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<mods:title id="E2B25643EF1C3CC5DDFBF70B93F3456B">Molecular phylogeny and classification of Lyropaeini (Coleoptera: Lycidae) with description of larvae and new species of Lyropaeus</mods:title>
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<paragraph id="4F17122D5F72FF98FEE6FF5AA13306D0" blockId="3.[298,613,190,245]" box="[298,613,190,213]" pageId="3" pageNumber="139">
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<taxonomicName id="88A869AE5F72FF98FEE6FF5AA13306D0" authority="Waterhouse, 1878" authorityName="Waterhouse" authorityYear="1878" box="[298,613,190,213]" class="Insecta" family="Lycidae" genus="Lyropaeus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="139" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="7DDCCE3F5F72FF98FEE6FF5AA2CB06D0" bold="true" box="[298,413,190,213]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="139">Lyropaeus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="2B396FDC5F72FF98FE68FF5AA13306D0" author="Waterhouse CO" box="[420,613,190,213]" pageId="3" pageNumber="139" pagination="95 - 118" refId="ref7331" refString="Waterhouse CO (1878) On the different forms occurring in the Coleopterous family Lycidae, with description of new genera and species. Transactions of the Entomological Society London, 1878: 95 - 118." type="journal article" year="1878">Waterhouse, 1878</bibRefCitation>
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<subSubSection id="07B241A65F72FF98FE91FF3AA16406F0" box="[349,562,222,245]" pageId="3" pageNumber="139" type="description">
<paragraph id="4F17122D5F72FF98FE91FF3AA16406F0" blockId="3.[298,613,190,245]" box="[349,562,222,245]" pageId="3" pageNumber="139">
(
<figureCitation id="D7930EA85F72FF98FEA9FF3AA28D06F0" box="[357,475,222,245]" captionStart-0="Figs" captionStart-1="Figs" captionStartId-0="2.[113,157,1976,1997]" captionStartId-1="3.[136,180,2004,2025]" captionTargetBox-0="[198,1365,645,1950]" captionTargetBox-1="[200,1407,1214,1976]" captionTargetId-0="figure-109@2.[183,1383,618,1968]" captionTargetId-1="figure-415@3.[162,1447,1181,1995]" captionTargetPageId-0="2" captionTargetPageId-1="3" captionText-0="Figs. 216. Adult male, general appearance: 2, Lyropaeus (s. str.) aurantiacus Bourgeois; 3, L. (s. str.) ceylonicus Bocak &amp; Bocakova; 4, L. (Lyroneces) rubrostriatus Kleine; 5, L. (Lyroneces) optabilis Kleine; 6, L. (Lyroneces) philippinensis Kleine; 7, L. (Lyroneces) ritsemae Gorham; 8, L. (Lyroneces) waterhousei Gorham; 9, L. (Lyroneces) dominator Kleine; 10, L. (s. str.) kejvali, new species; 11, L. (s. str.) nepalensis, new species. Larva, general appearance: 12, Lyropaeus (s. str.) sp. A; 1314, Lyropaeus (s. str.) sp. B; 15, Lyropaeus (s. str.) sp. C. Scale bars = 2 mm." captionText-1="Figs. 1726. Larva of Lyropaeus (s. str.) sp. A: 17, head in lateral view; 18, ditto in dorsal view; 1920, general appearance in ventral view; 21, abdominal sternite and pleurites of segment 1; 22, abdominal tergite 1; 23, mesothoracic spiracular plate; 24, abdominal spiracle of the segment 1 from Fig. 21. Larva of Platerodrilus sp.: 25, spiracular plate of the segment 1 from Fig. 26; 26, abdominal sternite and pleurites of segment 1. Scale bars = 2 mm (Figs. 1723, 2526); scale bar = 0.25 mm (Fig. 24)." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5353568" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5353570" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/5353568/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/5353570/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="139">Figs. 224</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="D7930EA85F72FF98FE2BFF3AA17D06F0" box="[487,555,222,245]" captionStart-0="Figs" captionStart-1="Figs" captionStartId-0="5.[136,181,2034,2055]" captionStartId-1="6.[113,157,2004,2025]" captionTargetBox-0="[202,1383,951,2004]" captionTargetBox-1="[183,1377,1008,1976]" captionTargetId-0="figure-327@5.[190,1420,912,2026]" captionTargetId-1="figure-188@6.[175,1385,988,1990]" captionTargetPageId-0="5" captionTargetPageId-1="6" captionText-0="Figs. 2838. Male genitalia of Lyropaeus s. str.: 28, L. aurantiacus Bourgeois; 29, L. biguttatus Gorham; 30, L. ceylonicus Bocak &amp; Bocakova; 31, L. cinnamomi Kleine; 32, L. contrarius Kleine; 33, L. densepilosus Kleine; 34, L. fallax Walker; 35, L. grandissimus Kleine; 36, L. granulosus Kleine; 37, L. nepalensis, new species; 38, L. kejvali, new species. Scale bars = 0.25 mm." captionText-1="Figs. 3950. Male genitalia of Lyropaeus (Lyroneces): 39, L. dominator Kleine; 40, L. humeralis Kleine; 41, L. monticola Kleine; 42, L. optabilis Kleine; 43, L. philippinensis Kleine; 44, L. ritsemae Gorham; 45, L. rubrostriatus Kleine; 46, L. waterhousei Gorham. Mouth parts of L. (Lyroneces) optabilis: 47, labium; 48, maxillary palpus; 49, mandible. Pronotum: 50, L. (Lyroneces) optabilis. Scale bars = 0.25 mm (Figs. 3946, 4749); scale bar = 0.5 mm (Fig. 50)." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5353574" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5353576" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/5353574/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/5353576/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="139">2850</figureCitation>
)
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="07B241A65F72FF98FF44FEFAA27607D0" pageId="3" pageNumber="139" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="4F17122D5F72FF98FF44FEFAA27607D0" blockId="3.[136,776,286,469]" pageId="3" pageNumber="139">
<emphasis id="7DDCCE3F5F72FF98FF44FEFAA2B10730" bold="true" box="[136,487,286,309]" pageId="3" pageNumber="139">Adult. Differential diagnosis.</emphasis>
Antennae 10-segmented, head hypognathous, mouthparts reduced and with merged basal palpomeres, pronotum without carinae, elytra with weak longitudinal costae, transverse costae absent. Only males winged (
<figureCitation id="D7930EA85F72FF98FEFEFE7AA2FC07B0" box="[306,426,414,437]" captionStart="Figs" captionStartId="2.[113,157,1976,1997]" captionTargetBox="[198,1365,645,1950]" captionTargetId="figure-109@2.[183,1383,618,1968]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Figs. 216. Adult male, general appearance: 2, Lyropaeus (s. str.) aurantiacus Bourgeois; 3, L. (s. str.) ceylonicus Bocak &amp; Bocakova; 4, L. (Lyroneces) rubrostriatus Kleine; 5, L. (Lyroneces) optabilis Kleine; 6, L. (Lyroneces) philippinensis Kleine; 7, L. (Lyroneces) ritsemae Gorham; 8, L. (Lyroneces) waterhousei Gorham; 9, L. (Lyroneces) dominator Kleine; 10, L. (s. str.) kejvali, new species; 11, L. (s. str.) nepalensis, new species. Larva, general appearance: 12, Lyropaeus (s. str.) sp. A; 1314, Lyropaeus (s. str.) sp. B; 15, Lyropaeus (s. str.) sp. C. Scale bars = 2 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5353568" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5353568/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="139">Figs. 211</figureCitation>
), females completely larviform (
<figureCitation id="D7930EA85F72FF98FF5CFE5AA24207D0" box="[144,276,446,469]" captionStart-0="Figs" captionStart-1="Figs" captionStartId-0="2.[113,157,1976,1997]" captionStartId-1="3.[136,180,2004,2025]" captionTargetBox-0="[198,1365,645,1950]" captionTargetBox-1="[200,1407,1214,1976]" captionTargetId-0="figure-109@2.[183,1383,618,1968]" captionTargetId-1="figure-415@3.[162,1447,1181,1995]" captionTargetPageId-0="2" captionTargetPageId-1="3" captionText-0="Figs. 216. Adult male, general appearance: 2, Lyropaeus (s. str.) aurantiacus Bourgeois; 3, L. (s. str.) ceylonicus Bocak &amp; Bocakova; 4, L. (Lyroneces) rubrostriatus Kleine; 5, L. (Lyroneces) optabilis Kleine; 6, L. (Lyroneces) philippinensis Kleine; 7, L. (Lyroneces) ritsemae Gorham; 8, L. (Lyroneces) waterhousei Gorham; 9, L. (Lyroneces) dominator Kleine; 10, L. (s. str.) kejvali, new species; 11, L. (s. str.) nepalensis, new species. Larva, general appearance: 12, Lyropaeus (s. str.) sp. A; 1314, Lyropaeus (s. str.) sp. B; 15, Lyropaeus (s. str.) sp. C. Scale bars = 2 mm." captionText-1="Figs. 1726. Larva of Lyropaeus (s. str.) sp. A: 17, head in lateral view; 18, ditto in dorsal view; 1920, general appearance in ventral view; 21, abdominal sternite and pleurites of segment 1; 22, abdominal tergite 1; 23, mesothoracic spiracular plate; 24, abdominal spiracle of the segment 1 from Fig. 21. Larva of Platerodrilus sp.: 25, spiracular plate of the segment 1 from Fig. 26; 26, abdominal sternite and pleurites of segment 1. Scale bars = 2 mm (Figs. 1723, 2526); scale bar = 0.25 mm (Fig. 24)." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5353568" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5353570" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/5353568/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/5353570/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="139">Figs. 1224</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="07B241A65F72FF98FF44FE1AA7A904F0" pageId="3" pageNumber="139" type="description">
<paragraph id="4F17122D5F72FF98FF44FE1AA7A904F0" blockId="3.[136,776,510,1141]" lastBlockId="3.[836,1475,190,757]" pageId="3" pageNumber="139">
<emphasis id="7DDCCE3F5F72FF98FF44FE1AA2610410" bold="true" box="[136,311,510,533]" pageId="3" pageNumber="139">Redescription.</emphasis>
Male. Body
<quantity id="8850BFC85F72FF98FE1BFE1AA1390410" box="[471,623,510,533]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.65" metricValueMax="13.5" metricValueMin="5.8" pageId="3" pageNumber="139" unit="mm" value="9.65" valueMax="13.5" valueMin="5.8">5.813.5 mm</quantity>
long, dorsoventrally flattened, coloration variable from testaceous to black or aposematically colored (
<figureCitation id="D7930EA85F72FF98FDF8FDDAA1E30450" box="[564,693,574,597]" captionStart="Figs" captionStartId="2.[113,157,1976,1997]" captionTargetBox="[198,1365,645,1950]" captionTargetId="figure-109@2.[183,1383,618,1968]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Figs. 216. Adult male, general appearance: 2, Lyropaeus (s. str.) aurantiacus Bourgeois; 3, L. (s. str.) ceylonicus Bocak &amp; Bocakova; 4, L. (Lyroneces) rubrostriatus Kleine; 5, L. (Lyroneces) optabilis Kleine; 6, L. (Lyroneces) philippinensis Kleine; 7, L. (Lyroneces) ritsemae Gorham; 8, L. (Lyroneces) waterhousei Gorham; 9, L. (Lyroneces) dominator Kleine; 10, L. (s. str.) kejvali, new species; 11, L. (s. str.) nepalensis, new species. Larva, general appearance: 12, Lyropaeus (s. str.) sp. A; 1314, Lyropaeus (s. str.) sp. B; 15, Lyropaeus (s. str.) sp. C. Scale bars = 2 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5353568" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5353568/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="139">Figs. 211</figureCitation>
). Head small, hypognathous. Vertex horizontal, with prominent anterior antennal tubercles, frons vertical; antennal cavities proximate. Clypeus concave, labrum very small, slightly wider than long; hypopharynx plate-like, with antero-lateral processes, hypopharyngeal plate only slightly longer than wide. Mandibles vestigial, partially sclerotised, inner part membranous, without teeth (
<figureCitation id="D7930EA85F72FF98FE76FCFAA15C0530" box="[442,522,798,821]" captionStart="Figs" captionStartId="6.[113,157,2004,2025]" captionTargetBox="[183,1377,1008,1976]" captionTargetId="figure-188@6.[175,1385,988,1990]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figs. 3950. Male genitalia of Lyropaeus (Lyroneces): 39, L. dominator Kleine; 40, L. humeralis Kleine; 41, L. monticola Kleine; 42, L. optabilis Kleine; 43, L. philippinensis Kleine; 44, L. ritsemae Gorham; 45, L. rubrostriatus Kleine; 46, L. waterhousei Gorham. Mouth parts of L. (Lyroneces) optabilis: 47, labium; 48, maxillary palpus; 49, mandible. Pronotum: 50, L. (Lyroneces) optabilis. Scale bars = 0.25 mm (Figs. 3946, 4749); scale bar = 0.5 mm (Fig. 50)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5353576" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5353576/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="139">Fig. 49</figureCitation>
). Maxilla reduced, with small, setose mala, maxillary palpi short; 4-segmented (
<figureCitation id="D7930EA85F72FF98FD10FCDAA3F00570" captionStart="Figs" captionStartId="6.[113,157,2004,2025]" captionTargetBox="[183,1377,1008,1976]" captionTargetId="figure-188@6.[175,1385,988,1990]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figs. 3950. Male genitalia of Lyropaeus (Lyroneces): 39, L. dominator Kleine; 40, L. humeralis Kleine; 41, L. monticola Kleine; 42, L. optabilis Kleine; 43, L. philippinensis Kleine; 44, L. ritsemae Gorham; 45, L. rubrostriatus Kleine; 46, L. waterhousei Gorham. Mouth parts of L. (Lyroneces) optabilis: 47, labium; 48, maxillary palpus; 49, mandible. Pronotum: 50, L. (Lyroneces) optabilis. Scale bars = 0.25 mm (Figs. 3946, 4749); scale bar = 0.5 mm (Fig. 50)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5353576" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5353576/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="139">Fig. 48</figureCitation>
). Labium two-segmented, apical palpomere pointed at apex (
<figureCitation id="D7930EA85F72FF98FF5CFC9AA3B40590" box="[144,226,894,917]" captionStart="Figs" captionStartId="6.[113,157,2004,2025]" captionTargetBox="[183,1377,1008,1976]" captionTargetId="figure-188@6.[175,1385,988,1990]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figs. 3950. Male genitalia of Lyropaeus (Lyroneces): 39, L. dominator Kleine; 40, L. humeralis Kleine; 41, L. monticola Kleine; 42, L. optabilis Kleine; 43, L. philippinensis Kleine; 44, L. ritsemae Gorham; 45, L. rubrostriatus Kleine; 46, L. waterhousei Gorham. Mouth parts of L. (Lyroneces) optabilis: 47, labium; 48, maxillary palpus; 49, mandible. Pronotum: 50, L. (Lyroneces) optabilis. Scale bars = 0.25 mm (Figs. 3946, 4749); scale bar = 0.5 mm (Fig. 50)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5353576" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5353576/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="139">Fig. 47</figureCitation>
). Eyes small. Antennae 10-segmented, flat; scapus twice longer than wide, pedicel very short; antennomeres 310 parallel-sided, similar in shape, getting shorter and less flattened, apical antennomere slender. Pronotum without carinae, at most with incomplete keel anteriorly along midline; disc of pronotum with punctures at margins (
<figureCitation id="D7930EA85F72FF98FD10FBFAA3F10250" captionStart="Figs" captionStartId="6.[113,157,2004,2025]" captionTargetBox="[183,1377,1008,1976]" captionTargetId="figure-188@6.[175,1385,988,1990]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figs. 3950. Male genitalia of Lyropaeus (Lyroneces): 39, L. dominator Kleine; 40, L. humeralis Kleine; 41, L. monticola Kleine; 42, L. optabilis Kleine; 43, L. philippinensis Kleine; 44, L. ritsemae Gorham; 45, L. rubrostriatus Kleine; 46, L. waterhousei Gorham. Mouth parts of L. (Lyroneces) optabilis: 47, labium; 48, maxillary palpus; 49, mandible. Pronotum: 50, L. (Lyroneces) optabilis. Scale bars = 0.25 mm (Figs. 3946, 4749); scale bar = 0.5 mm (Fig. 50)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5353576" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5353576/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="139">Fig. 50</figureCitation>
). Prosternum triangular, with widely rounded anterior margin and slender apical processes. Elytra flat, widened in apical third, weakly sclerotised. Each elytron with four weak primary longitudinal costae; secondary costae absent. Costa 4 basally forming elevated, well marked humerus, remaining costae much weaker, all costae diminishing apically, absent in apical fifth of elytral length. Elytral interstices with irregular net-like structure. Legs slender, laterally compressed, trochanters longer than one third of femoral length, tarsomeres 14 with gradually larger pulvillae, apical tarsomere slender, claws robust at base, with basal setae. Abdomen weakly sclerotised, much shorter and narrower than elytra, slender; tergites 57 with longitudinal keel, tergite 7 emarginate in middle, terminal segments slender. Phallus trilobate, slender; phallobase v-shaped, fused with bases of paramerae, paramerae wide, with apical processes (
<figureCitation id="D7930EA85F72FF98FC80FD9AA09B0490" box="[844,973,638,661]" captionStart="Figs" captionStartId="5.[136,181,2034,2055]" captionTargetBox="[202,1383,951,2004]" captionTargetId="figure-327@5.[190,1420,912,2026]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figs. 2838. Male genitalia of Lyropaeus s. str.: 28, L. aurantiacus Bourgeois; 29, L. biguttatus Gorham; 30, L. ceylonicus Bocak &amp; Bocakova; 31, L. cinnamomi Kleine; 32, L. contrarius Kleine; 33, L. densepilosus Kleine; 34, L. fallax Walker; 35, L. grandissimus Kleine; 36, L. granulosus Kleine; 37, L. nepalensis, new species; 38, L. kejvali, new species. Scale bars = 0.25 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5353574" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5353574/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="139">Figs. 2838</figureCitation>
) or shortened with simple apex (
<figureCitation id="D7930EA85F72FF98FAFEFD9AA6E10490" box="[1330,1463,638,661]" captionStart="Figs" captionStartId="6.[113,157,2004,2025]" captionTargetBox="[183,1377,1008,1976]" captionTargetId="figure-188@6.[175,1385,988,1990]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figs. 3950. Male genitalia of Lyropaeus (Lyroneces): 39, L. dominator Kleine; 40, L. humeralis Kleine; 41, L. monticola Kleine; 42, L. optabilis Kleine; 43, L. philippinensis Kleine; 44, L. ritsemae Gorham; 45, L. rubrostriatus Kleine; 46, L. waterhousei Gorham. Mouth parts of L. (Lyroneces) optabilis: 47, labium; 48, maxillary palpus; 49, mandible. Pronotum: 50, L. (Lyroneces) optabilis. Scale bars = 0.25 mm (Figs. 3946, 4749); scale bar = 0.5 mm (Fig. 50)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5353576" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5353576/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="139">Figs. 3946</figureCitation>
). Females. No adult female has been collected, the large bodied larvae are assumed to be females, similar to the situation in
<taxonomicName id="88A869AE5F72FF98FC88FD3AA08704F0" authorityName="Pic" authorityYear="1921" box="[836,977,734,757]" class="Insecta" family="Lycidae" genus="Platerodrilus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="139" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="7DDCCE3F5F72FF98FC88FD3AA08704F0" box="[836,977,734,757]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="139">Platerodrilus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
described by
<bibRefCitation id="2B396FDC5F72FF98FBA6FD3AA7AD04F0" author="Wong ATC" box="[1130,1275,734,757]" pageId="3" pageNumber="139" pagination="173 - 187" refId="ref7434" refString="Wong ATC (1996) A new species of neotenous beetle, Duliticola hoiseni (Insecta: Coleoptera: Cantharoidea: Lycidae) from peninsular Malaysia and Singapore. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology, 44: 173 - 187." type="journal article" year="1996">Wong (1996)</bibRefCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>