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<document id="D26E79090D2D20A3D091F60BF6B80685" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.246331" ID-GBIF-Dataset="8bc74a10-7de0-4e39-8fc6-142a14d01b07" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="246331" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1460513276238" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Cock, Matthew J. W. &amp; Congdon, Colin E." docDate="2012" docId="03AB4D687B62D21FFF6FFE97FA42FF60" docLanguage="en" docName="zt03438p042.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 3438" docStyle="DocumentStyle:890A69B780ED73D6DB8551B71C8AC79E.4:Zootaxa.2009-2012.journal_article" docStyleId="890A69B780ED73D6DB8551B71C8AC79E" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2009-2012.journal_article" docStyleVersion="4" docTitle="Zenonia zeno Trimen 1864" docType="treatment" docVersion="9" lastPageNumber="11" masterDocId="FF9235107B64D215FFF8FF93FFC9FF97" masterDocTitle="Observations on the biology of Afrotropical Hesperiidae (Lepidoptera) principally from Kenya. Part 4. Hesperiinae: Aeromachini and Baorini" masterLastPageNumber="42" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="7" updateTime="1698313706351" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:title id="033B9D0A54A6FE6506E1D29575468653">Observations on the biology of Afrotropical Hesperiidae (Lepidoptera) principally from Kenya. Part 4. Hesperiinae: Aeromachini and Baorini</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="EE80E4A8C7F22F13D06ED38A07B427D1">Cock, Matthew J. W.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="389EB8D54B15F6E9D1679AA412280A50">Congdon, Colin E.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:date id="109CB81C7EF626856C428F64C3606960">2012</mods:date>
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<treatment id="03AB4D687B62D21FFF6FFE97FA42FF60" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5680664" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119523767" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5680664" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03AB4D687B62D21FFF6FFE97FA42FF60" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03AB4D687B62D21FFF6FFE97FA42FF60" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="11" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
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<paragraph id="8BBDFC7E7B62D213FF6FFE97FD5BFE8A" blockId="6.[151,1436,259,463]" box="[151,658,259,286]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
<heading id="D0F54B127B62D213FF6FFE97FD5BFE8A" bold="true" box="[151,658,259,286]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" reason="1">
<emphasis id="B976206C7B62D213FF6FFE97FD5BFE8A" bold="true" box="[151,658,259,286]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B62D213FF6FFE97FE2EFE8A" ID-CoL="7GDQJ" authority="Trimen, 1864" authorityName="Trimen" authorityYear="1864" box="[151,487,259,286]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Zenonia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="zeno">
<emphasis id="B976206C7B62D213FF6FFE97FEF3FE89" bold="true" box="[151,314,260,286]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Zenonia zeno</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF93818F7B62D213FEBAFE90FE2EFE8A" author="Trimen" box="[322,487,259,285]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" refString="Trimen, R. (1864) On some new species of South African butterflies. Transactions of the Entomological Society of London, Series 3, 2, 175 - 180." type="journal article" year="1864">Trimen, 1864</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="1339E0FB7B62D213FE0EFE90FD42FE8A" box="[502,651,259,285]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 6" captionStart-1="FIGURE 7" captionStart-2="FIGURE 8" captionStart-3="FIGURE 9" captionStartId-0="6.[151,250,1932,1955]" captionStartId-1="8.[151,250,868,891]" captionStartId-2="8.[151,250,1465,1488]" captionStartId-3="9.[151,250,1424,1447]" captionTargetBox-0="[153,1436,653,1908]" captionTargetBox-1="[151,1435,288,844]" captionTargetBox-2="[151,1435,1012,1441]" captionTargetBox-3="[151,1435,195,1398]" captionTargetId-0="figure@6.[153,1438,653,1908]" captionTargetId-1="figure@8.[151,1436,288,844]" captionTargetId-2="figure@8.[151,1436,1012,1441]" captionTargetId-3="figure@9.[151,1436,195,1400]" captionTargetPageId-0="6" captionTargetPageId-1="8" captionTargetPageId-2="8" captionTargetPageId-3="9" captionText-0="FIGURE 6. Adults of Zenonia zeno. 1, sunbathing, Muguga, 7. xi. 1988; 2, at rest, Muguga, 10. xi. 1988; 3, captured by a crab spider, Muguga, 7. xi. 1988; 4, in copulo, Chogoria route, Mt. Kenya, 25. vi. 1988." captionText-1="FIGURE 7. Penultimate instar caterpillars of Zenonia zeno. 1, newly moulted, anterodorsolateral view; collected as n- 2 instar caterpillar on Cynodon nlemfuensis, Ngong Forest, Nairobi, 10. ix. 1989; moulted to penultimate instar 15. ix; photographed 15. ix, 10 mm; moulted to final instar 26. ix.; ref. 89 / 54; 2, premoult, detail of head anterolateral view; collected 8. x. 1989 on unidentified grass (? Cynodon sp.), Karura Forest, Nairobi; photographed 8. x., 25 mm; moulted to final instar 9. x.; ref. 89 / 76 B." captionText-2="FIGURE 8. Final instar caterpillars of Zenonia zeno. 1, dorsolateral view; collected 8. x. 1989 on unidentified grass (? Cynodon sp.), Karura Forest, Nairobi; moulted to final instar 9. x.; photographed 15. x., 36 mm; pupated 20. x.; ref. 89 / 76 B; 2, detail of head, anterolateral view; collected as n- 3 caterpillar on maize, Kyuna Estate, Nairobi, 12. xii. 1988; moulted to final instar about 7.1.1989; photographed 16. i., pupated 22. i.; ref. 88 / 121." captionText-3="FIGURE 9. Pupa of Zenonia zeno, collected as penultimate instar caterpillar on unidentified grass (? Cynodon sp.), Karura Forest, Nairobi, 8. x. 1989; pupated 20. x.; adult female 4. xi.; ref. 89 / 76 B. 1, dorsolateral view, photographed 20. x., 31 mm; 2, lateral view showing adult wing markings, photographed 3. xi." httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/246337/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/246338/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/246339/files/figure.png" httpUri-3="https://zenodo.org/record/246340/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Figures 6–9</figureCitation>
)
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BBDFC7E7B62D213FF6FFEB5FA46FE59" blockId="6.[151,1436,259,463]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
This is a common and widespread species described from
<collectingCountry id="F315BCEE7B62D213FCDDFEB5FC7CFEA9" box="[805,949,294,318]" name="South Africa" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">South Africa</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EF93818F7B62D213FC3BFEB5FB9EFEA9" author="Trimen" box="[963,1111,294,318]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" refString="Trimen, R. (1864) On some new species of South African butterflies. Transactions of the Entomological Society of London, Series 3, 2, 175 - 180." type="journal article" year="1864">Trimen 1864</bibRefCitation>
) and found north to
