312 lines
37 KiB
XML
312 lines
37 KiB
XML
<document id="286502232E3AEC75895FE9A3F080AC8E" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.184748" ID-GBIF-Dataset="c50b91fd-1e88-4764-b754-c7cb34af5b2a" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="184748" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1460006053176" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Vaglia, Thierry, Haxaire, Jean, Kitching, Ian J., Meusnier, Isabelle & Rougerie, Rodolphe" docDate="2008" docId="8A621D60CF13FFBEC8B27F38FAE9FA68" docLanguage="en" docName="zt01923p036.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 1923" docStyle="DocumentStyle:6581673A57F01A3145754A1E615EDFF0.4:Zootaxa.2007-2008.journal_article" docStyleId="6581673A57F01A3145754A1E615EDFF0" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2007-2008.journal_article" docStyleVersion="4" docTitle="Xylophanes neoptolemus Cramer 1780" docType="treatment" docVersion="10" lastPageNumber="30" masterDocId="765B6518CF19FFB2C8257830FFCBFFB2" masterDocTitle="Morphology and DNA barcoding reveal three cryptic species within the Xylophanes neoptolemus and loelia species-groups (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae)" masterLastPageNumber="36" masterPageNumber="18" pageNumber="28" updateTime="1698233248467" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:mods id="500CFF1B33308D8FBB918D34A8A733B8" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:title id="43FD3C6AC6926B4BC9A2EF45B3D5F1F3">Morphology and DNA barcoding reveal three cryptic species within the Xylophanes neoptolemus and loelia species-groups (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="664C49BDF4A7A75AB635ECBE8547A83A">Vaglia, Thierry</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="42D14451095BFAD9EBAACD1799120C02">Haxaire, Jean</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="21CF1BD30AB2F74A36B565F01E953F39">Kitching, Ian J.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="3072DBFE91E3CBB8440EDBEDFBE27202">Meusnier, Isabelle</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="D7EB1EAF8903C2100F34E3EA7C079434">Rougerie, Rodolphe</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="A98BEEF705AC158D361E8527EA5BEFDD">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="1B9234CCD226C9DBB05C1B40EA322DF3">2008</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="5FDA9D2CC0ACA213B1FCDC829AC22CC5">1923</mods:number>
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<mods:identifier id="1072CC9F12795C9C9AC952D47306E4B5" type="DOI">10.5281/zenodo.184748</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="8A621D60CF13FFBEC8B27F38FAE9FA68" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5633237" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119381014" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5633237" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:8A621D60CF13FFBEC8B27F38FAE9FA68" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/8A621D60CF13FFBEC8B27F38FAE9FA68" lastPageId="12" lastPageNumber="30" pageId="10" pageNumber="28">
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<subSubSection id="4AD1FFFDCF13FFB8C8B27F38FE4CF8F7" pageId="10" pageNumber="28" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="0274AC76CF13FFB8C8B27F38FD42F890" blockId="10.[151,649,1800,1861]" box="[151,649,1800,1826]" pageId="10" pageNumber="28">
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<heading id="593C1B1ACF13FFB8C8B27F38FD42F890" bold="true" box="[151,649,1800,1826]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="28" reason="1">
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<taxonomicName id="C5CBD7F5CF13FFB8C8B27F38FD42F890" ID-CoL="93RXP" authority="Cramer, 1780" authorityName="Cramer" authorityYear="1780" box="[151,649,1800,1826]" class="Insecta" family="Sphingidae" genus="Xylophanes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="neoptolemus">
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<emphasis id="30BF7064CF13FFB8C8B27F38FD42F890" bold="true" box="[151,649,1800,1826]" pageId="10" pageNumber="28">
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<emphasis id="30BF7064CF13FFB8C8B27F38FE0EF890" bold="true" box="[151,453,1800,1826]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="28">Xylophanes neoptolemus</emphasis>
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(
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<bibRefCitation id="665AD187CF13FFB8C9F17F38FD4AF890" author="Cramer" box="[468,641,1800,1826]" pageId="10" pageNumber="36" refString="Cramer, P. (1780) Uitlandsche Kapellen, voorkomende in de drie Waereld-Deelen Asia, Africa en America, by een verzameld en bescreeven. Barthelemy Wild, S. J. Baalde, Utrecht, 1 - 28, plates 289 - 304." type="book chapter" year="1780">Cramer, 1780</bibRefCitation>
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)
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="0274AC76CF13FFB8C8B27F1BFE4CF8F7" blockId="10.[151,649,1800,1861]" box="[151,391,1835,1861]" pageId="10" pageNumber="28">
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(
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<figureCitation id="9AF0B0F3CF13FFB8C8BA7F1BFF3AF8F7" box="[159,241,1835,1861]" captionStart="FIGURES 1 – 4. 1 a" captionStartId="7.[151,269,1841,1865]" captionTargetBox="[176,1407,225,1801]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[151,1436,194,1817]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURES 1 – 4. 1 a. Chaerocampa trilineata Walker, [1865], Lectotype, ♂, Venezuela; 1 b. Watercolour of the original type of Sphinx neoptolemus Cramer, 1780; 2 a and 2 b. Xylophanes balcazari n. sp., Holotype, ♂, Mexico, Guerrero; 3 a and 3 b. Sphinx neoptolemus, Neotype, ♂, Venezuela, Aragua; 4 a and 4 b. Xylophanes cthulhu n. sp., Holotype, ♂, Guatemala, Izabal. (2 a, 3 a, 4 a: dorsal view; 2 b, 3 b, 4 b: ventral view)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/184749/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="28">Figs. 3</figureCitation>
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a, 3b, 10a–c)
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="4AD1FFFDCF13FFBEC8B27F4BFB03FE78" lastPageId="12" lastPageNumber="30" pageId="10" pageNumber="28" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="0274AC76CF13FFB8C8B27F4BFE31F860" blockId="10.[151,611,1915,2002]" pageId="10" pageNumber="28">
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<emphasis id="30BF7064CF13FFB8C8B27F4BFE5DF820" box="[151,406,1915,1938]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="28">
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Chaerocampa
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<taxonomicName id="C5CBD7F5CF13FFB8C9167F4BFE5DF820" box="[307,406,1915,1938]" class="Insecta" family="Sphingidae" genus="Choerocampa" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="trilineata">trilineata</taxonomicName>
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</emphasis>
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(
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<bibRefCitation id="665AD187CF13FFB8C9817F4BFD8CF820" box="[420,583,1915,1938]" pageId="10" pageNumber="36" refString="Walker, F. ([1865]) Supplement. List of the Specimens of Lepidopterous Insects in the Collection of the British Museum, 31, 1 - 321." type="journal article">Walker, [1865]</bibRefCitation>
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)
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<taxonomicName id="C5CBD7F5CF13FFB8C8B27FABFDA8F800" authority="Schaufuss, 1870" authorityName="Schaufuss" authorityYear="1870" box="[151,611,1947,1970]" class="Insecta" family="Sphingidae" genus="Chaerocampa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="brasiliensis">
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<emphasis id="30BF7064CF13FFB8C8B27FABFE65F800" box="[151,430,1947,1970]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="28">Chaerocampa brasiliensis</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="665AD187CF13FFB8C9907FABFDA8F800" author="Schaufuss" box="[437,611,1947,1970]" pageId="10" pageNumber="36" refString="Schaufuss, L. W. (1870) Die exotischen Lepidoptera Heterocera der Fruher Kaden'schen Sammlung. Nunquam Otiosus, 1, 7 - 23." type="journal article" year="1870">Schaufuss, 1870</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicName id="C5CBD7F5CF13FFB8C8B27F8BFE31F860" ID-CoL="98P9X" authority="Closs, 1917" authorityName="Closs" authorityYear="1917" box="[151,506,1979,2002]" class="Insecta" family="Sphingidae" genus="Xylophanes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="trinitatis">
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<emphasis id="30BF7064CF13FFB8C8B27F8BFEBDF860" box="[151,374,1979,2002]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="28">Xylophanes trinitatis</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="665AD187CF13FFB8C9597F8BFE31F860" author="Closs" box="[380,506,1979,2002]" pageId="10" pageNumber="36" refString="Closs, A. (1917) Xylophanes neoptolemus Stoll, subspec. neoptolemus trinitatis subspec. nov. Internationale Entomologische Zeitschrift, 11, 96." type="journal article" year="1917">Closs, 1917</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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<caption id="56B4FCFECF12FFB9C8B27E4DFD3CF968" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/184751/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="29" targetBox="[188,1368,194,1660]" targetPageId="11">
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<paragraph id="0274AC76CF12FFB9C8B27E4DFD3CF968" blockId="11.[151,1436,1661,1754]" pageId="11" pageNumber="29">
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<emphasis id="30BF7064CF12FFB9C8B27E4DFE9AF927" bold="true" box="[151,337,1661,1685]" pageId="11" pageNumber="29">FIGURES 8–12.</emphasis>
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Drawings of diagnostic details of the male genitalia of
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<taxonomicName id="C5CBD7F5CF12FFB9CB897E4EFBA6F927" ID-CoL="93RXM" box="[940,1133,1662,1685]" class="Insecta" family="Sphingidae" genus="Xylophanes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="loelia">
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<emphasis id="30BF7064CF12FFB9CB897E4EFBA6F927" box="[940,1133,1662,1685]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="29">Xylophanes loelia</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(Figs. 8a–c),
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<taxonomicName id="C5CBD7F5CF12FFB9CD267E4EFA91F927" ID-CoL="94C6T" box="[1283,1370,1662,1685]" class="Insecta" family="Sphingidae" genus="Xylophanes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lolita" status="sp. nov.">
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<emphasis id="30BF7064CF12FFB9CD267E4EFA91F927" box="[1283,1370,1662,1685]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="29">X. lolita</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel id="2B8CCD1FCF12FFB9CD477E4EFA57F927" box="[1378,1436,1662,1685]" pageId="11" pageNumber="29" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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(Figs. 9a–c),
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<taxonomicName id="C5CBD7F5CF12FFB9C9067E91FE03F90A" ID-CoL="93RXP" box="[291,456,1697,1720]" class="Insecta" family="Sphingidae" genus="Xylophanes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="neoptolemus">
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<emphasis id="30BF7064CF12FFB9C9067E91FE03F90A" box="[291,456,1697,1720]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="29">X. neoptolemus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(Figs. 10a–c),
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<taxonomicName id="C5CBD7F5CF12FFB9CA4D7E91FD20F90A" ID-CoL="94C6C" box="[616,747,1697,1720]" class="Insecta" family="Sphingidae" genus="Xylophanes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="balcazari" status="sp. nov.">
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<emphasis id="30BF7064CF12FFB9CA4D7E91FD20F90A" box="[616,747,1697,1720]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="29">X. balcazari</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel id="2B8CCD1FCF12FFB9CAD47E90FCE1F905" box="[753,810,1696,1719]" pageId="11" pageNumber="29" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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(Figs. 11a–c), and
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<taxonomicName id="C5CBD7F5CF12FFB9CBD37E91FBAFF90A" ID-CoL="94C6J" box="[1014,1124,1697,1720]" class="Insecta" family="Sphingidae" genus="Xylophanes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cthulhu" status="sp. nov.">
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<emphasis id="30BF7064CF12FFB9CBD37E91FBAFF90A" box="[1014,1124,1697,1720]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="29">X. cthulhu</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel id="2B8CCD1FCF12FFB9CC4E7E90FB6FF905" box="[1131,1188,1696,1719]" pageId="11" pageNumber="29" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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(Figs. 12a–c); a. uncus in lateral view, b. harpe, c. posterior end of the aedeagus.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<paragraph id="0274AC76CF12FFBEC8B27F38FB03FE78" blockId="11.[151,1437,1800,2026]" lastBlockId="12.[151,1437,152,1498]" lastPageId="12" lastPageNumber="30" pageId="11" pageNumber="29">
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Taxonomic Notes: As noted above, we failed to locate any
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<typeStatus id="DD7012D4CF12FFB9CB6E7F38FCB6F890" box="[843,893,1800,1826]" pageId="11" pageNumber="29">type</typeStatus>
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material for
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<taxonomicName id="C5CBD7F5CF12FFB9CC337F39FACAF890" box="[1046,1281,1801,1826]" class="Insecta" family="Sphingidae" genus="Sphinx" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="neoptolemus">
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<emphasis id="30BF7064CF12FFB9CC337F39FACAF890" box="[1046,1281,1801,1826]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="29">Sphinx neoptolemus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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in any of the major European museums that might have been expected to house it. Furthermore, the quality of the original painting is insufficient to determine the species that Cramer had before him. Although there is no taxonomic problem
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<emphasis id="30BF7064CF12FFB9C9267FB1FE87F828" box="[259,332,1921,1946]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="29">per se</emphasis>
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regarding
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<taxonomicName id="C5CBD7F5CF12FFB9C9F47FB1FD74F828" box="[465,703,1921,1946]" class="Insecta" family="Sphingidae" genus="Sphinx" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="neoptolemus">
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<emphasis id="30BF7064CF12FFB9C9F47FB1FD74F828" box="[465,703,1921,1946]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="29">Sphinx neoptolemus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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itself in “
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<collectingCountry id="7ADCECE6CF12FFB9CB1D7FB0FC65F828" box="[824,942,1920,1946]" name="Suriname" pageId="11" pageNumber="29">Suriname</collectingCountry>
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” (even if this term is used in its broader Eighteenth Century interpretation, which could include the West Indies), it may not represent the taxon we treat here as
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<taxonomicName id="C5CBD7F5CF12FFB9C9097FE1FD9BF858" ID-CoL="93RXP" box="[300,592,2001,2026]" class="Insecta" family="Sphingidae" genus="Xylophanes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="neoptolemus">
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<emphasis id="30BF7064CF12FFB9C9097FE1FD9BF858" box="[300,592,2001,2026]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="29">Xylophanes neoptolemus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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but another species of
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<taxonomicName id="C5CBD7F5CF12FFB9CB447FE1FC21F858" ID-CoL="92QMQ" box="[865,1002,2001,2026]" class="Insecta" family="Sphingidae" genus="Xylophanes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="30BF7064CF12FFB9CB447FE1FC21F858" box="[865,1002,2001,2026]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="29">Xylophanes</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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altogether. Thus, we do not consider the painting to be useful as a representation of the
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<typeStatus id="DD7012D4CF15FFBECAC978A8FCD4FF00" box="[748,799,152,178]" pageId="12" pageNumber="30">type</typeStatus>
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of
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<taxonomicName id="C5CBD7F5CF15FFBECB6278A8FBF9FF03" box="[839,1074,152,177]" class="Insecta" family="Sphingidae" genus="Sphinx" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="neoptolemus">
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<emphasis id="30BF7064CF15FFBECB6278A8FBF9FF03" box="[839,1074,152,177]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="30">Sphinx neoptolemus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, although it is essentially consistent with our concept of this species. Therefore, with the express purpose of clarifying the taxonomic status of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C5CBD7F5CF15FFBEC89D78D8FE6DFEB3" box="[184,422,232,257]" class="Insecta" family="Sphingidae" genus="Sphinx" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="neoptolemus">
|
||
<emphasis id="30BF7064CF15FFBEC89D78D8FE6DFEB3" box="[184,422,232,257]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="30">Sphinx neoptolemus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and fixing the
|
||
<typeStatus id="DD7012D4CF15FFBECA7A78D8FD59FEB0" box="[607,658,232,258]" pageId="12" pageNumber="30">type</typeStatus>
|
||
locality, we hereby designate the following specimen as
|
||
<typeStatus id="DD7012D4CF15FFBECD1A78D8FA57FEB0" box="[1343,1436,232,258]" pageId="12" pageNumber="30" type="neotype">neotype</typeStatus>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="9AF0B0F3CF15FFBEC8BA7920FF39FE98" box="[159,242,272,298]" captionStart="FIGURES 1 – 4. 1 a" captionStartId="7.[151,269,1841,1865]" captionTargetBox="[176,1407,225,1801]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[151,1436,194,1817]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURES 1 – 4. 1 a. Chaerocampa trilineata Walker, [1865], Lectotype, ♂, Venezuela; 1 b. Watercolour of the original type of Sphinx neoptolemus Cramer, 1780; 2 a and 2 b. Xylophanes balcazari n. sp., Holotype, ♂, Mexico, Guerrero; 3 a and 3 b. Sphinx neoptolemus, Neotype, ♂, Venezuela, Aragua; 4 a and 4 b. Xylophanes cthulhu n. sp., Holotype, ♂, Guatemala, Izabal. (2 a, 3 a, 4 a: dorsal view; 2 b, 3 b, 4 b: ventral view)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/184749/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="30">Figs. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
a, 3b; in coll. JH, to be deposited in the BMNH, BC-Hax4339/SOWE440-07): ɗ,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="7ADCECE6CF15FFBECC9B7920FAF1FE98" box="[1214,1338,272,298]" name="Venezuela" pageId="12" pageNumber="30">Venezuela</collectingCountry>
|
||
, Aragua State, Maracay, station Rancho Grande,
|
||
<date id="76758AB6CF15FFBECA567908FCE1FEE0" box="[627,810,312,338]" pageId="12" pageNumber="30" value="1983-08-30" valueMax="1983-08-31" valueMin="1983-08-30">30-31.viii.1983</date>
|
||
, leg. J. Haxaire & J.-Y. Rasplus. No specimens were available to us from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="7ADCECE6CF15FFBEC9AF7950FE26FEC8" box="[394,493,352,378]" name="Suriname" pageId="12" pageNumber="30">Surinam</collectingCountry>
|
||
and so we chose one from a locality that was as close as was practicable. Diagnostic features separating
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C5CBD7F5CF15FFBEC9E379B8FD22FE13" ID-CoL="93RXP" box="[454,745,392,417]" class="Insecta" family="Sphingidae" genus="Xylophanes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="neoptolemus">
|
||
<emphasis id="30BF7064CF15FFBEC9E379B8FD22FE13" box="[454,745,392,417]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="30">Xylophanes neoptolemus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from its closest relatives,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C5CBD7F5CF15FFBECC3C79B8FB63FE13" ID-CoL="94C6C" box="[1049,1192,392,417]" class="Insecta" family="Sphingidae" genus="Xylophanes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="balcazari" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="30BF7064CF15FFBECC3C79B8FB63FE13" box="[1049,1192,392,417]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="30">X. balcazari</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="2B8CCD1FCF15FFBECC8A79B8FB27FE10" box="[1199,1260,392,418]" pageId="12" pageNumber="30" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C5CBD7F5CF15FFBECD0179B8FA57FE13" ID-CoL="94C6J" box="[1316,1436,392,417]" class="Insecta" family="Sphingidae" genus="Xylophanes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cthulhu" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="30BF7064CF15FFBECD0179B8FA57FE13" box="[1316,1436,392,417]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="30">X. cthulhu</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="2B8CCD1FCF15FFBEC8B27980FF1CFE78" box="[151,215,432,458]" pageId="12" pageNumber="30" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
, are given below in the descriptions of those two species and in the identification key.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="4AD1FFFDCF15FFBEC8E079E8FAE9FA68" pageId="12" pageNumber="30" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="0274AC76CF15FFBEC8E079E8FB10FC80" blockId="12.[151,1437,152,1498]" pageId="12" pageNumber="30">
|
||
<emphasis id="30BF7064CF15FFBEC8E079E8FE2BFE43" box="[197,480,472,497]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="30">
|
||
Chaerocampa
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C5CBD7F5CF15FFBEC95679E8FE2BFE43" box="[371,480,472,497]" class="Insecta" family="Sphingidae" genus="Choerocampa" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="trilineata">trilineata</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="9AF0B0F3CF15FFBEC9D779E8FDFDFE40" box="[498,566,472,498]" captionStart="FIGURES 1 – 4. 1 a" captionStartId="7.[151,269,1841,1865]" captionTargetBox="[176,1407,225,1801]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[151,1436,194,1817]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURES 1 – 4. 1 a. Chaerocampa trilineata Walker, [1865], Lectotype, ♂, Venezuela; 1 b. Watercolour of the original type of Sphinx neoptolemus Cramer, 1780; 2 a and 2 b. Xylophanes balcazari n. sp., Holotype, ♂, Mexico, Guerrero; 3 a and 3 b. Sphinx neoptolemus, Neotype, ♂, Venezuela, Aragua; 4 a and 4 b. Xylophanes cthulhu n. sp., Holotype, ♂, Guatemala, Izabal. (2 a, 3 a, 4 a: dorsal view; 2 b, 3 b, 4 b: ventral view)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/184749/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="30">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
a) was described from two specimens from “
|
||
<collectingCountry id="7ADCECE6CF15FFBECC6A79E8FB05FE40" box="[1103,1230,472,498]" name="Venezuela" pageId="12" pageNumber="30">Venezuela</collectingCountry>
|
||
” from the Dyson collection. In the original description,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="665AD187CF15FFBECA427A30FCEAFDA8" box="[615,801,512,538]" pageId="12" pageNumber="36" refString="Walker, F. ([1865]) Supplement. List of the Specimens of Lepidopterous Insects in the Collection of the British Museum, 31, 1 - 321." type="journal article">Walker ([1865]</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 30) indicated that he had only males. However, we have located both specimens in the BMNH and found that one of the
|
||
<typeStatus id="DD7012D4CF15FFBECBF57A18FBFCFDF0" box="[976,1079,552,578]" pageId="12" pageNumber="30" type="syntype">syntypes</typeStatus>
|
||
is actually a female. To stabilize the nomenclature, we hereby designate the male specimen (BMNH(E)#274441) as the
|
||
<typeStatus id="DD7012D4CF15FFBECCE47A60FAFBFDD8" box="[1217,1328,592,618]" pageId="12" pageNumber="30" type="lectotype">lectotype</typeStatus>
|
||
. The
|
||
<typeStatus id="DD7012D4CF15FFBECD557A60FF2BFD20" pageId="12" pageNumber="30" type="lectotype">lectotype</typeStatus>
|
||
and its original labels are illustrated in
|
||
<figureCitation id="9AF0B0F3CF15FFBECA8B7A48FD3BFD20" box="[686,752,632,658]" captionStart="FIGURES 1 – 4. 1 a" captionStartId="7.[151,269,1841,1865]" captionTargetBox="[176,1407,225,1801]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[151,1436,194,1817]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURES 1 – 4. 1 a. Chaerocampa trilineata Walker, [1865], Lectotype, ♂, Venezuela; 1 b. Watercolour of the original type of Sphinx neoptolemus Cramer, 1780; 2 a and 2 b. Xylophanes balcazari n. sp., Holotype, ♂, Mexico, Guerrero; 3 a and 3 b. Sphinx neoptolemus, Neotype, ♂, Venezuela, Aragua; 4 a and 4 b. Xylophanes cthulhu n. sp., Holotype, ♂, Guatemala, Izabal. (2 a, 3 a, 4 a: dorsal view; 2 b, 3 b, 4 b: ventral view)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/184749/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="30">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
a. The pale blue-edged
|
||
<typeStatus id="DD7012D4CF15FFBECC267A48FB95FD20" box="[1027,1118,632,658]" pageId="12" pageNumber="30" type="syntype">syntype</typeStatus>
|
||
label will be replaced with a purple-edged
|
||
<typeStatus id="DD7012D4CF15FFBEC96A7A90FE71FD08" box="[335,442,672,698]" pageId="12" pageNumber="30" type="lectotype">lectotype</typeStatus>
|
||
label. In addition to a pale blue-edged
|
||
<typeStatus id="DD7012D4CF15FFBECBAB7A90FC22FD08" box="[910,1001,672,698]" pageId="12" pageNumber="30" type="syntype">syntype</typeStatus>
|
||
label (which will be replaced with a pale blue-edged
|
||
<typeStatus id="DD7012D4CF15FFBEC97F7AF8FE33FD50" box="[346,504,712,738]" pageId="12" pageNumber="30" type="paralectotype">paralectotype</typeStatus>
|
||
label), circular locality label and a printed specimen register number label, the
|
||
<typeStatus id="DD7012D4CF15FFBEC8B27AC0FEFEFCB8" box="[151,309,752,778]" pageId="12" pageNumber="30" type="paralectotype">paralectotype</typeStatus>
|
||
female (BMNH(E)#274442) has a hand-written label stating “
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C5CBD7F5CF15FFBECC337AC0FB0DFCB8" authority="Wlk." authorityName="Wlk." box="[1046,1222,752,778]" class="Insecta" family="Sphingidae" genus="Choerocampa" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="trilineata">trilineata Wlk.</taxonomicName>
|
||
” and a label comprising the words “CHAEROCAMPA
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C5CBD7F5CF15FFBECA6A7B28FD34FC80" box="[591,767,792,818]" class="Insecta" family="Sphingidae" genus="Choerocampa" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="trilineata">TRILINEATA</taxonomicName>
|
||
.” cut from a copy of Walker’s catalogue.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="0274AC76CF15FFBEC8E07B70FE4EFC18" blockId="12.[151,1437,152,1498]" pageId="12" pageNumber="30">
|
||
As noted above, we have been unable both to locate the
|
||
<typeStatus id="DD7012D4CF15FFBECB407B70FC07FCE8" box="[869,972,832,858]" pageId="12" pageNumber="30" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C5CBD7F5CF15FFBECBD07B70FB6BFCEB" box="[1013,1184,832,857]" class="Insecta" family="Sphingidae" genus="Chaerocampa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="brasiliensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="30BF7064CF15FFBECBD07B70FB6BFCEB" box="[1013,1184,832,857]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="30">C. brasiliensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and to determine the identity of the taxon. Therefore, we maintain
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C5CBD7F5CF15FFBECA897B58FC9DFC33" box="[684,854,872,897]" class="Insecta" family="Sphingidae" genus="Chaerocampa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="brasiliensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="30BF7064CF15FFBECA897B58FC9DFC33" box="[684,854,872,897]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="30">C. brasiliensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as a synonym of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C5CBD7F5CF15FFBECC017B58FB12FC33" box="[1060,1241,872,897]" class="Insecta" family="Sphingidae" genus="Xylophanes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="neoptolemus">
|
||
<emphasis id="30BF7064CF15FFBECC017B58FB12FC33" box="[1060,1241,872,897]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="30">X. neoptolemus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
pending discovery of
|
||
<typeStatus id="DD7012D4CF15FFBEC8C67BA0FEDEFC18" box="[227,277,912,938]" pageId="12" pageNumber="30">type</typeStatus>
|
||
material.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="0274AC76CF15FFBEC8E07B88FE45FB90" blockId="12.[151,1437,152,1498]" pageId="12" pageNumber="30">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C5CBD7F5CF15FFBEC8E07B88FE70FC63" box="[197,443,952,977]" class="Insecta" family="Sphingidae" genus="Xylophanes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="trinitatis">
|
||
<emphasis id="30BF7064CF15FFBEC8E07B88FE70FC63" box="[197,443,952,977]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="30">Xylophanes trinitatis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was described from a
|
||
<typeStatus id="DD7012D4CF15FFBECAE37B88FCE6FC60" box="[710,813,952,978]" pageId="12" pageNumber="30" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
male from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="7ADCECE6CF15FFBECB937B88FBD6FC60" box="[950,1053,952,978]" name="Trinidad and Tobago" pageId="12" pageNumber="30">Trinidad</collectingCountry>
|
||
, deposited in the ZSM. We have examined a color photograph of the
|
||
<typeStatus id="DD7012D4CF15FFBECA617BD0FD60FC48" box="[580,683,992,1018]" pageId="12" pageNumber="30" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
and this, together with the
|
||
<typeStatus id="DD7012D4CF15FFBECBCB7BD0FBEAFC48" box="[1006,1057,992,1018]" pageId="12" pageNumber="30">type</typeStatus>
|
||
locality, confirms its synonymy with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C5CBD7F5CF15FFBEC8F77C38FE4CFB93" box="[210,391,1032,1057]" class="Insecta" family="Sphingidae" genus="Xylophanes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="neoptolemus">
|
||
<emphasis id="30BF7064CF15FFBEC8F77C38FE4CFB93" box="[210,391,1032,1057]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="30">X. neoptolemus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="0274AC76CF15FFBEC8E07C00FAAEFA38" blockId="12.[151,1437,152,1498]" pageId="12" pageNumber="30">
|
||
Distribution: Following the
|
||
<typeStatus id="DD7012D4CF15FFBECA297C00FDA2FBF8" box="[524,617,1072,1098]" pageId="12" pageNumber="30" type="neotype">neotype</typeStatus>
|
||
designation above, our specimens from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="7ADCECE6CF15FFBECC1A7C00FB7CFBF8" box="[1087,1207,1072,1098]" name="Venezuela" pageId="12" pageNumber="30">Venezuela</collectingCountry>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="7ADCECE6CF15FFBECCCA7C00FA57FBF8" box="[1263,1436,1072,1098]" name="French Guiana" pageId="12" pageNumber="30">French Guiana</collectingCountry>
|
||
represent
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C5CBD7F5CF15FFBEC92C7C68FDE6FBC3" box="[265,557,1112,1137]" class="Insecta" family="Sphingidae" genus="Xylophanes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="neoptolemus">
|
||
<emphasis id="30BF7064CF15FFBEC92C7C68FDE6FBC3" box="[265,557,1112,1137]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="30">Xylophanes neoptolemus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="9AF0B0F3CF15FFBECA187C68FD58FBC0" box="[573,659,1112,1138]" captionStart="FIGURE 13" captionStartId="15.[151,255,1727,1751]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,405,1703]" captionTargetId="figure@15.[151,1436,400,1703]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="FIGURE 13. Strict consensus of the nine equally most-parsimonious cladograms (length = 133, CI = 0.78, RI = 0.94) resulting from the phylogenetic analysis of the complete dataset of DNA barcode sequences for 38 specimens belonging to the Xylophanes neoptolemus (yellow) and X. loelia (blue) species complexes (X. cyrene, X. aglaor and X. libya are outgroup taxa). Each specimen is identified by its SampleID code (see Table 1), and the two specimens with short sequences are highlighted in boxes. The branch lengths are proportional to the number of changes (indicated on branches, optimized under FAST optimization); Bremer support and rescaled Bremer support values are given above the branches for each node, and bootstrap support values are indicated below. Clades within the X. neoptolemus complex are named after groups 1, 2 and 3 as described in the text." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/184752/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="30">Fig. 13</figureCitation>
|
||
, group 1). Furthermore, our biogeographic results support the previous treatments of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C5CBD7F5CF15FFBEC9A17CB0FDD8FB2B" box="[388,531,1152,1177]" class="Insecta" family="Sphingidae" genus="Choerocampa" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="trilineata">
|
||
<emphasis id="30BF7064CF15FFBEC9A17CB0FDD8FB2B" box="[388,531,1152,1177]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="30">X. trilineata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C5CBD7F5CF15FFBECA6A7CB0FD1DFB2B" box="[591,726,1152,1177]" class="Insecta" family="Sphingidae" genus="Xylophanes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="trinitatis">
|
||
<emphasis id="30BF7064CF15FFBECA6A7CB0FD1DFB2B" box="[591,726,1152,1177]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="30">X. trinitatis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as junior subjective synonyms of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C5CBD7F5CF15FFBECC557CB0FAECFB2B" box="[1136,1319,1152,1177]" class="Insecta" family="Sphingidae" genus="Xylophanes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="neoptolemus">
|
||
<emphasis id="30BF7064CF15FFBECC557CB0FAECFB2B" box="[1136,1319,1152,1177]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="30">X. neoptolemus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C5CBD7F5CF15FFBECD127CB0FF39FB73" class="Insecta" family="Sphingidae" genus="Xylophanes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="neoptolemus">
|
||
<emphasis id="30BF7064CF15FFBECD127CB0FF39FB73" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="30">X. neoptolemus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
occurs in the lowland tropical rain forest of the northern part of South
|
||
<collectingCountry id="7ADCECE6CF15FFBECC727C98FB0BFB70" box="[1111,1216,1192,1218]" name="United States of America" pageId="12" pageNumber="30">America</collectingCountry>
|
||
. We know it from western
|
||
<collectingCountry id="7ADCECE6CF15FFBEC8DF7CE0FEB9FB58" box="[250,370,1232,1258]" name="Venezuela" pageId="12" pageNumber="30">Venezuela</collectingCountry>
|
||
to
|
||
<collectingCountry id="7ADCECE6CF15FFBEC9BF7CE0FD87FB58" box="[410,588,1232,1258]" name="French Guiana" pageId="12" pageNumber="30">French Guiana</collectingCountry>
|
||
. In the latter country, it is only frequent in the so-called ‘zone 1’ region of St-Laurent and St-Jean-du-Maroni (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="665AD187CF15FFBECA477CC8FCC3FAA0" author="Haxaire" box="[610,776,1272,1298]" pageId="12" pageNumber="36" refString="Haxaire, J. (1987) Le genre Xylophanes Hubner (1819) en Guyane Francaise. Quelques complements (Lepidoptera Sphingidae). Bulletin de la Societe Sciences Nat. 55, 12 - 19." type="journal article" year="1987">Haxaire 1987</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), near the
|
||
<collectingCountry id="7ADCECE6CF15FFBECBAC7CC8FC27FAA0" box="[905,1004,1272,1298]" name="Suriname" pageId="12" pageNumber="30">Surinam</collectingCountry>
|
||
border. This moth becomes far less abundant southward. The furthest south it has been recorded is from the Jari Celulose S.A. landholding (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="665AD187CF15FFBEC8BA7D78FEFCFAD0" author="Hawes" box="[159,311,1352,1378]" pageId="12" pageNumber="36" refString="Hawes, J. (2005) Impacts of landscape level disturbance on Amazonian moth assemblages. MSc. thesis, University of East Anglia, Norwich, U. K. 45 pp." type="book" year="2005">Hawes 2005</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), between the Jari and Paru rivers, northwest of Monte Dourado in Pará state,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="7ADCECE6CF15FFBECCEB7D78FAD2FAD0" box="[1230,1305,1352,1378]" name="Brazil" pageId="12" pageNumber="30">Brazil</collectingCountry>
|
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, but it may not cross the Amazon river as it is not mentioned by Moss (1920) in his work on the sphingids of Belém.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="0274AC76CF15FFBEC8E07DA8FAE9FA68" blockId="12.[151,1437,152,1498]" pageId="12" pageNumber="30">
|
||
Genetic variation: There is some diversity in the barcode region (
|
||
<figureCitation id="9AF0B0F3CF15FFBECBE77DA8FBD3FA00" box="[962,1048,1432,1458]" captionStart="FIGURE 13" captionStartId="15.[151,255,1727,1751]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,405,1703]" captionTargetId="figure@15.[151,1436,400,1703]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="FIGURE 13. Strict consensus of the nine equally most-parsimonious cladograms (length = 133, CI = 0.78, RI = 0.94) resulting from the phylogenetic analysis of the complete dataset of DNA barcode sequences for 38 specimens belonging to the Xylophanes neoptolemus (yellow) and X. loelia (blue) species complexes (X. cyrene, X. aglaor and X. libya are outgroup taxa). Each specimen is identified by its SampleID code (see Table 1), and the two specimens with short sequences are highlighted in boxes. The branch lengths are proportional to the number of changes (indicated on branches, optimized under FAST optimization); Bremer support and rescaled Bremer support values are given above the branches for each node, and bootstrap support values are indicated below. Clades within the X. neoptolemus complex are named after groups 1, 2 and 3 as described in the text." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/184752/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="30">Fig. 13</figureCitation>
|
||
, group 1) but intraspecific divergence is low, with the five different haplotypes differing from each other by only a single base pair.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |