192 lines
23 KiB
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192 lines
23 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.291.3744" ID-GBIF-Dataset="fdb59a9f-caf7-476a-971f-f89e9a8e83bb" ID-PMC="PMC3677288" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-291-27" ID-PubMed="23794861" ModsDocAuthor="" ModsDocDate="2013" ModsDocID="1313-2970-291-27" ModsDocOrigin="ZooKeys 291" ModsDocTitle="Phylogenetic systematics of Schacontia Dyar with descriptions of eight new species (Lepidoptera, Crambidae)" checkinTime="1451247395887" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Goldstein, Paul Z., Metz, Mark A. & Solis, M. Alma" docDate="2013" docId="95D676BDFB43BEDD41CF2471406B5B14" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 291: 27-81" docOrigin="ZooKeys 291" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.291.3744" docTitle="Schacontia rasa Solis & Goldstein, sp. n." docType="treatment" docVersion="4" lastPageNumber="61" masterDocId="FFC4FFE8FFBF3B03694DFFB2FF97F678" masterDocTitle="Phylogenetic systematics of Schacontia Dyar with descriptions of eight new species (Lepidoptera, Crambidae)" masterLastPageNumber="81" masterPageNumber="27" pageNumber="58" updateTime="1668155690321" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Phylogenetic systematics of Schacontia Dyar with descriptions of eight new species (Lepidoptera, Crambidae)</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Goldstein, Paul Z.</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Metz, Mark A.</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Solis, M. Alma</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:relatedItem type="host">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>ZooKeys</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:date>2013</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>291</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>27</mods:start>
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<mods:end>81</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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</mods:relatedItem>
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<mods:location>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.291.3744</mods:url>
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</mods:location>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.291.3744</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1313-2970-291-27</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="152043209" LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:FDC54534-0A71-424E-9CFC-C48604E452F5" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/95D676BDFB43BEDD41CF2471406B5B14" lastPageId="34" lastPageNumber="61" pageId="31" pageNumber="58">
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<subSubSection pageId="31" pageNumber="58" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph pageId="31" pageNumber="58">
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<taxonomicName LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:FDC54534-0A71-424E-9CFC-C48604E452F5" authority="Solis & Goldstein" class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" genus="Schacontia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Schacontia rasa" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="31" pageNumber="58" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rasa">Schacontia rasa Solis & Goldstein</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel pageId="31" pageNumber="58">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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Figs 72752-54
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="31" pageNumber="58" type="material examined">
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<paragraph pageId="31" pageNumber="58">Material examined.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="31" pageNumber="58">(22♂, 32♀).</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection lastPageId="32" lastPageNumber="59" pageId="31" pageNumber="58" type="type material">
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<paragraph pageId="31" pageNumber="58">Type material.</paragraph>
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<paragraph lastPageId="32" lastPageNumber="59" pageId="31" pageNumber="58">
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(3♂, 13♀), USNM. Holotype ♂ (Fig. 7). Mexico: Col. Becker 110514; Mexico: Tam San Fernando, 50 m, 28. vi. 1997, V. O. Becker Col.; USNM
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<pageBreakToken pageId="32" pageNumber="59" start="start">genitalia</pageBreakToken>
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slide "JAL 18" Paratypes (2♂, 13♀, 4 sex undet.). Same data as holotype (2♂, 4 sex undet., 13♀ incl.1 with green USNM genitalia slide label "JAL 19."
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="32" pageNumber="59" type="other material examined">
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<paragraph pageId="32" pageNumber="59">Other material examined.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="32" pageNumber="59">Cuba (3♂, 2♀):Col. Becker 72733, Cuba Gtnmo. Imias, 10 m, 17. vii. 1990, V.O. Becker, USNM ENT 00808543, DNA 2012 (1♂); Col. Becker 72409, Cuba: Holquin Mayari, 400 m, 12.vii.1990, V.O. Becker, USNM ENT 00808544, DNA 2012 (1♀); Santiago, Cuba, Collection Wm Schaus, Genitalia slide by DA ♂ USNM 108,096 (1♂); Col. Becker 73068, Cuba: Stgo. Siboney, 20 m, 23.vii.1990, V.O. Becker, genitalia slide by JAL, 16 (1♂, 1♀). Dominican Republic (15♂, 13♀) [CMNH]: Dominican Republic: Pedernales, 14.5 km N Cabo Rojo, 18-03N, 71-39W, 165 m, 19 July 1990, J. Rawlins, C.W. Young, S.A. Thompson (1♂, 7♀); Dominican Republic: Pedernales, 9.5 km N Cabo Rojo, 18-02N, 71-39W, 35 m, 19 July 1990, J. Rawlins, C.W. Young, S.A. Thompson (5♂, 3♀); Dominican Republic: Pedernales, 14.5 km N Cabo Rojo, 10 m, 17-55N, 71-39W 26-27 September 1991, C. Young, B. Thompson, R. Davidson, J. Rawlins Coastal desert (2♂, 1♀); Dominican Republic: Pedernales, 14.5 km N Cabo Rojo, 18-03N, 71-39W, 165 m, 26-27 September 1991, C. Young, S. Thompson, R. Davidson, J. Rawlins, Arid thornscrub (1♂); Dominican Republic: Pedernales, 1 km W Cabo Rojo, 17-55N, 71-39W, 10 m, 30 July 1990, C.W. Young, J.E. Rawlins, S. Thompson (4♂, 1♀); Dominican Republic: Pedernales, Cabo Rojo, Sea level, 17-55N 71-39W, 21 Oct 1991, J. Rawlins, R. Davidson, C. Young, S. Thompson, Edge of salt marsh (1♂); Dominican Republic: La Altagracia, Parque del Este, Caseta Guaraguao, 4.4 km SE Bayahibe, 18-19-59N, 68-48-42W, 3 m, 26-27 May 2004, C. Young, J. Rawlins, J. Fetzner, C. Nunez, semi-humid forest near sea, limestone, UV light. Sample 51114 (1♀); Dominican Republic: La Altagracia, 2 km N Bayahibe, 10-23N, 68-51W, 10 m, 3 July 1992, C. Young, R. Davidson, S. Thompson, J. Rawlins, Dry seasonal forest on limestone, USNM ENT 00808542, DNA 2012 [GenBank Accession #KC789514] (1♂). British Virgin Islands (1♂, 2♀):Virgin Gorda BVI Prickley Pear Id, Vixen Pt, 14.IV.56, J.F.G. Clarke, 33, Genitalia Slide ♂ by JALUSNM 108,872 (1♂); Col. Becker 66649, British Virgin Is., Guana I., 0-80 m. 9-23 vii 1987, V.O. Becker & S.E. Miller, #20, Genitalia Slide ♀ by JAL (1♀); British Virgin Is.,Virgin Gorda Island, V. Gorda Peak, Ca. 400 m, 17-19 July 1986, S.E. Miller & M.G. Pogue, Black light trap in secondary moist forest, 37, Genitalia slide by JAL ♀ USNM 108,876 (1♀).</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="32" pageNumber="59" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph pageId="32" pageNumber="59">Diagnosis</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="32" pageNumber="59">
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(Figs 7, 52-54). Very similar to
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" genus="Schacontia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Schacontia themis" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="32" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="themis">Schacontia themis</taxonomicName>
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(above), particularly with respect to the male genitalia, but lacking the secondary sexual characters enumerated above and the forewing ground color usually mousegray instead of straw colored. Female hind tibia with a single pair of spurs (medial pair absent - diagnostic within the ysticalis-themis group).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection lastPageId="33" lastPageNumber="60" pageId="32" pageNumber="59" type="description">
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<paragraph pageId="32" pageNumber="59">Description.</paragraph>
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<paragraph lastPageId="33" lastPageNumber="60" pageId="32" pageNumber="59">
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Male (Fig. 7). Forewing length: 7.0
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<normalizedToken originalValue="mm–">mm-</normalizedToken>
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8.0 mm. Head - Ocelli present; proboscis normal; frons unmodified; labial palpi porrect, extending beyond clypeus. Thorax - Forewing. Medial area gray, unicolorous with basal area and postmedial areas; antemedial and postmedial lines jagged, darker gray. Hindwing. Postmedial line faint if present; outwardly tinged with bronze. Abdomen - Terga unicolorous with wings and thorax; scales arranged in two terminal black dorsal spots in males. Tympanal organs. (Fig. 27). As for ysticalis-themis group, vide supra. Male genitalia (Figs 52, 53) - Teguminal sulcus
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<pageBreakToken pageId="33" pageNumber="60" start="start">short</pageBreakToken>
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, anterior margin of tegumen appears deeply invaginate, two oblong teguminal lobes joined obliquely; uncus trefoil shaped, outermost tip hastate; lateral edges of uncus swollen, appearing re-enforced; uncus with raised, pronounced medial ridge; juxta robust, V-shaped; valvae complex, intrasaccular flange at latero-ventral edge and sclerotized to form a trigger-shaped process; robust, spine-like setae at base of valva; saccular margin angled close to vinculum, not at saccular mid-point; ventro-marginal setae concentrated at saccular ulna; valva with secondary outer, oblong lobe or process below costa; fleshy setose lobe and recurved/decumbent setal plume associated with terminus of costa. Phallus moderately sclerotized; vesica with two large cornuti. Female genitalia (Fig. 54) - Very similar to
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" genus="Schacontia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Schacontia themis" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="60" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="themis">Schacontia themis</taxonomicName>
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but posterior lobe of corpus bursae more pronounced, superficially rugose; both colliculum and sclerotized channel or sleeve of ductus more elongate than in
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" genus="Schacontia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Schacontia themis" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="60" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="themis">Schacontia themis</taxonomicName>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="33" pageNumber="60" type="immature stages">
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<paragraph pageId="33" pageNumber="60">Immature stages.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="33" pageNumber="60">Unknown.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="33" pageNumber="60" type="etymology">
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<paragraph pageId="33" pageNumber="60">Etymology.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="33" pageNumber="60">
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The specific epithet refers to the absence of male hind tibial and metatarsal structures and epipleural setal tufts (presumably secondary sexual characters) present in other
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" genus="Schacontia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Schacontia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="60" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Schacontia</taxonomicName>
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species (Table 1).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="33" pageNumber="60" type="biology">
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<paragraph pageId="33" pageNumber="60">Biology.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="33" pageNumber="60">Unknown. Adults active June (Mexico), July (Cuba), and July, September (Dominican Republic).</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="33" pageNumber="60" type="distribution">
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<paragraph pageId="33" pageNumber="60">Distribution.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="33" pageNumber="60">Mexico, Cuba, Dominican Republic (essentially, vic. Gulf of Mexico).</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection lastPageId="34" lastPageNumber="61" pageId="33" pageNumber="60" type="remarks">
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<paragraph pageId="33" pageNumber="60">Remarks.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="33" pageNumber="60">
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" genus="Schacontia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Schacontia rasa" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="60" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rasa">Schacontia rasa</taxonomicName>
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is evidently the sister species of
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" genus="Schacontia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Schacontia themis" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="60" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="themis">Schacontia themis</taxonomicName>
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. Were it not for the characters associated with the forewing ground color, female hind tibia, and male genitalia and given the homoplastic nature of certain male secondary sexual characters comparable to the system described by
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<bibRefCitation author="Ohno, S" journalOrPublisher="Entomological Science" pageId="46" pageNumber="73" pagination="635 - 637" title="Emergence of two nominal species, Ostrinia scapulalis and O. orientalis, from a single brood (Lepidoptera: Crambidae)." volume="3" year="2000">Ohno (2000)</bibRefCitation>
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[see discussion],
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" genus="Schacontia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Schacontia rasa" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="60" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rasa">Schacontia rasa</taxonomicName>
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would be a more obvious candidate for conspecificity with
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" genus="Schacontia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Schacontia themis" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="60" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="themis">Schacontia themis</taxonomicName>
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. We have treated anomalous specimens with
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<normalizedToken originalValue="“chimeric”">"chimeric"</normalizedToken>
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distributions of male secondary sexual chacters under
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" genus="Schacontia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Schacontia themis" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="60" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="themis">Schacontia themis</taxonomicName>
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(above), and considered only those lacking both tibial hair pencils and abdominal coremata (in addition to genitalic features) to be unambiguously
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" genus="Schacontia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Schacontia rasa" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="60" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rasa">Schacontia rasa</taxonomicName>
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, recognizing the need for future molecular work to evaluate the degree to which these character systems are functionally and genetically linked. DNA barcode data (meeting the Barcode Data Standard of Genbank, noted in
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<bibRefCitation author="Benson, DA" pageId="45" pageNumber="72" title="Nucleic Acids Research 40." url="10.1093/nar/gkr1202" year="2012">Benson et al. 2012</bibRefCitation>
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) are limited to three Dominican Republic specimens and do decisively unite two specimens of
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" genus="Schacontia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Schacontia themis" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="60" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="themis">Schacontia themis</taxonomicName>
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to the exclusion of
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" genus="Schacontia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Schacontia rasa" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="60" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rasa">Schacontia rasa</taxonomicName>
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. Not enough specimens are sampled to test the variable sites as diagnostic characters and enable their use in the
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<normalizedToken originalValue="species’">species'</normalizedToken>
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diagnoses (
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<bibRefCitation author="Goldstein, PZ" journalOrPublisher="Bioessays" pageId="45" pageNumber="72" pagination="135 - 147" title="Integrating DNA barcode data and taxonomic practice: Determination, discovery, and description." volume="33" year="2011">Goldstein and DeSalle 2011</bibRefCitation>
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), but the data corroborate (albeit by a distance measure of>7%) the reliability of the morphological characters as consistent with two distinct species.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph lastPageId="34" lastPageNumber="61" pageId="33" pageNumber="60">
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It was suggested by V.O. Becker (pers. comm., following the submission of this work) that the name
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" genus="Dichogama" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dichogama fernaldi" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="60" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fernaldi">Dichogama fernaldi</taxonomicName>
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Möschler">Moeschler</normalizedToken>
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, 1890, the type material of which has apparently been lost from MNHU, might refer to this species (see Becker & Miller, in prep., for discussion) and that it should be placed in the now monotypic genus
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" genus="Dichochroma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dichochroma" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="60" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Dichochroma</taxonomicName>
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, whose description is, in turn, based on a single female (and only known specimen) of the type species,
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" genus="Dichochroma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dichochroma muralis" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="60" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="muralis">Dichochroma muralis</taxonomicName>
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Forbes, 1944. This attribution of the specimens we consider to fall within
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" genus="Schacontia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Schacontia themis" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="60" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="themis">Schacontia themis</taxonomicName>
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(or
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" genus="Schacontia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Schacontia rasa" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="60" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rasa">Schacontia rasa</taxonomicName>
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, below) to
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" genus="Dichochroma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dichochroma fernaldi" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="60" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fernaldi">Dichochroma fernaldi</taxonomicName>
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is, however, not well corroborated by any character identified in the original description by
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Möschler">Moeschler</normalizedToken>
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, but only by process of elimination and the report of its being reared on
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<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Capparaceae" genus="Capparis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Capparis" order="Brassicales" pageId="33" pageNumber="60" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Capparis</taxonomicName>
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by
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<bibRefCitation pageId="33" pageNumber="60">Wolcott (1950-1951: 658</bibRefCitation>
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, cited in Becker and Miller, in prep.). While eliminating a nomen dubium is
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<pageBreakToken pageId="34" pageNumber="61" start="start">desirable</pageBreakToken>
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and the process of elimination by which such an attribution might be reached intriguing, the recognition of two similar co-occurring species (
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" genus="Schacontia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Schacontia themis" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="34" pageNumber="61" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="themis">Schacontia themis</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" genus="Schacontia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Schacontia rasa" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="34" pageNumber="61" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rasa">Schacontia rasa</taxonomicName>
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) described here, corroborated at least indirectly by DNA barcode data, precludes any specific attribution. We therefore retain the description of
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" genus="Schacontia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Schacontia themis" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="34" pageNumber="61" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="themis">Schacontia themis</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" genus="Schacontia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Schacontia rasa" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="34" pageNumber="61" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rasa">Schacontia rasa</taxonomicName>
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as such. Further, notwithstanding the superficial similarity of certain female
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" genus="Schacontia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Schacontia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="34" pageNumber="61" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Schacontia</taxonomicName>
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genitalia to those of the only known specimen
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" genus="Dichochroma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dichochroma muralis" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="34" pageNumber="61" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="muralis">Dichochroma muralis</taxonomicName>
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, both phylogenetic placement described in this work and priority of
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" genus="Schacontia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Schacontia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="34" pageNumber="61" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Schacontia</taxonomicName>
|
||
would dictate that
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" genus="Dichochroma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dichochroma" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="34" pageNumber="61" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Dichochroma</taxonomicName>
|
||
be sunk were it determined that these species were congeneric, even if male
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" genus="Dichochroma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dichochroma muralis" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="34" pageNumber="61" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="muralis">Dichochroma muralis</taxonomicName>
|
||
were discovered and or more compelling character data were brought to bear.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="34" pageNumber="61">
|
||
The Schacontia nyx complex: Some of these species are not readily diagnosed by a single character; each, rather, is characterized by either an absence of characters (as in
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" genus="Schacontia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Schacontia atropos" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="34" pageNumber="61" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="atropos">Schacontia atropos</taxonomicName>
|
||
) or by combinations of characters, all of them male, both genitalic and external, the latter presumably secondary sexual features.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |