]" box="[160,919,1278,1301]" pageId="6" pageNumber="1013">
<emphasis id="E6B3EA8E3B2AFFB184C318F8F6F7FAA9" bold="true" box="[160,250,1278,1301]" pageId="6" pageNumber="1013">Figure 4.</emphasis>
Photomicrograph of 
<taxonomicName id="13C74D1F3B2AFFB185B318F8F474FAA9" authorityName="Dorff, Borkent and Curler" authorityYear="2022" box="[464,633,1278,1301]" class="Insecta" family="Corethrellidae" genus="Corethrella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="1013" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="kipferi">
<emphasis id="E6B3EA8E3B2AFFB185B318F8F474FAA9" box="[464,633,1278,1301]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="1013">Corethrella kipferi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
female habitus, lateral view.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="80B866143B2BFFB084C31A56F77EF91E" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7012070" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7012070" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7012070/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="1014" startId="7.[160,227,1616,1639]" targetBox="[162,1154,142,1583]" targetPageId="7">
<paragraph id="D478369C3B2BFFB084C31A56F77EF91E" blockId="7.[160,1157,1616,1698]" pageId="7" pageNumber="1014">
<emphasis id="E6B3EA8E3B2BFFB084C31A56F708F9DB" bold="true" box="[160,261,1616,1639]" pageId="7" pageNumber="1014">Figure 5.</emphasis>
Photomicrograph of 
<taxonomicName id="13C74D1F3B2BFFB085991A56F4BFF9DB" authorityName="Dorff, Borkent and Curler" authorityYear="2022" box="[506,690,1616,1639]" class="Insecta" family="Corethrellidae" genus="Corethrella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="1014" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="kipferi">
<emphasis id="E6B3EA8E3B2BFFB085991A56F4BFF9DB" box="[506,690,1616,1639]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="1014">Corethrella kipferi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
female head capsule, frontal view. Scale bar = 0.125 mm. Abbreviations: cl = clypeus; cs = coronal suture; fr = frons; f = flagellomeres; p = palpal segments.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="80B866143B24FFBF84C31E82F241FD27" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7012072" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7012072" box="[160,1100,644,667]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7012072/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="1015" startId="8.[160,225,644,667]" targetBox="[161,1153,142,612]" targetPageId="8">
<paragraph id="D478369C3B24FFBF84C31E82F241FD27" blockId="8.[160,1100,644,667]" box="[160,1100,644,667]" pageId="8" pageNumber="1015">
<emphasis id="E6B3EA8E3B24FFBF84C31E82F6F7FD27" bold="true" box="[160,250,644,667]" pageId="8" pageNumber="1015">Figure 6.</emphasis>
Photomicrograph of 
<taxonomicName id="13C74D1F3B24FFBF85B31E82F474FD27" authorityName="Dorff, Borkent and Curler" authorityYear="2022" box="[464,633,644,667]" class="Insecta" family="Corethrellidae" genus="Corethrella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="1015" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="kipferi">
<emphasis id="E6B3EA8E3B24FFBF85B31E82F474FD27" box="[464,633,644,667]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="1015">Corethrella kipferi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
female wing, dorsal view. Scale bar = 0.5 mm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<subSubSection id="9CDD65173B24FFBF84C31EE7F7E4FB02" pageId="8" pageNumber="1015" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="D478369C3B24FFBF84C31EE7F719FD47" blockId="8.[160,1156,737,1214]" box="[160,276,737,763]" pageId="8" pageNumber="1015">
<emphasis id="E6B3EA8E3B24FFBF84C31EE7F719FD47" bold="true" box="[160,276,737,763]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="1015">Diagnosis</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D478369C3B24FFBF84C31F03F796FCA2" blockId="8.[160,1156,737,1214]" box="[160,411,773,798]" pageId="8" pageNumber="1015">Adult male: Unknown.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D478369C3B24FFBF84A31F21F466FB8F" blockId="8.[160,1156,737,1214]" pageId="8" pageNumber="1015">
Adult female: Only extant species of 
<taxonomicName id="13C74D1F3B24FFBF863F1F21F4DEFCFC" authorityName="Coquillett" authorityYear="1902" box="[604,723,807,832]" class="Insecta" family="Corethrellidae" genus="Corethrella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="1015" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="E6B3EA8E3B24FFBF863F1F21F4DEFCFC" box="[604,723,807,832]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="1015">Corethrella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in the New World with a circular head (in anterior view, 
<figureCitation id="4CFC2A193B24FFBF850A1F4CF7CAFCDF" box="[361,455,842,867]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="7.[160,227,1616,1639]" captionTargetBox="[162,1154,142,1583]" captionTargetId="figure-3@7.[162,1154,142,1584]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 5. Photomicrograph of Corethrella kipferi female head capsule, frontal view. Scale bar = 0.125 mm. Abbreviations: cl = clypeus; cs = coronal suture; fr = frons; f = flagellomeres; p = palpal segments." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7012070" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7012070/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="1015">Figure 5</figureCitation>
), with flagellomere 1 moderately elongate (
<figureCitation id="4CFC2A193B24FFBF87DC1F4CF211FCDF" box="[959,1052,842,867]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="7.[160,227,1616,1639]" captionTargetBox="[162,1154,142,1583]" captionTargetId="figure-3@7.[162,1154,142,1584]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 5. Photomicrograph of Corethrella kipferi female head capsule, frontal view. Scale bar = 0.125 mm. Abbreviations: cl = clypeus; cs = coronal suture; fr = frons; f = flagellomeres; p = palpal segments." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7012070" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7012070/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="1015">Figure 5</figureCitation>
), sensilla coeloconica present only on flagellomeres 1, (6), 10–13 and with only a single sensillum coeloconicum on each of 10–13, wing with at least a few slightly expanded scales (
<figureCitation id="4CFC2A193B24FFBF84CB1FB4F70BFC77" box="[168,262,946,971]" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="8.[160,225,644,667]" captionTargetBox="[161,1153,142,612]" captionTargetId="figure-306@8.[161,1153,142,612]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Figure 6. Photomicrograph of Corethrella kipferi female wing, dorsal view. Scale bar = 0.5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7012072" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7012072/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="1015">Figure 6</figureCitation>
), with uniformly pigmented wing (
<figureCitation id="4CFC2A193B24FFBF86FE1FB4F4F1FC77" box="[669,764,946,971]" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="8.[160,225,644,667]" captionTargetBox="[161,1153,142,612]" captionTargetId="figure-306@8.[161,1153,142,612]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Figure 6. Photomicrograph of Corethrella kipferi female wing, dorsal view. Scale bar = 0.5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7012072" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7012072/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="1015">Figure 6</figureCitation>
), scutum, katepisternum and legs (
<figureCitation id="4CFC2A193B24FFBF84CB1FD3F708FC52" box="[168,261,981,1006]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="6.[160,225,1278,1301]" captionTargetBox="[162,1154,142,1247]" captionTargetId="figure-106@6.[162,1154,142,1247]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figure 4. Photomicrograph of Corethrella kipferi female habitus, lateral view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7012068" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7012068/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="1015">Figure 4</figureCitation>
). Also, the only extant species of 
<taxonomicName id="13C74D1F3B24FFBF86E61FD3F4F1FC52" authorityName="Coquillett" authorityYear="1902" box="[645,764,981,1006]" class="Insecta" family="Corethrellidae" genus="Corethrella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="1015" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="E6B3EA8E3B24FFBF86E61FD3F4F1FC52" box="[645,764,981,1006]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="1015">Corethrella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in the Nearctic with the following combination of characters: wing uniformly pigmented, palpal segment 3 swollen apically, and thorax nearly uniformly light brown.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D478369C3B24FFBF84D4183BF760FBEA" blockId="8.[160,1156,737,1214]" box="[183,365,1085,1110]" pageId="8" pageNumber="1015">Pupa: unknown.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D478369C3B24FFBF84D41859F7E4FB02" blockId="8.[160,1156,737,1214]" pageId="8" pageNumber="1015">
Fourth-instar larva: only extant species of 
<taxonomicName id="13C74D1F3B24FFBF86FF1859F51EFBC4" authorityName="Coquillett" authorityYear="1902" box="[668,787,1119,1144]" class="Insecta" family="Corethrellidae" genus="Corethrella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="1015" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="E6B3EA8E3B24FFBF86FF1859F51EFBC4" box="[668,787,1119,1144]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="1015">Corethrella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in the Nearctic with an entirely pale body, prothoracic sensilla 7, 10 plumose, 8 bifurcate and mesothoracic sensilla 8 plumose, with four branches.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="9CDD65173B24FFBA84C31902F715FF51" lastPageId="13" lastPageNumber="1020" pageId="8" pageNumber="1015" type="description">
<paragraph id="D478369C3B24FFBF84C31902F72BFAA2" blockId="8.[160,1156,1284,1726]" box="[160,294,1284,1310]" pageId="8" pageNumber="1015">
<emphasis id="E6B3EA8E3B24FFBF84C31902F72BFAA2" bold="true" box="[160,294,1284,1310]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="1015">Description</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D478369C3B24FFBF84C31921F794FAFC" blockId="8.[160,1156,1284,1726]" box="[160,409,1319,1344]" pageId="8" pageNumber="1015">Adult male: unknown.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D478369C3B24FFBF84D4194CF435F902" blockId="8.[160,1156,1284,1726]" pageId="8" pageNumber="1015">
Adult female (n = 5). Head: Outline in anterior view somewhat circular (as in 
<figureCitation id="4CFC2A193B24FFBF8079194CF27BFADF" box="[1050,1142,1354,1379]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="7.[160,227,1616,1639]" captionTargetBox="[162,1154,142,1583]" captionTargetId="figure-3@7.[162,1154,142,1584]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 5. Photomicrograph of Corethrella kipferi female head capsule, frontal view. Scale bar = 0.125 mm. Abbreviations: cl = clypeus; cs = coronal suture; fr = frons; f = flagellomeres; p = palpal segments." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7012070" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7012070/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="1015">Figure 5</figureCitation>
), head capsule width (W) 0.38–0.40; height (H) 0.30–0.32 W/H = 1.26–1.25. Coronal suture extending to the ventral margin of the innermost ommatidia (as in 
<figureCitation id="4CFC2A193B24FFBF87C11989F5F2FA14" box="[930,1023,1423,1448]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="7.[160,227,1616,1639]" captionTargetBox="[162,1154,142,1583]" captionTargetId="figure-3@7.[162,1154,142,1584]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 5. Photomicrograph of Corethrella kipferi female head capsule, frontal view. Scale bar = 0.125 mm. Abbreviations: cl = clypeus; cs = coronal suture; fr = frons; f = flagellomeres; p = palpal segments." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7012070" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7012070/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="1015">Figure 5</figureCitation>
). One large seta on frons between ventromedial areas of ommatidia (as in 
<figureCitation id="4CFC2A193B24FFBF873019B4F5A0FA77" box="[851,941,1458,1483]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="7.[160,227,1616,1639]" captionTargetBox="[162,1154,142,1583]" captionTargetId="figure-3@7.[162,1154,142,1584]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 5. Photomicrograph of Corethrella kipferi female head capsule, frontal view. Scale bar = 0.125 mm. Abbreviations: cl = clypeus; cs = coronal suture; fr = frons; f = flagellomeres; p = palpal segments." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7012070" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7012070/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="1015">Figure 5</figureCitation>
). Antenna medium brown (
<figureCitation id="4CFC2A193B24FFBF849919D3F755FA52" box="[250,344,1493,1518]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="6.[160,225,1278,1301]" captionTargetBox="[162,1154,142,1247]" captionTargetId="figure-106@6.[162,1154,142,1247]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figure 4. Photomicrograph of Corethrella kipferi female habitus, lateral view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7012068" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7012068/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="1015">Figure 4</figureCitation>
); pedicel (
<figureCitation id="4CFC2A193B24FFBF85B319D3F423FA52" box="[464,558,1493,1518]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="7.[160,227,1616,1639]" captionTargetBox="[162,1154,142,1583]" captionTargetId="figure-3@7.[162,1154,142,1584]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 5. Photomicrograph of Corethrella kipferi female head capsule, frontal view. Scale bar = 0.125 mm. Abbreviations: cl = clypeus; cs = coronal suture; fr = frons; f = flagellomeres; p = palpal segments." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7012070" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7012070/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="1015">Figure 5</figureCitation>
) without distinctive, more elongate, stout, dorsal or dorsolateral setae; flagellomeres as in 
<figureCitation id="4CFC2A193B24FFBF862619F1F492F9AC" box="[581,671,1527,1552]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="6.[160,225,1278,1301]" captionTargetBox="[162,1154,142,1247]" captionTargetId="figure-106@6.[162,1154,142,1247]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figure 4. Photomicrograph of Corethrella kipferi female habitus, lateral view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7012068" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7012068/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="1015">Figure 4</figureCitation>
, sensilla coeloconica distribution: 1, (6), 10– 13, with single sensilla coeloconica on each of flagellomeres 10–13; flagellomere 13 with well-developed apical bifurcation. Mandible (
<figureCitation id="4CFC2A193B24FFBF86F81A3BF4FAF9EA" box="[667,759,1597,1622]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="7.[160,227,1616,1639]" captionTargetBox="[162,1154,142,1583]" captionTargetId="figure-3@7.[162,1154,142,1584]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 5. Photomicrograph of Corethrella kipferi female head capsule, frontal view. Scale bar = 0.125 mm. Abbreviations: cl = clypeus; cs = coronal suture; fr = frons; f = flagellomeres; p = palpal segments." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7012070" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7012070/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="1015">Figure 5</figureCitation>
) with small, pointed teeth. Clypeus (
<figureCitation id="4CFC2A193B24FFBF84CB1A59F704F9C4" box="[168,265,1631,1656]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="7.[160,227,1616,1639]" captionTargetBox="[162,1154,142,1583]" captionTargetId="figure-3@7.[162,1154,142,1584]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 5. Photomicrograph of Corethrella kipferi female head capsule, frontal view. Scale bar = 0.125 mm. Abbreviations: cl = clypeus; cs = coronal suture; fr = frons; f = flagellomeres; p = palpal segments." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7012070" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7012070/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="1015">Figure 5</figureCitation>
) nearly square in frontal view, with lateral margins slightly convex, ventral margin emarginate at median, with 7–8 setae. Palpus (
<figureCitation id="4CFC2A193B24FFBF869B1A84F55FF927" box="[760,850,1666,1691]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="7.[160,227,1616,1639]" captionTargetBox="[162,1154,142,1583]" captionTargetId="figure-3@7.[162,1154,142,1584]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 5. Photomicrograph of Corethrella kipferi female head capsule, frontal view. Scale bar = 0.125 mm. Abbreviations: cl = clypeus; cs = coronal suture; fr = frons; f = flagellomeres; p = palpal segments." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7012070" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7012070/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="1015">Figure 5</figureCitation>
) brown; segment 3 swollen apically, length/width (L/W) = 3–3.5.
</paragraph>
<caption id="80B866143B25FFBE84C31A24F4AAF9EA" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7012074" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7012074" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7012074/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="1016" startId="9.[160,225,1570,1593]" targetBox="[165,1150,145,1534]" targetPageId="9">
<paragraph id="D478369C3B25FFBE84C31A24F4AAF9EA" blockId="9.[160,1156,1570,1622]" pageId="9" pageNumber="1016">
<emphasis id="E6B3EA8E3B25FFBE84C31A24F6F3F985" bold="true" box="[160,254,1570,1593]" pageId="9" pageNumber="1016">Figure 7.</emphasis>
Photomicrographs of 
<taxonomicName id="13C74D1F3B25FFBE858B1A24F498F985" authorityName="Dorff, Borkent and Curler" authorityYear="2022" box="[488,661,1570,1593]" class="Insecta" family="Corethrellidae" genus="Corethrella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="1016" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="kipferi">
<emphasis id="E6B3EA8E3B25FFBE858B1A24F498F985" box="[488,661,1570,1593]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="1016">Corethrella kipferi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
fourth-instar larval habitus. (a) Dorsal view. (b) Ventral view. (c) Lateral view. Scale bars = 0.25 mm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="80B866143B26FFBD84C31869F446FB7D" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7012076" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7012076" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7012076/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="1017" startId="10.[160,225,1135,1158]" targetBox="[162,1154,142,1104]" targetPageId="10">
<paragraph id="D478369C3B26FFBD84C31869F446FB7D" blockId="10.[160,1157,1135,1217]" pageId="10" pageNumber="1017">
<emphasis id="E6B3EA8E3B26FFBD84C31869F6F7FB3A" bold="true" box="[160,250,1135,1158]" pageId="10" pageNumber="1017">Figure 8.</emphasis>
Photomicrograph of 
<taxonomicName id="13C74D1F3B26FFBD85AC1869F474FB3A" authorityName="Dorff, Borkent and Curler" authorityYear="2022" box="[463,633,1135,1158]" class="Insecta" family="Corethrellidae" genus="Corethrella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="1017" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="kipferi">
<emphasis id="E6B3EA8E3B26FFBD85AC1869F474FB3A" box="[463,633,1135,1158]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="1017">Corethrella kipferi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
fourth-instar larval head capsule, ventral view. Scale bar = 0.125 mm. Abbreviations: ant = antenna; gen = gena; lmpo = postmentum; lmpr = prementum; lr = labrum; md = mandible; mx = maxilla.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="D478369C3B26FFBD84A3192CF76EF98A" blockId="10.[160,1156,1322,1728]" pageId="10" pageNumber="1017">
Thorax (
<figureCitation id="4CFC2A193B26FFBD8579192CF779FAFF" box="[282,372,1322,1347]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="6.[160,225,1278,1301]" captionTargetBox="[162,1154,142,1247]" captionTargetId="figure-106@6.[162,1154,142,1247]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figure 4. Photomicrograph of Corethrella kipferi female habitus, lateral view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7012068" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7012068/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="1017">Figure 4</figureCitation>
): Nearly uniformly medium brown, small dark area on lateral margin of scutum near base of wing, pale sclerites around base of wing. Prescutal suture elongate, with area of pale cuticle at base. Posterior portion of dorsocentral row with two elongate setae situated somewhat lateral to one another. Anterior anepisternum divided diagonally by sinuous suture, dorsal portion about equal to ventral portion. Five posterior anepisternal setae. One anepimeral seta. Ventral portion of posterior anepisternum not differentiated from dorsal portion, anterior margin more darkly pigmented than the pale posterior margin.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D478369C3B26FFBD84A31A39F783F97C" blockId="10.[160,1156,1322,1728]" pageId="10" pageNumber="1017">
Wing (
<figureCitation id="4CFC2A193B26FFBD856A1A39F768F9E4" box="[265,357,1599,1624]" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="8.[160,225,644,667]" captionTargetBox="[161,1153,142,612]" captionTargetId="figure-306@8.[161,1153,142,612]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Figure 6. Photomicrograph of Corethrella kipferi female wing, dorsal view. Scale bar = 0.5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7012072" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7012072/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="1017">Figure 6</figureCitation>
): Length = 
<quantity id="133F9B793B26FFBD85851A39F48AF9E4" box="[486,647,1599,1624]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.295" metricValueMax="1.36" metricValueMin="1.23" pageId="10" pageNumber="1017" unit="mm" value="1.295" valueMax="1.36" valueMin="1.23">1.23–1.36 mm</quantity>
. Ratio of R 
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/wing length = 0.63–0.71. Apex of R 
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basal to apex of M 
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. Plain, without pattern of pigmented veins and/or scales; veins (other than Costa and wing margin) with at least some slightly expanded scales. Halter paler than scutellum.
</paragraph>
<caption id="80B866143B27FFBC84C31ABDF289F94C" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7012078" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7012078" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7012078/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="1018" startId="11.[160,227,1723,1746]" targetBox="[328,985,146,1688]" targetPageId="11">
<paragraph id="D478369C3B27FFBC84C31ABDF289F94C" blockId="11.[160,1156,1723,1776]" pageId="11" pageNumber="1018">
<emphasis id="E6B3EA8E3B27FFBC84C31ABDF70CF96E" bold="true" box="[160,257,1723,1746]" pageId="11" pageNumber="1018">Figure 9.</emphasis>
Line drawing of 
<taxonomicName id="13C74D1F3B27FFBC85DB1ABDF46EF96E" authorityName="Dorff, Borkent and Curler" authorityYear="2022" box="[440,611,1723,1746]" class="Insecta" family="Corethrellidae" genus="Corethrella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="1018" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="kipferi">
<emphasis id="E6B3EA8E3B27FFBC85DB1ABDF46EF96E" box="[440,611,1723,1746]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="1018">Corethrella kipferi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
fourth-instar larva, ventral view. Abbreviations: I–VIII, X = numbered abdominal segments; M = mesothorax; P = prothorax; T = metathorax. Scale bar = 0.5 mm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="D478369C3B20FFBB84A31C88F236FEB3" blockId="12.[160,1156,142,826]" pageId="12" pageNumber="1019">
Legs (as in 
<figureCitation id="4CFC2A193B20FFBB852B1C88F7A5FF1B" box="[328,424,142,167]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="6.[160,225,1278,1301]" captionTargetBox="[162,1154,142,1247]" captionTargetId="figure-106@6.[162,1154,142,1247]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figure 4. Photomicrograph of Corethrella kipferi female habitus, lateral view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7012068" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7012068/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="1019">Figure 4</figureCitation>
): Uniformly pigmented. With only slender setae, lacking scales (except for some in patch of whip-like setae on posterior portion of hind tibia). Mid leg with thick, subapical setae on each of at least tarsomeres 1–3. Claws of each leg equal to those of others; equal on each leg, simple (without inner teeth). Empodia slender.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D478369C3B20FFBB84D41D1FF453FE8E" blockId="12.[160,1156,142,826]" box="[183,606,281,306]" pageId="12" pageNumber="1019">Abdomen: Uniformly medium brown.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D478369C3B20FFBB84D41D3AF77DFEE9" blockId="12.[160,1156,142,826]" box="[183,368,316,341]" pageId="12" pageNumber="1019">Pupa: Unknown.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D478369C3B20FFBB84D41D58F40DFC86" blockId="12.[160,1156,142,826]" pageId="12" pageNumber="1019">
Fourth-instar larva (
<figureCitation id="4CFC2A193B20FFBB85F31D58F41DFECB" box="[400,528,350,375]" captionStart-0="Figure 7" captionStart-1="Figure 8" captionStart-2="Figure 9" captionStartId-0="9.[160,225,1570,1593]" captionStartId-1="10.[160,225,1135,1158]" captionStartId-2="11.[160,227,1723,1746]" captionTargetBox-0="[165,1150,145,1534]" captionTargetBox-1="[162,1154,142,1104]" captionTargetBox-2="[328,985,146,1688]" captionTargetId-0="figure-3@9.[162,1154,142,1538]" captionTargetId-1="figure-152@10.[162,1154,142,1104]" captionTargetId-2="figure-1@11.[327,987,142,1692]" captionTargetPageId-0="9" captionTargetPageId-1="10" captionTargetPageId-2="11" captionText-0="Figure 7. Photomicrographs of Corethrella kipferi fourth-instar larval habitus. (a) Dorsal view. (b) Ventral view. (c) Lateral view. Scale bars = 0.25 mm." captionText-1="Figure 8. Photomicrograph of Corethrella kipferi fourth-instar larval head capsule, ventral view. Scale bar = 0.125 mm. Abbreviations: ant = antenna; gen = gena; lmpo = postmentum; lmpr = prementum; lr = labrum; md = mandible; mx = maxilla." captionText-2="Figure 9. Line drawing of Corethrella kipferi fourth-instar larva, ventral view. Abbreviations: I–VIII, X = numbered abdominal segments; M = mesothorax; P = prothorax; T = metathorax. Scale bar = 0.5 mm." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7012074" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7012076" figureDoi-2="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7012078" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/7012074/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/7012076/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/7012078/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="1019">Figures 7–9</figureCitation>
): Colouration uniformly pale (
<figureCitation id="4CFC2A193B20FFBB87381D58F5D1FECB" box="[859,988,350,375]" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="9.[160,225,1570,1593]" captionTargetBox="[165,1150,145,1534]" captionTargetId="figure-3@9.[162,1154,142,1538]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Figure 7. Photomicrographs of Corethrella kipferi fourth-instar larval habitus. (a) Dorsal view. (b) Ventral view. (c) Lateral view. Scale bars = 0.25 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7012074" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7012074/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="1019">Figure 7a–c</figureCitation>
). Head capsule L 0.52–0.60, 
<geoCoordinate id="B1F3505B3B20FFBB855A1D87F780FE26" box="[313,397,385,410]" degrees="0.50" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="12" pageNumber="1019" precision="555" value="-0.5">W 0.50</geoCoordinate>
–0.58, L/ 
<geoCoordinate id="B1F3505B3B20FFBB858C1D87F44BFE26" box="[495,582,385,410]" degrees="0.92" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="12" pageNumber="1019" precision="555" value="-0.92">W 0.92</geoCoordinate>
–1.20 (n = 8); sclerites yellow to light tan, with membranous parts white; cuticle of thorax and abdomen white to transparent, with sclerites of segments 7–10 light tan. Head (
<figureCitation id="4CFC2A193B20FFBB86F01DC0F4FCFE63" box="[659,753,454,479]" captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="10.[160,225,1135,1158]" captionTargetBox="[162,1154,142,1104]" captionTargetId="figure-152@10.[162,1154,142,1104]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Figure 8. Photomicrograph of Corethrella kipferi fourth-instar larval head capsule, ventral view. Scale bar = 0.125 mm. Abbreviations: ant = antenna; gen = gena; lmpo = postmentum; lmpr = prementum; lr = labrum; md = mandible; mx = maxilla." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7012076" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7012076/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="1019">Figure 8</figureCitation>
): Posterior margin of head capsule broadly arched anteriorly (
<figureCitation id="4CFC2A193B20FFBB85A61DEFF427FDBE" box="[453,554,489,514]" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="9.[160,225,1570,1593]" captionTargetBox="[165,1150,145,1534]" captionTargetId="figure-3@9.[162,1154,142,1538]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Figure 7. Photomicrographs of Corethrella kipferi fourth-instar larval habitus. (a) Dorsal view. (b) Ventral view. (c) Lateral view. Scale bars = 0.25 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7012074" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7012074/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="1019">Figure 7c</figureCitation>
), semi-circular in dorsal view (
<figureCitation id="4CFC2A193B20FFBB87151DEFF5D0FDBE" box="[886,989,489,514]" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="9.[160,225,1570,1593]" captionTargetBox="[165,1150,145,1534]" captionTargetId="figure-3@9.[162,1154,142,1538]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Figure 7. Photomicrographs of Corethrella kipferi fourth-instar larval habitus. (a) Dorsal view. (b) Ventral view. (c) Lateral view. Scale bars = 0.25 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7012074" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7012074/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="1019">Figure 7a</figureCitation>
); frontoclypeal apotome approximately half the length of gena, with posterior margin clearly anterior to tentorial grooves and larval eye spots in dorsal view; labium with basal 1/3 of lateral margins slightly convex, apical 2/3 straight, converging gradually, without abrupt narrowing near apex, with apical margin (sans postmentum) appearing bilobed, cleft at median due to V-shaped furrow; postmentum with 11 dentations (
<figureCitation id="4CFC2A193B20FFBB87441E90F58FFD13" box="[807,898,662,687]" captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="10.[160,225,1135,1158]" captionTargetBox="[162,1154,142,1104]" captionTargetId="figure-152@10.[162,1154,142,1104]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Figure 8. Photomicrograph of Corethrella kipferi fourth-instar larval head capsule, ventral view. Scale bar = 0.125 mm. Abbreviations: ant = antenna; gen = gena; lmpo = postmentum; lmpr = prementum; lr = labrum; md = mandible; mx = maxilla." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7012076" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7012076/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="1019">Figure 8</figureCitation>
); median tooth largest, flanked on each side by one tooth less than half its size, three larger teeth and one minute outer tooth; outermost teeth lightly pigmented, poorly visible in cleared specimens; all teeth with bases arranged in a row so that a straight horizontal line may be placed across them in ventral view (
<figureCitation id="4CFC2A193B20FFBB85F41F27F7F9FC86" box="[407,500,801,826]" captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="11.[160,227,1723,1746]" captionTargetBox="[328,985,146,1688]" captionTargetId="figure-1@11.[327,987,142,1692]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="Figure 9. Line drawing of Corethrella kipferi fourth-instar larva, ventral view. Abbreviations: I–VIII, X = numbered abdominal segments; M = mesothorax; P = prothorax; T = metathorax. Scale bar = 0.5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7012078" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7012078/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="1019">Figure 9</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D478369C3B20FFBB84A31F48F509FC73" blockId="12.[160,1156,846,1634]" pageId="12" pageNumber="1019">
Thorax (
<figureCitation id="4CFC2A193B20FFBB85781F48F78CFCDB" box="[283,385,846,871]" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="9.[160,225,1570,1593]" captionTargetBox="[165,1150,145,1534]" captionTargetId="figure-3@9.[162,1154,142,1538]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Figure 7. Photomicrographs of Corethrella kipferi fourth-instar larval habitus. (a) Dorsal view. (b) Ventral view. (c) Lateral view. Scale bars = 0.25 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7012074" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7012074/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="1019">Figures 7</figureCitation>
and 
<figureCitation id="4CFC2A193B20FFBB85DB1F48F7CBFCDB" box="[440,454,846,871]" captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="11.[160,227,1723,1746]" captionTargetBox="[328,985,146,1688]" captionTargetId="figure-1@11.[327,987,142,1692]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="Figure 9. Line drawing of Corethrella kipferi fourth-instar larva, ventral view. Abbreviations: I–VIII, X = numbered abdominal segments; M = mesothorax; P = prothorax; T = metathorax. Scale bar = 0.5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7012078" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7012078/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="1019">9</figureCitation>
): Prothoracic sensilla 7 and 10 plumose, 8 bifurcate; mesothoracic sensilla 8 plumose (
<figureCitation id="4CFC2A193B20FFBB85DA1F77F41AFC36" box="[441,535,881,906]" captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="11.[160,227,1723,1746]" captionTargetBox="[328,985,146,1688]" captionTargetId="figure-1@11.[327,987,142,1692]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="Figure 9. Line drawing of Corethrella kipferi fourth-instar larva, ventral view. Abbreviations: I–VIII, X = numbered abdominal segments; M = mesothorax; P = prothorax; T = metathorax. Scale bar = 0.5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7012078" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7012078/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="1019">Figure 9</figureCitation>
), with four branches, 13 plumose, with five branches; metathorax with lateral lobes extending beyond those of abdominal segments 1–2 (
<figureCitation id="4CFC2A193B20FFBB84CB1FB0F709FC73" box="[168,260,950,975]" captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="11.[160,227,1723,1746]" captionTargetBox="[328,985,146,1688]" captionTargetId="figure-1@11.[327,987,142,1692]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="Figure 9. Line drawing of Corethrella kipferi fourth-instar larva, ventral view. Abbreviations: I–VIII, X = numbered abdominal segments; M = mesothorax; P = prothorax; T = metathorax. Scale bar = 0.5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7012078" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7012078/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="1019">Figure 9</figureCitation>
), setae 6, 7, 9, 12 plumose, 10 and 13 simple.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D478369C3B20FFBB84A31FDFF4FBFA46" blockId="12.[160,1156,846,1634]" pageId="12" pageNumber="1019">
Abdomen (
<figureCitation id="4CFC2A193B20FFBB85251FDFF7B9FC4E" box="[326,436,985,1010]" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="9.[160,225,1570,1593]" captionTargetBox="[165,1150,145,1534]" captionTargetId="figure-3@9.[162,1154,142,1538]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Figure 7. Photomicrographs of Corethrella kipferi fourth-instar larval habitus. (a) Dorsal view. (b) Ventral view. (c) Lateral view. Scale bars = 0.25 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7012074" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7012074/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="1019">Figures 7</figureCitation>
and 
<figureCitation id="4CFC2A193B20FFBB85941FDFF408FC4E" box="[503,517,985,1010]" captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="11.[160,227,1723,1746]" captionTargetBox="[328,985,146,1688]" captionTargetId="figure-1@11.[327,987,142,1692]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="Figure 9. Line drawing of Corethrella kipferi fourth-instar larva, ventral view. Abbreviations: I–VIII, X = numbered abdominal segments; M = mesothorax; P = prothorax; T = metathorax. Scale bar = 0.5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7012078" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7012078/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="1019">9</figureCitation>
): Dorsum of segments 1–6 lacking sclerotised plates (
<figureCitation id="4CFC2A193B20FFBB84CB1FFAF718FBA9" box="[168,277,1020,1045]" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="9.[160,225,1570,1593]" captionTargetBox="[165,1150,145,1534]" captionTargetId="figure-3@9.[162,1154,142,1538]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Figure 7. Photomicrographs of Corethrella kipferi fourth-instar larval habitus. (a) Dorsal view. (b) Ventral view. (c) Lateral view. Scale bars = 0.25 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7012074" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7012074/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="1019">Figure 7a</figureCitation>
). Lateral lobe of segments 1–2 elongate, with those of segment 2 slightly longer than those of segment 1, approximately 0.5× length of seta 6 of each segment; lateral lobes trifurcate at apex (
<figureCitation id="4CFC2A193B20FFBB85951847F45DFBE6" box="[502,592,1089,1114]" captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="11.[160,227,1723,1746]" captionTargetBox="[328,985,146,1688]" captionTargetId="figure-1@11.[327,987,142,1692]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="Figure 9. Line drawing of Corethrella kipferi fourth-instar larva, ventral view. Abbreviations: I–VIII, X = numbered abdominal segments; M = mesothorax; P = prothorax; T = metathorax. Scale bar = 0.5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7012078" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7012078/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="1019">Figure 9</figureCitation>
), with branches arranged in vertical row, each with elongate, simple seta inserted apically; dorsal and ventral branches of lateral lobe with minute, spiniform cuticular projections at base and elongate, prominent spiniform projections at apex, flanking base of setae alveoli; middle branch of lateral lobe with apex rounded, lacking spines. Segments 3–4 with lateral setae 6–7 plumose, each inserted on conical protuberance, setae and conical protuberances of segment 4 slightly longer than those of segment 3, both segments with lateral setae clearly shorter than corresponding simple lateral setae on segments 1 and 2. Segments 5–6 with lateral setae 5–6 plumose, decreasing in size from segment 5 to 6. Segments 6–7 with seta 13 plumose (
<figureCitation id="4CFC2A193B20FFBB807A1950F27BFAD3" box="[1049,1142,1366,1391]" captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="11.[160,227,1723,1746]" captionTargetBox="[328,985,146,1688]" captionTargetId="figure-1@11.[327,987,142,1692]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="Figure 9. Line drawing of Corethrella kipferi fourth-instar larva, ventral view. Abbreviations: I–VIII, X = numbered abdominal segments; M = mesothorax; P = prothorax; T = metathorax. Scale bar = 0.5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7012078" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7012078/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="1019">Figure 9</figureCitation>
), prominent, increasing in size from segment 6 to 7. Segment 8 with lateral lobe trifurcate (
<figureCitation id="4CFC2A193B20FFBB84CB199AF709FA09" box="[168,260,1436,1461]" captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="11.[160,227,1723,1746]" captionTargetBox="[328,985,146,1688]" captionTargetId="figure-1@11.[327,987,142,1692]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="Figure 9. Line drawing of Corethrella kipferi fourth-instar larva, ventral view. Abbreviations: I–VIII, X = numbered abdominal segments; M = mesothorax; P = prothorax; T = metathorax. Scale bar = 0.5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7012078" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7012078/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="1019">Figure 9</figureCitation>
); ventral branch of lobe with spiniform projections at apex flanking alveolus of seta 5; seta 5 plumose, seta 4 simple. Respiratory siphon with setae 7 and 9 sharply hooked at apex, setae 7 sickle-shaped in lateral view.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D478369C3B20FFBB84A31A02F24DF9A1" blockId="12.[160,1156,846,1634]" box="[192,1088,1540,1565]" pageId="12" pageNumber="1019">
Third-instar larva: Head capsule L 0.32–0.38; 
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–0.40, L/ 
<geoCoordinate id="B1F3505B3B20FFBB873D1A02F5A0F9A1" box="[862,941,1540,1565]" degrees="0.84" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="12" pageNumber="1019" precision="555" value="-0.84">W 0.84</geoCoordinate>
–0.95 (n = 5).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D478369C3B20FFBB84A11A20F256F983" blockId="12.[160,1156,846,1634]" box="[194,1115,1574,1599]" pageId="12" pageNumber="1019">
Second-instar larva: Head capsule L 0.24–0.30; 
<geoCoordinate id="B1F3505B3B20FFBB86AC1A20F513F983" box="[719,798,1574,1599]" degrees="0.24" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="12" pageNumber="1019" precision="555" value="-0.24">W 0.24</geoCoordinate>
–0.26, L/ 
<geoCoordinate id="B1F3505B3B20FFBB871A1A20F5C5F983" box="[889,968,1574,1599]" degrees="1.08" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="12" pageNumber="1019" precision="555" value="-1.08">W 1.08</geoCoordinate>
–1.15 (n = 4).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D478369C3B20FFBB84A51A4FF5F2F9DE" blockId="12.[160,1156,846,1634]" box="[198,1023,1609,1634]" pageId="12" pageNumber="1019">
First-instar larva: Head capsule L 0.18–0.20; 
<geoCoordinate id="B1F3505B3B20FFBB86CC1A4FF4F3F9DE" box="[687,766,1609,1634]" degrees="0.18" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="12" pageNumber="1019" precision="555" value="-0.18">W 0.18</geoCoordinate>
, L/ 
<geoCoordinate id="B1F3505B3B20FFBB877E1A4FF562F9DE" box="[797,879,1609,1634]" degrees="1.00" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="12" pageNumber="1019" precision="555" value="-1.0">W 1.00</geoCoordinate>
–1.11 (n = 4).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D478369C3B21FFBA84A31C88F715FF51" blockId="13.[160,1155,142,237]" pageId="13" pageNumber="1020">
One female adult 
<taxonomicName id="13C74D1F3B21FFBA85E51C88F7EFFF1B" authorityName="Dorff, Borkent and Curler" authorityYear="2022" box="[390,482,142,167]" class="Insecta" family="Corethrellidae" genus="Corethrella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="1020" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="kipferi">
<emphasis id="E6B3EA8E3B21FFBA85E51C88F7EFFF1B" box="[390,482,142,167]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="1020">C. kipferi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was barcoded using cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) and is available publicly on GenBank® (accession number: 
<accessionNumber id="CB94AB7F3B21FFBA869C1CB7F578FF76" box="[767,885,177,202]" httpUri="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ena/browser/api/embl/OK624783" pageId="13" pageNumber="1020">OK624783</accessionNumber>
; www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ genbank/).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="9CDD65173B21FFB984C31D2EF44BFAFE" lastPageId="14" lastPageNumber="1021" pageId="13" pageNumber="1020" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="D478369C3B21FFBA84C31D2EF721FEFE" blockId="13.[160,1155,296,426]" box="[160,300,296,322]" pageId="13" pageNumber="1020">
<emphasis id="E6B3EA8E3B21FFBA84C31D2EF721FEFE" bold="true" box="[160,300,296,322]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="1020">Distribution</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D478369C3B21FFBA84C31D4AF73EFE16" blockId="13.[160,1155,296,426]" pageId="13" pageNumber="1020">
<taxonomicName id="13C74D1F3B21FFBA84C31D4AF763FED9" authorityName="Dorff, Borkent and Curler" authorityYear="2022" box="[160,366,332,357]" class="Insecta" family="Corethrellidae" genus="Corethrella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="1020" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="kipferi">
<emphasis id="E6B3EA8E3B21FFBA84C31D4AF763FED9" box="[160,366,332,357]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="1020">Corethrella kipferi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<materialsCitation id="64AF3CC13B21FFBA85181D4AF722FE16" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3892020302" country="United States of America" county="Ozark Mountains in Christian County" elevation="280" latitude="36.92556" location="Ozark Mountains in Christian County" longitude="-93.22528" pageId="13" pageNumber="1020" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Missouri">
is known only from two closely situated localities in the 
<collectingCounty id="3D194E103B21FFBA80211D4AF403FE3B" pageId="13" pageNumber="1020">Ozark Mountains in Christian County</collectingCounty>
, 
<collectingRegion id="1603F87E3B21FFBA867E1D68F472FE3B" box="[541,639,366,391]" country="United States of America" name="Missouri" pageId="13" pageNumber="1020">Missouri</collectingRegion>
, 
<collectingCountry id="ACD0760C3B21FFBA86ED1D68F4CCFE3B" box="[654,705,366,391]" name="United States of America" pageId="13" pageNumber="1020">USA</collectingCountry>
, at an altitude of 
<quantity id="133F9B793B21FFBA87C21D68F5E0FE3B" box="[929,1005,366,391]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.8" pageId="13" pageNumber="1020" unit="m" value="280.0">
<elevation id="5FEAD1AF3B21FFBA87C21D68F5E0FE3B" box="[929,1005,366,391]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.8" pageId="13" pageNumber="1020" unit="m" value="280.0">280 m</elevation>
</quantity>
(
<geoCoordinate id="B1F3505B3B21FFBA879C1D68F727FE16" degrees="36.92556" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="13" pageNumber="1020" precision="1" value="36.92556">36.92556°N 93.22528°W</geoCoordinate>
)
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D478369C3B21FFBA84C31DE3F714FE43" blockId="13.[160,1156,485,1413]" box="[160,281,485,511]" pageId="13" pageNumber="1020">
<emphasis id="E6B3EA8E3B21FFBA84C31DE3F714FE43" bold="true" box="[160,281,485,511]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="1020">Bionomics</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D478369C3B21FFBA84C31E0FF574FB6B" blockId="13.[160,1156,485,1413]" pageId="13" pageNumber="1020">
A total of 
<specimenCount id="C2C1FD153B21FFBA85421E0FF79FFD9E" box="[289,402,521,546]" pageId="13" pageNumber="1020" type="adult">156 adult</specimenCount>
specimens were collected from a single night of trapping on 
<date id="A079105C3B21FFBA84C31E2AF727FDF9" box="[160,298,556,581]" pageId="13" pageNumber="1020" value="2018-06-06">6 June 2018</date>
using the CDC trap. In addition, 
<specimenCount id="C2C1FD153B21FFBA86C11E2AF53AFDF9" box="[674,823,556,581]" pageId="13" pageNumber="1020" type="female">seven female</specimenCount>
individuals were collected in emergence traps that were deployed on dry gravel near the stream margins. 
<collectorName id="7932534A3B21FFBA80011E48F289FDDB" box="[1122,1156,590,615]" pageId="13" pageNumber="1020">On</collectorName>
<date id="A079105C3B21FFBA84C31E77F731FD36" box="[160,316,625,650]" pageId="13" pageNumber="1020" value="2018-06-13">
<collectingDate id="B03DE9B43B21FFBA84C31E77F731FD36" box="[160,316,625,650]" pageId="13" pageNumber="1020" value="2018-06-13">13 June 2018</collectingDate>
</date>
, one came from an emergence trap on the gravel bar in 
<location id="D11860473B21FFBA87B41E77F241FD36" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:5C6E878A3B29FFB8856619ABF55FF927:D11860473B21FFBA87B41E77F241FD36" box="[983,1100,625,650]" municipality="Peckout Hollow" name="Bull Creek" pageId="13" pageNumber="1020">Bull Creek</location>
, and three individuals were taken from three different emergence traps in 
<collectingMunicipality id="341CACE63B21FFBA87C51E92F255FD11" box="[934,1112,660,685]" pageId="13" pageNumber="1020">Peckout Hollow</collectingMunicipality>
. On 
<date id="A079105C3B21FFBA84C31EB0F720FD73" box="[160,301,694,719]" pageId="13" pageNumber="1020" value="2018-07-13">13 July 2018</date>
, one 
<taxonomicName id="13C74D1F3B21FFBA850A1EB0F7CAFD73" authorityName="Dorff, Borkent and Curler" authorityYear="2022" box="[361,455,694,719]" class="Insecta" family="Corethrellidae" genus="Corethrella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="1020" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="kipferi">
<emphasis id="E6B3EA8E3B21FFBA850A1EB0F7CAFD73" box="[361,455,694,719]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="1020">C. kipferi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
adult with an abdominal blood meal was collected in 
<collectorName id="7932534A3B21FFBA804A1EB0F6FCFD4E" pageId="13" pageNumber="1020">Peckout Hollow</collectorName>
, and 
<specimenCount id="C2C1FD153B21FFBA85501EDFF7ACFD4E" box="[307,417,729,754]" pageId="13" pageNumber="1020" type="adult">one adult</specimenCount>
was collected in a gravel bar emergence trap in 
<location id="D11860473B21FFBA87831EDFF258FD4E" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:5C6E878A3B29FFB8856619ABF55FF927:D11860473B21FFBA87831EDFF258FD4E" box="[992,1109,729,754]" name="Bull Creek" pageId="13" pageNumber="1020">Bull Creek</location>
. 
<collectorName id="7932534A3B21FFBA80011EDFF28EFD4E" box="[1122,1155,729,754]" pageId="13" pageNumber="1020">On</collectorName>
<date id="A079105C3B21FFBA84C31EFAF73CFCA9" box="[160,305,764,789]" pageId="13" pageNumber="1020" value="2018-07-26">
<collectingDate id="B03DE9B43B21FFBA84C31EFAF73CFCA9" box="[160,305,764,789]" pageId="13" pageNumber="1020" value="2018-07-26">26 July 2018</collectingDate>
</date>
, 
<specimenCount id="C2C1FD153B21FFBA855E1EFAF7B0FCA9" box="[317,445,764,789]" pageId="13" pageNumber="1020" type="female">one female</specimenCount>
was collected in the gravel bar of 
<location id="D11860473B21FFBA872E1EFAF5CCFCA9" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:5C6E878A3B29FFB8856619ABF55FF927:D11860473B21FFBA872E1EFAF5CCFCA9" box="[845,961,764,789]" name="Bull Creek" pageId="13" pageNumber="1020">Bull Creek</location>
. The presence of a blood-fed female clearly indicates that she was entering the trap after having fed on a frog elsewhere. No adults were detected in the emergence traps deployed upstream and downstream of the gravel bar where there was perennial flow. 
<collectorName id="7932534A3B21FFBA87C21F62F226FCC1" box="[929,1067,868,893]" pageId="13" pageNumber="1020">Additionally</collectorName>
, we ran four emergence traps in a bedrock riffle upstream of the gravel bar reach of 
<location id="D11860473B21FFBA87871F80F25EFC23" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:5C6E878A3B29FFB8856619ABF55FF927:D11860473B21FFBA87871F80F25EFC23" box="[996,1107,902,927]" name="Bull Creek" pageId="13" pageNumber="1020">Bull Creek</location>
and no adult 
<emphasis id="E6B3EA8E3B21FFBA85671FAFF76FFC7E" box="[260,354,937,962]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="1020">
<taxonomicName id="13C74D1F3B21FFBA85671FAFF718FC7E" authorityName="Dorff, Borkent and Curler" authorityYear="2022" box="[260,277,937,962]" class="Insecta" family="Corethrellidae" genus="Corethrella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="1020" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="kipferi">C</taxonomicName>
. kipferi
</emphasis>
were collected. This may indicate the necessity of interstitial habitat for larval 
<taxonomicName id="13C74D1F3B21FFBA84811FCAF732FC59" authorityName="Dorff, Borkent and Curler" authorityYear="2022" box="[226,319,972,997]" class="Insecta" family="Corethrellidae" genus="Corethrella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="1020" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="kipferi">
<emphasis id="E6B3EA8E3B21FFBA84811FCAF732FC59" box="[226,319,972,997]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="1020">C. kipferi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. 
<collectorName id="7932534A3B21FFBA85281FCAF7BFFC59" box="[331,434,972,997]" pageId="13" pageNumber="1020">However</collectorName>
, due to low numbers of individuals collected in emergence traps (n = 7) there was no significant difference (
<emphasis id="E6B3EA8E3B21FFBA861E1FE8F486FBBB" box="[637,651,1006,1031]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="1020">P</emphasis>
= 0.13, df = 25) in adult capture between the gravel bar and 
<collectorName id="7932534A3B21FFBA85251817F7F8FB96" box="[326,501,1041,1066]" pageId="13" pageNumber="1020">Peckout Hollow</collectorName>
ephemeral surface water habitats (mean = 0.538, 
<location id="D11860473B21FFBA807D1817F6DBFBF1" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:5C6E878A3B29FFB8856619ABF55FF927:D11860473B21FFBA807D1817F6DBFBF1" county="Bull Creek" latitude="-0.485" longLatPrecision="78" longitude="-0.485" municipality="Confidence Interval" name="Standard Error" pageId="13" pageNumber="1020">Standard Error</location>
(SE) = 0.235, 95% 
<collectingMunicipality id="341CACE63B21FFBA85C71832F473FBF1" box="[420,638,1076,1101]" pageId="13" pageNumber="1020">Confidence Interval</collectingMunicipality>
(CI) 0.053–1.023) and the perennial 
<collectingCounty id="3D194E103B21FFBA80701832F28EFBF1" box="[1043,1155,1076,1101]" pageId="13" pageNumber="1020">Bull Creek</collectingCounty>
habitats (mean = 0.00, SE = 0.235, 95% CI −0.485–0.485). 
<collectorName id="7932534A3B21FFBA875B1850F5B2FBD3" box="[824,959,1110,1135]" pageId="13" pageNumber="1020">Considering</collectorName>
that adult males generally emerge, on average, earlier than adult females in most 
<location id="D11860473B21FFBA871F187FF211FB2E" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:5C6E878A3B29FFB8856619ABF55FF927:D11860473B21FFBA871F187FF211FB2E" box="[892,1052,1145,1170]" name="Culicomorpha" pageId="13" pageNumber="1020">Culicomorpha</location>
, it seems likely that the presently unknown males of 
<emphasis id="E6B3EA8E3B21FFBA86E1189AF4D2FB09" box="[642,735,1180,1205]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="1020">
<taxonomicName id="13C74D1F3B21FFBA86E1189AF49EFB09" authorityName="Dorff, Borkent and Curler" authorityYear="2022" box="[642,659,1180,1205]" class="Insecta" family="Corethrellidae" genus="Corethrella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="1020" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="kipferi">C</taxonomicName>
. kipferi
</emphasis>
emerge earlier than the beginning of June and were missed in this study due to incomplete sampling.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D478369C3B21FFB984A318E7F4F6FECB" blockId="13.[160,1156,485,1413]" lastBlockId="14.[159,1156,142,1346]" lastPageId="14" lastPageNumber="1021" pageId="13" pageNumber="1020">
Sampling of larvae suggests further possibilities. 
<tableCitation id="994503273B21FFBA86BF18E7F521FB46" box="[732,812,1249,1274]" captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="13.[160,216,1470,1493]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="Table 1. Numbers of Corethrella larvae of differing instars collected by month, combining samples from Bull Creek and a tributary of Bull Creek with ephemeral surface water, Peckout Hollow, Missouri." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/80B866143B21FFBA84C319B8F288FA4E" pageId="13" pageNumber="1020" tableUuid="80B866143B21FFBA84C319B8F288FA4E">Table 1</tableCitation>
gives the dates of collection of the various instars of larvae. In other Culicomorpha, first instars are of short duration and soon morph to second instars; these too moult rapidly to third instars which are of longer duration. In the majority of Culicomorpha in temperate regions, it is the last instar that overwinters (
<taxonomicName id="13C74D1F3B21FFBA8551196AF797FA39" box="[306,410,1388,1413]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="1020" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Culicidae</taxonomicName>
are an exception, with most overwintering as eggs). If males and females are mating earlier in the season, our tentative data suggests that females lay eggs in April or May (as evidenced by the single second instar recorded here) and are longer lived and still laying eggs late in the season in August (with more numerous first and second instars in August and September). If true, the females are likely multiparous and perhaps take blood meals between gonotrophic cycles, making them more likely candidates as vectors of 
<taxonomicName id="13C74D1F3B22FFB985D61D3AF444FEE9" authorityName="Gruby" authorityYear="1843" box="[437,585,316,341]" class="Kinetoplastea" family="Trypanosomatidae" genus="Trypanosoma" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Trypanosomatida" pageId="14" pageNumber="1021" phylum="Euglenozoa" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="E6B3EA8E3B22FFB985D61D3AF444FEE9" box="[437,585,316,341]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="1021">Trypanosoma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
to anurans. Obviously, further research is required to understand the life cycle of this species more fully.
</paragraph>
<caption id="80B866143B21FFBA84C319B8F288FA4E" ID-Table-UUID="80B866143B21FFBA84C319B8F288FA4E" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/80B866143B21FFBA84C319B8F288FA4E" pageId="13" pageNumber="1020" startId="13.[160,216,1470,1493]" targetBox="[171,1146,1535,1703]" targetIsTable="true" targetPageId="13">
<paragraph id="D478369C3B21FFBA84C319B8F288FA4E" blockId="13.[160,1157,1470,1522]" pageId="13" pageNumber="1020">
<emphasis id="E6B3EA8E3B21FFBA84C319B8F6FEFA69" bold="true" box="[160,243,1470,1493]" pageId="13" pageNumber="1020">Table 1.</emphasis>
Numbers of 
<taxonomicName id="13C74D1F3B21FFBA851919B8F7EFFA69" authorityName="Coquillett" authorityYear="1902" box="[378,482,1470,1493]" class="Insecta" family="Corethrellidae" genus="Corethrella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="1020" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="E6B3EA8E3B21FFBA851919B8F7EFFA69" box="[378,482,1470,1493]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="1020">Corethrella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
larvae of differing instars collected by month, combining samples from Bull Creek and a tributary of Bull Creek with ephemeral surface water, Peckout Hollow, Missouri.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="D478369C3B21FFBA854419F9F220F91B" pageId="13" pageNumber="1020">
<table id="A6C7C43C3B21004884C819F9F277F91B" box="[171,1146,1535,1703]" gridcols="13" gridrows="6" pageId="13" pageNumber="1020">
<tr id="6AF734DE3B21004884C819F9F277F9AF" box="[171,1146,1535,1555]" gridrow="0" pageId="13" pageNumber="1020" rowspan-0="1" rowspan-10="1" rowspan-11="1" rowspan-12="1" rowspan-2="1" rowspan-3="1" rowspan-4="1" rowspan-5="1" rowspan-6="1" rowspan-7="1" rowspan-9="1">
<th id="29265DA23B210048854419F9F75BF9AF" box="[295,342,1535,1555]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="13" pageNumber="1020">2017</th>
<th id="29265DA23B210048874E19F9F554F9AF" box="[813,857,1535,1555]" gridcol="8" gridrow="0" pageId="13" pageNumber="1020">2018</th>
</tr>
<tr id="6AF734DE3B21004884C81A2DF277F983" box="[171,1146,1579,1599]" gridrow="1" pageId="13" pageNumber="1020">
<th id="29265DA23B21004884C81A2DF71DF983" box="[171,272,1579,1599]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="13" pageNumber="1020">Larval instar</th>
<td id="29265DA23B21004885441A2DF75BF983" box="[295,342,1579,1599]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="13" pageNumber="1020">Oct.</td>
<td id="29265DA23B210048851B1A2DF792F983" box="[376,415,1579,1599]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="13" pageNumber="1020">Nov.</td>
<td id="29265DA23B21004885A21A2DF7EAF983" box="[449,487,1579,1599]" gridcol="3" gridrow="1" pageId="13" pageNumber="1020">Dec.</td>
<td id="29265DA23B210048866A1A2DF426F983" box="[521,555,1579,1599]" gridcol="4" gridrow="1" pageId="13" pageNumber="1020">Jan.</td>
<td id="29265DA23B210048862E1A2DF47FF983" box="[589,626,1579,1599]" gridcol="5" gridrow="1" pageId="13" pageNumber="1020">Feb.</td>
<td id="29265DA23B21004886F71A2DF4CAF983" box="[660,711,1579,1599]" gridcol="6" gridrow="1" pageId="13" pageNumber="1020">March</td>
<td id="29265DA23B21004886881A2DF51FF983" box="[747,786,1579,1599]" gridcol="7" gridrow="1" pageId="13" pageNumber="1020">April</td>
<td id="29265DA23B210048874E1A2DF554F983" box="[813,857,1579,1599]" gridcol="8" gridrow="1" pageId="13" pageNumber="1020">May</td>
<td id="29265DA23B210048871E1A2DF5A9F983" box="[893,932,1579,1599]" gridcol="9" gridrow="1" pageId="13" pageNumber="1020">June</td>
<td id="29265DA23B21004887AB1A2DF5E5F983" box="[968,1000,1579,1599]" gridcol="10" gridrow="1" pageId="13" pageNumber="1020">July</td>
<td id="29265DA23B210048806F1A2DF23EF983" box="[1036,1075,1579,1599]" gridcol="11" gridrow="1" pageId="13" pageNumber="1020">Aug.</td>
<td id="29265DA23B21004880351A2DF277F983" box="[1110,1146,1579,1599]" gridcol="12" gridrow="1" pageId="13" pageNumber="1020">Sep.</td>
</tr>
<tr id="6AF734DE3B21004884C81A4DF277F9E3" box="[171,1146,1611,1631]" gridrow="2" pageId="13" pageNumber="1020" rowspan-1="1" rowspan-10="1" rowspan-2="1" rowspan-3="1" rowspan-4="1" rowspan-5="1" rowspan-6="1" rowspan-7="1" rowspan-8="1" rowspan-9="1">
<th id="29265DA23B21004884C81A4DF71DF9E3" box="[171,272,1611,1631]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="13" pageNumber="1020">I</th>
<td id="29265DA23B210048806F1A4DF23EF9E3" box="[1036,1075,1611,1631]" gridcol="11" gridrow="2" pageId="13" pageNumber="1020">10</td>
<td id="29265DA23B21004880351A4DF277F9E3" box="[1110,1146,1611,1631]" gridcol="12" gridrow="2" pageId="13" pageNumber="1020">1</td>
</tr>
<tr id="6AF734DE3B21004884C81A65F277F9CB" box="[171,1146,1635,1655]" gridrow="3" pageId="13" pageNumber="1020" rowspan-1="1" rowspan-10="1" rowspan-2="1" rowspan-3="1" rowspan-4="1" rowspan-5="1" rowspan-6="1" rowspan-7="1" rowspan-9="1">
<th id="29265DA23B21004884C81A65F71DF9CB" box="[171,272,1635,1655]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="13" pageNumber="1020">II</th>
<td id="29265DA23B210048874E1A65F554F9CB" box="[813,857,1635,1655]" gridcol="8" gridrow="3" pageId="13" pageNumber="1020">1</td>
<td id="29265DA23B210048806F1A65F23EF9CB" box="[1036,1075,1635,1655]" gridcol="11" gridrow="3" pageId="13" pageNumber="1020">12</td>
<td id="29265DA23B21004880351A65F277F9CB" box="[1110,1146,1635,1655]" gridcol="12" gridrow="3" pageId="13" pageNumber="1020">2</td>
</tr>
<tr id="6AF734DE3B21004884C81A7DF277F933" box="[171,1146,1659,1679]" gridrow="4" pageId="13" pageNumber="1020" rowspan-1="1" rowspan-2="1" rowspan-3="1" rowspan-4="1" rowspan-5="1" rowspan-6="1" rowspan-7="1" rowspan-8="1" rowspan-9="1">
<th id="29265DA23B21004884C81A7DF71DF933" box="[171,272,1659,1679]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="13" pageNumber="1020">III</th>
<td id="29265DA23B21004887AB1A7DF5E5F933" box="[968,1000,1659,1679]" gridcol="10" gridrow="4" pageId="13" pageNumber="1020">7</td>
<td id="29265DA23B210048806F1A7DF23EF933" box="[1036,1075,1659,1679]" gridcol="11" gridrow="4" pageId="13" pageNumber="1020">2</td>
<td id="29265DA23B21004880351A7DF277F933" box="[1110,1146,1659,1679]" gridcol="12" gridrow="4" pageId="13" pageNumber="1020">4</td>
</tr>
<tr id="6AF734DE3B21004884C81A95F277F91B" box="[171,1146,1683,1703]" gridrow="5" pageId="13" pageNumber="1020" rowspan-12="1" rowspan-3="1" rowspan-4="1">
<th id="29265DA23B21004884C81A95F71DF91B" box="[171,272,1683,1703]" gridcol="0" gridrow="5" pageId="13" pageNumber="1020">IV</th>
<td id="29265DA23B21004885441A95F75BF91B" box="[295,342,1683,1703]" gridcol="1" gridrow="5" pageId="13" pageNumber="1020">3</td>
<td id="29265DA23B210048851B1A95F792F91B" box="[376,415,1683,1703]" gridcol="2" gridrow="5" pageId="13" pageNumber="1020">1</td>
<td id="29265DA23B210048862E1A95F47FF91B" box="[589,626,1683,1703]" gridcol="5" gridrow="5" pageId="13" pageNumber="1020">1</td>
<td id="29265DA23B21004886F71A95F4CAF91B" box="[660,711,1683,1703]" gridcol="6" gridrow="5" pageId="13" pageNumber="1020">1</td>
<td id="29265DA23B21004886881A95F51FF91B" box="[747,786,1683,1703]" gridcol="7" gridrow="5" pageId="13" pageNumber="1020">2</td>
<td id="29265DA23B210048874E1A95F554F91B" box="[813,857,1683,1703]" gridcol="8" gridrow="5" pageId="13" pageNumber="1020">2</td>
<td id="29265DA23B210048871E1A95F5A9F91B" box="[893,932,1683,1703]" gridcol="9" gridrow="5" pageId="13" pageNumber="1020">1</td>
<td id="29265DA23B21004887AB1A95F5E5F91B" box="[968,1000,1683,1703]" gridcol="10" gridrow="5" pageId="13" pageNumber="1020">4</td>
<td id="29265DA23B210048806F1A95F23EF91B" box="[1036,1075,1683,1703]" gridcol="11" gridrow="5" pageId="13" pageNumber="1020">1</td>
</tr>
</table>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D478369C3B22FFB984A31D87F4ACFD6E" blockId="14.[159,1156,142,1346]" pageId="14" pageNumber="1021">
All 
<taxonomicName id="13C74D1F3B22FFB984851D87F74BFE26" authorityName="Dorff, Borkent and Curler" authorityYear="2022" box="[230,326,385,410]" class="Insecta" family="Corethrellidae" genus="Corethrella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="1021" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="kipferi">
<emphasis id="E6B3EA8E3B22FFB984851D87F74BFE26" box="[230,326,385,410]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="1021">C. kipferi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
larvae were collected with hyporheic wells. The streambed consisted of mostly gravel and cobble (median grain particle size = 
<quantity id="133F9B793B22FFB987431DA2F579FE01" box="[800,884,420,445]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.2" pageId="14" pageNumber="1021" unit="mm" value="32.0">32 mm</quantity>
; 90% CI 16–64) in both habitats. The flow in Bull Creek is perennial while the flow in Peckout Hollow is intermittent, but both channels flood following high-intensity rainfall events. One effect of the floods is the maintenance of a thick layer of well-mixed gravel (up to 
<quantity id="133F9B793B22FFB987D61E0AF5ECFD99" box="[949,993,524,549]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.0" pageId="14" pageNumber="1021" unit="m" value="8.0">8 m</quantity>
deep in some spaces) that increases interstitial space and delivery of dissolved oxygen and nutrients to the hyporheic zone. No significant difference (
<emphasis id="E6B3EA8E3B22FFB986D71E57F4CFFDD6" box="[692,706,593,618]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="1021">P</emphasis>
= 0.65, df = 24) in larval presence was detected between the gravel bar and Peckout Hollow ephemeral surface water habitats (mean = 2.21, SE = 1.02, 95% CI 0.121–4.31) and the perennial Bull Creek habitats (mean = 1.54, SE = 1.05, 95% CI −0.634–3.71).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D478369C3B22FFB984A31EDAF20AFCE1" blockId="14.[159,1156,142,1346]" pageId="14" pageNumber="1021">
The serrate mandibles of the female adults and their attraction to 
<taxonomicName id="13C74D1F3B22FFB987171EDAF25DFD49" authorityName="" baseAuthorityName="LeConte" baseAuthorityYear="1825" box="[884,1104,732,757]" class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" genus="Dryophytes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="14" pageNumber="1021" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="versicolor">
<emphasis id="E6B3EA8E3B22FFB987171EDAF25DFD49" box="[884,1104,732,757]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="1021">Dryophytes versicolor</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
calls suggest that they feed on anuran blood in nature. The collection of 
<specimenCount id="C2C1FD153B22FFB987191EF8F5FEFCAB" box="[890,1011,766,791]" pageId="14" pageNumber="1021" type="female">one female</specimenCount>
with a blood meal confirms that they feed.There are 11 frog and toad species including 
<taxonomicName id="13C74D1F3B22FFB987D51F27F239FC86" authorityName="" baseAuthorityName="LeConte" baseAuthorityYear="1825" box="[950,1076,801,826]" class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" genus="Dryophytes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="14" pageNumber="1021" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="versicolor">
<emphasis id="E6B3EA8E3B22FFB987D51F27F239FC86" box="[950,1076,801,826]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="1021">D. versicolor</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
known to occur near the 
<typeStatus id="0B7C883E3B22FFB985021F42F79CFCE1" box="[353,401,836,861]" pageId="14" pageNumber="1021">type</typeStatus>
locality, suggesting further possible hosts (
<bibRefCitation id="B0564B6D3B22FFB987011F42F5F6FCE1" author="Johnson TR" box="[866,1019,836,861]" pageId="14" pageNumber="1021" pagination="1 - 400" refId="ref9794" refString="Johnson TR. 2000. The Amphibians and Reptiles of Missouri. Second ed. Berkeley: Missouri Department of Conservation; p. 1 - 400." type="book chapter" year="2000">Johnson 2000</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D478369C3B22FFB984A31F60F46EFC5B" blockId="14.[159,1156,142,1346]" pageId="14" pageNumber="1021">
We attempted to rear fourth-instar larvae collected in 
<date id="A079105C3B22FFB987701F60F5A6FCC3" box="[787,939,870,895]" pageId="14" pageNumber="1021" value="2018-10">October 2018</date>
but were unable to get them to feed on the 
<taxonomicName id="13C74D1F3B22FFB985D81F8FF514FC1E" authority="Maupas" authorityName="Maupas" box="[443,793,905,930]" class="Secernentea" family="Rhabditidae" genus="Caenorhabditis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="14" pageNumber="1021" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="elegans">
<emphasis id="E6B3EA8E3B22FFB985D81F8FF4B4FC1E" box="[443,697,905,930]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="1021">Caenorhabditis elegans</emphasis>
Maupas
</taxonomicName>
that were offered. It is possible, given that the specimens were collected prior to spring warm-up, that they were in diapause, when feeding was minimised.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D478369C3B22FFB984A31FF7F570FBF3" blockId="14.[159,1156,142,1346]" pageId="14" pageNumber="1021">
One fourth-instar larva collected from Peckout Hollow on 
<date id="A079105C3B22FFB9872E1FF7F5D0FBB6" box="[845,989,1009,1034]" pageId="14" pageNumber="1021" value="2018-05-10">10 May 2018</date>
had four head capsules in its foregut, with at least one of these belonging to a chironomid (probably 
<taxonomicName id="13C74D1F3B22FFB984C31830F74EFBF3" box="[160,323,1078,1103]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="1021" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Orthocladinae">Orthocladinae</taxonomicName>
), indicating in part the diet of this hyporheic larva.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D478369C3B22FFB984A3185FF44BFAFE" blockId="14.[159,1156,142,1346]" pageId="14" pageNumber="1021">
<taxonomicName id="13C74D1F3B22FFB984A3185FF789FBCE" authorityName="Dorff, Borkent and Curler" authorityYear="2022" box="[192,388,1113,1138]" class="Insecta" family="Corethrellidae" genus="Corethrella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="1021" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="kipferi">
<emphasis id="E6B3EA8E3B22FFB984A3185FF789FBCE" box="[192,388,1113,1138]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="1021">Corethrella kipferi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
likely uses the hyporheic habitat throughout development as all instar larvae were collected only from the hyporheic zone. The larvae were also detected throughout the year in the hyporheic zone, although collected specimens were all from ephemeral surface water habitats from October through March (
<figureCitation id="4CFC2A193B22FFB987FE18C7F201FB66" box="[925,1036,1217,1242]" captionStart="Figure 10" captionStartId="15.[160,225,732,755]" captionTargetBox="[162,1154,142,700]" captionTargetId="figure-259@15.[162,1154,142,700]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="Figure 10. Number of Corethrella kipferi larvae captured in hyporheic habitats of Bull Creek. Perennial and ephemeral surface water sites are indicated in blue and red, respectively. Sublocations at the perennial habitat were upstream (circles) and downstream (squares) of a medial gravel bar (triangles), which had ephemeral flow. Peckout Hollow (pluses) was an ephemeral tributary located approximately 2 km downstream of the medial gravel bar." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7012080" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7012080/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="1021">Figure 10</figureCitation>
). It is not entirely clear what 
<typeStatus id="0B7C883E3B22FFB9851918E2F7BBFB41" box="[378,438,1252,1277]" pageId="14" pageNumber="1021">types</typeStatus>
of advantages living in the hyporheic zone offers, but hypotheses include escape from predation or competition or disturbance avoidance (hyporheic refuge hypothesis; 
<bibRefCitation id="B0564B6D3B22FFB98514192FF437FAFE" author="Dole-Olivier MJ" box="[375,570,1321,1346]" pageId="14" pageNumber="1021" pagination="1281 - 1302" refId="ref9506" refString="Dole-Olivier MJ. 2011. The hyporheic refuge hypothesis reconsidered: a review of hydrological aspects. Mar. Freshwater Res. 62: 1281 - 1302. doi: 10.1071 / MF 11084." type="journal article" year="2011">Dole-Olivier 2011</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="9CDD65173B22FFB884C31968F5AAFB19" lastPageId="15" lastPageNumber="1022" pageId="14" pageNumber="1021" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="D478369C3B22FFB984C31968F70BFA34" blockId="14.[159,1156,1390,1728]" box="[160,262,1390,1416]" pageId="14" pageNumber="1021">
<emphasis id="E6B3EA8E3B22FFB984C31968F70BFA34" bold="true" box="[160,262,1390,1416]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="1021">Remarks</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D478369C3B22FFB984C31994F58DF98A" blockId="14.[159,1156,1390,1728]" pageId="14" pageNumber="1021">
Our assessment of the larval chaetotaxy in 
<taxonomicName id="13C74D1F3B22FFB986191994F534FA17" authorityName="Dorff, Borkent and Curler" authorityYear="2022" box="[634,825,1426,1451]" class="Insecta" family="Corethrellidae" genus="Corethrella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="1021" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="kipferi">
<emphasis id="E6B3EA8E3B22FFB986191994F534FA17" box="[634,825,1426,1451]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="1021">Corethrella kipferi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
focused primarily on thoracic and ventral abdominal setae. Descriptions of shape and assignment of numbers to setae are based largely on comparison with fig. 26C in 
<bibRefCitation id="B0564B6D3B22FFB9874319D1F272FA4C" author="Belkin JN &amp; McDonald WA" box="[800,1151,1495,1520]" pageId="14" pageNumber="1021" pagination="82 - 96" refId="ref8688" refString="Belkin JN, McDonald WA. 1955. A population of Corethrella laneana from Death Valley, with descriptions of all stages and discussion of the Corethrellini (Diptera, Culicidae). Bull. South. Calif. Acad. Sci. 54: 82 - 96." type="journal article" year="1955">
Belkin and 
<collectingCountry id="ACD0760C3B22FFB987D319D1F22BFA4C" box="[944,1062,1495,1520]" name="Heard Island and McDonald Islands" pageId="14" pageNumber="1021">McDonald</collectingCountry>
(1955)
</bibRefCitation>
. A comprehensive survey and reassessment of the chaetotaxy in larval 
<taxonomicName id="13C74D1F3B22FFB987D919FCF23CF9AF" authorityName="Coquillett" authorityYear="1902" box="[954,1073,1530,1555]" class="Insecta" family="Corethrellidae" genus="Corethrella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="1021" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="E6B3EA8E3B22FFB987D919FCF23CF9AF" box="[954,1073,1530,1555]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="1021">Corethrella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
overall is badly needed but is not within the scope of the present paper.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D478369C3B22FFB884A31A39F5AAFB19" blockId="14.[159,1156,1390,1728]" lastBlockId="15.[159,1155,956,1189]" lastPageId="15" lastPageNumber="1022" pageId="14" pageNumber="1021">
Variation in measurements of larval head capsules can occur due to several factors; however, taking consistent measurements of this structure in specimens of 
<taxonomicName id="13C74D1F3B22FFB987921A64F242F9C7" authorityName="Dorff, Borkent and Curler" authorityYear="2022" box="[1009,1103,1634,1659]" class="Insecta" family="Corethrellidae" genus="Corethrella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="1021" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="kipferi">
<emphasis id="E6B3EA8E3B22FFB987921A64F242F9C7" box="[1009,1103,1634,1659]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="1021">C. kipferi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was particularly difficult due to the variation in how the mouthparts were fixed in preserved specimens. The head capsule width measured less in specimens with the buccal cavity fixed wide open than in those with the mouthparts completely retracted. This measurement can also be significantly influenced by clearing and mounting the specimen,as the lateral portions of the genae become very pliable in cleared specimens, resulting in distortion of the head capsule when placed in 
<collectingCountry id="ACD0760C3B23FFB885FC1822F7FDFB81" box="[415,496,1060,1085]" name="Canada" pageId="15" pageNumber="1022">Canada</collectingCountry>
balsam. For these reasons, it is important to measure as many ethanol-preserved specimens as possible to account for variation and it is inadvisable to rely only on measurements of slide-mounted specimens. Regardless, our measurements of head capsule length gave discrete differences between the four larval instars.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<caption id="80B866143B23FFB884C31EDAF496FCD4" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7012080" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7012080" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7012080/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="1022" startId="15.[160,225,732,755]" targetBox="[162,1154,142,700]" targetPageId="15">
<paragraph id="D478369C3B23FFB884C31EDAF496FCD4" blockId="15.[160,1157,732,872]" pageId="15" pageNumber="1022">
<emphasis id="E6B3EA8E3B23FFB884C31EDAF70BFD4F" bold="true" box="[160,262,732,755]" pageId="15" pageNumber="1022">Figure 10.</emphasis>
Number of 
<taxonomicName id="13C74D1F3B23FFB8851E1EDAF42BFD4F" authorityName="Dorff, Borkent and Curler" authorityYear="2022" box="[381,550,732,755]" class="Insecta" family="Corethrellidae" genus="Corethrella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="1022" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="kipferi">
<emphasis id="E6B3EA8E3B23FFB8851E1EDAF42BFD4F" box="[381,550,732,755]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="1022">Corethrella kipferi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
larvae captured in hyporheic habitats of Bull Creek. Perennial and ephemeral surface water sites are indicated in blue and red, respectively. Sublocations at the perennial habitat were upstream (circles) and downstream (squares) of a medial gravel bar (triangles), which had ephemeral flow. Peckout Hollow (pluses) was an ephemeral tributary located approximately 2 km downstream of the medial gravel bar.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<subSubSection id="9CDD65173B23FFB884C318E7F55FF927" pageId="15" pageNumber="1022" type="etymology">
<paragraph id="D478369C3B23FFB884C318E7F710FB47" blockId="15.[160,1156,1249,1691]" box="[160,285,1249,1275]" pageId="15" pageNumber="1022">
<emphasis id="E6B3EA8E3B23FFB884C318E7F710FB47" bold="true" box="[160,285,1249,1275]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="1022">Etymology</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D478369C3B23FFB884C31902F55FF927" blockId="15.[160,1156,1249,1691]" pageId="15" pageNumber="1022">
The specific epithet, 
<taxonomicName id="13C74D1F3B23FFB885E81902F7C0FAA1" authorityName="Dorff, Borkent and Curler" authorityYear="2022" box="[395,461,1284,1309]" class="Insecta" family="Corethrellidae" genus="Corethrella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="1022" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="kipferi">
<emphasis id="E6B3EA8E3B23FFB885E81902F7C0FAA1" box="[395,461,1284,1309]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="1022">kipferi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, is proposed in honour of Bob Kipfer of Springfield, 
<collectingRegion id="1603F87E3B23FFB880421902F28CFAA1" box="[1057,1153,1284,1309]" country="United States of America" name="Missouri" pageId="15" pageNumber="1022">Missouri</collectingRegion>
, one of the landowners who allowed the first author access to their property to study invertebrates living beneath the streambed. Bob and Barb Kipfer are enthusiastic volunteers with the Master Naturalists Program of 
<collectingRegion id="1603F87E3B23FFB886C0196AF50EFA39" box="[675,771,1388,1413]" country="United States of America" name="Missouri" pageId="15" pageNumber="1022">Missouri</collectingRegion>
. The Kipfers also volunteer at the Wolf School, which is operated in partnership with the Springfield Public School System, Wonders of Wildlife and Bass Pro Shops and exposes youths to a variety of experientialbased programmes aimed at promoting conservation. Without the Kipfers’ permission and flexibility regarding some strange floating and even stranger frog-calling traps, we would not have been able to describe this species and its natural history with as much detail as we have. Bob and Barb Kipfer have since deeded their property to 
<collectingRegion id="1603F87E3B23FFB887841A3AF28EF9E9" box="[999,1155,1596,1621]" country="United States of America" name="Missouri" pageId="15" pageNumber="1022">Missouri State</collectingRegion>
University to be managed as a remote undergraduate and graduate research site, which will facilitate fresh insights and new discoveries in the future.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>