<collectingCountry id="F315BCEE7B62D213FAC5FEB5FA55FEA9" box="[1341,1436,294,318]" name="Ethiopia" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Ethiopia</collectingCountry>
and west to
<collectingCountry id="F315BCEE7B62D213FEE4FED9FEB9FEF5" box="[284,368,330,354]" name="Nigeria" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Nigeria</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EF93818F7B62D213FE86FED9FDDAFEF5" author="Evans" box="[382,531,330,354]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" refString="Evans, W. H. (1937 a) A catalogue of the African Hesperiidae indicating the classification and nomenclature adopted in the British Museum. British Museum (Natural History), London, UK, 212 pp, 30 plates." type="book" year="1937" yearSuffix="a">Evans 1937a</bibRefCitation>
). In
<collectingCountry id="F315BCEE7B62D213FDB1FED8FD5CFEF4" box="[585,661,331,355]" name="Kenya" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Kenya</collectingCountry>
, it is common in upland areas; I have many observations from around Nairobi, and have seen it east to Thika and west to Kakamega, and on Mt
<collectingCountry id="F315BCEE7B62D213FC10FEFCFBF8FE10" box="[1000,1073,367,391]" name="Kenya" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Kenya</collectingCountry>
above Chogoria.
<bibRefCitation id="EF93818F7B62D213FAFDFEFCFF28FE3D" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" refString="Van Someren, V. G. L. (1939) Butterflies of the Chyulu Range. A systematic list of the species taken by the Museum Expedition to the hills. April - July 1938. Journal of the East Africa and Uganda Natural History Society, 14, 130 - 151." type="journal article">Van Someren (1939)</bibRefCitation>
reported it as abundant in the Chyulu Hills, but
<bibRefCitation id="EF93818F7B62D213FCE4FE01FC33FE3D" author="Sevastopulo" box="[796,1018,402,426]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" refString="Sevastopulo, D. G. (1974). Butterflies of the Shimba Hills. Entomologist's Record and Journal of Variation, 86, 131 - 136." type="journal article" year="1974">Sevastopulo (1974)</bibRefCitation>
does not record it from the Shimba Hills. In
<collectingCountry id="F315BCEE7B62D213FEF9FE25FEAFFE59" box="[257,358,438,462]" name="Tanzania" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Tanzania</collectingCountry>
it is found
<emphasis id="B976206C7B62D213FE1DFE24FE3AFE58" bold="true" box="[485,499,439,463]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">a</emphasis>
long forest edges and streams through most of the country excluding coastal areas.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BBDFC7E7B62D213FF6FFE6DFE85FD81" blockId="6.[151,1436,510,607]" box="[151,332,510,534]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
<emphasis id="B976206C7B62D213FF6FFE6DFE85FD81" box="[151,332,510,534]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Adult behaviour</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BBDFC7E7B62D213FF6FFDB1FCC2FDC9" blockId="6.[151,1436,510,607]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
Although it a common species, we have recorded few observations of adult behaviour for adult
<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B62D213FB33FDB7FAD5FDAC" box="[1227,1308,548,571]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Zenonia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="zeno">
<emphasis id="B976206C7B62D213FB33FDB7FAD5FDAC" box="[1227,1308,548,571]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Z. zeno</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="1339E0FB7B62D213FAD3FDB1FA44FDAD" box="[1323,1421,546,570]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1932,1955]" captionTargetBox="[153,1436,653,1908]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[153,1438,653,1908]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 6. Adults of Zenonia zeno. 1, sunbathing, Muguga, 7. xi. 1988; 2, at rest, Muguga, 10. xi. 1988; 3, captured by a crab spider, Muguga, 7. xi. 1988; 4, in copulo, Chogoria route, Mt. Kenya, 25. vi. 1988." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/246337/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Figure 6</figureCitation>
). It is not a strong flier, and comes readily to low flowers.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF7DACF67B62D213FF6FF81FFC0DF856" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/246337/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" targetBox="[153,1436,653,1908]" targetPageId="6">
<paragraph id="8BBDFC7E7B62D213FF6FF81FFC0DF856" blockId="6.[151,1436,1932,1986]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
<emphasis id="B976206C7B62D213FF6FF81FFEC5F835" bold="true" box="[151,268,1932,1955]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">FIGURE 6</emphasis>
. Adults of
<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B62D213FE7EF81DFDC7F834" box="[390,526,1934,1955]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Zenonia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="zeno">
<emphasis id="B976206C7B62D213FE7EF81DFDC7F834" box="[390,526,1934,1955]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Zenonia zeno</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
<emphasis id="B976206C7B62D213FDDAF81EFDE6F835" bold="true" box="[546,559,1933,1954]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">1</emphasis>
, sunbathing, Muguga, 7.xi.1988;
<emphasis id="B976206C7B62D213FC7FF81EFC5AF835" bold="true" box="[903,915,1933,1954]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">2</emphasis>
, at rest, Muguga, 10.xi.1988;
<emphasis id="B976206C7B62D213FB3FF81EFB1AF835" bold="true" box="[1223,1235,1933,1954]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">3</emphasis>
, captured by a crab spider, Muguga, 7.xi.1988;
<emphasis id="B976206C7B62D213FE56F83FFE72F856" bold="true" box="[430,443,1964,1985]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">4</emphasis>
,
<emphasis id="B976206C7B62D213FE30F83EFDEEF855" box="[456,551,1964,1986]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">in copulo</emphasis>
, Chogoria route, Mt. Kenya, 25.vi.1988.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BBDFC7E7B63D212FF6FFF0BFED7FF27" blockId="7.[151,1436,152,608]" box="[151,286,152,176]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
<emphasis id="B976206C7B63D212FF6FFF0BFED7FF27" box="[151,286,152,176]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Food plants</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BBDFC7E7B63D212FF6FFF2EFD10FDC8" blockId="7.[151,1436,152,608]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
<bibRefCitation id="EF93818F7B63D212FF6FFF2EFE48FF43" box="[151,385,188,212]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" refString="Van Someren, V. G. L. (1939) Butterflies of the Chyulu Range. A systematic list of the species taken by the Museum Expedition to the hills. April - July 1938. Journal of the East Africa and Uganda Natural History Society, 14, 130 - 151." type="journal article">Van Someren (1939)</bibRefCitation>
refers to it in the Chyulu Hills as “very abundant in the grass lands and in the forests where certain grasses were growing and on which the larva feed”.
<bibRefCitation id="EF93818F7B63D212FCB6FF73FBF0FF60" box="[846,1081,223,247]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" refString="Van Someren, V. G. L. (1974) List of foodplants of some East African Rhopalocera, with notes on the early stages of some Lycaenidae. Journal of the Lepidopterists' Society, 28, 315 - 331." type="journal article">Van Someren (1974)</bibRefCitation>
lists the food plants as grasses including cultivated
<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B63D212FE79FE97FE2AFE8B" box="[385,483,260,284]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Andropogon" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="sorghum">sorghum</taxonomicName>
(
<emphasis id="B976206C7B63D212FE0CFE97FD7BFE8B" box="[500,690,260,284]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B63D212FE0CFE97FD91FE8B" box="[500,600,260,284]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Andropogon" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="7" pageNumber="14" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="sorghum">Sorghum</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B63D212FD99FE97FD7BFE8B" box="[609,690,260,284]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Setaria" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="bicolor">bicolor</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
) and maize (
<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B63D212FCB3FE96FC7EFE8B" box="[843,951,261,284]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Zea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="mays">
<emphasis id="B976206C7B63D212FCB3FE96FC7EFE8B" box="[843,951,261,284]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Zea mays</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
).
<bibRefCitation id="EF93818F7B63D212FC21FE97FB7CFE8B" author="Sevastopulo" box="[985,1205,260,284]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" refString="Sevastopulo, D. G. (1975) Hesperiidae. Bulletin of the Amateur Entomologists' Society, 34, 131 - 132. In: Sevastopulo, D. G. (1975 - 1978) A list of the food-plants of East African Macrolepidoptera. Bulletin of the Amateur Entomologists' Society, 34, 84 - 92, 124 - 132, 175 - 184; 35, 94 - 100, 177 - 195; 36, 45 - 50; 37, 147 - 172, 202 - 216." type="journal article" year="1975">Sevastopulo (1975)</bibRefCitation>
gives grasses for
<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B63D212FA7DFE96FEEEFEA8" authority="Evans" authorityName="Evans" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Zenonia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="crasta">
<emphasis id="B976206C7B63D212FA7DFE96FF14FED7" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Z. crasta</emphasis>
Evans
</taxonomicName>
(see under
<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B63D212FE50FEBAFDCDFED7" box="[424,516,297,320]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Zenonia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B976206C7B63D212FE50FEBAFDCDFED7" box="[424,516,297,320]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Zenonia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
above) in his list of the food plants of East African Macrolepidoptera, but since he didn’t rear this species (Sevastopulo unpublished), no one else has reported food plants for
<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B63D212FB3CFEDEFAE2FEF3" box="[1220,1323,333,356]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Zenonia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="crasta">
<emphasis id="B976206C7B63D212FB3CFEDEFAE2FEF3" box="[1220,1323,333,356]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Z. crasta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and it is immediately preceded by
<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B63D212FE40FEE2FDC1FE1F" box="[440,520,369,392]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Zenonia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="zeno">
<emphasis id="B976206C7B63D212FE40FEE2FDC1FE1F" box="[440,520,369,392]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Z. zeno</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in his list without an entry, it seems likely that he intended
<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B63D212FB58FEE2FB38FE1F" box="[1184,1265,369,392]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Zenonia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="zeno">
<emphasis id="B976206C7B63D212FB58FEE2FB38FE1F" box="[1184,1265,369,392]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Z. zeno</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Later he adds records for
<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B63D212FEEFFE06FEAEFE3B" box="[279,359,405,428]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Zenonia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="zeno">
<emphasis id="B976206C7B63D212FEEFFE06FEAEFE3B" box="[279,359,405,428]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Z. zeno</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
of
<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B63D212FE73FE07FE25FE3B" box="[395,492,404,428]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Andropogon" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="sorghum">sorghum</taxonomicName>
and maize (
<bibRefCitation id="EF93818F7B63D212FD8BFE07FCF6FE3B" author="Sevastopulo" box="[627,831,404,428]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" refString="Sevastopulo, D. G. (1981) A second list of the food-plants of East African Macrolepidoptera. Bulletin of the Amateur Entomologists' Society, 40, 48 - 55." type="journal article" year="1981">Sevastopulo 1981</bibRefCitation>
), probably based on
<bibRefCitation id="EF93818F7B63D212FBDDFE06FAC6FE3B" box="[1061,1295,404,428]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" refString="Van Someren, V. G. L. (1974) List of foodplants of some East African Rhopalocera, with notes on the early stages of some Lycaenidae. Journal of the Lepidopterists' Society, 28, 315 - 331." type="journal article">Van Someren (1974)</bibRefCitation>
. MJWC has found this species something of a generalist grass feeder, and reared it from caterpillars collected on
<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B63D212FAC9FE2BFEE6FE63" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Cenchrus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="trachyphyllus">
<emphasis id="B976206C7B63D212FAC9FE2BFEE6FE63" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Cenchrus trachyphyllus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(=
<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B63D212FEA8FE4EFDB5FE63" box="[336,636,476,500]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Pennisetum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="trachyphyllum">
<emphasis id="B976206C7B63D212FEA8FE4EFDB5FE63" box="[336,636,476,500]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Pennisetum trachyphyllum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
),
<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B63D212FD6DFE4FFC4EFE63" box="[661,903,476,500]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cynodontidae" genus="Cynodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nlemfuensis">
<emphasis id="B976206C7B63D212FD6DFE4FFC4EFE63" box="[661,903,476,500]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Cynodon nlemfuensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B63D212FC6EFE4FFB5BFE63" box="[918,1170,476,500]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Megathyrsus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="maximus">
<emphasis id="B976206C7B63D212FC6EFE4FFB5BFE63" box="[918,1170,476,500]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Megathyrsus maximus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(=
<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B63D212FB4BFE4EFA45FE63" box="[1203,1420,477,500]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Panicum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="maximum">
<emphasis id="B976206C7B63D212FB4BFE4EFA45FE63" box="[1203,1420,477,500]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Panicum maximum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
),
<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B63D212FF6FFD92FEAAFD8F" box="[151,355,512,536]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Panicum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="deustum">
<emphasis id="B976206C7B63D212FF6FFD92FEAAFD8F" box="[151,355,512,536]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Panicum deustum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<emphasis id="B976206C7B63D212FE8EFD92FDCBFD8F" box="[374,514,512,536]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">P. m o n t i c o l a</emphasis>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B63D212FDE1FD93FD30FD8F" box="[537,761,512,536]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Setaria" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="megaphylla">
<emphasis id="B976206C7B63D212FDE1FD93FD30FD8F" box="[537,761,512,536]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Setaria megaphylla</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(=
<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B63D212FCE5FD93FC69FD8F" box="[797,928,512,536]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Setaria" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="plicatilis">
<emphasis id="B976206C7B63D212FCE5FD93FC69FD8F" box="[797,928,512,536]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">S. plicatilis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
),
<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B63D212FC44FD92FBE5FD8F" box="[956,1068,513,536]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Zea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="mays">
<emphasis id="B976206C7B63D212FC44FD92FBE5FD8F" box="[956,1068,513,536]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Zea mays</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(maize) and at least two other unidentified grasses. S.C. Collins has also reared it from maize in Nairobi,
<collectingCountry id="F315BCEE7B63D212FC02FDB6FB8AFDAA" box="[1018,1091,549,573]" name="Kenya" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Kenya</collectingCountry>
(ABRI). TCEC found it on a bamboo,
<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B63D212FF07FDDBFE11FDF7" box="[255,472,584,608]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Arundinaria" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="alpina">
<emphasis id="B976206C7B63D212FF07FDDBFE11FDF7" box="[255,472,584,608]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Arundinaria alpina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, in Mufindi,
<collectingCountry id="F315BCEE7B63D212FD95FDD4FD1CFDC8" box="[621,725,583,607]" name="Tanzania" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Tanzania</collectingCountry>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BBDFC7E7B63D212FF6FFD03FF13FD30" blockId="7.[151,1436,656,788]" box="[151,218,656,679]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
<emphasis id="B976206C7B63D212FF6FFD03FF13FD30" box="[151,218,656,679]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Ovum</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BBDFC7E7B63D212FF6FFD27FAF5FC83" blockId="7.[151,1436,656,788]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
Ova are laid usually singly on the leaves of the food plants, and the newly hatched caterpillars eat all the shell except the base. They are dome-shaped with a narrow flange around the base. The base of one associated with a first instar caterpillar that was successfully reared measured
<quantity id="4CFA519B7B63D212FD46FD6FFCC5FC83" box="[702,780,764,788]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.2" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" unit="mm" value="1.2">1.2mm</quantity>
in diameter with the flange and
<quantity id="4CFA519B7B63D212FB8CFD6FFB0AFC83" box="[1140,1219,764,788]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.1" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" unit="mm" value="1.1">1.1mm</quantity>
without it.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BBDFC7E7B63D212FF6FFCD7FEEEFCCB" blockId="7.[151,1436,836,1184]" box="[151,295,836,860]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
<emphasis id="B976206C7B63D212FF6FFCD7FEEEFCCB" box="[151,295,836,860]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Leaf shelters</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BBDFC7E7B63D212FF6FFCF4FD7DFB37" blockId="7.[151,1436,836,1184]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
On the large, broad leaves of
<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B63D212FE18FCFBFD72FC17" box="[480,699,872,896]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Setaria" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="megaphylla">
<emphasis id="B976206C7B63D212FE18FCFBFD72FC17" box="[480,699,872,896]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Setaria megaphylla</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, all stages of the caterpillar make a roll at the apex of the leaf and feed basally to this (87/36, 88/80). The medium sized leaves of
<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B63D212FC98FC1EFBE1FC33" box="[864,1064,908,932]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Panicum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="deustum">
<emphasis id="B976206C7B63D212FC98FC1EFBE1FC33" box="[864,1064,908,932]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Panicum deustum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are treated similarly, but the fifth instar caterpillar, because of its weight, causes the distal section of the leaf with the shelter to droop (90/102). On maize leaves, the shelter is also at the tip, but the shelter is rolled upwards, rather than downwards (88/121). The leaves of
<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B63D212FEFAFC6AFE44FB87" box="[258,397,1016,1040]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Panicum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="monticola">
<emphasis id="B976206C7B63D212FEFAFC6AFE44FB87" box="[258,397,1016,1040]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">P. monticola</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are short and broad, and the mature caterpillar uses an entire leaf to make its shelter, holding the edges together with a few strands of silk (87/30). In contrast, the thin leaves of
<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B63D212FBA8FB8FFA8BFBA3" box="[1104,1346,1052,1076]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cynodontidae" genus="Cynodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nlemfuensis">
<emphasis id="B976206C7B63D212FBA8FB8FFA8BFBA3" box="[1104,1346,1052,1076]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Cynodon nlemfuensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
suit the small caterpillars which can roll the edges upwards up to make a narrow tube before or at the leaf apex, and feeding is basal to the shelter (88/107, 88/111, 89/54). However, fourth and fifth instar caterpillars may need to draw two or more leaves together to gain adequate shelter.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BBDFC7E7B63D212FF6FFB43FEDCFB7F" blockId="7.[151,1437,1232,2012]" box="[151,277,1232,1256]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
<emphasis id="B976206C7B63D212FF6FFB43FEDCFB7F" box="[151,277,1232,1256]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Caterpillar</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BBDFC7E7B63D212FF6FFB67FD93F99F" blockId="7.[151,1437,1232,2012]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
There are five instars—I have reared this species from the first instar three times. The first three instars have black shiny heads, widest near the base; body green with a darker dorsal line defined by a pale sub-dorsal line on each side. The heads measure 0.6 x 0.6 (n=3), 0.8 x 0.9 (n=5), 1.2 x
<quantity id="4CFA519B7B63D212FC92FAAFFC71FAC3" box="[874,952,1340,1364]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.3" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" unit="mm" value="1.3">1.3mm</quantity>
(n=7) wide x high. In instar 4, the head is normally shiny black in males, although in one example the epicranium showed a trace of a pale band. In contrast, females are more or less extensively marked with pale brown (
<figureCitation id="1339E0FB7B63D212FCA8FA17FC78FA0B" box="[848,945,1412,1436]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="8.[151,250,868,891]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,288,844]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[151,1436,288,844]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 7. Penultimate instar caterpillars of Zenonia zeno. 1, newly moulted, anterodorsolateral view; collected as n- 2 instar caterpillar on Cynodon nlemfuensis, Ngong Forest, Nairobi, 10. ix. 1989; moulted to penultimate instar 15. ix; photographed 15. ix, 10 mm; moulted to final instar 26. ix.; ref. 89 / 54; 2, premoult, detail of head anterolateral view; collected 8. x. 1989 on unidentified grass (? Cynodon sp.), Karura Forest, Nairobi; photographed 8. x., 25 mm; moulted to final instar 9. x.; ref. 89 / 76 B." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/246338/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Figure 7</figureCitation>
). Instar 4 heads measure 1.7 x 2.0mm wide x high, those of the female slightly larger (1.8 x
<quantity id="4CFA519B7B63D212FD25FA3BFCE5FA57" box="[733,812,1448,1472]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.1" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" unit="mm" value="2.1">2.1mm</quantity>
vs. 1.7 x
<quantity id="4CFA519B7B63D212FC51FA3BFC34FA57" box="[937,1021,1448,1472]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.9" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" unit="mm" value="1.9">1.9mm</quantity>
); body dull, dark green; pale broad subdorsal line; narrow pale dorsolateral and lateral lines, the latter running through the spiracles, which are pale; T1 and all legs concolorous (ref. 88/80).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BBDFC7E7B63D21DFF3FF987FD9FFF60" blockId="7.[151,1437,1232,2012]" lastBlockId="8.[151,1436,151,247]" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="9" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
The final instar measures up to
<quantity id="4CFA519B7B63D212FDC4F987FD4EF9BB" box="[572,647,1556,1580]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.6" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" unit="mm" value="36.0">36mm</quantity>
, and has a rather distinctive head (
<figureCitation id="1339E0FB7B63D212FBD9F987FB4CF9BB" box="[1057,1157,1556,1580]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="8.[151,250,1465,1488]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,1012,1441]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[151,1436,1012,1441]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 8. Final instar caterpillars of Zenonia zeno. 1, dorsolateral view; collected 8. x. 1989 on unidentified grass (? Cynodon sp.), Karura Forest, Nairobi; moulted to final instar 9. x.; photographed 15. x., 36 mm; pupated 20. x.; ref. 89 / 76 B; 2, detail of head, anterolateral view; collected as n- 3 caterpillar on maize, Kyuna Estate, Nairobi, 12. xii. 1988; moulted to final instar about 7.1.1989; photographed 16. i., pupated 22. i.; ref. 88 / 121." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/246339/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Figure 8</figureCitation>
), which measures 2.1 x
<quantity id="4CFA519B7B63D212FF6FF9ABFF2FF9C7" box="[151,230,1592,1616]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.8" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" unit="mm" value="2.8">2.8mm</quantity>
(n=12) wide x high, the female being slightly larger (2.1 x 3.0mm compared to 2.1 x
<quantity id="4CFA519B7B63D212FB02F9ABFA84F9C7" box="[1274,1357,1592,1616]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.7" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" unit="mm" value="2.7">2.7mm</quantity>
). The following description is based mostly on a caterpillar collected on
<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B63D212FC67F9CEFBB4F9E3" box="[927,1149,1628,1652]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Panicum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="monticola">
<emphasis id="B976206C7B63D212FC67F9CEFBB4F9E3" box="[927,1149,1628,1652]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Panicum monticola</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in Ololua Forest, beside Karen, Nairobi (ref. 87/30). Head translucent, whitish; pale brown or slightly green translucent stripes along epicranial suture and adfrontal sutures, down each side of face, and a broad stripe running from the vertex laterally to behind the stemmata (
<figureCitation id="1339E0FB7B63D212FE46F95BFDEDF977" box="[446,548,1736,1760]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="8.[151,250,1465,1488]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,1012,1441]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[151,1436,1012,1441]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 8. Final instar caterpillars of Zenonia zeno. 1, dorsolateral view; collected 8. x. 1989 on unidentified grass (? Cynodon sp.), Karura Forest, Nairobi; moulted to final instar 9. x.; photographed 15. x., 36 mm; pupated 20. x.; ref. 89 / 76 B; 2, detail of head, anterolateral view; collected as n- 3 caterpillar on maize, Kyuna Estate, Nairobi, 12. xii. 1988; moulted to final instar about 7.1.1989; photographed 16. i., pupated 22. i.; ref. 88 / 121." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/246339/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Figure 8</figureCitation>
); stemmata black; mouthparts brown. T1 dorsal plate not obvious. Body translucent, whitish with a yellow tint dorsally, especially on the creases on the posterior margin of each segment; fine white reticulate network in dorsal half of body, except dorsal line which is broad, mostly clear with just a few translucent dots; white slightly diffuse subdorsal line; narrow white dorsolateral line sharper due to slight concentration of darker dots adjacent; spiracles white, inconspicuous; body less white in ventral half from just below spiracles; dorsal, subdorsal and dorsolateral lines extend onto anal plate which has an obvious fringe of white setae. In the mature caterpillar rectangular white wax glands develop on the ventral part of segment A7–A8, that on A7 longer along the line of the body, while that on A8 is longer transversely (88/108C). This distinctive final instar caterpillar supports the separation of
<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B6CD21DFD3CFF0AFCE9FF27" box="[708,800,153,176]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Zenonia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B976206C7B6CD21DFD3CFF0AFCE9FF27" box="[708,800,153,176]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Zenonia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from the other grass feeding genera of
<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B6CD21DFB11FF04FA89FF38" box="[1257,1344,151,175]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Baorini">Baorini</taxonomicName>
, but the pupa suggests its affinity to the genera that follow. Instars 2 to 5 take 6 (n=2), 8 (range 6–11, n=6), 9 (6–17, n=9) and 14 (11–20, n=11) days respectively.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF7DACF67B6CD21DFF6FFCF7FA50FC58" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/246338/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" targetBox="[151,1435,288,844]" targetPageId="8">
<paragraph id="8BBDFC7E7B6CD21DFF6FFCF7FA50FC58" blockId="8.[151,1437,868,975]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
<emphasis id="B976206C7B6CD21DFF6FFCF7FEC2FCED" bold="true" box="[151,267,868,891]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">FIGURE 7</emphasis>
. Penultimate instar caterpillars of
<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B6CD21DFD95FCF5FD3CFCEC" box="[621,757,870,891]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Zenonia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="zeno">
<emphasis id="B976206C7B6CD21DFD95FCF5FD3CFCEC" box="[621,757,870,891]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Zenonia zeno</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
<emphasis id="B976206C7B6CD21DFCFFFCF6FCDDFCED" bold="true" box="[775,788,869,890]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">1</emphasis>
, newly moulted, anterodorsolateral view; collected as n-2 instar caterpillar on
<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B6CD21DFED2FC12FCCCFC00" authority="Ngong Forest, Nairobi" authorityName="Ngong Forest, Nairobi" box="[298,773,897,919]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cynodontidae" genus="Cynodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nlemfuensis">
<emphasis id="B976206C7B6CD21DFED2FC12FDCFFC00" box="[298,518,897,919]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Cynodon nlemfuensis</emphasis>
, Ngong Forest, Nairobi
</taxonomicName>
, 10.ix.1989; moulted to penultimate instar 15.ix; photographed 15.ix, 10mm; moulted to final instar 26.ix.; ref. 89/54;
<emphasis id="B976206C7B6CD21DFD20FC0EFD2DFC25" bold="true" box="[728,740,925,946]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">2</emphasis>
, premoult, detail of head anterolateral view; collected 8.x.1989 on unidentified grass (?
<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B6CD21DFE9DFC2AFE09FC58" box="[357,448,953,975]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cynodontidae" genus="Cynodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B976206C7B6CD21DFE9DFC2AFE09FC58" box="[357,448,953,975]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Cynodon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp.), Karura Forest, Nairobi; photographed 8.x., 25 mm; moulted to final instar 9.x.; ref. 89/76B.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="DF7DACF67B6CD21DFF6FFA2AFD06F9BC" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/246339/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" targetBox="[151,1435,1012,1441]" targetPageId="8">
<paragraph id="8BBDFC7E7B6CD21DFF6FFA2AFD06F9BC" blockId="8.[151,1436,1465,1579]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
<emphasis id="B976206C7B6CD21DFF6FFA2AFEC2FA59" bold="true" box="[151,267,1465,1488]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">FIGURE 8</emphasis>
. Final instar caterpillars of
<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B6CD21DFDDFFA29FD67FA58" box="[551,686,1466,1487]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Zenonia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="zeno">
<emphasis id="B976206C7B6CD21DFDDFFA29FD67FA58" box="[551,686,1466,1487]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Zenonia zeno</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
<emphasis id="B976206C7B6CD21DFD38FA2AFD05FA59" bold="true" box="[704,716,1465,1486]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">1</emphasis>
, dorsolateral view; collected 8.x.1989 on unidentified grass (?
<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B6CD21DFAB8FA2AFA55FA58" box="[1344,1436,1465,1487]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cynodontidae" genus="Cynodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B976206C7B6CD21DFAB8FA2AFA55FA58" box="[1344,1436,1465,1487]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Cynodon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp.), Karura Forest, Nairobi; moulted to final instar 9.x.; photographed 15.x., 36 mm; pupated 20.x.; ref. 89/76B;
<emphasis id="B976206C7B6CD21DFAD4FA4BFAF0FA7A" bold="true" box="[1324,1337,1496,1517]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">2</emphasis>
, detail of head, anterolateral view; collected as n-3 caterpillar on maize, Kyuna Estate, Nairobi, 12.xii.1988; moulted to final instar about 7.1.1989; photographed 16.i., pupated 22.i.; ref. 88/121.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BBDFC7E7B6CD21DFF6FF9C1FF1BF9FE" blockId="8.[151,1436,1618,2037]" box="[151,210,1618,1641]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
<emphasis id="B976206C7B6CD21DFF6FF9C1FF1BF9FE" box="[151,210,1618,1641]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Pupa</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BBDFC7E7B6CD21DFF6FF9E5FD91F96E" blockId="8.[151,1436,1618,2037]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
Pupae collected from
<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B6CD21DFE77F9E5FD53F919" box="[399,666,1654,1678]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Cenchrus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="trachyphyllus">
<emphasis id="B976206C7B6CD21DFE77F9E5FD53F919" box="[399,666,1654,1678]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Cenchrus trachyphyllus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
at Nairobi (90/80), and on similar unidentified grass at Thika, were formed under a leaf, approximately at the point of flexion so that the leaf provided some overhead protection. The shelter was minimal—the edges had been pulled slightly together and held with silk before and after the pupa, but from below the pupa was fully exposed.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BBDFC7E7B6CD21DFF3FF896FC2DF862" blockId="8.[151,1436,1618,2037]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
The pupa (
<figureCitation id="1339E0FB7B6CD21DFEBBF896FE6FF88A" box="[323,422,1797,1821]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="9.[151,250,1424,1447]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,195,1398]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[151,1436,195,1400]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 9. Pupa of Zenonia zeno, collected as penultimate instar caterpillar on unidentified grass (? Cynodon sp.), Karura Forest, Nairobi, 8. x. 1989; pupated 20. x.; adult female 4. xi.; ref. 89 / 76 B. 1, dorsolateral view, photographed 20. x., 31 mm; 2, lateral view showing adult wing markings, photographed 3. xi." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/246340/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Figure 9</figureCitation>
) is similar to those of
<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B6CD21DFD56F895FCD7F889" box="[686,798,1798,1822]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Pelopidas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B976206C7B6CD21DFD56F895FCD7F889" box="[686,798,1798,1822]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Pelopidas</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
spp. and
<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B6CD21DFC68F895FC1FF889" box="[912,982,1798,1822]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Borbo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B976206C7B6CD21DFC68F895FC1FF889" box="[912,982,1798,1822]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Borbo</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
spp. and typical of many grass feeding skippers. The pupa (87/30) measured
<quantity id="4CFA519B7B6CD21DFDA2F8BAFD68F8D6" box="[602,673,1833,1857]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.7" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" unit="mm" value="27.0">27mm</quantity>
long by
<quantity id="4CFA519B7B6CD21DFCF6F8BAFC80F8D6" box="[782,841,1833,1857]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" unit="mm" value="5.0">5mm</quantity>
wide, and the elongate but blunt frontal spike was
<quantity id="4CFA519B7B6CD21DFF6FF8DEFF24F8F2" box="[151,237,1869,1893]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" metricValueMax="3.0" metricValueMin="2.0" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" unit="mm" value="2.5" valueMax="3.0" valueMin="2.0">2–3mm</quantity>
wide at the base; the cuticle is transparent, so that the developing colouration can be seen through it (Figure 9.2); ground colour dull whitish green; four narrow yellow-white dorsal and subdorsal lines run from near the front of the thorax to just short of the cremaster, about
<quantity id="4CFA519B7B6CD21DFD32F806FCC5F83A" box="[714,780,1941,1965]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" unit="mm" value="1.0">1 mm</quantity>
apart. The proboscis extends beyond the wing cases, but stops short of the cremaster by about
<quantity id="4CFA519B7B6CD21DFDC2F82AFDB1F846" box="[570,632,1977,2001]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" unit="mm" value="2.0">2mm</quantity>
. The frontal spike may be slightly upturned (89/76). Pupation takes 15 (13–18, n=14) days, and so the whole life cycle might take about 2 months.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF7DACF67B6DD21CFF6FFA03FCC2FA74" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/246340/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" targetBox="[151,1435,195,1398]" targetPageId="9">
<paragraph id="8BBDFC7E7B6DD21CFF6FFA03FCC2FA74" blockId="9.[151,1436,1424,1507]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
<emphasis id="B976206C7B6DD21CFF6FFA03FEC6FA32" bold="true" box="[151,271,1424,1447]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">FIGURE 9</emphasis>
. Pupa of
<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B6DD21CFE86FA02FDC1FA31" box="[382,520,1425,1446]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Zenonia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="zeno">
<emphasis id="B976206C7B6DD21CFE86FA02FDC1FA31" box="[382,520,1425,1446]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Zenonia zeno</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, collected as penultimate instar caterpillar on unidentified grass (?
<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B6DD21CFB45FA03FAD0FA31" box="[1213,1305,1424,1446]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cynodontidae" genus="Cynodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B976206C7B6DD21CFB45FA03FAD0FA31" box="[1213,1305,1424,1446]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Cynodon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp.), Karura Forest, Nairobi, 8.x.1989; pupated 20.x.; adult female 4.xi.; ref. 89/76B.
<emphasis id="B976206C7B6DD21CFC71FA3CFC5CFA53" bold="true" box="[905,917,1455,1476]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">1</emphasis>
, dorsolateral view, photographed 20.x., 31 mm;
<emphasis id="B976206C7B6DD21CFA71FA3CFA5CFA53" bold="true" box="[1417,1429,1455,1476]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">2</emphasis>
, lateral view showing adult wing markings, photographed 3.xi.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BBDFC7E7B6DD21CFF6FF9A7FE86F9DB" blockId="9.[151,1437,1588,1972]" box="[151,335,1588,1612]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
<emphasis id="B976206C7B6DD21CFF6FF9A7FE86F9DB" box="[151,335,1588,1612]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Natural enemies</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BBDFC7E7B6DD21CFF6FF9CBFA5BF8B3" blockId="9.[151,1437,1588,1972]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
This species is attacked by an euplectrine, which I have reared from parasitized small to medium sized caterpillars or from pupae associated with similar caterpillar corpses in leaf shelters on
<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B6DD21CFBE7F9EFFADDF903" box="[1055,1300,1660,1684]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cynodontidae" genus="Cynodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nlemfuensis">
<emphasis id="B976206C7B6DD21CFBE7F9EFFADDF903" box="[1055,1300,1660,1684]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Cynodon nlemfuensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(87/107H),
<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B6DD21CFF6FF932FEADF92F" box="[151,356,1696,1720]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Panicum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="deustum">
<emphasis id="B976206C7B6DD21CFF6FF932FEADF92F" box="[151,356,1696,1720]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Panicum deustum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(90/95) and
<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B6DD21CFDFBF933FCCAF92F" box="[515,771,1696,1720]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Megathyrsus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="maximus">
<emphasis id="B976206C7B6DD21CFDFBF933FCCAF92F" box="[515,771,1696,1720]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Megathyrsus maximus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(or similar grass) (91/16) around Nairobi and at Thika. Second or third instar caterpillars were associated with 1–3 parasitoid pupae.
<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B6DD21CFBD8F957FE9AF897" authority="(Butler) (Heteropterinae)" authorityName="Butler" baseAuthorityName="Butler" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Metisella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="quadrisignatus">
<emphasis id="B976206C7B6DD21CFBD8F957FAF3F94B" box="[1056,1338,1732,1756]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Metisella quadrisignatus</emphasis>
(Butler) (Heteropterinae)
</taxonomicName>
, and probably other grass feeding
<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B6DD21CFD2AF97BFCE0F897" box="[722,809,1768,1792]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Baorini">Baorini</taxonomicName>
, are also parasitized by a euplectrine, probably the same species, and as the young host caterpillars are all green with black heads, observations need careful interpretation.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BBDFC7E7B6DD21CFF3FF8A3FDE4F823" blockId="9.[151,1437,1588,1972]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
Figure 6.3 shows an adult that has been caught by a crab spider. Although a variety of predators must feed on adult
<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B6DD21CFF2FF8C7FEA9F8FB" box="[215,352,1876,1900]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Hesperiidae</taxonomicName>
, it is rarely that one sees an actual predation event. I have observed crab spiders as occasional predators of
<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B6DD21CFED6F8EBFE7DF807" box="[302,436,1912,1936]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Hesperiidae</taxonomicName>
in South
<collectingCountry id="F315BCEE7B6DD21CFDD6F8EBFD47F807" box="[558,654,1912,1936]" name="United States of America" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">America</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EF93818F7B6DD21CFD59F8EBFCECF807" author="Cock" box="[673,805,1912,1936]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" refString="Cock, M. J. W. (2003) The skipper butterflies (Hesperiidae) of Trinidad Part 11, Hesperiinae, Genera group O. Living World, Journal of the Trinidad and Tobago Field Naturalists' Club, 2003, 14 - 48." type="journal article" year="2003">Cock 2003</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EF93818F7B6DD21CFCCDF8EBFCA6F807" author="Cock" box="[821,879,1912,1936]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" refString="Cock, M. J. W. (2012, in press) The skipper butterflies (Hesperiidae) of Trinidad. Part 19. Hesperiinae, Moncini: the remaining genera with pale spots: Cymaenes, Cobalopsis, Arita, Lerema, Morys, Tigasis. Living World, Journal of the Trinidad and Tobago Field Naturalists' Club, 2012, 20 - 40." type="journal article" year="2012">2012</bibRefCitation>
) and Africa, so probably they are a significant mortality factor for adult butterflies.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C318AFF57B6ED21FFF6FFF0AFA42FF60" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8BBDFC7E7B6ED21FFF6FFF0AFEDBFF27" blockId="10.[151,1436,153,248]" box="[151,274,153,176]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<emphasis id="B976206C7B6ED21FFF6FFF0AFEDBFF27" box="[151,274,153,176]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Discussion</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BBDFC7E7B6ED21FFF6FFF2FFA42FF60" blockId="10.[151,1436,153,248]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
Although the earlier instars of this species are similar to those of other grass-feeding
<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B6ED21FFB24FF2FFAABFF43" box="[1244,1378,188,212]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Hesperiinae">Hesperiinae</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B6ED21FFF6FFF4CFEF4FF60" box="[151,317,223,247]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Heteropterinae">Heteropterinae</taxonomicName>
in Africa, the mature caterpillar is distinctive. The pupa resembles those of
<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B6ED21FFB6FFF73FACEFF6F" box="[1175,1287,224,248]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Pelopidas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B976206C7B6ED21FFB6FFF73FACEFF6F" box="[1175,1287,224,248]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Pelopidas</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B6ED21FFAC6FF73FA4DFF6F" box="[1342,1412,224,248]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Borbo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B976206C7B6ED21FFAC6FF73FA4DFF6F" box="[1342,1412,224,248]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Borbo</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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