228 lines
30 KiB
XML
228 lines
30 KiB
XML
<document id="21D0326C7AA09E2A2D0FC4930C59CF6A" ID-CLB-Dataset="100956" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.6867065" ID-GBIF-Dataset="3d520847-5163-4b5c-87bf-2cdceb781098" ID-ISBN="978-84-96553-89-7" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6867065" IM.illustrations_requiresApprovalFor="plazi" IM.metadata_requiresApprovalFor="plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_requiresApprovalFor="plazi" checkinTime="1658256599114" checkinUser="jonas" docAuthor="Russell A. Mittermeier, Anthony B. Rylands & Don E. Wilson" docDate="2013" docId="CE199B17FF96FF9CFA0766C7FBA6FB32" docLanguage="en" docName="hbmw_3_Cercopithecidae_0550.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 3 Primates, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions" docTitle="Presbytis femoralis" docType="treatment" docVersion="7" lastPageNumber="716" masterDocId="3220E36FFFC1FFC4FF596510FFB7FFFC" masterDocTitle="Cercopithecidae" masterLastPageNumber="755" masterPageNumber="550" pageNumber="715" updateTime="1699359875441" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title id="ADD8EF1BD62CC8311BB0CD2EAF3CF27A">Cercopithecidae</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="CF5879A46AAA81F132629A22A453C268">Russell A. Mittermeier</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="FDF634923F0DA559C062F95C79FD1AB4">Anthony B. Rylands</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="F48F6D4EC2651290AC45BF33D272E5A2">Don E. Wilson</mods:namePart>
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<mods:dateIssued id="0E971234727ECB70D9EC31BDAD8ED7DC">2013</mods:dateIssued>
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<mods:dateOther id="16A7BDD48B828DC1A294A78B583D09ED" type="pubDate">2013-03-31</mods:dateOther>
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<mods:publisher id="0E0D6538492839E3103ABEDD5393A7F5">Lynx Edicions</mods:publisher>
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<mods:placeTerm id="0AD0EB3351742EB61765F110657FF43C">Barcelona</mods:placeTerm>
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<mods:titleInfo id="BEAEF82CF3806EEB016E9D10CA2C0035">
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<mods:title id="A84B757D24476058045D44B6BF73E564">Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 3 Primates</mods:title>
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<treatment id="CE199B17FF96FF9CFA0766C7FBA6FB32" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6863380" ID-GBIF-Taxon="197824732" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6863380" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:CE199B17FF96FF9CFA0766C7FBA6FB32" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/CE199B17FF96FF9CFA0766C7FBA6FB32" lastPageId="88" lastPageNumber="716" pageId="87" pageNumber="715">
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<subSubSection id="0EAA798AFF96FF93FA0766C7FA1AFBF9" box="[1374,1453,983,1029]" pageId="87" pageNumber="715" type="multiple">
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<paragraph id="460F2A01FF96FF93FA0766C7FA1AFBF9" blockId="87.[1370,2523,983,1147]" box="[1374,1453,983,1029]" pageId="87" pageNumber="715">
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<heading id="1D479D6DFF96FF93FA0766C7FA1AFBF9" box="[1374,1453,983,1029]" pageId="87" pageNumber="715">
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<figureCitation id="DE8B3684FF96FF93FA0766C7FA1AFBF9" box="[1374,1453,983,1029]" captionStart="Plate 47: Cercopithecidae" captionStartId="87.[100,130,3411,3432]" captionTargetBox="[13,2745,15,3644]" captionTargetPageId="86" captionText="5. 5- 6 kg ( females ). The Sabah Grizzled Languris gray above and below, except white belly and inner surfaces of limbs, contrasting with black on hands and feet. Crown is gray, with a tall black crest on back of head and two frontal whorls. Facial skin is red- dish, with bluish lips and a pair of distinct black spots on each side of the face, between eyes and mouth — a pattern sometimes seen in more contrastingly colored individuals of Hose’s Langur ( Presbytis hoset (null), 6. [MISSING], 7. [MISSING], 8. [MISSING], 9. [MISSING], 10. [MISSING], 11. [MISSING], 12. [MISSING], 13. [MISSING], 14. [MISSING], 15. [MISSING], 16. [MISSING], 17. [MISSING], 18. [MISSING], 19. [MISSING], 20. [MISSING], 21. [MISSING], 22. [MISSING], 23. [MISSING], 24. [MISSING], 25. [MISSING], 26. [MISSING], 27. [MISSING], 28. [MISSING], 29. [MISSING], 30. [MISSING], 31. [MISSING], 32. [MISSING], 33. [MISSING], 34. [MISSING], 35. [MISSING], 36. [MISSING], 37. [MISSING], 38. [MISSING], 39. [MISSING], 40. [MISSING], 41. [MISSING], 42. [MISSING], 43. [MISSING], 44. [MISSING], 45. [MISSING], 46. [MISSING], 47. [MISSING], 48. [MISSING], 49. [MISSING], 50. [MISSING], 51. [MISSING], 52. [MISSING], 53. [MISSING], 54. [MISSING], 55. [MISSING], 56. [MISSING], 57. [MISSING], 58. [MISSING], 59. [MISSING], 60. [MISSING], 61. [MISSING], 62. [MISSING], 63. [MISSING], 64. [MISSING], 65. [MISSING], 66. [MISSING], 67. [MISSING], 68. [MISSING], 69. [MISSING], 70. [MISSING], 71. [MISSING], 72. [MISSING], 73. [MISSING], 74. [MISSING], 75. [MISSING], 76. [MISSING], 77. [MISSING], 78. [MISSING], 79. [MISSING], 80. [MISSING], 81. [MISSING], 82. [MISSING], 83. [MISSING], 84. [MISSING], 85. [MISSING], 86. [MISSING], 87. [MISSING], 88. [MISSING], 89. [MISSING], 90. [MISSING], 91. [MISSING], 92. [MISSING], 93. [MISSING], 94. [MISSING], 95. [MISSING], 96. [MISSING], 97. [MISSING], 98. [MISSING], 99. [MISSING], 100. [MISSING], 101. [MISSING], 102. [MISSING], 103. [MISSING], 105. Javan Langur (Presbytis comata), 106. Banded Langur (Presbytis femoralis), 107. Cross-marked Langur (Presbytis chrysomelas), 108. White-fronted Langur (Presbytis frontata), 109. Hose’s Langur (Presbytis hosei), 110. Miller’s Langur (Presbytis canicrus), 111. Sabah Grizzled Langur (Presbytis sabana), 112. Black-crested Sumatran Langur (Presbytis melalophos), 113. Black-and-white Langur (Presbytis bicolor), 114. Black Sumatran Langur (Presbytis sumatrana), 115. Mitered Langur (Presbytis mitrata)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6867463" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6867463/files/figure.png" pageId="87" pageNumber="715">106.</figureCitation>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="0EAA798AFF96FF93FAE766C7F8BFFBF9" box="[1470,1800,983,1029]" pageId="87" pageNumber="715" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph id="460F2A01FF96FF93FAE766C7F8BFFBF9" blockId="87.[1370,2523,983,1147]" box="[1470,1800,983,1029]" pageId="87" pageNumber="715">
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<heading id="1D479D6DFF96FF93FAE766C7F8BFFBF9" box="[1470,1800,983,1029]" pageId="87" pageNumber="715">
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<vernacularName id="C8B35A2FFF96FF93FAE766C7F8BFFBF9" box="[1470,1800,983,1029]" pageId="87" pageNumber="715">Banded Langur</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="0EAA798AFF96FF93F81066C7F73EFBF9" box="[1865,2185,983,1029]" pageId="87" pageNumber="715" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="460F2A01FF96FF93F81066C7F73EFBF9" blockId="87.[1370,2523,983,1147]" box="[1865,2185,983,1029]" pageId="87" pageNumber="715">
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<heading id="1D479D6DFF96FF93F81066C7F73EFBF9" box="[1865,2185,983,1029]" pageId="87" pageNumber="715">
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<taxonomicName id="81B05182FF96FF93F81066C7F73EFBF9" ID-CoL="4MBB2" baseAuthorityName="Martin" baseAuthorityYear="1838" box="[1865,2185,983,1029]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Presbytis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="87" pageNumber="715" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="femoralis">
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<emphasis id="74C4F613FF96FF93F81066C7F73EFBF9" box="[1865,2185,983,1029]" italics="true" pageId="87" pageNumber="715">Presbytis femoralis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="0EAA798AFF96FF93FA036107F9D6FB87" pageId="87" pageNumber="715" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph id="460F2A01FF96FF93FA036107F78BFBD0" blockId="87.[1370,2523,983,1147]" box="[1370,2108,1047,1068]" pageId="87" pageNumber="715">
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<heading id="1D479D6DFF96FF93FA036107F78BFBD0" box="[1370,2108,1047,1068]" pageId="87" pageNumber="715">
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<emphasis id="74C4F613FF96FF93FA036107FA10FBD0" bold="true" box="[1370,1447,1047,1068]" pageId="87" pageNumber="715">French:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="C8B35A2FFF96FF93FAE86107F98CFBD0" box="[1457,1595,1047,1068]" pageId="87" pageNumber="715">Langur malais</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis id="74C4F613FF96FF93F9096107F91CFBD0" bold="true" box="[1616,1707,1047,1068]" pageId="87" pageNumber="715">German:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="C8B35A2FFF96FF93F9EC6107F88FFBD0" box="[1717,1848,1047,1068]" pageId="87" pageNumber="715">Bindenlangur</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis id="74C4F613FF96FF93F8156107F810FBD0" bold="true" box="[1868,1959,1047,1068]" pageId="87" pageNumber="715">Spanish:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="C8B35A2FFF96FF93F8E86107F78BFBD0" box="[1969,2108,1047,1068]" pageId="87" pageNumber="715">Langur listado</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="460F2A01FF96FF93FA03612EF9D6FB87" blockId="87.[1370,2523,983,1147]" pageId="87" pageNumber="715">
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<heading id="1D479D6DFF96FF93FA03612EF9D6FB87" pageId="87" pageNumber="715">
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<emphasis id="74C4F613FF96FF93FA03612EF9E6FBAF" bold="true" box="[1370,1617,1086,1107]" pageId="87" pageNumber="715">Other common names:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="C8B35A2FFF96FF93F902612EF85BFBAF" box="[1627,2028,1086,1107]" pageId="87" pageNumber="715">East Sumatran Banded Langur (percura)</vernacularName>
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,
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<vernacularName id="C8B35A2FFF96FF93F8A2612EF6D7FBAF" box="[2043,2400,1086,1107]" pageId="87" pageNumber="715">Raffles’s Banded Langur (femoralis)</vernacularName>
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,
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<vernacularName id="C8B35A2FFF96FF93F636612EF9D6FB87" pageId="87" pageNumber="715">Robinson's Banded Langur (robinson)</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="0EAA798AFF96FF93F89A61BCF7BAFB0D" pageId="87" pageNumber="715" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="460F2A01FF96FF93F89A61BCF7BAFB0D" blockId="87.[1987,2577,1196,1618]" pageId="87" pageNumber="715">
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<emphasis id="74C4F613FF96FF93F89A61BCF7E9FB35" bold="true" box="[1987,2142,1196,1225]" pageId="87" pageNumber="715">Taxonomy.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="81B05182FF96FF93F73561BCF7BFFB0D" ID-CoL="5L59S" authority="Martin, 1838" authorityName="Martin" authorityYear="1838" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Semnopithecus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="87" pageNumber="715" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="femoralis">Semnopithecus femoralis Martin, 1838</taxonomicName>
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,
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="0EAA798AFF96FF93F74161C4F71AFB0D" box="[2072,2221,1236,1265]" pageId="87" pageNumber="715" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="460F2A01FF96FF93F74161C4F71AFB0D" blockId="87.[1987,2577,1196,1618]" box="[2072,2221,1236,1265]" pageId="87" pageNumber="715">
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<materialsCitation id="F6D8205CFF96FF93F74161C4F71AFB0D" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3864421400" box="[2072,2221,1236,1265]" pageId="87" pageNumber="715">Singapore.</materialsCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="0EAA798AFF96FF93F89D61E6F715FA20" pageId="87" pageNumber="715" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="460F2A01FF96FF93F89D61E6F715FA20" blockId="87.[1987,2577,1196,1618]" pageId="87" pageNumber="715">
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<taxonomicName id="81B05182FF96FF93F89D61E6F7EDFAEB" authorityName="Martin" authorityYear="1838" box="[1988,2138,1270,1303]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Semnopithecus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="87" pageNumber="715" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="femoralis">P. femoralis</taxonomicName>
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is yet another highly variable langur, particularly in the color pattern of its head and in the direction of hairs on its chest. Until recently it was considered a subspecies of
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<taxonomicName id="81B05182FF96FF93F7D06084F681FA49" authorityName="Raffles" authorityYear="1821" box="[2185,2358,1428,1461]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Presbytis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="87" pageNumber="715" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="melalophos">P. melalophos</taxonomicName>
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. Three subspecies recognized.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="0EAA798AFF96FF93F89D60F3F680F8E4" pageId="87" pageNumber="715" type="distribution">
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<caption id="12CF7A89FF96FF93F89D60F3F680F8E4" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6867315" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6867315" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6867315/files/figure.png" inLine="true" pageId="87" pageNumber="715" targetBox="[1374,1955,1206,1613]" targetPageId="87">
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<paragraph id="460F2A01FF96FF93F89D60F3F6E3F9F8" blockId="87.[1987,2577,1196,1618]" box="[1988,2388,1507,1540]" pageId="87" pageNumber="715">
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||
<emphasis id="74C4F613FF96FF93F89D60F3F6E3F9F8" bold="true" box="[1988,2388,1507,1540]" pageId="87" pageNumber="715">Subspecies and Distribution.</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="460F2A01FF96FF93F89D6302F926F987" blockId="87.[1987,2577,1196,1618]" lastBlockId="87.[1370,2577,1630,3313]" pageId="87" pageNumber="715">
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<taxonomicName id="81B05182FF96FF93F89D6302F926F987" authority="Martin, 1838" authorityName="Martin" authorityYear="1838" baseAuthorityName="Martin" baseAuthorityYear="1838" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Presbytis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="87" pageNumber="715" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="femoralis" subSpecies="femoralis">P.f.femoralisMartin,1838—SPeninsularMalaysia(extremeSofPahangandJohorstates)andSingapore.</taxonomicName>
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||
</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="460F2A01FF96FF93FA026390FA1BF936" blockId="87.[1370,2577,1630,3313]" pageId="87" pageNumber="715">
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||
<taxonomicName id="81B05182FF96FF93FA026390FA1BF936" authority="Lyon, 1908" authorityName="Lyon" authorityYear="1908" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Presbytis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="87" pageNumber="715" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="femoralis" subSpecies="percura">P.f.percuraLyon,1908—CESumatra,inasmallareabetweentheRokanandSiakrivers.</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="460F2A01FF96FF93FA0263DFF680F8E4" blockId="87.[1370,2577,1630,3313]" pageId="87" pageNumber="715">
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<taxonomicName id="81B05182FF96FF93FA0263DFF96DF90C" authority="Thomas, 1910" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1910" box="[1371,1754,1743,1776]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" form="robinsoni" genus="Presbytis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="87" pageNumber="715" phylum="Chordata" rank="form" species="femoralis" subSpecies="robinsoni">P. f. robinsoni Thomas, 1910</taxonomicName>
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— S Myanmar, S Thailand (from 13° 50’ N in Phetchaburi Province), and NW Peninsular Malaysia (S to Larut Hills, Perak State).
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="0EAA798AFF96FF93FA02620EF92DF5A8" pageId="87" pageNumber="715" type="description">
|
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<paragraph id="460F2A01FF96FF93FA02620EF92DF5A8" blockId="87.[1370,2577,1630,3313]" pageId="87" pageNumber="715">
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||
<emphasis id="74C4F613FF96FF93FA02620EF9E5F8C3" bold="true" box="[1371,1618,1822,1855]" pageId="87" pageNumber="715">Descriptive notes.</emphasis>
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Head-body 43-61 cm,tail 61-84 cm; weight 5.9-8.2 kg. The Banded Langur is generally dark brown or blackish above, with a white underside (continuous with a prominent zone of white on outsides of thighs). Interorbital region is wider than in the Black-crested Sumatran Langur (
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<taxonomicName id="81B05182FF96FF93F8D16284F78DF849" authorityName="Raffles" authorityYear="1821" box="[1928,2106,1940,1973]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Presbytis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="87" pageNumber="715" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="melalophos">P. melalophos</taxonomicName>
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), and white eye-rings are present. Crown crest is shaggy and ill-defined. “Raffles’s Banded Langur™ (FP.
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<taxonomicName id="81B05182FF96FF93F61262ABF657F820" box="[2379,2528,1979,2012]" form="femoralis" pageId="87" pageNumber="715" rank="form">f. femoralis</taxonomicName>
|
||
) is blackish above with a red-brown head and a gray underside bisected by a white median line. There is no white under tail or on limbs. A pair of whorls is present on crown, with a long crest between (or, alternately, one of the pair may be suppressed). Hairs are directed backward on chest, forming a short crest where they meet forward-directed belly hairs. Singaporean individuals are darker ventrally and are slightly smaller than those from the mainland. “Robinson’s Banded Langur” (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="81B05182FF96FF93F7D36DB8F689F735" box="[2186,2366,2216,2249]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" form="robinsoni" genus="Presbytis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="87" pageNumber="715" phylum="Chordata" rank="form">P. f. robinsoni</taxonomicName>
|
||
) is gray-brown or blackish-brown, with a white underside. Chest, hands, and feet are black, and inner surfaces of limbs are white nearly to heels. Face (including eyelids) is black, with only a patch around the mouth being white. There are either one or two whorls on the crown. Whitish morphs have been reported. The “East Sumatran Banded Langur” (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="81B05182FF96FF93FA306C7DF9B3F672" box="[1385,1540,2413,2446]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" form="percura" genus="Presbytis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="87" pageNumber="715" phylum="Chordata" rank="form">P. f. percura</taxonomicName>
|
||
) is mainly blackish above, with a gray head and a white underside. White underside is narrow but extends horizontally across chest, down inner sides of limbs in thin stripes to wrists and ankles, and to cheeks and chin. Part of the ventral surface oftail is indistinctly white. Its throat and face are gray, and there are narrow, pale eyerings. One (sometimes two) whorls are set well back on its crown. Hairs on the chest are directed backward.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="0EAA798AFF96FF93FA056F49F8AEF50D" pageId="87" pageNumber="715" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="460F2A01FF96FF93FA056F49F8AEF50D" blockId="87.[1370,2577,1630,3313]" pageId="87" pageNumber="715">
|
||
<emphasis id="74C4F613FF96FF93FA056F49FA7BF586" bold="true" box="[1372,1484,2649,2682]" pageId="87" pageNumber="715">Habitat.</emphasis>
|
||
Primary and secondary rainforest, swamp, mangrove forest, and rubber tree plantations. The Banded Languris found in taller trees of swampy peat forest on the Malay Peninsula, but in Singapore,it is found in primary and secondary forest and swamp and dry-land rainforests.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="0EAA798AFF96FF93FA046FE7F7CDF49B" pageId="87" pageNumber="715" type="food_feeding">
|
||
<paragraph id="460F2A01FF96FF93FA046FE7F7CDF49B" blockId="87.[1370,2577,1630,3313]" pageId="87" pageNumber="715">
|
||
<emphasis id="74C4F613FF96FF93FA046FE7F9D7F4E4" bold="true" box="[1373,1632,2807,2840]" pageId="87" pageNumber="715">Food and Feeding.</emphasis>
|
||
The Banded Langur eats mainly young leaves and fruits, along with seeds, flowers (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="81B05182FF96FF93F96F6E0EF919F4C3" box="[1590,1710,2846,2879]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myristicaceae" genus="Myristica" kingdom="Plantae" order="Magnoliales" pageId="87" pageNumber="715" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Myristica</taxonomicName>
|
||
superba,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="81B05182FF96FF93F8766E0EF846F4C3" box="[1839,2033,2846,2879]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myristicaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Magnoliales" pageId="87" pageNumber="715" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Myristicaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
), buds, and fungi. In one study, fruits comprised more than 50% of the diet. It also ingests soil.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="0EAA798AFF96FF93FA046E7DF83FF35E" pageId="87" pageNumber="715" type="breeding">
|
||
<paragraph id="460F2A01FF96FF93FA046E7DF83FF35E" blockId="87.[1370,2577,1630,3313]" pageId="87" pageNumber="715">
|
||
<emphasis id="74C4F613FF96FF93FA046E7DFA54F472" bold="true" box="[1373,1507,2925,2958]" pageId="87" pageNumber="715">Breeding.</emphasis>
|
||
Female Banded Langurs usually initiate sexual interactions. A proceptive female approaches a male and crouches in front of him, presenting her hindquarters with her tail drooping for c.5 seconds. She crouches and lifts her hindquarters repeatedly. The male usually raises her tail and examines and manipulates her genitalia briefly and then grasps her hips with his hands and her legs with his feet to mount. Each 5-15 second mount involves about ten thrusts. Males sometimes mount two or three times before ejaculating. Infants are whitish-gray, with a distinctive, dark cross pattern along their back and shoulders.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="0EAA798AFF96FF9CFA0569B7FDC8FE6E" lastPageId="88" lastPageNumber="716" pageId="87" pageNumber="715" type="activity">
|
||
<paragraph id="460F2A01FF96FF9CFA0569B7FDC8FE6E" blockId="87.[1370,2577,1630,3313]" lastBlockId="88.[191,1399,291,1233]" lastPageId="88" lastPageNumber="716" pageId="87" pageNumber="715">
|
||
<emphasis id="74C4F613FF96FF93FA0569B7F9F1F334" bold="true" box="[1372,1606,3239,3272]" pageId="87" pageNumber="715">Activity patterns.</emphasis>
|
||
Banded Langurs are diurnal and arboreal. An activity budget recorded for the Banded Langur was 50-2% resting, 32:4% foraging and feeding, 10-4% traveling, 3-3% engaging in social activities, and 3-5% engaging in other miscellaneous activities. Groups usually sleep high up in the forest canopy, sometimes spread out in three to seven differenttrees.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<caption id="12CF7A89FF96FF93FF3D6843F677F26C" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6867463" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6867463" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6867463/files/figure.png" pageId="87" pageNumber="715" startId="87.[100,130,3411,3432]" targetBox="[13,2745,15,3644]" targetPageId="86">
|
||
<paragraph id="460F2A01FF96FF93FF3D6843F677F26C" blockId="87.[99,2564,3410,3477]" pageId="87" pageNumber="715">
|
||
On following pages: 107. Cross-marked Langur (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="81B05182FF96FF93FD2D6843FCDFF294" baseAuthorityName="Muller" baseAuthorityYear="1838" box="[628,872,3411,3432]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Presbytis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="87" pageNumber="715" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="chrysomelas">Presbytis chrysomelas</taxonomicName>
|
||
); 108. White-fronted Langur (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="81B05182FF96FF93FBF46843FADAF294" baseAuthorityName="Muller" baseAuthorityYear="1838" box="[1197,1389,3411,3432]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Presbytis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="87" pageNumber="715" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="frontata">Presbytis frontata</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName id="81B05182FF96FF93FF35686BFE95F26C" baseAuthorityName="Thomas" baseAuthorityYear="1893" box="[108,290,3451,3472]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Presbytis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="87" pageNumber="715" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sabana">Presbytis sabana</taxonomicName>
|
||
); 112. Black-crested Sumatran Langur (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="81B05182FF96FF93FD8B686BFC0DF26C" authorityName="Raffles" authorityYear="1821" box="[722,954,3451,3472]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Presbytis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="87" pageNumber="715" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="melalophos">Presbytis melalophos</taxonomicName>
|
||
); 113. Black-and-white Langur (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="81B05182FF96FF93FA4C686BFACFF26C" authorityName="Eschscholtz" authorityYear="1821" box="[1301,1400,3451,3472]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Presbytis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="87" pageNumber="715" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Presbytis</taxonomicName>
|
||
); 109. Hose's Langur (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="81B05182FF96FF93F93A6843F971F294" authorityName="Eschscholtz" authorityYear="1821" box="[1635,1734,3411,3432]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Presbytis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="87" pageNumber="715" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Presbytis</taxonomicName>
|
||
hosel); 110
|
||
<taxonomicName id="81B05182FF96FF93F7366843F77FF294" box="[2159,2248,3411,3432]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Semnopithecus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="87" pageNumber="715" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="canicrus">canicrus</taxonomicName>
|
||
.) Miller's Langur (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="81B05182FF96FF93F75A6843F7D1F294" authorityName="Eschscholtz" authorityYear="1821" box="[2051,2150,3411,3432]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Presbytis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="87" pageNumber="715" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Presbytis</taxonomicName>
|
||
; 111. Sabah Grizzled Langur bicolon; 114
|
||
<taxonomicName id="81B05182FF96FF93F847686BF836F26C" authorityName="Eschscholtz" authorityYear="1821" box="[1822,1921,3451,3472]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Presbytis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="87" pageNumber="715" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Presbytis</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="81B05182FF96FF93F8D3686BF9FCF26C" authority="Black" authorityName="Black" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Presbytis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="87" pageNumber="715" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sumatrana">sumatrana Black</taxonomicName>
|
||
) Sumatran; Langur 115 (. Mitered Langur (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="81B05182FF96FF93F7A7686BF601F26C" authorityName="Eschscholtz" authorityYear="1821" box="[2302,2486,3451,3472]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Presbytis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="87" pageNumber="715" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mitrata">Presbytis mitrata</taxonomicName>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<subSubSection id="0EAA798AFF99FF9CFF996489FE50FDCC" pageId="88" pageNumber="716" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="460F2A01FF99FF9CFF996489FE50FDCC" blockId="88.[191,1399,291,1233]" pageId="88" pageNumber="716">
|
||
<emphasis id="74C4F613FF99FF9CFF996489FC3EFE46" bold="true" box="[192,905,409,442]" pageId="88" pageNumber="716">Movements, Home range and Social organization.</emphasis>
|
||
Social groups of Banded Langurs are unimale-multifemale and typically of 4-10 individuals. Home ranges of four groups averaged 23-4 ha (range 16-6-33-1 ha). Daily travel distances averaged 936 m (range 475-1500 m).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="0EAA798AFF99FF9CFF996726FDE5FBCC" pageId="88" pageNumber="716" type="conservation">
|
||
<paragraph id="460F2A01FF99FF9CFF996726FDE5FBCC" blockId="88.[191,1399,291,1233]" pageId="88" pageNumber="716">
|
||
<emphasis id="74C4F613FF99FF9CFF996726FD94FDAB" bold="true" box="[192,547,566,599]" pageId="88" pageNumber="716">Status and Conservation.</emphasis>
|
||
CITES Appendix II. Classified as Near Threatened on The IUCN Red Lust, including the subspecies robinsoni. The nominate subspecies
|
||
<taxonomicName id="81B05182FF99FF9CFBBA674EFAEEFD83" baseAuthorityName="Martin" baseAuthorityYear="1838" box="[1251,1369,606,639]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Presbytis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="88" pageNumber="716" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="femoralis">femoralis</taxonomicName>
|
||
is classified as Vulnerable and percura as Data Deficient on The IUCN Red List. In 2006, less than 20 individuals were known to remain in Singapore, although juveniles were observed. The overall abundance of the Banded Langur is poorly known. Habitat loss in the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="81B05182FF99FF9CFE7B67EBFED1FCE0" box="[290,358,763,796]" pageId="88" pageNumber="744" rank="form">form</taxonomicName>
|
||
of deforestation and conversion to plantations (mainly oil palm) is the major threat throughout its range. The Banded Langur occurs in at least six protected areas: Raffles’s Banded Langur in Bukit Timah Nature Reserve in Singapore; East Sumatran Banded Langur in Giam Duri Nature Reserve and Siak Kecil Nature Reserve in Sumatra, Indonesia; and Robinson’s Banded Langur in Tanintharyi National Park in Myanmar and Kaeng Krachan National Park and Khao Sok National Park in Thailand. Further studies on the taxonomy, distribution, abundance, and threats to the Banded Langur are urgently needed.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="0EAA798AFF99FF9CFF986150FBA6FB32" pageId="88" pageNumber="716" type="bibRefCitation_list">
|
||
<paragraph id="460F2A01FF99FF9CFF986150FBA6FB32" blockId="88.[191,1399,291,1233]" pageId="88" pageNumber="716">
|
||
<emphasis id="74C4F613FF99FF9CFF986150FEECFBA5" bold="true" box="[193,347,1088,1113]" pageId="88" pageNumber="716">Bibliography.</emphasis>
|
||
Aimi & Bakar (1992, 1996), Bennett (1986, 1988b), Brandon-Jones (1999), Brandon-Jones & Megantara (2011), Brandon-Jones et al. (2004), Curtin (1976), Groves (2001), Johns (1985b), Kawamura (1984), Lucas et al. (1988), Megantara (1989), Miller (1934), Nijman et al. (2008a), Pitra et al. (1995), Sewellenggam & Bennett (1981), Sewellenggam & Kavanagh (1981b), Wilson & Wilson (1976).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |