treatments-xml/data/03/BC/96/03BC9604FFAE045B57EE63C4FF0D3D0E.xml
2024-06-21 12:22:17 +02:00

586 lines
94 KiB
XML
Raw Blame History

This file contains ambiguous Unicode characters

This file contains Unicode characters that might be confused with other characters. If you think that this is intentional, you can safely ignore this warning. Use the Escape button to reveal them.

<document id="9A2A65F24E35ADEB69B90F4B92C09A57" ID-CLB-Dataset="26135" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.4646.2.12" ID-GBIF-Dataset="f144db47-5259-4ca2-923e-f9ddaacddede" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3349391" ID-ZooBank="27EED11C-3EAF-4F13-B3BA-95AA53F9C342" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1563947368931" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Chaban, Elena M., Ekimova, Irina A., Schepetov, Dimitry M. &amp; Chernyshev, Alexei V." docDate="2019" docId="03BC9604FFAE045B57EE63C4FF0D3D0E" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.4646.2.12.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 4646 (2)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Scaphander grandis Chaban &amp; Ekimova &amp; Schepetov &amp; Chernyshev 2019, comb. n." docType="treatment" docVersion="9" lastPageNumber="395" masterDocId="FF85EE7CFFAA04515779604CFFFD3F31" masterDocTitle="Meloscaphander grandis (Heterobranchia: Cephalaspidea), a deep-water species from the North Pacific: Redescription and taxonomic remarks" masterLastPageNumber="400" masterPageNumber="385" pageNumber="389" updateTime="1698747160081" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
<mods:mods id="7833959D268AA79005943D742AA15A61" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
<mods:titleInfo id="6FDF78B312E88958FEEE4B3AB6B5171D">
<mods:title id="ACB210971E7C98EC3619A2C8092C6ADF">Meloscaphander grandis (Heterobranchia: Cephalaspidea), a deep-water species from the North Pacific: Redescription and taxonomic remarks</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:name id="243DC47B6622561D4B8087BA5BD366CD" type="personal">
<mods:role id="D061B4F202B3FBFFC55F3A3E4EC6F833">
<mods:roleTerm id="2B47AF8CFBD268709B2F8E69E7B5FFCD">Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart id="5064EBE0872490BC25CC242FEA35C9D2">Chaban, Elena M.</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name id="772FD388AB121C2E9888C8BCA8F3EBBA" type="personal">
<mods:role id="B54CF6E6579237BDB4A52E0EDED46B09">
<mods:roleTerm id="1765F8C92A8938305DF1120F36447697">Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart id="28EDAB3760C92A611483229DE43CEA21">Ekimova, Irina A.</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name id="F47ACFFBE7C103791CC6683323DD4A21" type="personal">
<mods:role id="5F8BEFC71F51BD514C5DC51F6E8EE428">
<mods:roleTerm id="85CF82F39E714D50078A238603FD464A">Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart id="61553734388B0E6DF820408FB4824E55">Schepetov, Dimitry M.</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name id="9E2475D794B8E9396C2E9F8BE7B0A7D0" type="personal">
<mods:role id="F13C6E5DE34C3F1217E313DD8823AE18">
<mods:roleTerm id="ABF0D17BA1515FD82B6A7D09D4C74E01">Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart id="8E1718D4E4E91BD44AA8C42B173BB0D2">Chernyshev, Alexei V.</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:typeOfResource id="0A94B00F60B5D5AEFA2BE6ADE5FD309C">text</mods:typeOfResource>
<mods:relatedItem id="4B1F93FF27B5528C81B3DE14E87D5421" type="host">
<mods:titleInfo id="416005093E3A68C61A16812D0A5B56DC">
<mods:title id="FCBDBA0C2FF497D179790EF1AA580FE3">Zootaxa</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:part id="4D6D9959361A863B761BEFF398C8E0A4">
<mods:date id="76AF5DA1F4435CDD851F5F26A888B2CD">2019</mods:date>
<mods:detail id="5345B4D67576F8AC5022174C2CCEF2CC" type="pubDate">
<mods:number id="D87B5757DE73F6C3798AD66FFD52E2B5">2019-07-24</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:detail id="55694E003D4FB08AECC7851781999796" type="volume">
<mods:number id="253D1DECF9DA581CC50C1338D37C716E">4646</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:detail id="CCA5D8F5AD6C8753EA2BA8FD401FE44A" type="issue">
<mods:number id="A3C4224C9412BE10009D9DF04DF3F75B">2</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:extent id="3F350EB75C367EAD2EDEC527F585F4EE" unit="page">
<mods:start id="C407684AD535F1BB87AB0169EA28649A">385</mods:start>
<mods:end id="33C545ABE08D3C619DD1C081A6B98F25">400</mods:end>
</mods:extent>
</mods:part>
</mods:relatedItem>
<mods:classification id="86E8152F1486FF09E380F132722079D3">journal article</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier id="1D443468B28BC442FC6E4376B6377D37" type="CLB-Dataset">26135</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="A555ECFCEE9081E417360700D33A59B3" type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.4646.2.12</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="1C8237BF083EB0F3B7B1C8391107F239" type="GBIF-Dataset">f144db47-5259-4ca2-923e-f9ddaacddede</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="F3AFF78161BCEACE1945E0146EA5A403" type="ISSN">1175-5326</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="B4B1750B93556C927562878DD7F78853" type="Zenodo-Dep">3349391</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="BE93C62976535BDF07A4A3A3B88DCB67" type="ZooBank">27EED11C-3EAF-4F13-B3BA-95AA53F9C342</mods:identifier>
</mods:mods>
<treatment id="03BC9604FFAE045B57EE63C4FF0D3D0E" ID-GBIF-Taxon="158852328" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03BC9604FFAE045B57EE63C4FF0D3D0E" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BC9604FFAE045B57EE63C4FF0D3D0E" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="395" pageId="4" pageNumber="389">
<subSubSection id="C30F7499FFAE045557EE63C4FD283C92" box="[151,725,904,931]" pageId="4" pageNumber="389" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8BAA2712FFAE045557EE63C4FD283C92" blockId="4.[151,725,904,967]" box="[151,725,904,931]" pageId="4" pageNumber="389">
<heading id="D0E2907EFFAE045557EE63C4FD283C92" bold="true" box="[151,725,904,931]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="389" reason="1">
<emphasis id="B961FB00FFAE045557EE63C4FD283C92" bold="true" box="[151,725,904,931]" pageId="4" pageNumber="389">
<taxonomicName id="4C155C91FFAE045557EE63C4FD9E3C93" ID-CoL="7T47T" authority="(Minichev, 1967)" authorityName="Chaban &amp; Ekimova &amp; Schepetov &amp; Chernyshev" authorityYear="2019" baseAuthorityName="Minichev" baseAuthorityYear="1967" box="[151,611,904,931]" class="Gastropoda" family="Scaphandridae" genus="Scaphander" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cephalaspidea" pageId="4" pageNumber="389" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="grandis" status="comb. nov.">
<emphasis id="B961FB00FFAE045557EE63C4FE763C92" bold="true" box="[151,395,904,931]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="389">Scaphander grandis</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EF845AE3FFAE045556E363C4FDA73C93" author="Minichev, Yu. S." box="[410,602,904,930]" pageId="4" pageNumber="389" pagination="109 - 181" refId="ref8551" refString="Minichev, Yu. S. (1967) Studies on the morphology of the lower Opisthobranchia (on the evolutionary significance of the detorsion-process). Proceedings of the Zoological Institute, 44, 109 - 181. [In Russian]" type="journal article" year="1967">Minichev, 1967</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A252467BFFAE0455551363C4FD283C92" box="[618,725,904,931]" pageId="4" pageNumber="389" rank="species">comb. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C30F7499FFAE045557EE63E0FED23CF6" box="[151,303,940,967]" pageId="4" pageNumber="389" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BAA2712FFAE045557EE63E0FED23CF6" blockId="4.[151,725,904,967]" box="[151,303,940,967]" pageId="4" pageNumber="389">
(
<figureCitation id="132E3B97FFAE045557E663E0FEDB3CF6" box="[159,294,940,967]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 1" captionStart-1="FIGURE 2" captionStart-2="FIGURE 3" captionStart-3="FIGURE 4" captionStart-4="FIGURE 5" captionStart-5="FIGURE 6" captionStartId-0="5.[151,250,787,812]" captionStartId-1="5.[151,250,1549,1574]" captionStartId-2="6.[151,250,1865,1890]" captionStartId-3="7.[151,250,1804,1829]" captionStartId-4="8.[151,250,1838,1863]" captionStartId-5="9.[151,250,1941,1966]" captionTargetBox-0="[155,1429,188,763]" captionTargetBox-1="[157,1429,843,1522]" captionTargetBox-2="[151,1435,561,1845]" captionTargetBox-3="[151,1435,273,1785]" captionTargetBox-4="[151,1435,381,1819]" captionTargetBox-5="[329,1255,171,1909]" captionTargetId-0="figure@5.[151,1436,181,768]" captionTargetId-1="figure@5.[151,1436,834,1529]" captionTargetId-2="figure@6.[151,1435,561,1845]" captionTargetId-3="figure@7.[151,1435,273,1785]" captionTargetId-4="figure@8.[151,1435,381,1819]" captionTargetId-5="figure@9.[322,1266,166,1922]" captionTargetPageId-0="5" captionTargetPageId-1="5" captionTargetPageId-2="6" captionTargetPageId-3="7" captionTargetPageId-4="8" captionTargetPageId-5="9" captionText-0="FIGURE 1. Distribution of Scaphander grandis comb. n. in the North Pacific." captionText-1="FIGURE 2. Bayesian phylogenetic tree of the family Scaphandridae based on the concatenated dataset. Species-level clades are collapsed to a single specimen per species. Numbers above branches indicate the posterior probabilities, bellow—bootstrap support values. Distribution patterns are highlighted in color: Atlantic (blue), North Pacific (green), Indo-West Pacific (red). Sagaminopteron psychedelicum is chosen as outgroup. Studied specimen of Meloscaphander grandis is highlighted in bold." captionText-2="FIGURE 3. Shell of Scaphander grandis comb. n. (AC) Holotype ZISP 1/62440: ventral view (A), dorsal view (B), apical view (C), h = 33 mm. (DI) Ventral views of the following specimens: (D, H) ZISP 2/62441, station 6-10, h = 9.7 mm (D), h = 18.1 mm (H); (E) station 1-13, h = 24 mm (photo by A. Majorova); (F) ZISP 3/62442, station 10-10, h = 21.5 mm; (G) MIMB 36540, station 6-9, h = 20.3 mm (photo by A.Majorova); (I) MIMB 36540, station 6-9, specimen for DNA, h = 16.7 mm (photo by A. Majorova)." captionText-3="FIGURE 4. Anatomical details of Scaphander grandis comb. n. Specimen ZISP 3/62442 without shell: (A) dorsal view; (B) gizzard; (C, F) odontophore with radula; (D) anterior part of the digestive system; (E) gizzard paired plate, outer side; (G) gizzard unpaired plate, lateral view; (H, I) penis. Abbreviations: bb, buccal bulb; bc, bursa copulatrix; b.g, buccal ganglion; c, cephalic shield; cr, crop; d, prostate duct; es, esophagus; g, gill; gast, stomach; gpl, gizzard plate; mc, mantle coecum; n, kidney; pr, prostate; r, location of rachidals; re, retractor of buccal bulb; p.sh, penial sheath; s.gl, salivary gland. Scale bars: (A) 4 mm; (B, EI) 2 mm; (D) 1 mm; and (C) 0.5 mm." captionText-4="FIGURE 5. Morphology of radula and gizzard plates of Scaphander grandis comb. n. (SEM). (AС) radula: (A) lateral view of lateral teeth, (B) top view, and (C) denticles of the lateral tooth; (D) spiral sculpture of shell; (E, F) paired gizzard plates; (F1F3) microsculpture of different zones of the paired gizzard plate, according to the designation to the plate in Fig. F; (G) unpaired plate; (H, I) gizzard contents. The end of tooth crown is indicated by asterisk. Scale bars: (A, B, D, H) 100 µm; (C, I) 50 µm; (D1D3) 10 µm; and (E, F, G) 1 mm." captionText-5="FIGURE 6. Radula (A) and penial morphology (B) of Scaphander grandis comb. n. by Minichev, 1965, reconstructed using serial sections (C); a, b, c are sections through different parts of the male copulatory system. Abbreviations: pr, prostate; ps, penis. Scale bars: (A) 100 µm; (B) 0.5 mm; and (C) 200 µm." httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/3349393/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/3349395/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/3349397/files/figure.png" httpUri-3="https://zenodo.org/record/3349399/files/figure.png" httpUri-4="https://zenodo.org/record/3349401/files/figure.png" httpUri-5="https://zenodo.org/record/3349403/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="389">Figures 16</figureCitation>
)
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C30F7499FFAE045557EE63BCFC703B39" box="[151,909,1008,1033]" pageId="4" pageNumber="389" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="8BAA2712FFAE045557EE63BCFC703B39" blockId="4.[151,909,1008,1033]" box="[151,909,1008,1033]" pageId="4" pageNumber="389">
<taxonomicName id="4C155C91FFAE045557EE63BCFD5F3B39" ID-CoL="7S4WY" authority="Minichev, 1967: 130 - 134" authorityName="Minichev" authorityPageNumber="130" authorityYear="1967" box="[151,674,1008,1033]" class="Gastropoda" family="Scaphandridae" genus="Meloscaphander" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cephalaspidea" pageId="4" pageNumber="389" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="grandis">
<emphasis id="B961FB00FFAE045557EE63BCFE683B39" box="[151,405,1008,1032]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="389">Meloscaphander grandis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF845AE3FFAE045556E563BCFD5F3B39" author="Minichev, Yu. S." box="[412,674,1008,1033]" pageId="4" pageNumber="389" pagination="109 - 181" refId="ref8551" refString="Minichev, Yu. S. (1967) Studies on the morphology of the lower Opisthobranchia (on the evolutionary significance of the detorsion-process). Proceedings of the Zoological Institute, 44, 109 - 181. [In Russian]" type="journal article" year="1967">Minichev, 1967: 130134</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, figs. 2529; 1969: 43.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C30F7499FFAE045957EE647BFDF83E56" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="393" pageId="4" pageNumber="389" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="8BAA2712FFAE045557EE647BFB043B47" blockId="4.[151,1437,1078,2005]" pageId="4" pageNumber="389">
<emphasis id="B961FB00FFAE045557EE647BFF2F3B60" bold="true" box="[151,210,1079,1105]" pageId="4" pageNumber="389">Type</emphasis>
.
<materialsCitation id="3B7D2D4FFFAE0455579A647BFB043B47" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2294326274" collectionCode="ZISP" collectorName="V Vityaz &amp; Shell" elevation="4665" latitude="46.935" longLatPrecision="112" longitude="-143.98167" pageId="4" pageNumber="389" specimenCode="ZISP 1" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="holotype">
<typeStatus id="54AE99B0FFAE0455579A647BFEB33B60" box="[227,334,1079,1105]" pageId="4" pageNumber="389" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
, (
<figureCitation id="132E3B97FFAE0455561C647BFE493B60" box="[357,436,1079,1105]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1865,1890]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,561,1845]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[151,1435,561,1845]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 3. Shell of Scaphander grandis comb. n. (AC) Holotype ZISP 1/62440: ventral view (A), dorsal view (B), apical view (C), h = 33 mm. (DI) Ventral views of the following specimens: (D, H) ZISP 2/62441, station 6-10, h = 9.7 mm (D), h = 18.1 mm (H); (E) station 1-13, h = 24 mm (photo by A. Majorova); (F) ZISP 3/62442, station 10-10, h = 21.5 mm; (G) MIMB 36540, station 6-9, h = 20.3 mm (photo by A.Majorova); (I) MIMB 36540, station 6-9, specimen for DNA, h = 16.7 mm (photo by A. Majorova)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3349397/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="389">Figs. 3</figureCitation>
AC),
<specimenCode id="DBB38F69FFAE0455557C647BFDAC3B60" box="[517,593,1079,1105]" collectionCode="ZISP" country="Russia" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/vmfx-g997" name="Zoological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences" pageId="4" pageNumber="389">ZISP 1</specimenCode>
/62440, North-East Pacific,
<geoCoordinate id="EE2141D5FFAE045554E3647AFBED3B60" box="[922,1040,1078,1105]" degrees="46" direction="north" minutes="56.1" orientation="latitude" pageId="4" pageNumber="389" precision="92" value="46.935">46º56.1N</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="EE2141D5FFAE04555366647AFB5B3B60" box="[1055,1190,1078,1105]" degrees="143" direction="west" minutes="58.9" orientation="longitude" pageId="4" pageNumber="389" precision="92" value="-143.98167">143º58.9W</geoCoordinate>
,
<elevation id="0038C021FFAE045553CC647AFAA23B60" box="[1205,1375,1078,1105]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.665" pageId="4" pageNumber="389" unit="m" value="4665.0">
<quantity id="4CED8AF7FFAE045553CC647AFAE93B60" box="[1205,1300,1078,1105]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.665" pageId="4" pageNumber="389" unit="m" value="4665.0">4,665 m</quantity>
depth
</elevation>
, R/
<collectorName id="26E042C4FFAE045552F0647BFF263B44" pageId="4" pageNumber="389">
V
<emphasis id="B961FB00FFAE045557EE6410FF263B44" box="[151,219,1116,1141]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="389">Vityaz</emphasis>
</collectorName>
, cruise 29, station 4158.
<collectorName id="26E042C4FFAE0455568C6417FDD23B44" box="[501,559,1115,1141]" pageId="4" pageNumber="389">Shell</collectorName>
length
<quantity id="4CED8AF7FFAE045555FB6417FD293B44" box="[642,724,1115,1141]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.3" pageId="4" pageNumber="389" unit="mm" value="33.0">33 mm</quantity>
; shell width
<quantity id="4CED8AF7FFAE0455541B6417FC4C3B44" box="[866,945,1115,1141]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.8" pageId="4" pageNumber="389" unit="mm" value="18.0">18 mm</quantity>
(the shell and the soft body).
</materialsCitation>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BAA2712FFAE045557BE6432FD973A18" blockId="4.[151,1437,1078,2005]" pageId="4" pageNumber="389">
<emphasis id="B961FB00FFAE045557BE6432FE0A3BA8" bold="true" box="[199,503,1150,1177]" pageId="4" pageNumber="389">Other material examined</emphasis>
. KuramBio I: one specimen (photo) from the Pacific abyssal plain adjacent to the Kuril-Kamchatka Trench,
<collectionCode id="ED04BFD7FFAE045556C564EFFE053B8C" box="[444,504,1187,1213]" country="Germany" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/4b7r-7sec" name="Bavarian State Collection of Zoology" pageId="4" pageNumber="389" type="Museum">ZSM</collectionCode>
, station 1-13,
<geoCoordinate id="EE2141D5FFAE045555ED64EEFD2E3B8C" box="[660,723,1186,1213]" degrees="5,427" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="4" pageNumber="389" precision="55" value="5.427">5,427</geoCoordinate>
<geoCoordinate id="EE2141D5FFAE045555AA64EEFCDC3B8C" box="[723,801,1186,1213]" degrees="5,425" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="4" pageNumber="389" precision="55" value="-5.425">
<quantity id="4CED8AF7FFAE0455559B64EEFCDC3B8C" box="[738,801,1186,1213]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.425" pageId="4" pageNumber="389" unit="m" value="5425.0">5,425</quantity>
</geoCoordinate>
m depth;
<specimenCount id="9D13EC9BFFAE045554F664EFFBE63B8C" box="[911,1051,1187,1213]" pageId="4" pageNumber="389" type="generic">3 specimens</specimenCount>
,
<materialsCitation id="3B7D2D4FFFAE0455535C64EFFE253BD0" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2294326273" collectionCode="MIMB" elevation="5300" latitude="5.293" longLatPrecision="78" longitude="-5.307" pageId="4" pageNumber="389" specimenCode="MIMB 36540" specimenCount="3">
<specimenCode id="DBB38F69FFAE0455535C64EFFB3F3B8C" box="[1061,1218,1186,1213]" collectionCode="MIMB" country="Russia" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/063z-3mpp" name="Museum of the Institute of Marine Biology" pageId="4" pageNumber="389">MIMB 36540</specimenCode>
, station 6-9,
<elevation id="0038C021FFAE0455523664EEFEC33BD0" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.3" metricValueMax="5.307" metricValueMin="5.292999999999999" pageId="4" pageNumber="389" unit="m" value="5300.0" valueMax="5307.0" valueMin="5293.0">
<quantity id="4CED8AF7FFAE0455523664EEFF093BD0" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.3" metricValueMax="5.307" metricValueMin="5.292999999999999" pageId="4" pageNumber="389" unit="m" value="5300.0" valueMax="5307.0" valueMin="5293.0">
<geoCoordinate id="EE2141D5FFAE0455523664EEFA703B8C" box="[1359,1421,1186,1213]" degrees="5,293" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="4" pageNumber="389" precision="55" value="5.293">5,293</geoCoordinate>
<geoCoordinate id="EE2141D5FFAE045552F764EEFF2B3BD0" degrees="5,307" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="4" pageNumber="389" precision="55" value="-5.307"> 5,307</geoCoordinate>
m
</quantity>
depth
</elevation>
;
<specimenCount id="9D13EC9BFFAE04555633648BFE253BD0" box="[330,472,1223,1249]" pageId="4" pageNumber="389" type="generic">3 specimens</specimenCount>
</materialsCitation>
,
<materialsCitation id="3B7D2D4FFFAE0455569D648BFBE53BD0" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2294326271" box="[484,1048,1222,1249]" collectionCode="ZISP" elevation="5297" latitude="5.295" longLatPrecision="78" longitude="-5.299" pageId="4" pageNumber="389" specimenCode="ZISP 2" specimenCount="1">
<specimenCode id="DBB38F69FFAE0455569D648BFDCF3BD0" box="[484,562,1223,1249]" collectionCode="ZISP" country="Russia" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/vmfx-g997" name="Zoological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences" pageId="4" pageNumber="389">ZISP 2</specimenCode>
/62441, station 6-10,
<elevation id="0038C021FFAE0455545D648AFBE53BD0" box="[804,1048,1222,1249]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.297" metricValueMax="5.2989999999999995" metricValueMin="5.295" pageId="4" pageNumber="389" unit="m" value="5297.0" valueMax="5299.0" valueMin="5295.0">
<quantity id="4CED8AF7FFAE0455545D648AFC333BD0" box="[804,974,1222,1249]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.297" metricValueMax="5.2989999999999995" metricValueMin="5.295" pageId="4" pageNumber="389" unit="m" value="5297.0" valueMax="5299.0" valueMin="5295.0">
<geoCoordinate id="EE2141D5FFAE0455545D648AFC9F3BD0" box="[804,866,1222,1249]" degrees="5,295" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="4" pageNumber="389" precision="55" value="5.295">5,295</geoCoordinate>
<geoCoordinate id="EE2141D5FFAE0455541B648AFC4D3BD0" box="[866,944,1222,1249]" degrees="5,299" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="4" pageNumber="389" precision="55" value="-5.299">5,299</geoCoordinate>
m
</quantity>
depth
</elevation>
</materialsCitation>
;
<materialsCitation id="3B7D2D4FFFAE0455535D648BFD083A34" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2294326272" elevation="5125" latitude="5.124" longLatPrecision="78" longitude="-5.125" pageId="4" pageNumber="389" specimenCount="1">
3 shells, ZMFEFU XII 43753/Ga 9383, station 8-10,
<elevation id="0038C021FFAE0455560A64A6FD9B3A34" box="[371,614,1258,1285]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.1245" metricValueMax="5.125" metricValueMin="5.124" pageId="4" pageNumber="389" unit="m" value="5124.5" valueMax="5125.0" valueMin="5124.0">
<quantity id="4CED8AF7FFAE0455560A64A6FDE03A34" box="[371,541,1258,1285]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.1245" metricValueMax="5.125" metricValueMin="5.124" pageId="4" pageNumber="389" unit="m" value="5124.5" valueMax="5125.0" valueMin="5124.0">
<geoCoordinate id="EE2141D5FFAE0455560A64A6FE4F3A34" box="[371,434,1258,1285]" degrees="5,124" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="4" pageNumber="389" precision="55" value="5.124">5,124</geoCoordinate>
<geoCoordinate id="EE2141D5FFAE045556CB64A6FE023A34" box="[434,511,1258,1285]" degrees="5,125" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="4" pageNumber="389" precision="55" value="-5.125">5,125</geoCoordinate>
m
</quantity>
depth
</elevation>
;
<specimenCount id="9D13EC9BFFAE0455550B64A7FD083A34" box="[626,757,1259,1285]" pageId="4" pageNumber="389" type="generic">1 specimen</specimenCount>
</materialsCitation>
,
<materialsCitation id="3B7D2D4FFFAE0455547864A7FAC33A34" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2294326275" box="[769,1342,1258,1285]" collectionCode="ZISP" elevation="5249" latitude="5.258" longLatPrecision="78" longitude="-5.249" pageId="4" pageNumber="389" specimenCode="ZISP 3" specimenCount="1">
<specimenCode id="DBB38F69FFAE0455547864A7FCB03A34" box="[769,845,1259,1285]" collectionCode="ZISP" country="Russia" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/vmfx-g997" name="Zoological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences" pageId="4" pageNumber="389">ZISP 3</specimenCode>
/62442, station 10-10,
<geoCoordinate id="EE2141D5FFAE0455533664A6FB733A34" box="[1103,1166,1258,1285]" degrees="5,258" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="4" pageNumber="389" precision="55" value="5.258">5,258</geoCoordinate>
<geoCoordinate id="EE2141D5FFAE045553F464A6FB263A34" box="[1165,1243,1258,1285]" degrees="5,249" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="4" pageNumber="389" precision="55" value="-5.249">
<elevation id="0038C021FFAE045553E564A6FB263A34" box="[1180,1243,1258,1285]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.249" pageId="4" pageNumber="389" unit="m" value="5249.0">
<quantity id="4CED8AF7FFAE045553E564A6FB263A34" box="[1180,1243,1258,1285]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.249" pageId="4" pageNumber="389" unit="m" value="5249.0">5,249</quantity>
</elevation>
</geoCoordinate>
m depth
</materialsCitation>
(for detailed collection information see
<tableCitation id="C69712A9FFAE0455557E6543FDA43A18" box="[519,601,1295,1321]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="1.[151,239,822,846]" captionTargetBox="[166,1421,894,1367]" captionText="TABLE 1. Sites of sampling of the examined Scaphander grandis comb. n. specimens from the North-East Pacific abyssal plain." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF6A779AFFAB045057EE637AFED43C42" pageId="4" pageNumber="389" tableUuid="DF6A779AFFAB045057EE637AFED43C42">Table 1</tableCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BAA2712FFAE045557BE657EFBA43A40" blockId="4.[151,1437,1078,2005]" pageId="4" pageNumber="389">
<emphasis id="B961FB00FFAE045557BE657EFEC73A7C" bold="true" box="[199,314,1330,1357]" pageId="4" pageNumber="389">Diagnosis</emphasis>
. Shell large, ovoid, wider in 1/31/2 of length, with partly visible spire. Penial sac divided into anterior part with fold-like penis and posterior part with curved strand of vacuolated cells.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BAA2712FFAE045557BE6536FDF93978" blockId="4.[151,1437,1078,2005]" pageId="4" pageNumber="389">
<emphasis id="B961FB00FFAE045557BE6536FEAC3AA4" bold="true" box="[199,337,1402,1429]" pageId="4" pageNumber="389">Description</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B961FB00FFAE045556266536FE673AA4" bold="true" box="[351,410,1402,1429]" pageId="4" pageNumber="389">Shell</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="132E3B97FFAE045556D06537FE103AA4" box="[425,493,1403,1429]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1865,1890]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,561,1845]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[151,1435,561,1845]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 3. Shell of Scaphander grandis comb. n. (AC) Holotype ZISP 1/62440: ventral view (A), dorsal view (B), apical view (C), h = 33 mm. (DI) Ventral views of the following specimens: (D, H) ZISP 2/62441, station 6-10, h = 9.7 mm (D), h = 18.1 mm (H); (E) station 1-13, h = 24 mm (photo by A. Majorova); (F) ZISP 3/62442, station 10-10, h = 21.5 mm; (G) MIMB 36540, station 6-9, h = 20.3 mm (photo by A.Majorova); (I) MIMB 36540, station 6-9, specimen for DNA, h = 16.7 mm (photo by A. Majorova)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3349397/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="389">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
). Large, ovoid, white, covered with pale yellow periostracum, with large body whorl and very small visible spire of 34.5 whorls. Studied specimens from
<quantity id="4CED8AF7FFAE045554B965D3FBA03A88" box="[960,1117,1439,1465]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.135" metricValueMax="3.3" metricValueMin="0.97" pageId="4" pageNumber="389" unit="mm" value="21.35" valueMax="33.0" valueMin="9.7">9.7 to 33 mm</quantity>
in shell height. Aperture as long as body whorl or slightly shorter, wider anteriorly and narrow posteriorly; outer lip thin, almost straight in the middle; inner lip S-curved, covered with thin callus extending to parietal wall. Shell sculpture consists of rounded or irregular pits (
<figureCitation id="132E3B97FFAE0455564E6647FE723914" box="[311,399,1546,1573]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="8.[151,250,1838,1863]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,381,1819]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[151,1435,381,1819]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 5. Morphology of radula and gizzard plates of Scaphander grandis comb. n. (SEM). (AС) radula: (A) lateral view of lateral teeth, (B) top view, and (C) denticles of the lateral tooth; (D) spiral sculpture of shell; (E, F) paired gizzard plates; (F1F3) microsculpture of different zones of the paired gizzard plate, according to the designation to the plate in Fig. F; (G) unpaired plate; (H, I) gizzard contents. The end of tooth crown is indicated by asterisk. Scale bars: (A, B, D, H) 100 µm; (C, I) 50 µm; (D1D3) 10 µm; and (E, F, G) 1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3349401/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="389">Fig. 5D</figureCitation>
) in spiral lines with alternating rows of wider and narrow pits in smaller specimens. Animal can retreat into shell completely.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BAA2712FFAE045557BE661FFA8739E8" blockId="4.[151,1437,1078,2005]" pageId="4" pageNumber="389">
<emphasis id="B961FB00FFAE045557BE661FFEE3395C" bold="true" box="[199,286,1619,1645]" pageId="4" pageNumber="389">Radula</emphasis>
. Formula 15×1.1(0).1; lateral teeth curved (
<figureCitation id="132E3B97FFAE0455547C661FFC75395C" box="[773,904,1618,1645]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="8.[151,250,1838,1863]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,381,1819]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[151,1435,381,1819]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 5. Morphology of radula and gizzard plates of Scaphander grandis comb. n. (SEM). (AС) radula: (A) lateral view of lateral teeth, (B) top view, and (C) denticles of the lateral tooth; (D) spiral sculpture of shell; (E, F) paired gizzard plates; (F1F3) microsculpture of different zones of the paired gizzard plate, according to the designation to the plate in Fig. F; (G) unpaired plate; (H, I) gizzard contents. The end of tooth crown is indicated by asterisk. Scale bars: (A, B, D, H) 100 µm; (C, I) 50 µm; (D1D3) 10 µm; and (E, F, G) 1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3349401/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="389">Figs. 5A, B</figureCitation>
), tapering at the top and bottom, with denticulation in the middle of the inner edge (
<figureCitation id="132E3B97FFAE0455554F663BFD6439A0" box="[566,665,1654,1681]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="8.[151,250,1838,1863]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,381,1819]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[151,1435,381,1819]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 5. Morphology of radula and gizzard plates of Scaphander grandis comb. n. (SEM). (AС) radula: (A) lateral view of lateral teeth, (B) top view, and (C) denticles of the lateral tooth; (D) spiral sculpture of shell; (E, F) paired gizzard plates; (F1F3) microsculpture of different zones of the paired gizzard plate, according to the designation to the plate in Fig. F; (G) unpaired plate; (H, I) gizzard contents. The end of tooth crown is indicated by asterisk. Scale bars: (A, B, D, H) 100 µm; (C, I) 50 µm; (D1D3) 10 µm; and (E, F, G) 1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3349401/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="389">Figs. 5C</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="132E3B97FFAE045555DC663BFD3639A3" box="[677,715,1655,1682]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="9.[151,250,1941,1966]" captionTargetBox="[329,1255,171,1909]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[322,1266,166,1922]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 6. Radula (A) and penial morphology (B) of Scaphander grandis comb. n. by Minichev, 1965, reconstructed using serial sections (C); a, b, c are sections through different parts of the male copulatory system. Abbreviations: pr, prostate; ps, penis. Scale bars: (A) 100 µm; (B) 0.5 mm; and (C) 200 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3349403/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="389">6A</figureCitation>
); they can diverge far from each other (
<figureCitation id="132E3B97FFAE045553F2663BFB1C39A0" box="[1163,1249,1655,1681]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1804,1829]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,273,1785]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[151,1435,273,1785]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 4. Anatomical details of Scaphander grandis comb. n. Specimen ZISP 3/62442 without shell: (A) dorsal view; (B) gizzard; (C, F) odontophore with radula; (D) anterior part of the digestive system; (E) gizzard paired plate, outer side; (G) gizzard unpaired plate, lateral view; (H, I) penis. Abbreviations: bb, buccal bulb; bc, bursa copulatrix; b.g, buccal ganglion; c, cephalic shield; cr, crop; d, prostate duct; es, esophagus; g, gill; gast, stomach; gpl, gizzard plate; mc, mantle coecum; n, kidney; pr, prostate; r, location of rachidals; re, retractor of buccal bulb; p.sh, penial sheath; s.gl, salivary gland. Scale bars: (A) 4 mm; (B, EI) 2 mm; (D) 1 mm; and (C) 0.5 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3349399/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="389">Fig. 4C</figureCitation>
) providing wide grip. Tips of lateral teeth covered with chitin crown ca.
<quantity id="4CED8AF7FFAE0455558466D7FCAE3984" box="[765,851,1691,1717]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="4" pageNumber="389" unit="mm" value="100.0">100 µm</quantity>
in length (
<figureCitation id="132E3B97FFAE045554B366D7FBDC3984" box="[970,1057,1690,1717]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="8.[151,250,1838,1863]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,381,1819]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[151,1435,381,1819]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 5. Morphology of radula and gizzard plates of Scaphander grandis comb. n. (SEM). (AС) radula: (A) lateral view of lateral teeth, (B) top view, and (C) denticles of the lateral tooth; (D) spiral sculpture of shell; (E, F) paired gizzard plates; (F1F3) microsculpture of different zones of the paired gizzard plate, according to the designation to the plate in Fig. F; (G) unpaired plate; (H, I) gizzard contents. The end of tooth crown is indicated by asterisk. Scale bars: (A, B, D, H) 100 µm; (C, I) 50 µm; (D1D3) 10 µm; and (E, F, G) 1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3349401/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="389">Fig. 5B</figureCitation>
). Rachidian teeth rectangular (fig. 6A); vestigial, located in immature part of radular tape (
<figureCitation id="132E3B97FFAE0455547366F3FC9D39E8" box="[778,864,1727,1753]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1804,1829]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,273,1785]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[151,1435,273,1785]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 4. Anatomical details of Scaphander grandis comb. n. Specimen ZISP 3/62442 without shell: (A) dorsal view; (B) gizzard; (C, F) odontophore with radula; (D) anterior part of the digestive system; (E) gizzard paired plate, outer side; (G) gizzard unpaired plate, lateral view; (H, I) penis. Abbreviations: bb, buccal bulb; bc, bursa copulatrix; b.g, buccal ganglion; c, cephalic shield; cr, crop; d, prostate duct; es, esophagus; g, gill; gast, stomach; gpl, gizzard plate; mc, mantle coecum; n, kidney; pr, prostate; r, location of rachidals; re, retractor of buccal bulb; p.sh, penial sheath; s.gl, salivary gland. Scale bars: (A) 4 mm; (B, EI) 2 mm; (D) 1 mm; and (C) 0.5 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3349399/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="389">Fig. 4F</figureCitation>
), and in some posterior working rows of radula.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BAA2712FFAE045557BE66AEFC5E38E4" blockId="4.[151,1437,1078,2005]" pageId="4" pageNumber="389">
<emphasis id="B961FB00FFAE045557BE66AEFE8939CC" bold="true" box="[199,372,1762,1789]" pageId="4" pageNumber="389">Digestive tract</emphasis>
. Small buccal mass connects dorsally to short wide esophagus and short narrow twisted salivary glands (
<figureCitation id="132E3B97FFAE04555789674BFEB63810" box="[240,331,1799,1825]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1804,1829]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,273,1785]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[151,1435,273,1785]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 4. Anatomical details of Scaphander grandis comb. n. Specimen ZISP 3/62442 without shell: (A) dorsal view; (B) gizzard; (C, F) odontophore with radula; (D) anterior part of the digestive system; (E) gizzard paired plate, outer side; (G) gizzard unpaired plate, lateral view; (H, I) penis. Abbreviations: bb, buccal bulb; bc, bursa copulatrix; b.g, buccal ganglion; c, cephalic shield; cr, crop; d, prostate duct; es, esophagus; g, gill; gast, stomach; gpl, gizzard plate; mc, mantle coecum; n, kidney; pr, prostate; r, location of rachidals; re, retractor of buccal bulb; p.sh, penial sheath; s.gl, salivary gland. Scale bars: (A) 4 mm; (B, EI) 2 mm; (D) 1 mm; and (C) 0.5 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3349399/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="389">Fig. 4D</figureCitation>
). Two strong muscle retractors attach to posterior end of buccal mass. Esophagus with thin-walled expansion (crop), opening into large muscular gizzard (
<figureCitation id="132E3B97FFAE0455546E6767FC8E3874" box="[791,883,1835,1861]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1804,1829]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,273,1785]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[151,1435,273,1785]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 4. Anatomical details of Scaphander grandis comb. n. Specimen ZISP 3/62442 without shell: (A) dorsal view; (B) gizzard; (C, F) odontophore with radula; (D) anterior part of the digestive system; (E) gizzard paired plate, outer side; (G) gizzard unpaired plate, lateral view; (H, I) penis. Abbreviations: bb, buccal bulb; bc, bursa copulatrix; b.g, buccal ganglion; c, cephalic shield; cr, crop; d, prostate duct; es, esophagus; g, gill; gast, stomach; gpl, gizzard plate; mc, mantle coecum; n, kidney; pr, prostate; r, location of rachidals; re, retractor of buccal bulb; p.sh, penial sheath; s.gl, salivary gland. Scale bars: (A) 4 mm; (B, EI) 2 mm; (D) 1 mm; and (C) 0.5 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3349399/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="389">Fig. 4B</figureCitation>
). Gizzard with tree gizzard plates. Paired plates large, irregularly-oval (sub-quadrate) (
<figureCitation id="132E3B97FFAE0455553D6703FD393858" box="[580,708,1871,1897]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1804,1829]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,273,1785]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[151,1435,273,1785]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 4. Anatomical details of Scaphander grandis comb. n. Specimen ZISP 3/62442 without shell: (A) dorsal view; (B) gizzard; (C, F) odontophore with radula; (D) anterior part of the digestive system; (E) gizzard paired plate, outer side; (G) gizzard unpaired plate, lateral view; (H, I) penis. Abbreviations: bb, buccal bulb; bc, bursa copulatrix; b.g, buccal ganglion; c, cephalic shield; cr, crop; d, prostate duct; es, esophagus; g, gill; gast, stomach; gpl, gizzard plate; mc, mantle coecum; n, kidney; pr, prostate; r, location of rachidals; re, retractor of buccal bulb; p.sh, penial sheath; s.gl, salivary gland. Scale bars: (A) 4 mm; (B, EI) 2 mm; (D) 1 mm; and (C) 0.5 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3349399/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="389">Figs. 4B, E</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="132E3B97FFAE045555B66702FCF23858" box="[719,783,1870,1897]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="8.[151,250,1838,1863]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,381,1819]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[151,1435,381,1819]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 5. Morphology of radula and gizzard plates of Scaphander grandis comb. n. (SEM). (AС) radula: (A) lateral view of lateral teeth, (B) top view, and (C) denticles of the lateral tooth; (D) spiral sculpture of shell; (E, F) paired gizzard plates; (F1F3) microsculpture of different zones of the paired gizzard plate, according to the designation to the plate in Fig. F; (G) unpaired plate; (H, I) gizzard contents. The end of tooth crown is indicated by asterisk. Scale bars: (A, B, D, H) 100 µm; (C, I) 50 µm; (D1D3) 10 µm; and (E, F, G) 1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3349401/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="389">5E, F</figureCitation>
). Unpaired plate narrow, flattened laterally (
<figureCitation id="132E3B97FFAE045553826703FAA23858" box="[1275,1375,1871,1897]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1804,1829]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,273,1785]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[151,1435,273,1785]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 4. Anatomical details of Scaphander grandis comb. n. Specimen ZISP 3/62442 without shell: (A) dorsal view; (B) gizzard; (C, F) odontophore with radula; (D) anterior part of the digestive system; (E) gizzard paired plate, outer side; (G) gizzard unpaired plate, lateral view; (H, I) penis. Abbreviations: bb, buccal bulb; bc, bursa copulatrix; b.g, buccal ganglion; c, cephalic shield; cr, crop; d, prostate duct; es, esophagus; g, gill; gast, stomach; gpl, gizzard plate; mc, mantle coecum; n, kidney; pr, prostate; r, location of rachidals; re, retractor of buccal bulb; p.sh, penial sheath; s.gl, salivary gland. Scale bars: (A) 4 mm; (B, EI) 2 mm; (D) 1 mm; and (C) 0.5 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3349399/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="389">Figs. 4G</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="132E3B97FFAE045552136702FA6D3858" box="[1386,1424,1870,1897]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="8.[151,250,1838,1863]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,381,1819]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[151,1435,381,1819]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 5. Morphology of radula and gizzard plates of Scaphander grandis comb. n. (SEM). (AС) radula: (A) lateral view of lateral teeth, (B) top view, and (C) denticles of the lateral tooth; (D) spiral sculpture of shell; (E, F) paired gizzard plates; (F1F3) microsculpture of different zones of the paired gizzard plate, according to the designation to the plate in Fig. F; (G) unpaired plate; (H, I) gizzard contents. The end of tooth crown is indicated by asterisk. Scale bars: (A, B, D, H) 100 µm; (C, I) 50 µm; (D1D3) 10 µm; and (E, F, G) 1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3349401/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="389">5G</figureCitation>
). All three plates with central thick area and thinner periphery. Microsculpture of periphery consists of small pits and tubercles (
<figureCitation id="132E3B97FFAE0455567267DBFE9D3880" box="[267,352,1942,1969]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="8.[151,250,1838,1863]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,381,1819]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[151,1435,381,1819]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 5. Morphology of radula and gizzard plates of Scaphander grandis comb. n. (SEM). (AС) radula: (A) lateral view of lateral teeth, (B) top view, and (C) denticles of the lateral tooth; (D) spiral sculpture of shell; (E, F) paired gizzard plates; (F1F3) microsculpture of different zones of the paired gizzard plate, according to the designation to the plate in Fig. F; (G) unpaired plate; (H, I) gizzard contents. The end of tooth crown is indicated by asterisk. Scale bars: (A, B, D, H) 100 µm; (C, I) 50 µm; (D1D3) 10 µm; and (E, F, G) 1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3349401/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="389">Fig. 5F</figureCitation>
<figureCitation id="132E3B97FFAE0455561967DAFE933880" box="[352,366,1942,1969]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1865,1890]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,561,1845]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[151,1435,561,1845]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 3. Shell of Scaphander grandis comb. n. (AC) Holotype ZISP 1/62440: ventral view (A), dorsal view (B), apical view (C), h = 33 mm. (DI) Ventral views of the following specimens: (D, H) ZISP 2/62441, station 6-10, h = 9.7 mm (D), h = 18.1 mm (H); (E) station 1-13, h = 24 mm (photo by A. Majorova); (F) ZISP 3/62442, station 10-10, h = 21.5 mm; (G) MIMB 36540, station 6-9, h = 20.3 mm (photo by A.Majorova); (I) MIMB 36540, station 6-9, specimen for DNA, h = 16.7 mm (photo by A. Majorova)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3349397/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="389">3</figureCitation>
); narrow area between central part and periphery consists of irregularly arranged polygons (
<figureCitation id="132E3B97FFAE0455521667DBFF4738E4" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="8.[151,250,1838,1863]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,381,1819]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[151,1435,381,1819]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 5. Morphology of radula and gizzard plates of Scaphander grandis comb. n. (SEM). (AС) radula: (A) lateral view of lateral teeth, (B) top view, and (C) denticles of the lateral tooth; (D) spiral sculpture of shell; (E, F) paired gizzard plates; (F1F3) microsculpture of different zones of the paired gizzard plate, according to the designation to the plate in Fig. F; (G) unpaired plate; (H, I) gizzard contents. The end of tooth crown is indicated by asterisk. Scale bars: (A, B, D, H) 100 µm; (C, I) 50 µm; (D1D3) 10 µm; and (E, F, G) 1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3349401/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="389">Fig. 5F</figureCitation>
<figureCitation id="132E3B97FFAE045557C367F6FF3838E4" box="[186,197,1978,2005]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="5.[151,250,787,812]" captionTargetBox="[155,1429,188,763]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[151,1436,181,768]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 1. Distribution of Scaphander grandis comb. n. in the North Pacific." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3349393/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="389">1</figureCitation>
); polygons of central area filled with reticular matrix (
<figureCitation id="132E3B97FFAE0455545E67F7FC7B38E4" box="[807,902,1978,2005]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="8.[151,250,1838,1863]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,381,1819]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[151,1435,381,1819]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 5. Morphology of radula and gizzard plates of Scaphander grandis comb. n. (SEM). (AС) radula: (A) lateral view of lateral teeth, (B) top view, and (C) denticles of the lateral tooth; (D) spiral sculpture of shell; (E, F) paired gizzard plates; (F1F3) microsculpture of different zones of the paired gizzard plate, according to the designation to the plate in Fig. F; (G) unpaired plate; (H, I) gizzard contents. The end of tooth crown is indicated by asterisk. Scale bars: (A, B, D, H) 100 µm; (C, I) 50 µm; (D1D3) 10 µm; and (E, F, G) 1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3349401/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="389">Figs. 5F</figureCitation>
<figureCitation id="132E3B97FFAE045554FE67F6FC6B38E4" box="[903,918,1978,2005]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1549,1574]" captionTargetBox="[157,1429,843,1522]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[151,1436,834,1529]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 2. Bayesian phylogenetic tree of the family Scaphandridae based on the concatenated dataset. Species-level clades are collapsed to a single specimen per species. Numbers above branches indicate the posterior probabilities, bellow—bootstrap support values. Distribution patterns are highlighted in color: Atlantic (blue), North Pacific (green), Indo-West Pacific (red). Sagaminopteron psychedelicum is chosen as outgroup. Studied specimen of Meloscaphander grandis is highlighted in bold." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3349395/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="389">2</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF6A779AFFAF045457EE635FFC473C1D" box="[151,954,787,812]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3349393/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="390" startId="5.[151,250,787,812]" targetBox="[155,1429,188,763]" targetPageId="5">
<paragraph id="8BAA2712FFAF045457EE635FFC473C1D" blockId="5.[151,954,787,812]" box="[151,954,787,812]" pageId="5" pageNumber="390">
<emphasis id="B961FB00FFAF045457EE635FFEF03C1D" bold="true" box="[151,269,787,812]" pageId="5" pageNumber="390">FIGURE 1</emphasis>
. Distribution of
<taxonomicName id="4C155C91FFAF045456CF6358FD7F3C1D" authorityName="Chaban &amp; Ekimova &amp; Schepetov &amp; Chernyshev" authorityYear="2019" baseAuthorityName="Minichev" baseAuthorityYear="1967" box="[438,642,788,812]" class="Gastropoda" family="Scaphandridae" genus="Scaphander" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cephalaspidea" pageId="5" pageNumber="390" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="grandis" status="comb. nov.">
<emphasis id="B961FB00FFAF045456CF6358FD7F3C1D" box="[438,642,788,812]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="390">Scaphander grandis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A252467BFFAF045455F06358FD183C1D" box="[649,741,788,812]" pageId="5" pageNumber="390" rank="species">
<emphasis id="B961FB00FFAF045455F06358FD183C1D" bold="true" box="[649,741,788,812]" pageId="5" pageNumber="390">comb. n.</emphasis>
</taxonomicNameLabel>
in the North Pacific.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="DF6A779AFFAF045457EE6641FA7D39A3" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3349395/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="390" startId="5.[151,250,1549,1574]" targetBox="[157,1429,843,1522]" targetPageId="5">
<paragraph id="8BAA2712FFAF045457EE6641FA7D39A3" blockId="5.[151,1437,1549,1682]" pageId="5" pageNumber="390">
<emphasis id="B961FB00FFAF045457EE6641FEF23917" bold="true" box="[151,271,1549,1574]" pageId="5" pageNumber="390">FIGURE 2</emphasis>
. Bayesian phylogenetic tree of the family
<taxonomicName id="4C155C91FFAF045455BE6641FCA13917" authorityName="G. O. Sars" authorityYear="1878" box="[711,860,1549,1574]" class="Gastropoda" family="Scaphandridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cephalaspidea" pageId="5" pageNumber="390" phylum="Mollusca" rank="family">Scaphandridae</taxonomicName>
based on the concatenated dataset. Species-level clades are collapsed to a single specimen per species. Numbers above branches indicate the posterior probabilities, bellow—bootstrap support values. Distribution patterns are highlighted in color: Atlantic (blue), North Pacific (green), Indo-West Pacific (red).
<taxonomicName id="4C155C91FFAF045457EE6636FE2439A3" authorityName="Carlson &amp; Hoff" authorityYear="1974" box="[151,473,1658,1682]" class="Gastropoda" family="Gastropteridae" genus="Sagaminopteron" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cephalaspidea" pageId="5" pageNumber="390" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="psychedelicum">
<emphasis id="B961FB00FFAF045457EE6636FE2439A3" box="[151,473,1658,1682]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="390">Sagaminopteron psychedelicum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is chosen as outgroup. Studied specimen of
<taxonomicName id="4C155C91FFAF045454E56636FB6739A3" authorityName="Minichev" authorityYear="1967" box="[924,1178,1658,1682]" class="Gastropoda" family="Scaphandridae" genus="Meloscaphander" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cephalaspidea" pageId="5" pageNumber="390" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="grandis">
<emphasis id="B961FB00FFAF045454E56636FB6739A3" box="[924,1178,1658,1682]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="390">Meloscaphander grandis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is highlighted in bold.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BAA2712FFAF045457BE668CFB853812" blockId="5.[151,1437,1728,2042]" pageId="5" pageNumber="390">
<emphasis id="B961FB00FFAF045457BE668CFE1F39EB" bold="true" box="[199,482,1728,1754]" pageId="5" pageNumber="390">Male copulatory system</emphasis>
. Prostate cylindrical (
<figureCitation id="132E3B97FFAF045455AF668CFCD239EB" box="[726,815,1728,1754]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1804,1829]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,273,1785]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[151,1435,273,1785]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 4. Anatomical details of Scaphander grandis comb. n. Specimen ZISP 3/62442 without shell: (A) dorsal view; (B) gizzard; (C, F) odontophore with radula; (D) anterior part of the digestive system; (E) gizzard paired plate, outer side; (G) gizzard unpaired plate, lateral view; (H, I) penis. Abbreviations: bb, buccal bulb; bc, bursa copulatrix; b.g, buccal ganglion; c, cephalic shield; cr, crop; d, prostate duct; es, esophagus; g, gill; gast, stomach; gpl, gizzard plate; mc, mantle coecum; n, kidney; pr, prostate; r, location of rachidals; re, retractor of buccal bulb; p.sh, penial sheath; s.gl, salivary gland. Scale bars: (A) 4 mm; (B, EI) 2 mm; (D) 1 mm; and (C) 0.5 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3349399/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="390">Fig. 4H</figureCitation>
), rounded at the end. Prostate connected with penial sac by narrow duct folded near the sac. Penial sac (
<figureCitation id="132E3B97FFAF045455D066A8FD0A39CF" box="[681,759,1764,1790]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1804,1829]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,273,1785]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[151,1435,273,1785]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 4. Anatomical details of Scaphander grandis comb. n. Specimen ZISP 3/62442 without shell: (A) dorsal view; (B) gizzard; (C, F) odontophore with radula; (D) anterior part of the digestive system; (E) gizzard paired plate, outer side; (G) gizzard unpaired plate, lateral view; (H, I) penis. Abbreviations: bb, buccal bulb; bc, bursa copulatrix; b.g, buccal ganglion; c, cephalic shield; cr, crop; d, prostate duct; es, esophagus; g, gill; gast, stomach; gpl, gizzard plate; mc, mantle coecum; n, kidney; pr, prostate; r, location of rachidals; re, retractor of buccal bulb; p.sh, penial sheath; s.gl, salivary gland. Scale bars: (A) 4 mm; (B, EI) 2 mm; (D) 1 mm; and (C) 0.5 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3349399/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="390">
Fig.
<date id="FFAB01D2FFAF045455A766A8FD0A39CF" box="[734,759,1764,1790]" pageId="5" pageNumber="390">4I</date>
</figureCitation>
) elongate, divided into anterior part with fold-like penis and posterior part with curved strand of vacuolated cells (probably for supporting functions).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BAA2712FFAF045757BE6767FDF63E72" blockId="5.[151,1437,1728,2042]" lastBlockId="6.[151,1437,153,539]" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="391" pageId="5" pageNumber="390">
<emphasis id="B961FB00FFAF045457BE6767FD763877" bold="true" box="[199,651,1835,1862]" pageId="5" pageNumber="390">Additional data on copulatory system</emphasis>
. The soft body of the
<typeStatus id="54AE99B0FFAF045454F16760FC173877" box="[904,1002,1836,1862]" pageId="5" pageNumber="390" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
is too fragile to dissect the penial sac. The description of the male copulatory system in
<taxonomicName id="4C155C91FFAF045455AD671CFC44385B" authorityName="Chaban &amp; Ekimova &amp; Schepetov &amp; Chernyshev" authorityYear="2019" baseAuthorityName="Minichev" baseAuthorityYear="1967" box="[724,953,1872,1898]" class="Gastropoda" family="Scaphandridae" genus="Scaphander" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cephalaspidea" pageId="5" pageNumber="390" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="grandis" status="comb. nov.">
<emphasis id="B961FB00FFAF045455AD671CFC44385B" box="[724,953,1872,1898]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="390">Scaphander grandis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A252467BFFAF045454BB671CFBD6385B" box="[962,1067,1872,1898]" pageId="5" pageNumber="390" rank="species">
<emphasis id="B961FB00FFAF045454BB671CFBD6385B" bold="true" box="[962,1067,1872,1898]" pageId="5" pageNumber="390">comb. n.</emphasis>
</taxonomicNameLabel>
was not published by
<bibRefCitation id="EF845AE3FFAF04545248671CFF1938BE" author="Minichev, Yu. S." pageId="5" pageNumber="390" pagination="109 - 181" refId="ref8551" refString="Minichev, Yu. S. (1967) Studies on the morphology of the lower Opisthobranchia (on the evolutionary significance of the detorsion-process). Proceedings of the Zoological Institute, 44, 109 - 181. [In Russian]" type="journal article" year="1967">Minichev (1967)</bibRefCitation>
, but he described it in his PhD thesis (
<bibRefCitation id="EF845AE3FFAF045455EB6738FC6B38BF" author="Minichev, Yu. S." box="[658,918,1907,1934]" pageId="5" pageNumber="390" refId="ref8473" refString="Minichev, Yu. S. (1965) Essays on the morphology of primitive opisthobranch mollusks (Cephalaspidea). PhD thesis. Leningrad, Zoological Institute, Academy of Sciences of USSR, 263 pp. [In Russian]" type="book" year="1965">Minichev 1965: 4849</bibRefCitation>
, Fig. 33). To compare our specimens from the North-West Pacific with the type specimens, we provide here the drawing (see
<figureCitation id="132E3B97FFAF0454535A67D4FB9A3882" box="[1059,1127,1944,1971]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="9.[151,250,1941,1966]" captionTargetBox="[329,1255,171,1909]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[322,1266,166,1922]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 6. Radula (A) and penial morphology (B) of Scaphander grandis comb. n. by Minichev, 1965, reconstructed using serial sections (C); a, b, c are sections through different parts of the male copulatory system. Abbreviations: pr, prostate; ps, penis. Scale bars: (A) 100 µm; (B) 0.5 mm; and (C) 200 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3349403/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="390">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
) and the description of the copulatory system from Minichevs thesis (1965, Fig. 33): “
<emphasis id="B961FB00FFAF0457543B67F0FE053E72" italics="true" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="391" pageId="5" pageNumber="390">Penial sac is lined by ciliary epithelium, … the penis proper is a muscular protrusion on the dorsal wall of the sac. The saccular part of prostate is partitioned by septa into numerous chambers; secretory epithelium is formed by large basophilic cells; their plasma is filled with gran- ules; nuclei are irregular in shape and contain two nucleoli. The duct of prostatic gland is filled with a mass of small-sized rounded nuclear elements (Fig. 33B-B). Strands of large vacuolated cells are arranged along the lateral walls of the duct. It is probable that these strands perform a supporting function; the nuclei are very small and ap- parently absent in some of cells</emphasis>
”.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BAA2712FFAC045757BE6100FD693D2A" blockId="6.[151,1437,153,539]" pageId="6" pageNumber="391">
<emphasis id="B961FB00FFAC045757BE6100FEFD3E56" bold="true" box="[199,256,332,359]" pageId="6" pageNumber="391">Diet.</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF845AE3FFAC045756706101FE3A3E59" author="Minichev, Yu. S." box="[265,455,333,360]" pageId="6" pageNumber="391" pagination="109 - 181" refId="ref8551" refString="Minichev, Yu. S. (1967) Studies on the morphology of the lower Opisthobranchia (on the evolutionary significance of the detorsion-process). Proceedings of the Zoological Institute, 44, 109 - 181. [In Russian]" type="journal article" year="1967">Minichev (1967)</bibRefCitation>
reported that the crops of the studied specimens are filled with sand and debris of bi- valves. We found also foraminifers in the crop of the
<typeStatus id="54AE99B0FFAC0457559C613DFCB63EBA" box="[741,843,369,395]" pageId="6" pageNumber="391" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
. The fatty acid (FA) composition of
<taxonomicName id="4C155C91FFAC045753A4613DFAB33EBA" authorityName="Chaban &amp; Ekimova &amp; Schepetov &amp; Chernyshev" authorityYear="2019" baseAuthorityName="Minichev" baseAuthorityYear="1967" box="[1245,1358,369,395]" class="Gastropoda" family="Scaphandridae" genus="Scaphander" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cephalaspidea" pageId="6" pageNumber="391" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="grandis" status="comb. nov.">
<emphasis id="B961FB00FFAC045753A4613DFAB33EBA" box="[1245,1358,369,395]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="391">S. grandis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A252467BFFAC0457522D613DFF533E9E" pageId="6" pageNumber="391" rank="species">
<emphasis id="B961FB00FFAC0457522D613DFF533E9E" bold="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="391">comb. n.</emphasis>
</taxonomicNameLabel>
was described by
<bibRefCitation id="EF845AE3FFAC045756F961D9FD563E9E" author="Kharlamenko, V. I. &amp; Wurzberg, L. &amp; Peters, J. &amp; Borisovets, E. E." box="[384,683,404,431]" pageId="6" pageNumber="391" pagination="389 - 398" refId="ref8068" refString="Kharlamenko, V. I., Wurzberg, L., Peters, J. &amp; Borisovets, E. E. (2015) Fatty acid compositions and trophic relationships of shelled molluscs from the Kuril-Kamchatka Trench and the adjacent abyssal plain. Deep Sea Research Part II: Tropical Studies in Oceanography, 111, 389 - 398. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. dsr 2.2014.09.002" type="journal article" year="2015">
Kharlamenko
<emphasis id="B961FB00FFAC0457555961DAFDAF3E9E" box="[544,594,405,431]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="391">et al</emphasis>
. (2015)
</bibRefCitation>
(based on the specimens (from station 6) which were nevertheless wrongly identified as
<taxonomicName id="4C155C91FFAC045756F361F6FDDC3EE2" authorityName="Minichev" authorityYear="1966" box="[394,545,442,467]" class="Gastropoda" family="Cylichnidae" genus="Paracteocina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cephalaspidea" pageId="6" pageNumber="391" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B961FB00FFAC045756F361F6FDDC3EE2" box="[394,545,442,467]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="391">Paracteocina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp.): according to these data, the FA composition of
<taxonomicName id="4C155C91FFAC0457531161F5FB273EE2" authorityName="Chaban &amp; Ekimova &amp; Schepetov &amp; Chernyshev" authorityYear="2019" baseAuthorityName="Minichev" baseAuthorityYear="1967" box="[1128,1242,441,467]" class="Gastropoda" family="Scaphandridae" genus="Scaphander" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cephalaspidea" pageId="6" pageNumber="391" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="grandis">
<emphasis id="B961FB00FFAC0457531161F5FB273EE2" box="[1128,1242,441,467]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="391">S. grandis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is close to that of
<taxonomicName id="4C155C91FFAC045757EE6191FEE53EC6" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[151,280,477,503]" class="Gastropoda" family="Scaphandridae" genus="Scaphander" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cephalaspidea" pageId="6" pageNumber="391" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="lignarius">
<emphasis id="B961FB00FFAC045757EE6191FEE53EC6" box="[151,280,477,503]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="391">S. lignarius</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and may reflect a diet rich in microorganisms. The gizzard of the specimen from station 6-10 was filled with detritus, sand, and diatoms (
<figureCitation id="132E3B97FFAC04575572624DFD783D2A" box="[523,645,512,539]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="8.[151,250,1838,1863]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,381,1819]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[151,1435,381,1819]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 5. Morphology of radula and gizzard plates of Scaphander grandis comb. n. (SEM). (AС) radula: (A) lateral view of lateral teeth, (B) top view, and (C) denticles of the lateral tooth; (D) spiral sculpture of shell; (E, F) paired gizzard plates; (F1F3) microsculpture of different zones of the paired gizzard plate, according to the designation to the plate in Fig. F; (G) unpaired plate; (H, I) gizzard contents. The end of tooth crown is indicated by asterisk. Scale bars: (A, B, D, H) 100 µm; (C, I) 50 µm; (D1D3) 10 µm; and (E, F, G) 1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3349401/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="391">Figs. 5H, I</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF6A779AFFAC045757EE6705FEBA38C3" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3349397/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="391" startId="6.[151,250,1865,1890]" targetBox="[151,1435,561,1845]" targetPageId="6">
<paragraph id="8BAA2712FFAC045757EE6705FEBA38C3" blockId="6.[151,1436,1865,2034]" pageId="6" pageNumber="391">
<emphasis id="B961FB00FFAC045757EE6705FEF33853" bold="true" box="[151,270,1865,1890]" pageId="6" pageNumber="391">FIGURE 3</emphasis>
. Shell of
<taxonomicName id="4C155C91FFAC0457560D6706FDBF3853" authorityName="Chaban &amp; Ekimova &amp; Schepetov &amp; Chernyshev" authorityYear="2019" baseAuthorityName="Minichev" baseAuthorityYear="1967" box="[372,578,1866,1890]" class="Gastropoda" family="Scaphandridae" genus="Scaphander" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cephalaspidea" pageId="6" pageNumber="391" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="grandis" status="comb. nov.">
<emphasis id="B961FB00FFAC0457560D6706FDBF3853" box="[372,578,1866,1890]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="391">Scaphander grandis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A252467BFFAC045755336706FD5A3853" box="[586,679,1866,1890]" pageId="6" pageNumber="391" rank="species">
<emphasis id="B961FB00FFAC045755336706FD5A3853" bold="true" box="[586,679,1866,1890]" pageId="6" pageNumber="391">comb. n.</emphasis>
</taxonomicNameLabel>
(AC) Holotype ZISP 1/62440: ventral view (A), dorsal view (B), apical view (C), h = 33 mm. (DI) Ventral views of the following specimens: (D, H) ZISP 2/62441, station 6-10, h = 9.7 mm (D), h = 18.1 mm (H); (E) station 1-13, h = 24 mm (photo by A. Majorova); (F) ZISP 3/62442, station 10-10, h = 21.5 mm; (G) MIMB 36540, station 6-9, h = 20.3 mm (photo by A.Majorova); (I) MIMB 36540, station 6-9, specimen for DNA, h = 16.7 mm (photo by A. Majorova).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BAA2712FFAD045657BE60D4FB9A3FCA" blockId="7.[151,1436,152,251]" pageId="7" pageNumber="392">
<emphasis id="B961FB00FFAD045657BE60D4FEA43F82" bold="true" box="[199,345,152,179]" pageId="7" pageNumber="392">Distribution</emphasis>
. This species was originally described from the North-East Pacific abyssal plain at a depth of
<quantity id="4CED8AF7FFAD045657EE60F0FF093FE6" box="[151,244,188,215]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.665" pageId="7" pageNumber="392" unit="m" value="4665.0">4,665 m</quantity>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EF845AE3FFAD0456567D60F1FE463FE9" author="Minichev, Yu. S." box="[260,443,189,216]" pageId="7" pageNumber="392" pagination="109 - 181" refId="ref8551" refString="Minichev, Yu. S. (1967) Studies on the morphology of the lower Opisthobranchia (on the evolutionary significance of the detorsion-process). Proceedings of the Zoological Institute, 44, 109 - 181. [In Russian]" type="journal article" year="1967">Minichev, 1967</bibRefCitation>
). In the present work, the geographic distribution record is expanded to the North-West Pacific abyssal plain, where the specimens were collected at a depth of
<quantity id="4CED8AF7FFAD045654CE60ACFB9E3FCA" box="[951,1123,224,251]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.275499999999999" metricValueMax="5.427" metricValueMin="5.124" pageId="7" pageNumber="392" unit="m" value="5275.5" valueMax="5427.0" valueMin="5124.0">
<geoCoordinate id="EE2141D5FFAD045654CE60ACFC0B3FCA" box="[951,1014,224,251]" degrees="5,124" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="7" pageNumber="392" precision="55" value="5.124">5,124</geoCoordinate>
<geoCoordinate id="EE2141D5FFAD0456548F60ACFBBE3FCA" box="[1014,1091,224,251]" degrees="5,427" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="7" pageNumber="392" precision="55" value="-5.427">5,427</geoCoordinate>
m
</quantity>
.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF6A779AFFAD045657EE6740FDAC38E9" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3349399/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="392" startId="7.[151,250,1804,1829]" targetBox="[151,1435,273,1785]" targetPageId="7">
<paragraph id="8BAA2712FFAD045657EE6740FDAC38E9" blockId="7.[151,1437,1804,2009]" pageId="7" pageNumber="392">
<emphasis id="B961FB00FFAD045657EE6740FEF33814" bold="true" box="[151,270,1804,1829]" pageId="7" pageNumber="392">FIGURE 4</emphasis>
. Anatomical details of
<taxonomicName id="4C155C91FFAD045656866740FD313815" authorityName="Chaban &amp; Ekimova &amp; Schepetov &amp; Chernyshev" authorityYear="2019" baseAuthorityName="Minichev" baseAuthorityYear="1967" box="[511,716,1804,1828]" class="Gastropoda" family="Scaphandridae" genus="Scaphander" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cephalaspidea" pageId="7" pageNumber="392" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="grandis" status="comb. nov.">
<emphasis id="B961FB00FFAD045656866740FD313815" box="[511,716,1804,1828]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="392">Scaphander grandis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A252467BFFAD045655AD6741FCCC3814" box="[724,817,1805,1829]" pageId="7" pageNumber="392" rank="species">
<emphasis id="B961FB00FFAD045655AD6741FCCC3814" bold="true" box="[724,817,1805,1829]" pageId="7" pageNumber="392">comb. n.</emphasis>
</taxonomicNameLabel>
Specimen ZISP 3/62442 without shell: (A) dorsal view; (B) gizzard; (C, F) odontophore with radula; (D) anterior part of the digestive system; (E) gizzard paired plate, outer side; (G) gizzard unpaired plate, lateral view; (H, I) penis. Abbreviations:
<emphasis id="B961FB00FFAD045654526718FCB9385D" box="[811,836,1876,1900]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="392">bb</emphasis>
, buccal bulb;
<emphasis id="B961FB00FFAD045654AF6718FC13385D" box="[982,1006,1876,1900]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="392">bc</emphasis>
, bursa copulatrix;
<emphasis id="B961FB00FFAD045653D76718FB29385D" box="[1198,1236,1876,1900]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="392">b.g,</emphasis>
buccal ganglion;
<emphasis id="B961FB00FFAD045652F26719FA60385D" box="[1419,1437,1877,1900]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="392">c,</emphasis>
cephalic shield;
<emphasis id="B961FB00FFAD045656436735FEAE38A1" box="[314,339,1913,1936]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="392">cr,</emphasis>
crop;
<emphasis id="B961FB00FFAD045656EB6734FE5838A1" box="[402,421,1912,1936]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="392">d,</emphasis>
prostate duct;
<emphasis id="B961FB00FFAD045655406735FDB338A1" box="[569,590,1913,1936]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="392">es</emphasis>
, esophagus;
<emphasis id="B961FB00FFAD045655A96735FD1F38A1" box="[720,738,1913,1936]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="392">g,</emphasis>
gill;
<emphasis id="B961FB00FFAD0456546E6735FCBC38A1" box="[791,833,1913,1936]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="392">gast</emphasis>
, stomach;
<emphasis id="B961FB00FFAD045654D76734FC3338A1" box="[942,974,1912,1936]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="392">gpl</emphasis>
, gizzard plate;
<emphasis id="B961FB00FFAD045653116735FB7B38A1" box="[1128,1158,1913,1936]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="392">mc</emphasis>
, mantle coecum;
<emphasis id="B961FB00FFAD045652416735FAB738A1" box="[1336,1354,1913,1936]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="392">n,</emphasis>
kidney;
<emphasis id="B961FB00FFAD045657EE67D1FF533885" box="[151,174,1949,1972]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="392">pr</emphasis>
, prostate;
<emphasis id="B961FB00FFAD0456566167D1FEDF3885" box="[280,290,1949,1972]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="392">r</emphasis>
, location of rachidals;
<emphasis id="B961FB00FFAD0456557267D1FDE23885" box="[523,543,1949,1972]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="392">re</emphasis>
, retractor of buccal bulb;
<emphasis id="B961FB00FFAD0456545E67D0FCAD3885" box="[807,848,1948,1972]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="392">p.sh</emphasis>
, penial sheath;
<emphasis id="B961FB00FFAD0456548967D0FBE93885" box="[1008,1044,1948,1972]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="392">s.gl</emphasis>
, salivary gland. Scale bars: (A) 4 mm; (B, EI) 2 mm; (D) 1 mm; and (C) 0.5 mm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BAA2712FFA2045957BE60D5FDF83E56" blockId="8.[151,1437,153,359]" pageId="8" pageNumber="393">
<emphasis id="B961FB00FFA2045957BE60D5FEC63F82" bold="true" box="[199,315,153,179]" pageId="8" pageNumber="393">Remarks.</emphasis>
We identified the studied specimens as
<taxonomicName id="4C155C91FFA20459558660D5FC1F3F82" authorityName="Chaban &amp; Ekimova &amp; Schepetov &amp; Chernyshev" authorityYear="2019" baseAuthorityName="Minichev" baseAuthorityYear="1967" box="[767,994,153,179]" class="Gastropoda" family="Scaphandridae" genus="Scaphander" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cephalaspidea" pageId="8" pageNumber="393" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="grandis" status="comb. nov.">
<emphasis id="B961FB00FFA20459558660D5FC1F3F82" box="[767,994,153,179]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="393">Scaphander grandis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A252467BFFA20459549060D5FBAD3F82" box="[1001,1104,153,179]" pageId="8" pageNumber="393" rank="species">
<emphasis id="B961FB00FFA20459549060D5FBAD3F82" bold="true" box="[1001,1104,153,179]" pageId="8" pageNumber="393">comb. n.</emphasis>
</taxonomicNameLabel>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EF845AE3FFA20459532760D5FAF13F85" author="Minichev, Yu. S." box="[1118,1292,153,180]" pageId="8" pageNumber="393" pagination="109 - 181" refId="ref8551" refString="Minichev, Yu. S. (1967) Studies on the morphology of the lower Opisthobranchia (on the evolutionary significance of the detorsion-process). Proceedings of the Zoological Institute, 44, 109 - 181. [In Russian]" type="journal article" year="1967">Minichev 1967</bibRefCitation>
) due to their similarity to the
<typeStatus id="54AE99B0FFA20459563760F1FE833FE6" box="[334,382,189,215]" pageId="8" pageNumber="393">type</typeStatus>
specimens in shell, gizzard plates, and penial morphology (see Description). The morphologi- cal analyses confirm the placement of this species in the genus
<taxonomicName id="4C155C91FFA20459542B60ADFC253FCA" authorityName="Montfort" authorityYear="1810" box="[850,984,225,251]" class="Gastropoda" family="Scaphandridae" genus="Scaphander" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cephalaspidea" pageId="8" pageNumber="393" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B961FB00FFA20459542B60ADFC253FCA" box="[850,984,225,251]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="393">Scaphander</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
: radula bears single, hamate lateral teeth and a vestigial rachidian tooth; penis is unarmed, connected to the prostate by a long duct; gizzard has two large sub-triangular plates and an unpaired one. All these traits are characteristics of the genus (
<bibRefCitation id="EF845AE3FFA2045953E26165FF223E56" author="Eilertsen, M. H. &amp; Malaquias, M. A. E." pageId="8" pageNumber="393" pagination="512 - 525" refId="ref7646" refString="Eilertsen, M. H. &amp; Malaquias, M. A. E. (2013 a) Unique digestive system, trophic specialization, and diversification in the deepsea gastropod genus Scaphander. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 109, 512 - 525. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / bij. 12069" type="journal article" year="2013">Eilertsen &amp; Malaquias 2013a</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EF845AE3FFA2045957936101FE073E56" author="Valdes, A. &amp; McLean, J. H." box="[234,506,332,359]" pageId="8" pageNumber="393" pagination="118 - 125" refId="ref9532" refString="Valdes, A. &amp; McLean, J. H. (2015) On two abyssal species of Scaphandridae G. O. Sars, 1878 (Gastropoda: Cephalaspidea) from the eastern Pacific. The Nautilus, 129 (3), 118 - 125." type="journal article" year="2015">Valdés &amp; McLean 2015</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<caption id="DF6A779AFFA2045957EE6762FD9E38E7" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3349401/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="393" startId="8.[151,250,1838,1863]" targetBox="[151,1435,381,1819]" targetPageId="8">
<paragraph id="8BAA2712FFA2045957EE6762FD9E38E7" blockId="8.[151,1437,1838,2007]" pageId="8" pageNumber="393">
<emphasis id="B961FB00FFA2045957EE6762FEF33876" bold="true" box="[151,270,1838,1863]" pageId="8" pageNumber="393">FIGURE 5</emphasis>
. Morphology of radula and gizzard plates of
<taxonomicName id="4C155C91FFA2045955A56763FC543876" authorityName="Chaban &amp; Ekimova &amp; Schepetov &amp; Chernyshev" authorityYear="2019" baseAuthorityName="Minichev" baseAuthorityYear="1967" box="[732,937,1839,1863]" class="Gastropoda" family="Scaphandridae" genus="Scaphander" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cephalaspidea" pageId="8" pageNumber="393" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="grandis" status="comb. nov.">
<emphasis id="B961FB00FFA2045955A56763FC543876" box="[732,937,1839,1863]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="393">Scaphander grandis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A252467BFFA2045954C86763FBF03876" box="[945,1037,1839,1863]" pageId="8" pageNumber="393" rank="species">
<emphasis id="B961FB00FFA2045954C86763FBF03876" bold="true" box="[945,1037,1839,1863]" pageId="8" pageNumber="393">comb. n.</emphasis>
</taxonomicNameLabel>
(SEM). (AС) radula: (A) lateral view of lateral teeth, (B) top view, and (C) denticles of the lateral tooth; (D) spiral sculpture of shell; (E, F) paired gizzard plates; (F1F3) microsculpture of different zones of the paired gizzard plate, according to the designation to the plate in Fig. F; (G) unpaired plate; (H, I) gizzard contents. The end of tooth crown is indicated by asterisk. Scale bars: (A, B, D, H) 100 µm; (C, I) 50 µm; (D1D3) 10 µm; and (E, F, G) 1 mm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="DF6A779AFFA3045857EE67D9FD0238C7" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3349403/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="394" startId="9.[151,250,1941,1966]" targetBox="[329,1255,171,1909]" targetPageId="9">
<paragraph id="8BAA2712FFA3045857EE67D9FD0238C7" blockId="9.[151,1436,1941,2038]" pageId="9" pageNumber="394">
<emphasis id="B961FB00FFA3045857EE67D9FEF3389F" bold="true" box="[151,270,1941,1966]" pageId="9" pageNumber="394">FIGURE 6</emphasis>
. Radula (A) and penial morphology (B) of
<taxonomicName id="4C155C91FFA3045855B767DAFC61389F" authorityName="Chaban &amp; Ekimova &amp; Schepetov &amp; Chernyshev" authorityYear="2019" baseAuthorityName="Minichev" baseAuthorityYear="1967" box="[718,924,1942,1966]" class="Gastropoda" family="Scaphandridae" genus="Scaphander" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cephalaspidea" pageId="9" pageNumber="394" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="grandis" status="comb. nov.">
<emphasis id="B961FB00FFA3045855B767DAFC61389F" box="[718,924,1942,1966]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="394">Scaphander grandis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A252467BFFA3045854DA67DAFBFD389F" box="[931,1024,1942,1966]" pageId="9" pageNumber="394" rank="species">
<emphasis id="B961FB00FFA3045854DA67DAFBFD389F" bold="true" box="[931,1024,1942,1966]" pageId="9" pageNumber="394">comb. n.</emphasis>
</taxonomicNameLabel>
by
<bibRefCitation id="EF845AE3FFA30458535167D9FB37389F" author="Minichev, Yu. S." box="[1064,1226,1941,1966]" pageId="9" pageNumber="394" refId="ref8473" refString="Minichev, Yu. S. (1965) Essays on the morphology of primitive opisthobranch mollusks (Cephalaspidea). PhD thesis. Leningrad, Zoological Institute, Academy of Sciences of USSR, 263 pp. [In Russian]" type="book" year="1965">Minichev, 1965</bibRefCitation>
, reconstructed using serial sections (C); a, b, c are sections through different parts of the male copulatory system. Abbreviations:
<emphasis id="B961FB00FFA30458538267F7FAEF38E3" box="[1275,1298,1979,2002]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="394">pr</emphasis>
, prostate;
<emphasis id="B961FB00FFA30458520667F7FA6B38E3" box="[1407,1430,1979,2002]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="394">ps</emphasis>
, penis. Scale bars: (A) 100 µm; (B) 0.5 mm; and (C) 200 µm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<subSubSection id="C30F7499FFA0045B57BE60D5FF0D3D0E" pageId="10" pageNumber="395" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="8BAA2712FFA0045B57BE60D5FDBC3EBA" blockId="10.[151,1437,153,575]" pageId="10" pageNumber="395">
<taxonomicName id="4C155C91FFA0045B57BE60D5FE513F82" ID-CoL="7T47T" authorityName="Chaban &amp; Ekimova &amp; Schepetov &amp; Chernyshev" authorityYear="2019" baseAuthorityName="Minichev" baseAuthorityYear="1967" box="[199,428,153,179]" class="Gastropoda" family="Scaphandridae" genus="Scaphander" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cephalaspidea" pageId="10" pageNumber="395" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="grandis" status="comb. nov.">
<emphasis id="B961FB00FFA0045B57BE60D5FE513F82" box="[199,428,153,179]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="395">Scaphander grandis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A252467BFFA0045B56CC60D5FDE33F82" box="[437,542,153,179]" pageId="10" pageNumber="395" rank="species">
<emphasis id="B961FB00FFA0045B56CC60D5FDE33F82" bold="true" box="[437,542,153,179]" pageId="10" pageNumber="395">comb. n.</emphasis>
</taxonomicNameLabel>
differs from the other two species, which were described as members of
<taxonomicName id="4C155C91FFA0045B521660D6FED23FE6" ID-CoL="0a8bfb3e-d806-4799-a02e-0a855a797122" authorityName="Schepman" authorityYear="1913" class="Gastropoda" family="Scaphandridae" genus="Meloscaphander" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cephalaspidea" pageId="10" pageNumber="395" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B961FB00FFA0045B521660D6FED23FE6" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="395">Meloscaphander</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, in shell proportions and penial morphology (
<tableCitation id="C69712A9FFA0045B544D60F1FC713FE6" box="[820,908,189,215]" captionStart="TABLE 4" captionStartId="11.[151,239,890,916]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="TABLE 4. Comparative characters of the species described in the binomen with Meloscaphander." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF6A779AFFA1045A57EE6336FB4D3CA5" pageId="10" pageNumber="395" tableUuid="DF6A779AFFA1045A57EE6336FB4D3CA5">Table 4</tableCitation>
).
<taxonomicName id="4C155C91FFA0045B54D860F1FBEE3FE6" ID-CoL="7T47T" authorityName="Chaban &amp; Ekimova &amp; Schepetov &amp; Chernyshev" authorityYear="2019" baseAuthorityName="Minichev" baseAuthorityYear="1967" box="[929,1043,189,215]" class="Gastropoda" family="Scaphandridae" genus="Scaphander" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cephalaspidea" pageId="10" pageNumber="395" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="grandis" status="comb. nov.">
<emphasis id="B961FB00FFA0045B54D860F1FBEE3FE6" box="[929,1043,189,215]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="395">S. grandis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A252467BFFA0045B536360F1FB7C3FE6" box="[1050,1153,189,215]" pageId="10" pageNumber="395" rank="species">
<emphasis id="B961FB00FFA0045B536360F1FB7C3FE6" bold="true" box="[1050,1153,189,215]" pageId="10" pageNumber="395">comb. n.</emphasis>
</taxonomicNameLabel>
differs from all the other species of
<taxonomicName id="4C155C91FFA0045B567460ADFE6E3FCA" ID-CoL="7PGB9" authorityName="Montfort" authorityYear="1810" box="[269,403,225,251]" class="Gastropoda" family="Scaphandridae" genus="Scaphander" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cephalaspidea" pageId="10" pageNumber="395" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B961FB00FFA0045B567460ADFE6E3FCA" box="[269,403,225,251]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="395">Scaphander</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by the visible shell spire. The sub-quadrate gizzard plates of
<taxonomicName id="4C155C91FFA0045B533960ADFB4F3FCA" ID-CoL="7T47T" authorityName="Chaban &amp; Ekimova &amp; Schepetov &amp; Chernyshev" authorityYear="2019" baseAuthorityName="Minichev" baseAuthorityYear="1967" box="[1088,1202,225,251]" class="Gastropoda" family="Scaphandridae" genus="Scaphander" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cephalaspidea" pageId="10" pageNumber="395" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="grandis" status="comb. nov.">
<emphasis id="B961FB00FFA0045B533960ADFB4F3FCA" box="[1088,1202,225,251]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="395">S. grandis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A252467BFFA0045B53C060ADFAE23FCA" box="[1209,1311,225,251]" pageId="10" pageNumber="395" rank="species">
<emphasis id="B961FB00FFA0045B53C060ADFAE23FCA" bold="true" box="[1209,1311,225,251]" pageId="10" pageNumber="395">comb. n.</emphasis>
</taxonomicNameLabel>
are similar to the plates of
<taxonomicName id="4C155C91FFA0045B563F6149FDA13E2E" ID-CoL="6Y3Z9" authority="Watson, 1883" authorityName="Watson" authorityYear="1883" box="[326,604,261,287]" class="Gastropoda" family="Scaphandridae" genus="Scaphander" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cephalaspidea" pageId="10" pageNumber="395" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="mundus">
<emphasis id="B961FB00FFA0045B563F6149FE473E2E" box="[326,442,261,287]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="395">S. mundus</emphasis>
Watson, 1883
</taxonomicName>
(see
<bibRefCitation id="EF845AE3FFA0045B55EE6149FCD83E2E" author="Valdes, A." box="[663,805,261,287]" pageId="10" pageNumber="395" pagination="587 - 792" refId="ref9434" refString="Valdes, A. (2008) Deep-sea &quot; cephalaspidean &quot; heterobranchs (Gastropoda) from the tropical southwest Pacific. In: Heros, V., Cowie, R. H., Bouchet, P. (Eds.), Tropical Deep-Sea Benthos 25. Memoires du Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, Paris, 196, 587 - 792." type="journal article" year="2008">Valdés 2008</bibRefCitation>
, Fig. 42, E) and
<taxonomicName id="4C155C91FFA0045B54986149FB053E2E" ID-CoL="6XRYW" authority="Dall, 1890" authorityName="Dall" authorityYear="1890" box="[993,1272,261,287]" class="Gastropoda" family="Scaphandridae" genus="Scaphander" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cephalaspidea" pageId="10" pageNumber="395" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="interruptus">
<emphasis id="B961FB00FFA0045B54986149FB843E2E" box="[993,1145,261,287]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="395">S. interruptus</emphasis>
Dall, 1890
</taxonomicName>
(see
<bibRefCitation id="EF845AE3FFA0045B524D6149FECA3E72" author="Valdes, A. &amp; McLean, J. H." pageId="10" pageNumber="395" pagination="118 - 125" refId="ref9532" refString="Valdes, A. &amp; McLean, J. H. (2015) On two abyssal species of Scaphandridae G. O. Sars, 1878 (Gastropoda: Cephalaspidea) from the eastern Pacific. The Nautilus, 129 (3), 118 - 125." type="journal article" year="2015">Valdés &amp; McLean 2015</bibRefCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="132E3B97FFA0045B563B6165FE6D3E72" box="[322,400,297,323]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1865,1890]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,561,1845]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[151,1435,561,1845]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 3. Shell of Scaphander grandis comb. n. (AC) Holotype ZISP 1/62440: ventral view (A), dorsal view (B), apical view (C), h = 33 mm. (DI) Ventral views of the following specimens: (D, H) ZISP 2/62441, station 6-10, h = 9.7 mm (D), h = 18.1 mm (H); (E) station 1-13, h = 24 mm (photo by A. Majorova); (F) ZISP 3/62442, station 10-10, h = 21.5 mm; (G) MIMB 36540, station 6-9, h = 20.3 mm (photo by A.Majorova); (I) MIMB 36540, station 6-9, specimen for DNA, h = 16.7 mm (photo by A. Majorova)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3349397/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="395">Figs. 3</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="132E3B97FFA0045B56E76165FE523E72" box="[414,431,297,323]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1804,1829]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,273,1785]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[151,1435,273,1785]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 4. Anatomical details of Scaphander grandis comb. n. Specimen ZISP 3/62442 without shell: (A) dorsal view; (B) gizzard; (C, F) odontophore with radula; (D) anterior part of the digestive system; (E) gizzard paired plate, outer side; (G) gizzard unpaired plate, lateral view; (H, I) penis. Abbreviations: bb, buccal bulb; bc, bursa copulatrix; b.g, buccal ganglion; c, cephalic shield; cr, crop; d, prostate duct; es, esophagus; g, gill; gast, stomach; gpl, gizzard plate; mc, mantle coecum; n, kidney; pr, prostate; r, location of rachidals; re, retractor of buccal bulb; p.sh, penial sheath; s.gl, salivary gland. Scale bars: (A) 4 mm; (B, EI) 2 mm; (D) 1 mm; and (C) 0.5 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3349399/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="395">4</figureCitation>
). The male copulatory system of
<taxonomicName id="4C155C91FFA0045B545E6165FC673E72" ID-CoL="7T47T" authorityName="Chaban &amp; Ekimova &amp; Schepetov &amp; Chernyshev" authorityYear="2019" baseAuthorityName="Minichev" baseAuthorityYear="1967" box="[807,922,297,323]" class="Gastropoda" family="Scaphandridae" genus="Scaphander" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cephalaspidea" pageId="10" pageNumber="395" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="grandis" status="comb. nov.">
<emphasis id="B961FB00FFA0045B545E6165FC673E72" box="[807,922,297,323]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="395">S. grandis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A252467BFFA0045B54D86165FBF53E72" box="[929,1032,297,323]" pageId="10" pageNumber="395" rank="species">
<emphasis id="B961FB00FFA0045B54D86165FBF53E72" bold="true" box="[929,1032,297,323]" pageId="10" pageNumber="395">comb. n.</emphasis>
</taxonomicNameLabel>
has the twisted narrow duct, as that in
<taxonomicName id="4C155C91FFA0045B57CC6101FEB03E56" ID-CoL="6XRYW" authorityName="Dall" authorityYear="1890" box="[181,333,333,359]" class="Gastropoda" family="Scaphandridae" genus="Scaphander" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cephalaspidea" pageId="10" pageNumber="395" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="interruptus">
<emphasis id="B961FB00FFA0045B57CC6101FEB03E56" box="[181,333,333,359]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="395">S. interruptus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(see
<bibRefCitation id="EF845AE3FFA0045B56F36101FD643E56" author="Valdes, A. &amp; McLean, J. H." box="[394,665,332,359]" pageId="10" pageNumber="395" pagination="118 - 125" refId="ref9532" refString="Valdes, A. &amp; McLean, J. H. (2015) On two abyssal species of Scaphandridae G. O. Sars, 1878 (Gastropoda: Cephalaspidea) from the eastern Pacific. The Nautilus, 129 (3), 118 - 125." type="journal article" year="2015">Valdés &amp; McLean 2015</bibRefCitation>
, Fig. 9), and the elongated penial sac divided into two parts, as in
<taxonomicName id="4C155C91FFA0045B52FE6101FF133EBA" ID-CoL="6Y3Z9" authorityName="Watson" authorityYear="1883" class="Gastropoda" family="Scaphandridae" genus="Scaphander" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cephalaspidea" pageId="10" pageNumber="395" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="mundus">
<emphasis id="B961FB00FFA0045B52FE6101FF133EBA" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="395">S. mundus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(see
<bibRefCitation id="EF845AE3FFA0045B5650613DFE4B3EBA" author="Valdes, A." box="[297,438,369,395]" pageId="10" pageNumber="395" pagination="587 - 792" refId="ref9434" refString="Valdes, A. (2008) Deep-sea &quot; cephalaspidean &quot; heterobranchs (Gastropoda) from the tropical southwest Pacific. In: Heros, V., Cowie, R. H., Bouchet, P. (Eds.), Tropical Deep-Sea Benthos 25. Memoires du Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, Paris, 196, 587 - 792." type="journal article" year="2008">Valdés 2008</bibRefCitation>
, Fig. 40, B).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BAA2712FFA0045B57BE61D9FF0D3D0E" blockId="10.[151,1437,153,575]" pageId="10" pageNumber="395">
The shell outline of the smaller specimens of
<taxonomicName id="4C155C91FFA0045B55B861D9FCCE3E9E" ID-CoL="7T47T" authorityName="Chaban &amp; Ekimova &amp; Schepetov &amp; Chernyshev" authorityYear="2019" baseAuthorityName="Minichev" baseAuthorityYear="1967" box="[705,819,405,431]" class="Gastropoda" family="Scaphandridae" genus="Scaphander" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cephalaspidea" pageId="10" pageNumber="395" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="grandis" status="comb. nov.">
<emphasis id="B961FB00FFA0045B55B861D9FCCE3E9E" box="[705,819,405,431]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="395">S. grandis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A252467BFFA0045B544061D9FC623E9E" box="[825,927,405,431]" pageId="10" pageNumber="395" rank="species">
<emphasis id="B961FB00FFA0045B544061D9FC623E9E" bold="true" box="[825,927,405,431]" pageId="10" pageNumber="395">comb. n.</emphasis>
</taxonomicNameLabel>
(
<figureCitation id="132E3B97FFA0045B54D461D9FBD83E9E" box="[941,1061,405,431]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1865,1890]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,561,1845]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[151,1435,561,1845]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 3. Shell of Scaphander grandis comb. n. (AC) Holotype ZISP 1/62440: ventral view (A), dorsal view (B), apical view (C), h = 33 mm. (DI) Ventral views of the following specimens: (D, H) ZISP 2/62441, station 6-10, h = 9.7 mm (D), h = 18.1 mm (H); (E) station 1-13, h = 24 mm (photo by A. Majorova); (F) ZISP 3/62442, station 10-10, h = 21.5 mm; (G) MIMB 36540, station 6-9, h = 20.3 mm (photo by A.Majorova); (I) MIMB 36540, station 6-9, specimen for DNA, h = 16.7 mm (photo by A. Majorova)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3349397/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="395">Fig. 3D, G</figureCitation>
) slightly resembles
<taxonomicName id="4C155C91FFA0045B527C61DAFE6F3EE2" ID-CoL="4CRRR" authority="Minichev, 1966" authorityName="Minichev" authorityYear="1966" class="Gastropoda" family="Cylichnidae" genus="Paracteocina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cephalaspidea" pageId="10" pageNumber="395" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="vitjazi">
<emphasis id="B961FB00FFA0045B527C61DAFF263EE2" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="395">Paracteocina vitjazi</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF845AE3FFA0045B579A61F5FE6F3EE2" author="Minichev, Yu. S." box="[227,402,441,467]" pageId="10" pageNumber="395" pagination="509 - 517" refId="ref8515" refString="Minichev, Yu. S. (1966) Morphological peculiarities of abyssal Cephalaspidea (Gastropoda, Opisthobranchia). Zoologicheskij Zhurnal, 45 (4), 509 - 517. [In Russian]" type="journal article" year="1966">Minichev, 1966</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
which may cause a confusion in identification (
<bibRefCitation id="EF845AE3FFA0045B54D361F5FB3B3EE2" author="Kharlamenko, V. I. &amp; Wurzberg, L. &amp; Peters, J. &amp; Borisovets, E. E." box="[938,1222,440,467]" pageId="10" pageNumber="395" pagination="389 - 398" refId="ref8068" refString="Kharlamenko, V. I., Wurzberg, L., Peters, J. &amp; Borisovets, E. E. (2015) Fatty acid compositions and trophic relationships of shelled molluscs from the Kuril-Kamchatka Trench and the adjacent abyssal plain. Deep Sea Research Part II: Tropical Studies in Oceanography, 111, 389 - 398. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. dsr 2.2014.09.002" type="journal article" year="2015">
Kharlamenko
<emphasis id="B961FB00FFA0045B533261F6FB813EE2" box="[1099,1148,441,467]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="395">et al</emphasis>
. 2015
</bibRefCitation>
), but the latter species shell is narrower (see
<bibRefCitation id="EF845AE3FFA0045B56B36191FD283EC6" author="Kantor, Yu. I. &amp; Sysoev, A. V." box="[458,725,477,503]" pageId="10" pageNumber="395" refId="ref8022" refString="Kantor, Yu. I. &amp; Sysoev, A. V. (2006) Marine and brackish water Gastropoda of Russia and adjacent countries: an illustrated catalogue. KMK Scientific Press Ltd., Moscow, 371 pp., 140 pls." type="book" year="2006">Kantor &amp; Sysoev, 2006</bibRefCitation>
, Pl. 126, I), whorls have acute shoulder, and suture of the spire deeply canaliculated (
<bibRefCitation id="EF845AE3FFA0045B56E8624DFDB43D2D" author="Minichev, Yu. S." box="[401,585,513,540]" pageId="10" pageNumber="395" pagination="509 - 517" refId="ref8515" refString="Minichev, Yu. S. (1966) Morphological peculiarities of abyssal Cephalaspidea (Gastropoda, Opisthobranchia). Zoologicheskij Zhurnal, 45 (4), 509 - 517. [In Russian]" type="journal article" year="1966">Minichev, 1966</bibRefCitation>
). Phylogenetic relationship of
<taxonomicName id="4C155C91FFA0045B54D3624EFBF13D2A" ID-CoL="4CRRR" authorityName="Minichev" authorityYear="1966" box="[938,1036,514,539]" class="Gastropoda" family="Cylichnidae" genus="Paracteocina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cephalaspidea" pageId="10" pageNumber="395" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="vitjazi">
<emphasis id="B961FB00FFA0045B54D3624EFBF13D2A" box="[938,1036,514,539]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="395">P. vitjazi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
with other
<taxonomicName id="4C155C91FFA0045B53EC624DFAC73D2A" ID-CoL="7NKXV" authorityName="G. O. Sars" authorityYear="1878" box="[1173,1338,513,539]" class="Gastropoda" family="Scaphandridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cephalaspidea" pageId="10" pageNumber="395" phylum="Mollusca" rank="family">Scaphandridae</taxonomicName>
remains unclear.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>