276 lines
34 KiB
XML
276 lines
34 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="014DFBB583F0602BDBB6038134C70BEE">Notes on rhopalosomatid wasps of Dominican and Mexican amber (Hymenoptera: Rhopalosomatidae) with a description of the first fossil species of Rhopalosoma Cresson, 1865</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="9D45034B0CE4468A1DEABDBA67EE08EB">Lohrmann, Volker</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="EB9241B3436132B186A44765A229248A">Ohl, Michael</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="002DCE4113F32C0BC753FE5D4160153B">Michalik, Peter</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="98D8F1406A0DACCCAC1F9468429AC5A9">Pitts, James P.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="0C811CB6333CEA365F6A9996065197A3">Jeanneau, Laurent</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="69A3BD02F9B7C41A262BBA185940B7A3">Fossil Record</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="79D1A0794701006C613C5F5FC2B263B1">2019</mods:date>
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Genus
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<taxonomicName id="DBAB22DBFFE8FFDFB1A2FDAF5EDCAEED" ID-CoL="642DQ" ID-ENA="92432" authority="Cresson, 1865" authorityName="Cresson" authorityYear="1865" box="[952,1266,622,646]" class="Insecta" family="Rhopalosomatidae" genus="Rhopalosoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="2EDF854AFFE8FFDFB1A2FDAF5E61AEED" bold="true" box="[952,1103,622,646]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="34">Rhopalosoma</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="783A24A9FFE8FFDFB64FFDAF5EDCAEED" author="Cresson, E." box="[1109,1266,622,646]" pageId="3" pageNumber="34" pagination="1 - 200" refId="ref7370" refString="Cresson, E.: On the Hymenoptera of Cuba, Proc. Entomol. Soc. Phila., 4, 1 - 200, 1865." type="journal article" year="1865">Cresson, 1865</bibRefCitation>
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(genus):
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urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:
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<taxonomicName id="DBAB22DBFFE8FFDFB173FD395EC0AF7B" ID-CoL="642DQ" ID-ENA="92432" authority="Cresson, 1865: 58" authorityName="Cresson" authorityPageNumber="58" authorityYear="1865" box="[873,1262,760,784]" class="Insecta" family="Rhopalosomatidae" genus="Rhopalosoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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Rhopalosoma
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<bibRefCitation id="783A24A9FFE8FFDFB603FD385EC0AF7B" author="Cresson, E." box="[1049,1262,761,784]" pageId="3" pageNumber="34" pagination="1 - 200" refId="ref7370" refString="Cresson, E.: On the Hymenoptera of Cuba, Proc. Entomol. Soc. Phila., 4, 1 - 200, 1865." type="journal article" year="1865">Cresson, 1865:58</bibRefCitation>
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.
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species:
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<taxonomicName id="DBAB22DBFFE8FFDFB173FCD95EF2AF5B" authority="Cresson, 1865" authorityName="Cresson" authorityYear="1865" box="[873,1244,792,816]" class="Insecta" family="Rhopalosomatidae" genus="Rhopalosoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="poeyi">
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<emphasis id="2EDF854AFFE8FFDFB173FCD95E14AF5B" box="[873,1082,792,816]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="34">Rhopalosoma poeyi</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="783A24A9FFE8FFDFB65BFCD85EF2AF5B" author="Cresson, E." box="[1089,1244,793,816]" pageId="3" pageNumber="34" pagination="1 - 200" refId="ref7370" refString="Cresson, E.: On the Hymenoptera of Cuba, Proc. Entomol. Soc. Phila., 4, 1 - 200, 1865." type="journal article" year="1865">Cresson, 1865</bibRefCitation>
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, by monotypy.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="1C145958FFE8FFDFB173FC8C5E56AFCE" blockId="3.[873,1462,845,933]" pageId="3" pageNumber="34">
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<treatmentCitation id="9D0A7F49FFE8FFDFB173FC8C5E9AAF0E" author="Westwood, J. O." box="[873,1204,845,869]" page="329" pageId="3" pageNumber="34" year="1868">
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<taxonomicName id="DBAB22DBFFE8FFDFB173FC8C5E9AAF0E" authority="Westwood, 1868: 329" authorityName="Westwood" authorityPageNumber="329" authorityYear="1868" box="[873,1204,845,869]" class="Insecta" family="Rhopalosomatidae" genus="Sibyllina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="2EDF854AFFE8FFDFB173FC8C59E9AF0E" box="[873,967,845,869]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="34">Sibyllina</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="783A24A9FFE8FFDFB1D5FC8F5E9AAF0E" author="Westwood, J. O." box="[975,1204,846,869]" pageId="3" pageNumber="34" pagination="327 - 332" refId="ref9166" refString="Westwood, J. O.: XVIII. Descriptions of new genera and species of exotic Hymenoptera, T. Roy. Ent. Soc. London, 16, 327 - 332, 1868." type="journal article" year="1868">Westwood, 1868:329</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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.
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<typeStatus id="C310E7FAFFE8FFDFB6A5FC8F5EDDAF0E" box="[1215,1267,846,869]" pageId="3" pageNumber="34">Type</typeStatus>
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species:
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<taxonomicName id="DBAB22DBFFE8FFDFB74DFC8C5E8AAFEE" ID-CoL="9G6Y9" authority="Westwood, 1868" authorityName="Westwood" authorityYear="1868" class="Insecta" family="Rhopalosomatidae" genus="Sibyllina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aenigmatica">
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<emphasis id="2EDF854AFFE8FFDFB74DFC8C59C2AFEE" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="34">Sibyllina aenigmatica</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="783A24A9FFE8FFDFB1EBFCAF5E8AAFEE" author="Westwood, J. O." box="[1009,1188,878,901]" pageId="3" pageNumber="34" pagination="327 - 332" refId="ref9166" refString="Westwood, J. O.: XVIII. Descriptions of new genera and species of exotic Hymenoptera, T. Roy. Ent. Soc. London, 16, 327 - 332, 1868." type="journal article" year="1868">Westwood, 1868</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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, by monotypy. Synonomy by
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<treatmentCitation id="9D0A7F49FFE8FFDFB190FC4F5E5AAFCE" author="Westwood, J. O." box="[906,1140,910,933]" page="130" pageId="3" pageNumber="34" year="1874">
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<bibRefCitation id="783A24A9FFE8FFDFB190FC4F5E5AAFCE" author="Westwood, J. O." box="[906,1140,910,933]" pageId="3" pageNumber="34" refId="ref9203" refString="Westwood, J. O.: Thesaurus Entomologicus Oxoniensis; or, Illustrations of new, rare, and interesting insects, for the most part contained in the collections presented to the University of Oxford by the Rev. F. W. Hope, Clarendon Press, Oxford, 205 pp., 1874." type="book" year="1874">Westwood, 1874: 130</bibRefCitation>
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</treatmentCitation>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="54B10AD3FFE8FFDFB129FC065F83AABC" pageId="3" pageNumber="34" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph id="1C145958FFE8FFDFB129FC06598EAFB4" blockId="3.[819,928,967,991]" box="[819,928,967,991]" pageId="3" pageNumber="34">Diagnosis</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="1C145958FFE8FFDFB129FBC359B9A9B3" blockId="3.[819,1462,1026,1751]" pageId="3" pageNumber="34">
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Among extant and fossil rhopalosomatids, species of
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||
<taxonomicName id="DBAB22DBFFE8FFDFB129FBE359EBA851" authorityName="Cresson" authorityYear="1865" box="[819,965,1058,1082]" class="Insecta" family="Rhopalosomatidae" genus="Rhopalosoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="2EDF854AFFE8FFDFB129FBE359EBA851" box="[819,965,1058,1082]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="34">Rhopalosoma</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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are characterized by the following character combination. The wings are fully developed (brachypterous in
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<taxonomicName id="DBAB22DBFFE8FFDFB19DFBA359E1A811" authorityName="Cameron" authorityYear="1887" box="[903,975,1122,1146]" class="Insecta" family="Rhopalosomatidae" genus="Olixon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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||
<emphasis id="2EDF854AFFE8FFDFB19DFBA359E1A811" box="[903,975,1122,1146]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="34">Olixon</emphasis>
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||
</taxonomicName>
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||
); the occipital carina is present (absent in
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<taxonomicName id="DBAB22DBFFE8FFDFB129FB4359BCA8F1" authorityName="Townes" authorityYear="1977" box="[819,914,1154,1178]" class="Insecta" family="Rhopalosomatidae" genus="Liosphex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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||
<emphasis id="2EDF854AFFE8FFDFB129FB4359BCA8F1" box="[819,914,1154,1178]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="34">Liosphex</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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); the apical section of the fore wing cubitus (Cu
|
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<superScript id="EBDEF410FFE8FFDFB7B0FBBD5F9AA8E5" attach="left" box="[1450,1460,1148,1166]" fontSize="8" pageId="3" pageNumber="34">2</superScript>
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in
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<figureCitation id="849045DDFFE8FFDFB14AFB6359BEA8D2" box="[848,912,1186,1209]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="6.[124,191,1417,1439]" captionTargetBox="[150,1435,177,1385]" captionTargetId="figure-14@6.[150,1435,177,1385]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figure 4. Rhopalosoma hispaniola sp. nov.: female, holotype, MB.I 5915, Miocene Dominican amber. (a) Overview. (b) Detail of the head in dorsal view. (c) Detail of the tarsal claws. (d) Distal section of mid tibia with tibial spurs. (e–f) Details of the right fore wing. Abbreviations used in (b) and (c): en – eye notch, lo – lateral ocellus, mo – median ocellus, oc – occipital carina, tc – tarsal claw, t5 – tarsomere 5, and pat – preapical tooth." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10965603" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10965603/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="34">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
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) is at least slightly sinuate (arched, but indented at the level of junction with CuA in
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||
<taxonomicName id="DBAB22DBFFE8FFDFB6B9FB005F1CA8B2" authorityName="Townes" authorityYear="1977" box="[1187,1330,1217,1241]" class="Insecta" family="Rhopalosomatidae" genus="Paniscomima" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="2EDF854AFFE8FFDFB6B9FB005F1CA8B2" box="[1187,1330,1217,1241]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="34">Paniscomima</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and almost straight in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="DBAB22DBFFE8FFDFB1B6FB205E78A892" authorityName="Engel" authorityYear="2008" box="[940,1110,1249,1273]" class="Insecta" family="Rhopalosomatidae" genus="Eorhopalosoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="2EDF854AFFE8FFDFB1B6FB205E78A892" box="[940,1110,1249,1273]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="34">Eorhopalosoma</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
); female pretarsal claws have a preapical tooth (as in
|
||
<figureCitation id="849045DDFFE8FFDFB606FAC35E5BA972" box="[1052,1141,1282,1305]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="6.[124,191,1417,1439]" captionTargetBox="[150,1435,177,1385]" captionTargetId="figure-14@6.[150,1435,177,1385]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figure 4. Rhopalosoma hispaniola sp. nov.: female, holotype, MB.I 5915, Miocene Dominican amber. (a) Overview. (b) Detail of the head in dorsal view. (c) Detail of the tarsal claws. (d) Distal section of mid tibia with tibial spurs. (e–f) Details of the right fore wing. Abbreviations used in (b) and (c): en – eye notch, lo – lateral ocellus, mo – median ocellus, oc – occipital carina, tc – tarsal claw, t5 – tarsomere 5, and pat – preapical tooth." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10965603" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10965603/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="34">Figs. 4b</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="849045DDFFE8FFDFB69AFAC35EB2A972" box="[1152,1180,1282,1305]" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="8.[124,191,1471,1493]" captionTargetBox="[162,1424,177,1440]" captionTargetId="figure-14@8.[162,1424,177,1440]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Figure 6. Rhopalosoma sp.: female, MB.I 6549, Miocene Mexican amber. (a) Overview. (b) Left hind tarsus. (c) Pretarsus with claws. (d– e) Details of left fore wing. (f) Details of right hind wing. Abbreviations used in (b) and (c): pat – preapical tooth, tc – tarsal claw, tf – tarsal fenestrae, t1 – tarsomere 1, t2 – tarsomere 2, t3 – tarsomere 3, t4 – tarsomere 4, and t5 – tarsomere 5." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10965607" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10965607/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="34">6c</figureCitation>
