287 lines
47 KiB
XML
287 lines
47 KiB
XML
<document id="256AA12B3B22E702949674C62A4D8227" ID-CLB-Dataset="28333" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.4568.1.2" ID-GBIF-Dataset="3c6652f7-8939-4c8d-a6a5-8d91dd3ca7a6" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="2599218" ID-ZooBank="31F3F04D-C5C0-456F-89C4-DB7823C8B021" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1553062971460" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Cavalcanti, Fernanda F., Chagas, Cléslei & Fonseca, Evelyn S. M." docDate="2019" docId="9557879A4412FFA2FF130CE8FC3EE40D" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.4568.1.2.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 4568 (1)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Leucandrilla wasinensis" docType="treatment" docVersion="8" masterDocId="696EFFE24410FFA7FF840F77FFC7E13D" masterDocTitle="Taxonomic redescription of Leucandrilla wasinensis (Jenkin, 1908) and L. intermedia (Row, 1909) (Porifera, Calcarea): a first step to improve current knowledge on the typical features of the genus" updateTime="1698702535694" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title id="D6ABF85E493AADDBB0FFAAC61BF46F11">Taxonomic redescription of Leucandrilla wasinensis (Jenkin, 1908) and L. intermedia (Row, 1909) (Porifera, Calcarea): a first step to improve current knowledge on the typical features of the genus</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="E3EFA7DD7DC91622B25A4AE8E4E9985C">Cavalcanti, Fernanda F.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="1447D6F3679E7776E1B5AC4B90951188">Chagas, Cléslei</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="B3F0881E809DF5A60853EED60A263B88">Fonseca, Evelyn S. M.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="6FB54CA24EE2330B58439DE8EB6E1A08">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title id="A14EAE123792B3AFF0D520A6F7D9E589">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="695455078FAFB0B45172F254A09F7270">2019</mods:date>
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<treatment id="9557879A4412FFA2FF130CE8FC3EE40D" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5945410" ID-GBIF-Taxon="154435635" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5945410" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:9557879A4412FFA2FF130CE8FC3EE40D" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/9557879A4412FFA2FF130CE8FC3EE40D" lastPageId="5" pageId="2">
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<subSubSection id="55E465074412FFA5FF130CE8FDB2E287" box="[151,629,927,954]" pageId="2" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="1D41368C4412FFA5FF130CE8FDB2E287" blockId="2.[151,629,927,954]" box="[151,629,927,954]" pageId="2">
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<heading id="460981E04412FFA5FF130CE8FDB2E287" bold="true" box="[151,629,927,954]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="2" reason="1">
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<taxonomicName id="DAFE4D0F4412FFA5FF130CE8FDB2E287" ID-CoL="7244S" authority="(Jenkin, 1908)" baseAuthorityName="Jenkin" baseAuthorityYear="1908" box="[151,629,927,954]" class="Calcarea" family="Grantiidae" genus="Leucandrilla" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leucosolenida" pageId="2" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="wasinensis">
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<emphasis id="2F8AEA9E4412FFA5FF130CE8FDB2E287" bold="true" box="[151,629,927,954]" pageId="2">
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<emphasis id="2F8AEA9E4412FFA5FF130CE8FE7AE284" bold="true" box="[151,445,927,953]" italics="true" pageId="2">Leucandrilla wasinensis</emphasis>
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(
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<bibRefCitation id="796F4B7D4412FFA5FE4F0CD7FDAAE287" author="Jenkin, C. F." box="[459,621,928,954]" pageId="2" pagination="434 - 456" refId="ref6929" refString="Jenkin, C. F. (1908) The Marine Fauna of Zanzibar and British East Africa, from Collections made by Cyril Crossland, M. A., in the Years 1901 & 1902. The Calcareous Sponges. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1908, 434 - 456. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1469 - 7998.1908. tb 07387. x" type="journal article" year="1908">Jenkin, 1908</bibRefCitation>
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)
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="55E465074412FFA5FF130C92FD5BE56A" pageId="2" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="1D41368C4412FFA5FF130C92FD64E2C6" blockId="2.[151,1436,997,1111]" box="[151,675,997,1019]" pageId="2">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="3DEE11A24412FFA5FF130C92FD64E2C6" box="[151,675,997,1019]" pageId="2">
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<taxonomicName id="DAFE4D0F4412FFA5FF130C92FDDBE2C6" authority=": Jenkin 1908: 454" authorityName=": Jenkin" authorityPageNumber="454" authorityYear="1908" box="[151,540,997,1019]" class="Calcarea" family="Amphoriscidae" genus="Leucilla" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leucosolenida" pageId="2" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="wasinensis">
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<emphasis id="2F8AEA9E4412FFA5FF130C92FE99E2C6" box="[151,350,997,1019]" italics="true" pageId="2">Leucilla wasinensis</emphasis>
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:
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<treatmentCitation id="9C5F109D4412FFA5FEEF0C92FDDBE2C6" author="Jenkin, C. F." box="[363,540,997,1019]" page="454" pageId="2" year="1908">
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<bibRefCitation id="796F4B7D4412FFA5FEEF0C92FE2DE2C6" author="Jenkin, C. F." box="[363,490,997,1019]" pageId="2" pagination="434 - 456" refId="ref6929" refString="Jenkin, C. F. (1908) The Marine Fauna of Zanzibar and British East Africa, from Collections made by Cyril Crossland, M. A., in the Years 1901 & 1902. The Calcareous Sponges. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1908, 434 - 456. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1469 - 7998.1908. tb 07387. x" type="journal article" year="1908">Jenkin 1908</bibRefCitation>
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: 454
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</treatmentCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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, text-fig. 104
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</treatmentCitationGroup>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="1D41368C4412FFA5FF130B73FAD8E527" blockId="2.[151,1436,997,1111]" box="[151,1311,1028,1050]" pageId="2">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="3DEE11A24412FFA5FF130B73FAD8E527" box="[151,1311,1028,1050]" pageId="2">
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<taxonomicName id="DAFE4D0F4412FFA5FF130B73FDEBE527" ID-CoL="6Q3T4" authority=": Dendy 1913: 24" authorityName=": Dendy" authorityPageNumber="24" authorityYear="1913" box="[151,556,1028,1050]" class="Calcarea" family="Grantiidae" genus="Leucandra" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leucosolenida" pageId="2" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="wasinensis">
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<emphasis id="2F8AEA9E4412FFA5FF130B73FEBFE527" box="[151,376,1028,1050]" italics="true" pageId="2">Leucandra wasinensis</emphasis>
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: Dendy 1913: 24
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</taxonomicName>
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, plate 2—fig. 5;
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<treatmentCitation id="9C5F109D4412FFA5FD520B73FC1EE527" author="Dendy, A. & Row, R. W. H." box="[726,985,1028,1050]" page="772" pageId="2" year="1913">
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<bibRefCitation id="796F4B7D4412FFA5FD520B73FC61E527" author="Dendy, A. & Row, R. W. H." box="[726,934,1028,1050]" pageId="2" pagination="704 - 813" refId="ref6667" refString="Dendy, A. & Row, R. W. H. (1913) The classification and phylogeny of the calcareous sponges, with a reference list of all the described species, systematically arranged. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1913 (3), 704 - 813. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1469 - 7998.1913. tb 06152. x" type="journal article" year="1913">Dendy & Row 1913</bibRefCitation>
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: 772
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</treatmentCitation>
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;
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<treatmentCitation id="9C5F109D4412FFA5FC670B72FB5EE527" author="Burton, M." box="[995,1177,1028,1050]" page="306" pageId="2" year="1963">
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<bibRefCitation id="796F4B7D4412FFA5FC670B72FBA0E527" author="Burton, M." box="[995,1127,1028,1050]" pageId="2" refId="ref6547" refString="Burton, M. (1963) A revision of the Classification of the Calcareous Sponges. With a Catalogue of the specimens in the British Museum (Natural History). Printed order of the trustees of the British Museum (Natural History), London, 693 pp." type="book" year="1963">Burton 1963</bibRefCitation>
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: 306
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</treatmentCitation>
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, text-fig. 160
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||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
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||
</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="1D41368C4412FFA5FF130B55FD5BE56A" blockId="2.[151,1436,997,1111]" pageId="2">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="3DEE11A24412FFA5FF130B55FD5BE56A" pageId="2">
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||
<taxonomicName id="DAFE4D0F4412FFA5FF130B55FD63E505" ID-CoL="7244S" authority=": Borojevic et al. 2000: 226" authorityName="Borojevic" authorityPageNumber="226" authorityYear="2000" box="[151,676,1058,1080]" class="Calcarea" family="Grantiidae" genus="Leucandrilla" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leucosolenida" pageId="2" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="wasinensis">
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<emphasis id="2F8AEA9E4412FFA5FF130B55FE4AE505" box="[151,397,1058,1080]" italics="true" pageId="2">Leucandrilla wasinensis</emphasis>
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||
:
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<treatmentCitation id="9C5F109D4412FFA5FE1E0B55FD63E505" author="Borojevic, R. & Boury-Esnault, N. & Vacelet, J." box="[410,676,1058,1080]" page="226" pageId="2" year="2000">
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<bibRefCitation id="796F4B7D4412FFA5FE1E0B55FDB4E505" author="Borojevic, R. & Boury-Esnault, N. & Vacelet, J." box="[410,627,1058,1080]" pageId="2" pagination="203 - 264" refId="ref6281" refString="Borojevic, R., Boury-Esnault, N. & Vacelet, J. (2000) A revision of the supraspecific classification of the subclass Calcaronea (Porifera, class Calcarea). Zoosystema, 22 (2), 203 - 264." type="journal article" year="2000">
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Borojević
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<emphasis id="2F8AEA9E4412FFA5FD800B54FDF1E505" box="[516,566,1058,1080]" italics="true" pageId="2">et al.</emphasis>
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2000
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</bibRefCitation>
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||
: 226
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||
</treatmentCitation>
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||
</taxonomicName>
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||
, fig. 23;
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<treatmentCitation id="9C5F109D4412FFA5FD780B55FBD6E505" author="Borojevic, R. & Boury-Esnault, N. & Manuel, M. & Vacelet, J." box="[764,1041,1058,1080]" page="1168" pageId="2" year="2002">
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||
<bibRefCitation id="796F4B7D4412FFA5FD780B55FC12E505" author="Borojevic, R. & Boury-Esnault, N. & Manuel, M. & Vacelet, J." box="[764,981,1058,1080]" pageId="2" pagination="1157 - 1184" refId="ref6326" refString="Borojevic, R., Boury-Esnault, N., Manuel, M. & Vacelet, J. (2002) Order Leucosolenida Hartman, 1958. In: Hooper, J. N. A. & Van Soest, R. W. M. (Eds.), S ystema Porifera: a guide to the classification of sponges. Kluwer Academic / Plenum Publishers, New York / Boston / Dordrecht / London / Moscow, pp. 1157 - 1184. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / 978 - 1 - 4615 - 0747 - 5 _ 120" type="book chapter" year="2002">
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Borojević
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<emphasis id="2F8AEA9E4412FFA5FCE10B54FC5FE505" box="[869,920,1058,1080]" italics="true" pageId="2">et al.</emphasis>
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||
2002
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</bibRefCitation>
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||
: 1168
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</treatmentCitation>
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||
, fig. 6A;
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<treatmentCitation id="9C5F109D4412FFA5FBEB0B55FA5FE505" author="Condor-Lujan, B. & Louzada, T. & Hajdu, E. & Klautau, M." box="[1135,1432,1058,1080]" page="42" pageId="2" year="2018">
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<bibRefCitation id="796F4B7D4412FFA5FBEB0B55FAB5E505" author="Condor-Lujan, B. & Louzada, T. & Hajdu, E. & Klautau, M." box="[1135,1394,1058,1080]" pageId="2" pagination="459 - 525" refId="ref6598" refString="Condor-Lujan, B., Louzada, T., Hajdu, E. & Klautau, M. (2018) Morphological and molecular taxonomy of calcareous sponges (Porifera: Calcarea) from Curacao, Caribbean Sea. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 183 (3), 459 - 525. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / zoolinnean / zlx 082" type="journal article" year="2018">
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Cóndor-Luján
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<emphasis id="2F8AEA9E4412FFA5FA800B54FAF0E505" box="[1284,1335,1058,1080]" italics="true" pageId="2">et al.</emphasis>
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2018
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</bibRefCitation>
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: 42
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||
</treatmentCitation>
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||
;
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||
<treatmentCitation id="9C5F109D4412FFA5FF430B35FDD8E56A" author="Van Soest, R. W. & De Voogd, N. J." box="[199,543,1089,1111]" page="106" pageId="2" year="2018">
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<bibRefCitation id="796F4B7D4412FFA5FF430B35FE29E56A" author="Van Soest, R. W. & De Voogd, N. J." box="[199,494,1089,1111]" pageId="2" pagination="1 - 160" refId="ref7271" refString="Van Soest, R. W. & De Voogd, N. J. (2018) Calcareous sponges of the Western Indian Ocean and Red Sea. Zootaxa, 4426 (1), 1 - 160. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4426.1.1" type="journal article" year="2018">Van Soest & De Voogd 2018</bibRefCitation>
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||
: 106
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||
</treatmentCitation>
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||
, figs. 64, 65
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</treatmentCitationGroup>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="55E465074412FFA5FF130BF3FC88E5FD" pageId="2" type="materials_examined">
|
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<paragraph id="1D41368C4412FFA5FF130BF3FC88E5FD" blockId="2.[151,1437,1156,2009]" pageId="2">
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||
<emphasis id="2F8AEA9E4412FFA5FF130BF3FE44E5A0" bold="true" box="[151,387,1156,1181]" pageId="2">Material examined:</emphasis>
|
||
Slides of the
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<typeStatus id="C245882E4412FFA5FDA40BF3FD45E5A0" box="[544,642,1156,1181]" pageId="2" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
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BMNH 1908.9.25.59 (6 slides containing sections of the skeleton and 4 containing dissociated spicules). Wasin,
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<collectingCountry id="65E9761C4412FFA5FDF50BDFFD7AE5FD" box="[625,701,1192,1216]" name="Kenya" pageId="2">Kenya</collectingCountry>
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, East Africa.
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="55E465074412FFA2FF430BBBFD83E299" lastPageId="5" pageId="2" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="1D41368C4412FFA5FF430BBBFEDEE651" blockId="2.[151,1437,1156,2009]" pageId="2">
|
||
<emphasis id="2F8AEA9E4412FFA5FF430BBBFE9CE5D8" bold="true" box="[199,347,1228,1253]" pageId="2">Description:</emphasis>
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||
The specimen could not be analysed but according to the original description it has ovoid shape and white colour in ethanol. A short fringe of trichoxea surrounds the osculum (
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||
<figureCitation id="85C52A094412FFA5FB930B98FBB7E435" box="[1047,1136,1263,1288]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1853,1875]" captionTargetBox="[231,1353,193,1838]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[231,1353,193,1838]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 1. Skeletal organization of the holotype of Leucandrilla wasinensis BMNH 1908.9.25.59. A—Longitudinal section showing the fringe of trichoxeas (arrowhead) that surrounds the osculum, B—Longitudinal section from the cortex (ct) to the atrium (at), C—Microdiactines just below the cortical skeleton and (in detail) protruding from the surface, D—Cortical triactine (left) and tetractine (right), E—Not stained section with a subcortical pseudosagittal triactine (arrowhead), F— Subcortical pseudosagittal triactine (arrow) close to a subcortical lacuna, G—Choanoskeleton composed mainly of triactines and few (arrow) tetractines, H—Subatrial tetractine (arrow) and atrial skeleton." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2599220/files/figure.png" pageId="2">Fig. 1A</figureCitation>
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). The aquiferous system is leuconoid. The body wall is thick, and the skeleton is well developed, with several layers of spicules. Giant diactines perforate the sponge surface and can reach through most of the choanosome (
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||
<figureCitation id="85C52A094412FFA5FBF80A40FAC2E46D" box="[1148,1285,1335,1360]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1853,1875]" captionTargetBox="[231,1353,193,1838]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[231,1353,193,1838]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 1. Skeletal organization of the holotype of Leucandrilla wasinensis BMNH 1908.9.25.59. A—Longitudinal section showing the fringe of trichoxeas (arrowhead) that surrounds the osculum, B—Longitudinal section from the cortex (ct) to the atrium (at), C—Microdiactines just below the cortical skeleton and (in detail) protruding from the surface, D—Cortical triactine (left) and tetractine (right), E—Not stained section with a subcortical pseudosagittal triactine (arrowhead), F— Subcortical pseudosagittal triactine (arrow) close to a subcortical lacuna, G—Choanoskeleton composed mainly of triactines and few (arrow) tetractines, H—Subatrial tetractine (arrow) and atrial skeleton." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2599220/files/figure.png" pageId="2">Figs. 1A, B</figureCitation>
|
||
). They occur separately or in groups of four to five spicules. Three small microdiactines were also found. While one of them was protruding through the surface, the other two were imbedded in the skeleton close to the cortex (
|
||
<figureCitation id="85C52A094412FFA5FB5C0A08FAF7E4A5" box="[1240,1328,1407,1432]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1853,1875]" captionTargetBox="[231,1353,193,1838]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[231,1353,193,1838]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 1. Skeletal organization of the holotype of Leucandrilla wasinensis BMNH 1908.9.25.59. A—Longitudinal section showing the fringe of trichoxeas (arrowhead) that surrounds the osculum, B—Longitudinal section from the cortex (ct) to the atrium (at), C—Microdiactines just below the cortical skeleton and (in detail) protruding from the surface, D—Cortical triactine (left) and tetractine (right), E—Not stained section with a subcortical pseudosagittal triactine (arrowhead), F— Subcortical pseudosagittal triactine (arrow) close to a subcortical lacuna, G—Choanoskeleton composed mainly of triactines and few (arrow) tetractines, H—Subatrial tetractine (arrow) and atrial skeleton." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2599220/files/figure.png" pageId="2">Fig. 1C</figureCitation>
|
||
). It is not clear if they are part of the sponge, as they were not found in any other section besides that used for illustration. The cortical skeleton is formed of a tangential layer of thin triactines (
|
||
<figureCitation id="85C52A094412FFA5FC2F0AB0FB8AE4DD" box="[939,1101,1479,1504]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1853,1875]" captionTargetBox="[231,1353,193,1838]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[231,1353,193,1838]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 1. Skeletal organization of the holotype of Leucandrilla wasinensis BMNH 1908.9.25.59. A—Longitudinal section showing the fringe of trichoxeas (arrowhead) that surrounds the osculum, B—Longitudinal section from the cortex (ct) to the atrium (at), C—Microdiactines just below the cortical skeleton and (in detail) protruding from the surface, D—Cortical triactine (left) and tetractine (right), E—Not stained section with a subcortical pseudosagittal triactine (arrowhead), F— Subcortical pseudosagittal triactine (arrow) close to a subcortical lacuna, G—Choanoskeleton composed mainly of triactines and few (arrow) tetractines, H—Subatrial tetractine (arrow) and atrial skeleton." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2599220/files/figure.png" pageId="2">Figs. 1B, D, F</figureCitation>
|
||
) and by tetractines (
|
||
<figureCitation id="85C52A094412FFA5FAB60AB0FABBE4DD" box="[1330,1404,1479,1504]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1853,1875]" captionTargetBox="[231,1353,193,1838]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[231,1353,193,1838]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 1. Skeletal organization of the holotype of Leucandrilla wasinensis BMNH 1908.9.25.59. A—Longitudinal section showing the fringe of trichoxeas (arrowhead) that surrounds the osculum, B—Longitudinal section from the cortex (ct) to the atrium (at), C—Microdiactines just below the cortical skeleton and (in detail) protruding from the surface, D—Cortical triactine (left) and tetractine (right), E—Not stained section with a subcortical pseudosagittal triactine (arrowhead), F— Subcortical pseudosagittal triactine (arrow) close to a subcortical lacuna, G—Choanoskeleton composed mainly of triactines and few (arrow) tetractines, H—Subatrial tetractine (arrow) and atrial skeleton." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2599220/files/figure.png" pageId="2">Figs. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
C- F). The latter vary in size, but they are never giant as in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="DAFE4D0F4412FFA5FCD60A9BFBC6E738" authorityName="Dendy" authorityYear="1893" box="[850,1025,1516,1541]" class="Calcarea" family="Amphoriscidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leucosolenida" pageId="2" phylum="Porifera" rank="family">Amphoriscidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Below the cortex, there are some pseudosagittal triactines, some of them surrounding subcortical lacunae (
|
||
<figureCitation id="85C52A094412FFA5FC640978FBA2E715" box="[992,1125,1551,1576]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1853,1875]" captionTargetBox="[231,1353,193,1838]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[231,1353,193,1838]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 1. Skeletal organization of the holotype of Leucandrilla wasinensis BMNH 1908.9.25.59. A—Longitudinal section showing the fringe of trichoxeas (arrowhead) that surrounds the osculum, B—Longitudinal section from the cortex (ct) to the atrium (at), C—Microdiactines just below the cortical skeleton and (in detail) protruding from the surface, D—Cortical triactine (left) and tetractine (right), E—Not stained section with a subcortical pseudosagittal triactine (arrowhead), F— Subcortical pseudosagittal triactine (arrow) close to a subcortical lacuna, G—Choanoskeleton composed mainly of triactines and few (arrow) tetractines, H—Subatrial tetractine (arrow) and atrial skeleton." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2599220/files/figure.png" pageId="2">Figs. 1E, F</figureCitation>
|
||
). Inner, giant triactines are present, many of them pointing the unpaired actines to the cortex, in opposition to the cortical tetractines or (less common) to the pseudosagittal triactines (
|
||
<figureCitation id="85C52A094412FFA5FDE80920FD72E74D" box="[620,693,1623,1648]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1853,1875]" captionTargetBox="[231,1353,193,1838]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[231,1353,193,1838]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 1. Skeletal organization of the holotype of Leucandrilla wasinensis BMNH 1908.9.25.59. A—Longitudinal section showing the fringe of trichoxeas (arrowhead) that surrounds the osculum, B—Longitudinal section from the cortex (ct) to the atrium (at), C—Microdiactines just below the cortical skeleton and (in detail) protruding from the surface, D—Cortical triactine (left) and tetractine (right), E—Not stained section with a subcortical pseudosagittal triactine (arrowhead), F— Subcortical pseudosagittal triactine (arrow) close to a subcortical lacuna, G—Choanoskeleton composed mainly of triactines and few (arrow) tetractines, H—Subatrial tetractine (arrow) and atrial skeleton." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2599220/files/figure.png" pageId="2">Figs. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
B-D). This layer may not be so evident because of the presence of the subcortical lacunae. The choanosomal skeleton is mainly composed of the same giant triactines mentioned before and of some giant tetractines. Spicules of both categories may be in disarray, but there are also several layers of them pointing the unpaired actines to the cortex, forming an articulated skeleton (
|
||
<figureCitation id="85C52A094412FFA5FBDD09B3FB25E7E1" box="[1113,1250,1732,1757]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1853,1875]" captionTargetBox="[231,1353,193,1838]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[231,1353,193,1838]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 1. Skeletal organization of the holotype of Leucandrilla wasinensis BMNH 1908.9.25.59. A—Longitudinal section showing the fringe of trichoxeas (arrowhead) that surrounds the osculum, B—Longitudinal section from the cortex (ct) to the atrium (at), C—Microdiactines just below the cortical skeleton and (in detail) protruding from the surface, D—Cortical triactine (left) and tetractine (right), E—Not stained section with a subcortical pseudosagittal triactine (arrowhead), F— Subcortical pseudosagittal triactine (arrow) close to a subcortical lacuna, G—Choanoskeleton composed mainly of triactines and few (arrow) tetractines, H—Subatrial tetractine (arrow) and atrial skeleton." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2599220/files/figure.png" pageId="2">Figs. 1B, G</figureCitation>
|
||
). Tetractines are present surrounding the canals. The proximal region is even more organised, and an evident subatrial layer is present. It is formed of tetractines and triactines, the latter being less abundant (
|
||
<figureCitation id="85C52A094412FFA5FBD1087BFB23E619" box="[1109,1252,1804,1829]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1853,1875]" captionTargetBox="[231,1353,193,1838]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[231,1353,193,1838]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 1. Skeletal organization of the holotype of Leucandrilla wasinensis BMNH 1908.9.25.59. A—Longitudinal section showing the fringe of trichoxeas (arrowhead) that surrounds the osculum, B—Longitudinal section from the cortex (ct) to the atrium (at), C—Microdiactines just below the cortical skeleton and (in detail) protruding from the surface, D—Cortical triactine (left) and tetractine (right), E—Not stained section with a subcortical pseudosagittal triactine (arrowhead), F— Subcortical pseudosagittal triactine (arrow) close to a subcortical lacuna, G—Choanoskeleton composed mainly of triactines and few (arrow) tetractines, H—Subatrial tetractine (arrow) and atrial skeleton." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2599220/files/figure.png" pageId="2">Figs. 1G, H</figureCitation>
|
||
). The atrium is surrounded by tetractines that project their long apical actines into the lumen (
|
||
<figureCitation id="85C52A094412FFA5FB870858FB40E675" box="[1027,1159,1839,1864]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1853,1875]" captionTargetBox="[231,1353,193,1838]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[231,1353,193,1838]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 1. Skeletal organization of the holotype of Leucandrilla wasinensis BMNH 1908.9.25.59. A—Longitudinal section showing the fringe of trichoxeas (arrowhead) that surrounds the osculum, B—Longitudinal section from the cortex (ct) to the atrium (at), C—Microdiactines just below the cortical skeleton and (in detail) protruding from the surface, D—Cortical triactine (left) and tetractine (right), E—Not stained section with a subcortical pseudosagittal triactine (arrowhead), F— Subcortical pseudosagittal triactine (arrow) close to a subcortical lacuna, G—Choanoskeleton composed mainly of triactines and few (arrow) tetractines, H—Subatrial tetractine (arrow) and atrial skeleton." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2599220/files/figure.png" pageId="2">Figs. 1G, H</figureCitation>
|
||
). Reproductive elements are present.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="1D41368C4412FFA5FF430800FAC1E6AD" blockId="2.[151,1437,1156,2009]" box="[199,1286,1911,1936]" pageId="2">
|
||
<emphasis id="2F8AEA9E4412FFA5FF430800FEF5E6AD" bold="true" box="[199,306,1911,1936]" pageId="2">Spicules:</emphasis>
|
||
The tips of the spicules could not reliably be described as most of them were corroded.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="1D41368C4412FFA5FF4308EBFE81E6E5" blockId="2.[151,1437,1156,2009]" pageId="2">
|
||
Microdiactines (
|
||
<figureCitation id="85C52A094412FFA5FE0408EBFE1FE689" box="[384,472,1948,1973]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1853,1875]" captionTargetBox="[231,1353,193,1838]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[231,1353,193,1838]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 1. Skeletal organization of the holotype of Leucandrilla wasinensis BMNH 1908.9.25.59. A—Longitudinal section showing the fringe of trichoxeas (arrowhead) that surrounds the osculum, B—Longitudinal section from the cortex (ct) to the atrium (at), C—Microdiactines just below the cortical skeleton and (in detail) protruding from the surface, D—Cortical triactine (left) and tetractine (right), E—Not stained section with a subcortical pseudosagittal triactine (arrowhead), F— Subcortical pseudosagittal triactine (arrow) close to a subcortical lacuna, G—Choanoskeleton composed mainly of triactines and few (arrow) tetractines, H—Subatrial tetractine (arrow) and atrial skeleton." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2599220/files/figure.png" pageId="2">Fig. 1B</figureCitation>
|
||
): They are not abundant. Fusiform, with sharp tips (139.2–172.3 ± 46.8–205.4/7.1 ± 0.3 µm; N = 2).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="498166044413FFA4FF13084AFC7DE6D0" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2599220/files/figure.png" pageId="3" startId="3.[151,250,1853,1875]" targetBox="[231,1353,193,1838]" targetPageId="3">
|
||
<paragraph id="1D41368C4413FFA4FF13084AFC7DE6D0" blockId="3.[151,1436,1853,2029]" pageId="3">
|
||
<emphasis id="2F8AEA9E4413FFA4FF13084AFED3E66E" bold="true" box="[151,276,1853,1875]" pageId="3">FIGURE 1.</emphasis>
|
||
Skeletal organization of the holotype of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="DAFE4D0F4413FFA4FD3D084AFC76E669" box="[697,945,1853,1876]" class="Calcarea" family="Grantiidae" genus="Leucandrilla" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leucosolenida" pageId="3" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="wasinensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="2F8AEA9E4413FFA4FD3D084AFC76E669" box="[697,945,1853,1876]" italics="true" pageId="3">Leucandrilla wasinensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
BMNH 1908.9.25.59. A—Longitudinal section showing the fringe of trichoxeas (arrowhead) that surrounds the osculum, B—Longitudinal section from the cortex (ct) to the atrium (at), C—Microdiactines just below the cortical skeleton and (in detail) protruding from the surface, D—Cortical triactine (left) and tetractine (right), E—Not stained section with a subcortical pseudosagittal triactine (arrowhead), F— Subcortical pseudosagittal triactine (arrow) close to a subcortical lacuna, G—Choanoskeleton composed mainly of triactines and few (arrow) tetractines, H—Subatrial tetractine (arrow) and atrial skeleton.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="1D41368C4414FFA3FF430FE0FE65E1E9" blockId="4.[151,1437,151,429]" pageId="4">
|
||
Diactines (
|
||
<figureCitation id="85C52A094414FFA3FEC50FE0FE5AE18D" box="[321,413,151,176]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1916,1938]" captionTargetBox="[150,1435,481,1895]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[150,1436,481,1895]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 2. Spicules of the holotype of Leucandrilla wasinensis BMNH 1908.9.25.59. A—Diactine, B—Cortical tetractine, C—Cortical triactine, D—Slightly conical (left) and cylindrical (right) pseudosagittal triactines (u: unpaired; sl: short paired; lp: long paired), E—Choanosomal triactine, F—Choanosomal tetractine, G—Subatrial tetractine, H—Subatrial triactine, I— Atrial tetractine." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2599222/files/figure.png" pageId="4">Fig. 2A</figureCitation>
|
||
): Most of them are broken. They are straight and fusiform (875.6–1133.9 ± 209.1–1539.8/ 40.0 ± 5.2 µm; N = 18).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="1D41368C4414FFA3FF430FA8FE65E07D" blockId="4.[151,1437,151,429]" pageId="4">
|
||
Cortical triactines (
|
||
<figureCitation id="85C52A094414FFA3FE2C0FA8FDC1E1C5" box="[424,518,223,248]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1916,1938]" captionTargetBox="[150,1435,481,1895]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[150,1436,481,1895]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 2. Spicules of the holotype of Leucandrilla wasinensis BMNH 1908.9.25.59. A—Diactine, B—Cortical tetractine, C—Cortical triactine, D—Slightly conical (left) and cylindrical (right) pseudosagittal triactines (u: unpaired; sl: short paired; lp: long paired), E—Choanosomal triactine, F—Choanosomal tetractine, G—Subatrial tetractine, H—Subatrial triactine, I— Atrial tetractine." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2599222/files/figure.png" pageId="4">Fig. 2C</figureCitation>
|
||
): Very thin. Unpaired actines shorter than the paired ones, which are curved. Cylindrical with sharp tips (paired: 223.9–305.2 ± 42.8–391.6/14.7 ± 3.2 µm; unpaired: 136.1–201.9 ± 34.5–262.4/ 15.2 ± 3.7 µm; N = 30).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="1D41368C4414FFA3FF430E3BFC19E091" blockId="4.[151,1437,151,429]" pageId="4">
|
||
Cortical tetractines (
|
||
<figureCitation id="85C52A094414FFA3FE2F0E3BFDC2E059" box="[427,517,332,357]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1916,1938]" captionTargetBox="[150,1435,481,1895]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[150,1436,481,1895]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 2. Spicules of the holotype of Leucandrilla wasinensis BMNH 1908.9.25.59. A—Diactine, B—Cortical tetractine, C—Cortical triactine, D—Slightly conical (left) and cylindrical (right) pseudosagittal triactines (u: unpaired; sl: short paired; lp: long paired), E—Choanosomal triactine, F—Choanosomal tetractine, G—Subatrial tetractine, H—Subatrial triactine, I— Atrial tetractine." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2599222/files/figure.png" pageId="4">Fig. 2B</figureCitation>
|
||
): Basal actines are curved, while the apical one is straight. Actines are cylindrical with blunt or sharp tips (paired: 119.8-322.5 ± 57.1–367.9/-18.2 ± 5.4 µm; unpaired: 118.6–311.1 ± 118.8–411.9/ 19.0 ± 5.2 µm; apical: 105.5–7108.8 ± 29.5–200.2/14.8 ± 2.0 µm; N = 30).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="498166044414FFA3FF13080BFEF9E6D3" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2599222/files/figure.png" pageId="4" startId="4.[151,250,1916,1938]" targetBox="[150,1435,481,1895]" targetPageId="4">
|
||
<paragraph id="1D41368C4414FFA3FF13080BFEF9E6D3" blockId="4.[151,1436,1916,2030]" pageId="4">
|
||
<emphasis id="2F8AEA9E4414FFA3FF13080BFED3E6AC" bold="true" box="[151,276,1916,1938]" pageId="4">FIGURE 2.</emphasis>
|
||
Spicules of the holotype of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="DAFE4D0F4414FFA3FDB8080BFCF3E6AF" box="[572,820,1916,1938]" class="Calcarea" family="Grantiidae" genus="Leucandrilla" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leucosolenida" pageId="4" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="wasinensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="2F8AEA9E4414FFA3FDB8080BFCF3E6AF" box="[572,820,1916,1938]" italics="true" pageId="4">Leucandrilla wasinensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
BMNH 1908.9.25.59. A—Diactine, B—Cortical tetractine, C—Cortical triactine, D—Slightly conical (left) and cylindrical (right) pseudosagittal triactines (u: unpaired; sl: short paired; lp: long paired), E—Choanosomal triactine, F—Choanosomal tetractine, G—Subatrial tetractine, H—Subatrial triactine, I— Atrial tetractine.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="1D41368C4415FFA2FF430FE0FF04E021" blockId="5.[151,1437,151,1328]" pageId="5">
|
||
Pseudosagittal triactines (
|
||
<figureCitation id="85C52A094415FFA2FE690FE0FD8BE18D" box="[493,588,151,176]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1916,1938]" captionTargetBox="[150,1435,481,1895]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[150,1436,481,1895]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 2. Spicules of the holotype of Leucandrilla wasinensis BMNH 1908.9.25.59. A—Diactine, B—Cortical tetractine, C—Cortical triactine, D—Slightly conical (left) and cylindrical (right) pseudosagittal triactines (u: unpaired; sl: short paired; lp: long paired), E—Choanosomal triactine, F—Choanosomal tetractine, G—Subatrial tetractine, H—Subatrial triactine, I— Atrial tetractine." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2599222/files/figure.png" pageId="5">Fig. 2D</figureCitation>
|
||
): Variable in thickness. Their shape is typical of pseudosagittal spicules. Actines are cylindrical to slightly conical, with sharp tips (large paired: 188.7–237.8 ± 68.2–400.2/25.5 ± 5.8 µm; short paired: 124.1–180.2 ± 33.3–332.0/23.8 ± 5.3 µm; unpaired: 220.1–365.2 ± 103.2–512.2/24.8 ± 4.8 µm; N = 30).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="1D41368C4415FFA2FF430E50FE2EE091" blockId="5.[151,1437,151,1328]" pageId="5">
|
||
Choanosomal triactines (
|
||
<figureCitation id="85C52A094415FFA2FE5A0E50FDF2E07D" box="[478,565,295,320]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1916,1938]" captionTargetBox="[150,1435,481,1895]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[150,1436,481,1895]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 2. Spicules of the holotype of Leucandrilla wasinensis BMNH 1908.9.25.59. A—Diactine, B—Cortical tetractine, C—Cortical triactine, D—Slightly conical (left) and cylindrical (right) pseudosagittal triactines (u: unpaired; sl: short paired; lp: long paired), E—Choanosomal triactine, F—Choanosomal tetractine, G—Subatrial tetractine, H—Subatrial triactine, I— Atrial tetractine." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2599222/files/figure.png" pageId="5">Fig. 2E</figureCitation>
|
||
): Size of the actines is variable. They can be equiradiated, the unpaired actine can be shorter or paired actines can have different sizes. A slight undulation at one of the actines is also common. Slightly conical with sharp tips (paired: 280.0–546.8 ± 105.7–737.7/30.7 ± 4.6 µm; unpaired: 252.0–417.3 ± 95.4– 570.6/30.8 ± 4.9 µm; N = 30).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="1D41368C4415FFA2FF430EC0FCE9E301" blockId="5.[151,1437,151,1328]" pageId="5">
|
||
Choanosomal tetractines (
|
||
<figureCitation id="85C52A094415FFA2FE7D0EC0FD90E0ED" box="[505,599,439,464]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1916,1938]" captionTargetBox="[150,1435,481,1895]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[150,1436,481,1895]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 2. Spicules of the holotype of Leucandrilla wasinensis BMNH 1908.9.25.59. A—Diactine, B—Cortical tetractine, C—Cortical triactine, D—Slightly conical (left) and cylindrical (right) pseudosagittal triactines (u: unpaired; sl: short paired; lp: long paired), E—Choanosomal triactine, F—Choanosomal tetractine, G—Subatrial tetractine, H—Subatrial triactine, I— Atrial tetractine." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2599222/files/figure.png" pageId="5">Fig. 2F</figureCitation>
|
||
): Actines are cylindrical to slightly conical. Paired actines curved in opposition to the unpaired one, which can be short or can reach the same size as that of the paired actines. Apical actine is short (paired: 227.8–328.1 ± 70.1–493.1/19.5 ± 4.8 µm; unpaired: 247.1–330.8 ± 69.7–473.1/20.7 ± 5.9 µm; apical: 22.0–45.7 ± 15.6–81.1/13.4 ± 3.9 µm; N = 18).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="1D41368C4415FFA2FF430D30FBB2E3B8" blockId="5.[151,1437,151,1328]" pageId="5">
|
||
Subatrial triactines (
|
||
<figureCitation id="85C52A094415FFA2FE2C0D30FDC4E35D" box="[424,515,583,608]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1916,1938]" captionTargetBox="[150,1435,481,1895]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[150,1436,481,1895]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 2. Spicules of the holotype of Leucandrilla wasinensis BMNH 1908.9.25.59. A—Diactine, B—Cortical tetractine, C—Cortical triactine, D—Slightly conical (left) and cylindrical (right) pseudosagittal triactines (u: unpaired; sl: short paired; lp: long paired), E—Choanosomal triactine, F—Choanosomal tetractine, G—Subatrial tetractine, H—Subatrial triactine, I— Atrial tetractine." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2599222/files/figure.png" pageId="5">Fig. 2H</figureCitation>
|
||
): They are not abundant. Similar to the subatrial tetractines (paired: 236.6–325.0 ± 47.8–405.5/21.2 ± 5.5 µm; unpaired: 391.7–504.2 ± 71.4–639.9/22.1 ± 2.8 µm; N = 15).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="1D41368C4415FFA2FF430DF8FC61E229" blockId="5.[151,1437,151,1328]" pageId="5">
|
||
Subatrial tetractines (
|
||
<figureCitation id="85C52A094415FFA2FE3D0DF8FDD1E395" box="[441,534,655,680]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1916,1938]" captionTargetBox="[150,1435,481,1895]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[150,1436,481,1895]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 2. Spicules of the holotype of Leucandrilla wasinensis BMNH 1908.9.25.59. A—Diactine, B—Cortical tetractine, C—Cortical triactine, D—Slightly conical (left) and cylindrical (right) pseudosagittal triactines (u: unpaired; sl: short paired; lp: long paired), E—Choanosomal triactine, F—Choanosomal tetractine, G—Subatrial tetractine, H—Subatrial triactine, I— Atrial tetractine." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2599222/files/figure.png" pageId="5">Fig. 2G</figureCitation>
|
||
): The difference between these spicules and the choanosomal tetractines is not clear, but it seems that in the present spicule category, the unpaired actines are commonly longer than the paired ones. Apical actine is short (paired: 163.0–298.2 ± 80.8–498.0/17.1 ± 3.0 µm; unpaired: 334.2–465.2 ± 87.3–612.5/ 17.6 ± 3.2 µm; apical: 34.5–53.2 ± 16.4–87.4/12.2 ± 2.7 µm; N = 30).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="1D41368C4415FFA2FF430C68FD83E299" blockId="5.[151,1437,151,1328]" pageId="5">
|
||
Atrial tetractines (
|
||
<figureCitation id="85C52A094415FFA2FE160C68FE25E205" box="[402,482,799,824]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1916,1938]" captionTargetBox="[150,1435,481,1895]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[150,1436,481,1895]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 2. Spicules of the holotype of Leucandrilla wasinensis BMNH 1908.9.25.59. A—Diactine, B—Cortical tetractine, C—Cortical triactine, D—Slightly conical (left) and cylindrical (right) pseudosagittal triactines (u: unpaired; sl: short paired; lp: long paired), E—Choanosomal triactine, F—Choanosomal tetractine, G—Subatrial tetractine, H—Subatrial triactine, I— Atrial tetractine." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2599222/files/figure.png" pageId="5">
|
||
Fig.
|
||
<date id="6940104C4415FFA2FE420C57FE25E205" box="[454,482,800,824]" pageId="5">2I</date>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
): Actines are thin and long. Paired actines are curved, as typically observed for atrial spicules. Apical actine is smooth, long and commonly slightly curved. Cylindrical with sharp tips (paired: 101.1– 359.5 ± 140.0–709.5/19.0 ± 9.3 µm; unpaired: 23.5–77.5 ± 47.2–173.6/18.7 ± 10.6 µm; apical: 56.2–200.4 ± 105.7–552.5/20.3 ± 44.1 µm; N = 30).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="55E465074415FFA2FF430CD8FC3EE40D" pageId="5" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="1D41368C4415FFA2FF430CD8FC3EE40D" blockId="5.[151,1437,151,1328]" pageId="5">
|
||
<emphasis id="2F8AEA9E4415FFA2FF430CD8FEFAE2F5" bold="true" box="[199,317,943,968]" pageId="5">Remarks:</emphasis>
|
||
According to the original description, there are few tetractines among the cortical triactines, and the choanoskeleton is a closely packed mass of irregularly placed spicules (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="796F4B7D4415FFA2FC380CA3FB8CE2D1" author="Jenkin, C. F." box="[956,1099,980,1005]" pageId="5" pagination="434 - 456" refId="ref6929" refString="Jenkin, C. F. (1908) The Marine Fauna of Zanzibar and British East Africa, from Collections made by Cyril Crossland, M. A., in the Years 1901 & 1902. The Calcareous Sponges. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1908, 434 - 456. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1469 - 7998.1908. tb 07387. x" type="journal article" year="1908">Jenkin 1908</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). We observed in the slides of the
|
||
<typeStatus id="C245882E4415FFA2FF3B0C80FEE6E52D" box="[191,289,1015,1040]" pageId="5" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
that the tetractines are in fact abundant and most of the spicules of the choanosome form an articulated skeleton. In addition, the presence of microdiactines, pseudosagittal subcortical triactines and subatrial spicules was not mentioned before. Finally, differences in size of some spicule categories were detected. Spicule sizes provided by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="796F4B7D4415FFA2FEA70B13FE79E541" author="Jenkin, C. F." box="[291,446,1124,1149]" pageId="5" pagination="434 - 456" refId="ref6929" refString="Jenkin, C. F. (1908) The Marine Fauna of Zanzibar and British East Africa, from Collections made by Cyril Crossland, M. A., in the Years 1901 & 1902. The Calcareous Sponges. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1908, 434 - 456. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1469 - 7998.1908. tb 07387. x" type="journal article" year="1908">Jenkin (1908)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
for the cortical tetractines (maximum 700
|
||
<date id="6940104C4415FFA2FC1E0B12FC0CE540" box="[922,971,1124,1149]" pageId="5" value="1926-10">x 26</date>
|
||
µm for the basal actines and 500
|
||
<date id="6940104C4415FFA2FAC40B12FAB6E540" box="[1344,1393,1124,1149]" pageId="5" value="1926-10">x 26</date>
|
||
µm for 205 the apical one) and atrial tetractines (unpaired: 300–560
|
||
<date id="6940104C4415FFA2FC070BFEFC26E59D" box="[899,993,1160,1184]" pageId="5" value="2010-10-12">x 10–12</date>
|
||
µm, paired: 240–450 x 206 8–10 µm, apical: 180–260
|
||
<date id="6940104C4415FFA2FED00BDAFEBEE5F9" box="[340,377,1196,1220]" pageId="5">x 8</date>
|
||
µm) are considerably larger than our measurements of these spicules. We also compared our results with the description of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="DAFE4D0F4415FFA2FE6A0BA6FD42E5DA" box="[494,645,1232,1256]" class="Calcarea" family="Grantiidae" genus="Leucandrilla" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leucosolenida" pageId="5" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="wasinensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="2F8AEA9E4415FFA2FE6A0BA6FD42E5DA" box="[494,645,1232,1256]" italics="true" pageId="5">L. wasinensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from the
|
||
<collectingCountry id="65E9761C4415FFA2FD710BB8FCAAE5D5" box="[757,877,1231,1256]" name="Seychelles" pageId="5">Seychelles</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="796F4B7D4415FFA2FCF80BA7FB0FE5D5" author="Van Soest, R. W. & De Voogd, N. J." box="[892,1224,1231,1256]" pageId="5" pagination="1 - 160" refId="ref7271" refString="Van Soest, R. W. & De Voogd, N. J. (2018) Calcareous sponges of the Western Indian Ocean and Red Sea. Zootaxa, 4426 (1), 1 - 160. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4426.1.1" type="journal article" year="2018">Van Soest & De Voogd 2018</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). In the
|
||
<collectingCountry id="65E9761C4415FFA2FAA00BB8FA5BE5D5" box="[1316,1436,1231,1256]" name="Seychelles" pageId="5">Seychelles</collectingCountry>
|
||
specimen, the shape of cortical and atrial spicules differs from the
|
||
<typeStatus id="C245882E4415FFA2FC020B83FC2CE430" box="[902,1003,1268,1293]" pageId="5" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
, and atrial triactines occur only in that specimen, suggesting that its taxonomic identification needs to be confirmed.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |