103 lines
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103 lines
12 KiB
XML
<document id="EE6AD712235B688AAE206BAB1BA20223" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.5348151" ID-ISSN="2345-7600" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5348151" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1630203888444" checkinUser="tatiana" docAuthor="Polhemus, Dan A. & Polhemus, John T." docDate="2012" docId="03C287CFFFBEC819FF0EFC1CFC0BFB16" docLanguage="en" docName="60rbz343-359.pdf" docOrigin="Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 60 (2)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:C6443723295B2E4C6F22B9B23F08089C.5:RafflesBZool.2006-2013.journal_article" docStyleId="C6443723295B2E4C6F22B9B23F08089C" docStyleName="RafflesBZool.2006-2013.journal_article" docStyleVersion="5" docTitle="Gelastocoridae Kirkaldy 1897" docType="treatment" docVersion="4" lastPageNumber="356" masterDocId="FFFBFFB7FFB3C814FFC0FF82FFDDFFE0" masterDocTitle="Guide To The Aquatic Heteroptera Of Singapore And Peninsular Malaysia. Ix. Infraorder Nepomorpha, Families Ochteridae And Gelastocoridae" masterLastPageNumber="359" masterPageNumber="343" pageNumber="356" updateTime="1699183961091" updateUser="plazi" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-4.0">
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<mods:title id="6499866D0B62B39856554489C5259507">Guide To The Aquatic Heteroptera Of Singapore And Peninsular Malaysia. Ix. Infraorder Nepomorpha, Families Ochteridae And Gelastocoridae</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="98E5FB6BC0CD4054A2A27AAF63144EDF">Polhemus, Dan A.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="D2116F81F2A92733A774CB36B32AEBF5">Polhemus, John T.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="7E4F3994C2880806B8F8EABA610F2EE1">Raffles Bulletin of Zoology</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="2D04AD1AF59B1D0F0C7387F9518CFA35">
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<mods:date id="6E74BE34486938C9FA599DB3DACCC81C">2012</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="37950D077B34D174BD9DAED859231776">2012-08-31</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="DBBB3E34C8BB6C6B0395D20B86B345A6">60</mods:number>
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<mods:identifier id="0A3CEB2177571906D90B265065E26B82" type="DOI">10.5281/zenodo.5348151</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="03C287CFFFBEC819FF0EFC1CFC0BFB16" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5449312" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5449312" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03C287CFFFBEC819FF0EFC1CFC0BFB16" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C287CFFFBEC819FF0EFC1CFC0BFB16" lastPageNumber="356" pageId="13" pageNumber="356">
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<subSubSection id="C3716552FFBEC819FF0EFC1CFD49FC56" box="[206,660,926,950]" pageId="13" pageNumber="356" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BD436D9FFBEC819FF0EFC1CFD49FC56" blockId="13.[206,660,926,950]" box="[206,660,926,950]" pageId="13" pageNumber="356">
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<heading id="D09C81B5FFBEC819FF0EFC1CFD49FC56" bold="true" box="[206,660,926,950]" centered="true" fontSize="10" level="2" pageId="13" pageNumber="356" reason="2">
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<emphasis id="B91FEACBFFBEC819FF0EFC1CFD49FC56" bold="true" box="[206,660,926,950]" pageId="13" pageNumber="356">
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Family
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<taxonomicName id="4C6B4D5AFFBEC819FEE6FC1CFD49FC56" ID-CoL="62485" authority="Kirkaldy" authorityName="Kirkaldy" authorityYear="1897" box="[294,660,926,950]" class="Insecta" family="Gelastocoridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="356" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">GELASTOCORIDAE Kirkaldy</taxonomicName>
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3716552FFBEC819FFB1FC5CFC0BFB16" pageId="13" pageNumber="356" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="8BD436D9FFBEC819FFB1FC5CFB32FDB6" blockId="13.[113,753,990,1174]" lastBlockId="13.[811,1452,190,598]" pageId="13" pageNumber="356">
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<emphasis id="B91FEACBFFBEC819FFB1FC5CFF2CFC16" bold="true" box="[113,241,990,1014]" pageId="13" pageNumber="356">
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<emphasis id="B91FEACBFFBEC819FFB1FC5CFF34FC16" bold="true" box="[113,233,990,1014]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="356">Discussion</emphasis>
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.
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</emphasis>
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—
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<taxonomicName id="4C6B4D5AFFBEC819FEDFFC5CFE1FFC16" authorityName="Kirkaldy" authorityYear="1897" box="[287,450,990,1014]" class="Insecta" family="Gelastocoridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="356" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Gelastocoridae</taxonomicName>
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, or
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<emphasis id="B91FEACBFFBEC819FE31FC5CFE23FC16" bold="true" box="[497,510,990,1014]" pageId="13" pageNumber="356">“</emphasis>
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toad bugs
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<emphasis id="B91FEACBFFBEC819FDA9FC5CFDABFC16" bold="true" box="[617,630,990,1014]" pageId="13" pageNumber="356">”</emphasis>
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, are easily recognised among the nepomorphan families by their rough and sculptured body surface, large eyes, presence of ocelli, the broad and flap-like labrum, four-segmented antennae lacking finger-like projections, enlarged raptorial fore femora, the tarsal formula of 1-2-3, unequal development of the claws on the forelegs, and asymmetrical genitalia with the right paramere large and often elaborated, and the left reduced or absent. As noted earlier, a number of these character states, as well as a riparian ecology, are shared with the
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<taxonomicName id="4C6B4D5AFFBEC819FCEBFEBCFC79FEB6" authorityName="Kirkaldy" authorityYear="1906" box="[811,932,318,342]" class="Insecta" family="Ochteridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="356" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Ochteridae</taxonomicName>
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. Among the local assemblage of Southeast Asian species, characters of particular use in individual species discrimination include the arrangement of tubercles on the head, the shape of the pronotum, and the shape of the male right paramere (
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<figureCitation id="13502A5CFFBEC819FC23FE3CFBACFE36" box="[995,1137,446,470]" captionStart="Figs" captionStartId="14.[136,184,2007,2029]" captionTargetBox="[138,775,974,1968]" captionTargetId="figure-8@14.[120,810,945,1977]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="Figs. 36–38. Nerthra species, structural details (after Todd, 1955). 36, N. lobata, male right paramere. 37, N. lobata, female terminal abdomen, ventral view showing paired processes. 38, N. macrothorax, male right paramere, apical section." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5348177" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5348177/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="356">Figs. 36, 38</figureCitation>
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). In contrast to
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<taxonomicName id="4C6B4D5AFFBEC819FAECFE3CFA7AFE36" authorityName="Kirkaldy" authorityYear="1906" box="[1324,1447,446,470]" class="Insecta" family="Ochteridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="356" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Ochteridae</taxonomicName>
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, dorsal coloration is not a particularly useful species-specific character, and is in any case often obscured by mud and dirt, which covers many mature specimens and further serves to camouflage living individuals in the field.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BD436D9FFBEC819FCEBFDFCFC0BFB16" blockId="13.[811,1452,638,1270]" pageId="13" pageNumber="356">
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The
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<taxonomicName id="4C6B4D5AFFBEC819FC9BFDFCFC26FD76" authorityName="Kirkaldy" authorityYear="1897" box="[859,1019,638,662]" class="Insecta" family="Gelastocoridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="356" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Gelastocoridae</taxonomicName>
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are also similar to the previously treated
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<taxonomicName id="4C6B4D5AFFBEC819FCEBFD1CFC7DFD56" authorityName="Kirkaldy" authorityYear="1906" box="[811,928,670,694]" class="Insecta" family="Ochteridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="356" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Ochteridae</taxonomicName>
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in being a pantropical family with two distinct foci of species radiation in the Neotropical and Melanesian regions, and limited species richness elsewhere. Three genera are currently recognised: the Neotropical
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<taxonomicName id="4C6B4D5AFFBEC819FB33FD7DFAA6FCF6" authorityName="Kirkaldy" authorityYear="1897" box="[1267,1403,767,790]" class="Insecta" family="Gelastocoridae" genus="Gelastocoris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="356" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B91FEACBFFBEC819FB33FD7DFAA6FCF6" box="[1267,1403,767,790]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="356">Gelastocoris</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="4C6B4D5AFFBEC819FCEBFC9DFC19FCD6" authorityName="Melin" authorityYear="1929" box="[811,964,799,822]" class="Insecta" family="Gelastocoridae" genus="Montandonius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="356" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B91FEACBFFBEC819FCEBFC9DFC19FCD6" box="[811,964,799,822]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="356">Montandonius</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, and the widespread
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<taxonomicName id="4C6B4D5AFFBEC819FB5EFC9DFB2FFCD6" authorityName="Say" authorityYear="1832" box="[1182,1266,799,822]" class="Insecta" family="Gelastocoridae" genus="Nerthra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="356" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B91FEACBFFBEC819FB5EFC9DFB2FFCD6" box="[1182,1266,799,822]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="356">Nerthra</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(see
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<bibRefCitation id="EFFA4B28FFBEC819FAE6FC9CFA7DFCD6" author="Todd, E" box="[1318,1440,798,822]" pageId="13" pageNumber="356" pagination="277 - 475" refId="ref14063" refString="Todd, E. L., 1955. A taxonomic revision of the family Gelastocoridae (Hemiptera). University of Kansas Science Bulletin, 37, Part I (11): 277 - 475." type="journal article" year="1955">Todd, 1955</bibRefCitation>
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). Only the latter genus occurs in
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<collectingCountry id="F37C7649FFBEC819FBB5FCBCFB3CFCB6" box="[1141,1249,830,854]" name="Singapore" pageId="13" pageNumber="356">Singapore</collectingCountry>
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and
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<collectingCountry id="F37C7649FFBEC819FAD4FCBCFAA4FCB6" box="[1300,1401,830,854]" name="Malaysia" pageId="13" pageNumber="356">Malaysia</collectingCountry>
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. The gelastocorid species occurring on continental Southeast Asia and the proximal Greater Sunda Islands were recently treated by Kment & Jindra (2008), and the reader is referred to that work for a more comprehensive treatement of the Asian fauna. The family is probably more diverse and widespread in tropical Asia than is currently understood, with many of the species occurring in this region being known from very limited material. Pitfall trapping is a particularly effective method for collecting gelastocorids, and more concerted effort in this regard, particularly in areas of relatively undisturbed rainforest, has the potential to yield valuable insights related to the distribution and ecological associations of these unusual insects.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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</treatment>
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</document> |