|
||
); female tarsomeres II–IV have apicolateral tarsal fenestrae (
|
||
<figureCitation id="849045DDFFE8FFDFB6B3FAE05ED5A953" box="[1193,1275,1313,1336]" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="8.[124,191,1471,1493]" captionTargetBox="[162,1424,177,1440]" captionTargetId="figure-14@8.[162,1424,177,1440]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Figure 6. Rhopalosoma sp.: female, MB.I 6549, Miocene Mexican amber. (a) Overview. (b) Left hind tarsus. (c) Pretarsus with claws. (d– e) Details of left fore wing. (f) Details of right hind wing. Abbreviations used in (b) and (c): pat – preapical tooth, tc – tarsal claw, tf – tarsal fenestrae, t1 – tarsomere 1, t2 – tarsomere 2, t3 – tarsomere 3, t4 – tarsomere 4, and t5 – tarsomere 5." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10965607" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10965607/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="34">Fig. 6b</figureCitation>
|
||
); and the second preapical process of the male penis valve is narrow to broad, distad from the head of the penis valve, and is not overlapped at its apex by the third preapical process (
|
||
<figureCitation id="849045DDFFE8FFDFB71FFA405F78A9F3" box="[1285,1366,1409,1432]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="1.[124,191,1080,1102]" captionTargetBox="[143,1443,177,1049]" captionTargetId="figure-14@1.[143,1443,177,1049]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="Figure 1. Rhopalosomatidae spp. (a–b) Recent rhopalosomatid larva (last instar, shortly before leaving the host, putatively Rhopalosoma nearcticum Brues) parasitizing a hapithine cricket (Grylloidea). Photographed at Jones Nature Preserve, Rappahannock County, Virginia, USA, on 15 September 2017. Photos: Judy Gallagher, CC-BY-2.0, originally posted to Flickr. (c–d) Rhopalosoma nearcticum Brues, male. (c) Photographed in Mobile (Dog River), Mobile County, Alabama, USA, on 4 July 2011. Photo: Robert Lord Zimlich, originally posted to BugGuide. (d) Penis valve in lateral view. Abbreviations: ant – anterior, hpv – head of penis valve, pap1 – first preapical process, pap2 – second preapical process, pap3 – third preapical process, and pos – posterior." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10965595" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10965595/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="34">Fig. 1d</figureCitation>
|
||
; broadly triangular, near head of penis valve, and overlapped in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="DBAB22DBFFE8FFDFB769FA6159A9A9B3" authorityName="Townes" authorityYear="1977" class="Insecta" family="Rhopalosomatidae" genus="Paniscomima" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="2EDF854AFFE8FFDFB769FA6159A9A9B3" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="34">Paniscomima</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="1C145958FFE8FFDFB154FA205F83AABC" blockId="3.[819,1462,1026,1751]" pageId="3" pageNumber="34">
|
||
(Males and females of the family can be differentiated by the number of flagellomeres – males have 11, and females have 10, by the number of visible metasomal tergites – males have 7, and females have 6, and by the form of tarsomeres II–IV – cylindrical for males and flattened for females. For a more detailed morphological description of the genus and all extant species, including a species-level identification key, the family revision of
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="783A24A9FFE8FFDFB605F9015EEEAABC" author="Townes, H. K." box="[1055,1216,1728,1751]" pageId="3" pageNumber="34" pagination="1 - 34" refId="ref9058" refString="Townes, H. K.: A revision of the Rhopalosomatidae (Hymenoptera), Contr. Am. Entomol. Inst., 15, 1 - 34, 1977." type="journal article" year="1977">Townes (1977)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, should be consulted.)
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<caption id="48D409D0FFEFFFD8B266FD855809AE1C" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10965599" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10965599" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10965599/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="35" startId="4.[124,191,580,602]" targetBox="[358,1227,177,548]" targetPageId="4" targetType="figure">
|
||
<paragraph id="1C145958FFEFFFD8B266FD855809AE1C" blockId="4.[124,1462,580,631]" pageId="4" pageNumber="35">
|
||
<emphasis id="2EDF854AFFEFFFD8B266FD855AF7AE31" bold="true" box="[124,217,580,602]" pageId="4" pageNumber="35">Figure 2.</emphasis>
|
||
Chromatogram from the THM-GC-MS analysis of the Mexican sample. Numbered peaks refer to identified compounds in Appendix A. TriMeNa is trimethylnaphthalene.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="48D409D0FFEFFFD8B266FBF35855A8CB" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10965601" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10965601" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10965601/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="35" startId="4.[124,191,1074,1096]" targetBox="[358,1227,677,1042]" targetPageId="4" targetType="figure">
|
||
<paragraph id="1C145958FFEFFFD8B266FBF35855A8CB" blockId="4.[124,1462,1074,1184]" pageId="4" pageNumber="35">
|
||
<emphasis id="2EDF854AFFEFFFD8B266FBF35AF4A823" bold="true" box="[124,218,1074,1096]" pageId="4" pageNumber="35">Figure 3.</emphasis>
|
||
Reconstructed chromatogram (
|
||
<emphasis id="2EDF854AFFEFFFD8B00AFBF25817A823" box="[528,569,1075,1096]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="35">m/z</emphasis>
|
||
= 234 + 236) of Baltic amber (solid line) and Mexican sample (dashed line). The shift in the retention times of compounds XIIId and XIVd (Mexican amber) compared to IXd and Xd (Baltic amber) is due to the difference of configuration between the
|
||
<emphasis id="2EDF854AFFEFFFD8B361FBAC5BEDA8E9" box="[379,451,1133,1154]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="35">enantio</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<emphasis id="2EDF854AFFEFFFD8B3E8FBAC5816A8E9" box="[498,568,1133,1154]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="35">regular</emphasis>
|
||
forms, which classifies the Mexican sample as a class Ic resinite. The box depicts the similar retention time for trimethylnaphthalene (
|
||
<emphasis id="2EDF854AFFEFFFD8B018FB4B5805A8F4" box="[514,555,1162,1183]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="35">m/z</emphasis>
|
||
= 155).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<subSubSection id="54B10AD3FFEFFFD8B266FB235AEFA9DF" pageId="4" pageNumber="35" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph id="1C145958FFEFFFD8B266FB235B28A891" blockId="4.[124,262,1250,1274]" box="[124,262,1250,1274]" pageId="4" pageNumber="35">
|
||
<emphasis id="2EDF854AFFEFFFD8B266FB235B28A891" bold="true" box="[124,262,1250,1274]" pageId="4" pageNumber="35">Distribution</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="1C145958FFEFFFD8B266FADF5AEFA9DF" blockId="4.[124,767,1310,1460]" pageId="4" pageNumber="35">
|
||
Distribution is predominantly in the tropics and subtropics of the Americas (eastern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="64BC19C8FFEFFFD8B368FAFF582CA93E" box="[370,514,1342,1365]" name="United States of America" pageId="4" pageNumber="35">United States</collectingCountry>
|
||
to southern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="64BC19C8FFEFFFD8B094FAFF58E1A93E" box="[654,719,1342,1365]" name="Brazil" pageId="4" pageNumber="35">Brazil</collectingCountry>
|
||
and northern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="64BC19C8FFEFFFD8B2C7FA9F5B65A91E" box="[221,331,1374,1397]" name="Argentina" pageId="4" pageNumber="35">Argentina</collectingCountry>
|
||
), including some of the Caribbean countries (
|
||
<collectingCountry id="64BC19C8FFEFFFD8B2A6FABC5B0CA9FF" box="[188,290,1405,1428]" name="Bahamas" pageId="4" pageNumber="35">Bahamas</collectingCountry>
|
||
, Cayman Island,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="64BC19C8FFEFFFD8B3FFFABC580EA9FF" box="[485,544,1405,1428]" name="Cuba" pageId="4" pageNumber="35">Cuba</collectingCountry>
|
||
, and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="64BC19C8FFEFFFD8B045FABC58B9A9FF" box="[607,663,1405,1428]" name="Haiti" pageId="4" pageNumber="35">Haiti</collectingCountry>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="783A24A9FFEFFFD8B0BDFABC5A9BA9DF" author="Townes, H. K." pageId="4" pageNumber="35" pagination="1 - 34" refId="ref9058" refString="Townes, H. K.: A revision of the Rhopalosomatidae (Hymenoptera), Contr. Am. Entomol. Inst., 15, 1 - 34, 1977." type="journal article" year="1977">Townes, 1977</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="54B10AD3FFEFFFD8B266FA165BFBAB43" pageId="4" pageNumber="35" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="1C145958FFEFFFD8B266FA165AFCA984" blockId="4.[124,210,1495,1519]" box="[124,210,1495,1519]" pageId="4" pageNumber="35">
|
||
<emphasis id="2EDF854AFFEFFFD8B266FA165AFCA984" bold="true" box="[124,210,1495,1519]" pageId="4" pageNumber="35">Biology</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="1C145958FFEFFFD8B266F9D35BFBAB43" blockId="4.[124,767,1554,1832]" pageId="4" pageNumber="35">
|
||
As it concerns the extant fauna,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="DBAB22DBFFEFFFD8B3F1F9D35B2CAA22" authority="Brues, 1943" authorityName="Brues" authorityYear="1943" class="Insecta" family="Rhopalosomatidae" genus="Rhopalosoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="35" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nearcticum">
|
||
<emphasis id="2EDF854AFFEFFFD8B3F1F9D358D1AA41" box="[491,767,1554,1578]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="35">Rhopalosoma nearcticum</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="783A24A9FFEFFFD8B266F9F35B2CAA22" author="Brues, C. T." box="[124,258,1586,1609]" pageId="4" pageNumber="35" pagination="310 - 318" refId="ref7293" refString="Brues, C. T.: The American species of Rhopalosoma, Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am., 36, 310 - 318, 1943." type="journal article" year="1943">Brues, 1943</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, has been associated with species of trigonidiine and hapithine genera (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="DBAB22DBFFEFFFD8B390F9935BF5AA02" box="[394,475,1618,1641]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="4" pageNumber="35" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="class">Insecta</taxonomicName>
|
||
:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="DBAB22DBFFEFFFD8B3FEF9935872AA02" authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1810" box="[484,604,1618,1641]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="35" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Orthoptera</taxonomicName>
|
||
), i.e.,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="DBAB22DBFFEFFFD8B083F9905B0EAAE2" authority="Saussure, 1874" authorityName="Saussure" authorityYear="1874" class="Insecta" family="Trigonidiidae" genus="Anaxipha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="35" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="2EDF854AFFEFFFD8B083F99058D1AA02" box="[665,767,1617,1641]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="35">Anaxipha</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="783A24A9FFEFFFD8B266F9B35B0EAAE2" author="Saussure, H. de" box="[124,288,1650,1673]" pageId="4" pageNumber="35" pagination="370 - 373" refId="ref8805" refString="Saussure, H. de (Ed.): Genre Anaxipha, in: Mission scientifique au MOxique et dans l'AmOrique centrale, Recherches Zoologiques, ptie. 6, sect. 1, Etudes sur les Insects OrthoptLres, 370 - 373, 1874." type="book chapter" year="1874">Saussure, 1874</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="DBAB22DBFFEFFFD8B330F9B0583DAAE2" authority="Uhler, 1864" authorityName="Uhler" authorityYear="1864" box="[298,531,1649,1673]" class="Insecta" family="Gryllidae" genus="Hapithus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="35" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="2EDF854AFFEFFFD8B330F9B05BA5AAE2" box="[298,395,1649,1673]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="35">Hapithus</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="783A24A9FFEFFFD8B388F9B3583DAAE2" author="Uhler, P. R." box="[402,531,1650,1673]" pageId="4" pageNumber="35" pagination="543 - 555" refId="ref9091" refString="Uhler, P. R.: Orthopterological contributions, Proc. Entomol. Soc. Phila., 2, 543 - 555, 1864." type="journal article" year="1864">Uhler, 1864</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="DBAB22DBFFEFFFD8B050F9B05A9FAAC2" authority="Uhler, 1864" authorityName="Uhler" authorityYear="1864" class="Insecta" family="Gryllidae" genus="Orocharis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="35" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="2EDF854AFFEFFFD8B050F9B05898AAE2" box="[586,694,1649,1673]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="35">Orocharis</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="783A24A9FFEFFFD8B0A6F9B35A9FAAC2" author="Uhler, P. R." pageId="4" pageNumber="35" pagination="543 - 555" refId="ref9091" refString="Uhler, P. R.: Orthopterological contributions, Proc. Entomol. Soc. Phila., 2, 543 - 555, 1864." type="journal article" year="1864">Uhler, 1864</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="783A24A9FFEFFFD8B2A5F9535B13AAC2" author="Hood, J. D." box="[191,317,1682,1705]" pageId="4" pageNumber="35" pagination="145 - 147" refId="ref7675" refString="Hood, J. D.: Notes on the life history of Rhopalosoma poeyi Cresson, P. Entomol. Soc. Wash., 15, 145 - 147, 1913 [Note: additional comments on the paper and rhopalosomatids by Rohwer appear on pp. 147 - 148.]." type="journal article" year="1913">Hood, 1913</bibRefCitation>
|
||
– misidentified as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="DBAB22DBFFEFFFD8B01EF95058D4AAC2" authority="Cresson, 1865" authorityName="Cresson" authorityYear="1865" box="[516,762,1681,1705]" class="Insecta" family="Rhopalosomatidae" genus="Rhopalosoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="35" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="poeyi">
|
||
<emphasis id="2EDF854AFFEFFFD8B01EF9505874AAC2" box="[516,602,1681,1705]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="35">R. poeyi</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="783A24A9FFEFFFD8B07AF95358D4AAC2" author="Cresson, E." box="[608,762,1682,1705]" pageId="4" pageNumber="35" pagination="1 - 200" refId="ref7370" refString="Cresson, E.: On the Hymenoptera of Cuba, Proc. Entomol. Soc. Phila., 4, 1 - 200, 1865." type="journal article" year="1865">Cresson, 1865</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="783A24A9FFEFFFD8B266F9735B23AAA2" author="Gurney, A. B." box="[124,269,1714,1737]" pageId="4" pageNumber="35" pagination="19 - 34" refId="ref7633" refString="Gurney, A. B.: Notes on the biology and immature stages of a cricket parasite of the genus Rhopalosoma, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 103, 19 - 34, 1953." type="journal article" year="1953">Gurney, 1953</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="783A24A9FFEFFFD8B30DF9735B82AAA2" author="Townes, H. K." box="[279,428,1714,1737]" pageId="4" pageNumber="35" pagination="1 - 34" refId="ref9058" refString="Townes, H. K.: A revision of the Rhopalosomatidae (Hymenoptera), Contr. Am. Entomol. Inst., 15, 1 - 34, 1977." type="journal article" year="1977">Townes, 1977</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Blaschke et al., unpublished results; see also
|
||
<figureCitation id="849045DDFFEFFFD8B308F9105B56AA83" box="[274,376,1745,1768]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="1.[124,191,1080,1102]" captionTargetBox="[143,1443,177,1049]" captionTargetId="figure-14@1.[143,1443,177,1049]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="Figure 1. Rhopalosomatidae spp. (a–b) Recent rhopalosomatid larva (last instar, shortly before leaving the host, putatively Rhopalosoma nearcticum Brues) parasitizing a hapithine cricket (Grylloidea). Photographed at Jones Nature Preserve, Rappahannock County, Virginia, USA, on 15 September 2017. Photos: Judy Gallagher, CC-BY-2.0, originally posted to Flickr. (c–d) Rhopalosoma nearcticum Brues, male. (c) Photographed in Mobile (Dog River), Mobile County, Alabama, USA, on 4 July 2011. Photo: Robert Lord Zimlich, originally posted to BugGuide. (d) Penis valve in lateral view. Abbreviations: ant – anterior, hpv – head of penis valve, pap1 – first preapical process, pap2 – second preapical process, pap3 – third preapical process, and pos – posterior." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10965595" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10965595/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="35">Fig. 1a–b</figureCitation>
|
||
). For the remaining 16 extant species in the genus, however, no data have been published to date on their host–parasite relationships.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |