224 lines
28 KiB
XML
224 lines
28 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="AA1AE4E03F7D5F2AF6E8E8808EB49CBC">Cercopithecidae</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="14715B2CCC4DD617DAA84E6E71CBC852">Russell A. Mittermeier</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="FA7751EA30FFF8390C8384AA7F34D074">Anthony B. Rylands</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="672CBC5EC77F040C3AB336F7680C21F2">Don E. Wilson</mods:namePart>
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<mods:dateIssued id="9B34ECFDC672C2C945DEC7EC4F9EC857">2013</mods:dateIssued>
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<mods:publisher id="5A762B9671E1CC0FFD5416CAF46E8A17">Lynx Edicions</mods:publisher>
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<mods:placeTerm id="AC16B08A2745AA0B527AC3A7C093C035">Barcelona</mods:placeTerm>
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<mods:title id="6EC204914F250EC66F8B380A918BE46C">Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 3 Primates</mods:title>
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<treatment id="CE199B17FF92FF97FF346C97FA1AF473" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6863370" ID-GBIF-Taxon="197824675" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6863370" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:CE199B17FF92FF97FF346C97FA1AF473" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/CE199B17FF92FF97FF346C97FA1AF473" lastPageNumber="711" pageId="83" pageNumber="711">
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<subSubSection id="0EAA798AFF92FF97FF346C97FF0AF649" box="[109,189,2439,2485]" pageId="83" pageNumber="711" type="multiple">
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<paragraph id="460F2A01FF92FF97FF346C97FF0AF649" blockId="83.[104,1073,2439,2569]" box="[109,189,2439,2485]" pageId="83" pageNumber="711">
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<heading id="1D479D6DFF92FF97FF346C97FF0AF649" box="[109,189,2439,2485]" pageId="83" pageNumber="711">
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<figureCitation id="DE8B3684FF92FF97FF346C97FF0AF649" box="[109,189,2439,2485]" captionStart="Plate 46: Cercopithecidae" captionStartId="77.[99,129,3331,3356]" captionTargetBox="[14,2746,16,3643]" captionTargetPageId="76" captionText="87. Upper Guinea Red Colobus (Piliocolobus badius), 88. Temminck’s Red Colobus (Piliocolobus temmincki), 89. Miss Waldron’s Red Colobus (Piliocolobus waldronae), 90. Zanzibar Red Colobus (Piliocolobus kirku), 91. Udzungwa Red Colobus (Piliocolobus gordonorum), 92. Pennant’s Red Colobus (Piliocolobus pennantii), 93. Bouvier’s Red Colobus (Piliocolobus bouvieri), 94. Niger Delta Red Colobus (Piliocolobus epieni), 95. Preuss’s Red Colobus (Piliocolobus preussi), 96. Tana River Red Colobus (Piliocolobus rufomitratus), 97. Semliki Red Colobus (Piliocolobus semlikiensis), 98. Foa’s Red Colobus (Piliocolobus foai), 99. Lang’s Red Colobus (Piliocolobus langi), 100. Oustalet’s Red Colobus (Piliocolobus oustaleti), 101. Lomami Red Colobus (Piliocolobus parmentieri), 102. Ashy Red Colobus (Piliocolobus tephrosceles), 103. Tshuapa Red Colobus (Piliocolobus tholloni), 104. Olive Colobus (Procolobus verus)" pageId="83" pageNumber="711">102.</figureCitation>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="0EAA798AFF92FF97FF926C97FDF1F649" box="[203,582,2439,2485]" pageId="83" pageNumber="711" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph id="460F2A01FF92FF97FF926C97FDF1F649" blockId="83.[104,1073,2439,2569]" box="[203,582,2439,2485]" pageId="83" pageNumber="711">
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<heading id="1D479D6DFF92FF97FF926C97FDF1F649" box="[203,582,2439,2485]" pageId="83" pageNumber="711">
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<vernacularName id="C8B35A2FFF92FF97FF926C97FDF1F649" box="[203,582,2439,2485]" pageId="83" pageNumber="711">Ashy Red Colobus</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="0EAA798AFF92FF97FDD26C97FB86F649" box="[651,1073,2439,2485]" pageId="83" pageNumber="711" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="460F2A01FF92FF97FDD26C97FB86F649" blockId="83.[104,1073,2439,2569]" box="[651,1073,2439,2485]" pageId="83" pageNumber="711">
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<heading id="1D479D6DFF92FF97FDD26C97FB86F649" box="[651,1073,2439,2485]" pageId="83" pageNumber="711">
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||
<taxonomicName id="81B05182FF92FF97FDD26C97FB86F649" ID-CoL="4HTR3" baseAuthorityName="Elliot" baseAuthorityYear="1907" box="[651,1073,2439,2485]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Piliocolobus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="83" pageNumber="711" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tephrosceles">
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<emphasis id="74C4F613FF92FF97FDD26C97FB86F649" box="[651,1073,2439,2485]" italics="true" pageId="83" pageNumber="711">Piliocolobus tephrosceles</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="0EAA798AFF92FF97FF306CD7FDFEF5F8" pageId="83" pageNumber="711" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph id="460F2A01FF92FF97FF306CD7FB9BF620" blockId="83.[104,1073,2439,2569]" box="[105,1068,2503,2524]" pageId="83" pageNumber="711">
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<heading id="1D479D6DFF92FF97FF306CD7FB9BF620" box="[105,1068,2503,2524]" pageId="83" pageNumber="711">
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<emphasis id="74C4F613FF92FF97FF306CD7FF00F620" bold="true" box="[105,183,2503,2524]" pageId="83" pageNumber="711">French:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="C8B35A2FFF92FF97FF996CD7FECFF620" box="[192,376,2503,2524]" pageId="83" pageNumber="711">Colobe d'Ouganda</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis id="74C4F613FF92FF97FED76CD7FE5EF620" bold="true" box="[398,489,2503,2524]" pageId="83" pageNumber="711">German:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="C8B35A2FFF92FF97FEAA6CD7FD70F620" box="[499,711,2503,2524]" pageId="83" pageNumber="711">Uganda-Stummelaffe</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis id="74C4F613FF92FF97FD856CD7FC80F620" bold="true" box="[732,823,2503,2524]" pageId="83" pageNumber="711">Spanish:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="C8B35A2FFF92FF97FC186CD7FB9BF620" box="[833,1068,2503,2524]" pageId="83" pageNumber="711">Colobo rojo de Tanzania</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="460F2A01FF92FF97FF306CFFFDFEF5F8" blockId="83.[104,1073,2439,2569]" box="[105,585,2543,2564]" pageId="83" pageNumber="711">
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<heading id="1D479D6DFF92FF97FF306CFFFDFEF5F8" box="[105,585,2543,2564]" pageId="83" pageNumber="711">
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<emphasis id="74C4F613FF92FF97FF306CFFFED7F5F8" bold="true" box="[105,352,2543,2564]" pageId="83" pageNumber="711">Other common names:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="C8B35A2FFF92FF97FE336CFFFDFEF5F8" box="[362,585,2543,2564]" pageId="83" pageNumber="711">Ugandan Red Colobus</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="0EAA798AFF92FF97FD8B6F26FAADF5AF" box="[722,1306,2614,2643]" pageId="83" pageNumber="711" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="460F2A01FF92FF97FD8B6F26FAADF5AF" blockId="83.[722,1312,2614,3036]" box="[722,1306,2614,2643]" pageId="83" pageNumber="711">
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<emphasis id="74C4F613FF92FF97FD8B6F26FCDAF5AF" bold="true" box="[722,877,2614,2643]" pageId="83" pageNumber="711">Taxonomy.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="81B05182FF92FF97FC226F26FAA2F5AF" authority="Elliot, 1907" authorityName="Elliot" authorityYear="1907" box="[891,1301,2614,2643]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Colobus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="83" pageNumber="711" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tephrosceles">Colobus tephrosceles Elliot, 1907</taxonomicName>
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,
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="0EAA798AFF92FF97FD8A6F72FB8BF55D" pageId="83" pageNumber="711" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="460F2A01FF92FF97FD8A6F72FB8BF55D" blockId="83.[722,1312,2614,3036]" pageId="83" pageNumber="711">
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<materialsCitation id="F6D8205CFF92FF97FD8A6F72FB8BF55D" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3864421454" pageId="83" pageNumber="711">Uganda, Toro, Ruahara River, east side of Mount Rwenzori, 1200 m.</materialsCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="0EAA798AFF92FF97FD8A6FA0FD48F385" pageId="83" pageNumber="711" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="460F2A01FF92FF97FD8A6FA0FD48F385" blockId="83.[722,1312,2614,3036]" lastBlockId="83.[105,1309,3042,3468]" pageId="83" pageNumber="711">
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Modern taxonomic arrangements of the colobus monkeys either divide the red colobus and the Olive
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<taxonomicName id="81B05182FF92FF97FB7D6FEFFB22F4E4" box="[1060,1173,2815,2840]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Colobus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="83" pageNumber="711" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Colobus</taxonomicName>
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into two genera,
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<taxonomicName id="81B05182FF92FF97FC1F6E0EFC6DF4C3" authorityName="Rochebrune" authorityYear="1877" box="[838,986,2846,2879]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Piliocolobus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="83" pageNumber="711" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Piliocolobus</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="81B05182FF92FF97FB7D6E0EFB1EF4C3" authorityName="Rochebrune" authorityYear="1877" box="[1060,1193,2846,2879]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Procolobus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="83" pageNumber="711" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Procolobus</taxonomicName>
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, respec-: tively, or consider them to belong to one genus,
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<taxonomicName id="81B05182FF92FF97FC6D6E7CFC0EF471" authorityName="Rochebrune" authorityYear="1877" box="[820,953,2924,2957]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Procolobus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="83" pageNumber="711" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Procolobus</taxonomicName>
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, with two subgenera (
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<taxonomicName id="81B05182FF92FF97FBB16E7CFC9AF449" authorityName="Rochebrune" authorityYear="1877" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Procolobus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="83" pageNumber="711" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Procolobus</taxonomicName>
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for the Olive
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<taxonomicName id="81B05182FF92FF97FCA86E84FBD4F449" box="[1009,1123,2964,2997]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Colobus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="83" pageNumber="711" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Colobus</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="81B05182FF92FF97FBF56E84FD49F420" authorityName="Rochebrune" authorityYear="1877" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Piliocolobus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="83" pageNumber="711" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Piliocolobus</taxonomicName>
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for the red colobus). We follow here C. P. Grovesin his publications of 2001 and 2007 in using two genera.
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<taxonomicName id="81B05182FF92FF97FB626EF2FB51F3FF" authorityName="Elliot" authorityYear="1907" box="[1083,1254,3042,3075]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Colobus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="83" pageNumber="711" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tephrosceles">P. tephrosceles</taxonomicName>
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was considered to be the eastern Rift Valley subspecies of
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<taxonomicName id="81B05182FF92FF97FC38691AFC5BF3D7" authorityName="Trouessart" authorityYear="1906" box="[865,1004,3082,3115]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Colobus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="83" pageNumber="711" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="oustaleti">P. oustaleti</taxonomicName>
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by J. Kingdon. There is some geographic variation in this species, although further study is needed to determine if they merit subspecific rank. Monotypic.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="0EAA798AFF92FF97FF30696FFEE6F2EA" pageId="83" pageNumber="711" type="distribution">
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<caption id="12CF7A89FF92FF97FF30696FFEE6F2EA" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6867307" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6867307" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6867307/files/figure.png" inLine="true" pageId="83" pageNumber="711" targetBox="[108,689,2624,3031]" targetPageId="83">
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<paragraph id="460F2A01FF92FF97FF30696FFEE6F2EA" blockId="83.[105,1309,3042,3468]" pageId="83" pageNumber="711">
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<emphasis id="74C4F613FF92FF97FF30696FFEAFF35C" bold="true" box="[105,280,3199,3232]" pageId="83" pageNumber="711">Distribution.</emphasis>
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E border of the W Rift Valley from c.1° N to 8° S in isolated forests in SW Uganda (Kibale), and W Tanzania (Biharamulo, Gombe, Mahale Mts, and Lake Rukwa); possibly in E DR Congo, Rwanda, and Burundi, butits presence has not yet been confirmed.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="0EAA798AFF92FF97FF306831F7F9FBD6" pageId="83" pageNumber="711" type="description">
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<paragraph id="460F2A01FF92FF97FF306831F7F9FBD6" blockId="83.[105,1309,3042,3468]" lastBlockId="83.[1374,2589,285,2961]" pageId="83" pageNumber="711">
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<emphasis id="74C4F613FF92FF97FF306831FED3F2C2" bold="true" box="[105,356,3361,3390]" pageId="83" pageNumber="711">Descriptive notes.</emphasis>
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Head-body 45.5-67 cm (males) and 49-58 cm (females), tail 65— 72 cm (males) and 62-68 cm (females); weight 8-11.4 kg (males); no weight data available for females, but they are considerably smaller than males. The Ashy Red
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<taxonomicName id="81B05182FF92FF97FBF0687BFAACF270" box="[1193,1307,3435,3468]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Colobus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="83" pageNumber="711" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Colobus</taxonomicName>
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has long, dense
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<taxonomicName id="81B05182FF92FF97F91F640DF9C7FEC2" box="[1606,1648,285,318]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Guereza" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="83" pageNumber="711" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fur">fur</taxonomicName>
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and a relatively short tail. It is extremely sexually dimorphic. Males are considerably heavier than females, with a more massive head, larger canines, and longer cheek whiskers. A small, light-colored “panache” (a prominent tuft of hair) is present. It is glossy-black above (including tail) and light gray to white below. Forearms and legs are a dull light gray, occasionally with varying amounts of tan or brown on arms, and often redder tones on haunches and upper thighs. Crown is rusty-red with a marked, dark reddish-brown forehead crest bordered by a black stripe on the temples. Face is slaty (except for a trace of pale pinkish tones on eyelids) and outlined with gray whiskers. There is a prominenttuft at the base of each ear. Callosities are slaty or pink. Adult females have a large, prominent clitoris. Its mtDNA affinities are with other East Central African red colobus species, particularly Lang’s Red
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<taxonomicName id="81B05182FF92FF97F78C67B7F6F0FD34" box="[2261,2375,679,712]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Colobus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="83" pageNumber="711" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Colobus</taxonomicName>
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(
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<taxonomicName id="81B05182FF92FF97F63B67B7F67EFD34" authorityName="Allen" authorityYear="1925" box="[2402,2505,679,712]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Colobus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="83" pageNumber="711" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="langi">P. langi</taxonomicName>
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) and eastern QOustalet’s Red
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<taxonomicName id="81B05182FF92FF97F9EA67DEF892FD13" box="[1715,1829,718,751]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Colobus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="83" pageNumber="711" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Colobus</taxonomicName>
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(PF.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="81B05182FF92FF97F83E67DEF862FD13" authorityName="Trouessart" authorityYear="1906" box="[1895,2005,718,751]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Colobus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="83" pageNumber="711" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="oustaleti">oustaleti</taxonomicName>
|
||
). There is some geographic variation in color, and it may be that subspecies could be recognized. Populations in the Mahale Mountains (western Tanzania, bordering Lake Tanganyika), for example, tend to be jet-black with restricted red areas on hindquarters, tail becomes black distally, and underside is white. In forests around Lake Rukwa, the southernmost part of its range, populations are more blackish-gray, underside is light gray, sideburns are red, and cheek whiskers are very long. Teeth are relatively small, and the skull is strongly sexually dimorphic in size and is instantly recognized by a curious furrow or crease running between the orbits across the base of the nasal bones.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="0EAA798AFF92FF97FA3C6121F9D3FB34" pageId="83" pageNumber="711" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="460F2A01FF92FF97FA3C6121F9D3FB34" blockId="83.[1374,2589,285,2961]" pageId="83" pageNumber="711">
|
||
<emphasis id="74C4F613FF92FF97FA3C6121FA64FBAE" bold="true" box="[1381,1491,1073,1106]" pageId="83" pageNumber="711">Habitat.</emphasis>
|
||
Lowland and montane primary rainforest. In the Kibale Forest of Uganda, the Ashy Red
|
||
<taxonomicName id="81B05182FF92FF97FAA96171F9D5FB86" box="[1520,1634,1121,1146]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Colobus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="83" pageNumber="711" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Colobus</taxonomicName>
|
||
is most abundant in moist, old growth, evergreen forest, with emergent trees reaching 50 m in height. It can persist in lightly logged forest if important food trees remain.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="0EAA798AFF92FF97FA3D61DFF6B3FAC2" pageId="83" pageNumber="711" type="food_feeding">
|
||
<paragraph id="460F2A01FF92FF97FA3D61DFF6B3FAC2" blockId="83.[1374,2589,285,2961]" pageId="83" pageNumber="711">
|
||
<emphasis id="74C4F613FF92FF97FA3D61DFF9DEFB0C" bold="true" box="[1380,1641,1231,1264]" pageId="83" pageNumber="711">Food and Feeding.</emphasis>
|
||
[.eaves make up the vast majority of the diet of the Ashy Red
|
||
<taxonomicName id="81B05182FF92FF97F69661DFFA21FAEB" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Colobus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="83" pageNumber="711" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Colobus</taxonomicName>
|
||
, although the proportion of young leaves to mature leaves varies between sites and seasons. Flowers and fruit make up a small component of the diet.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="0EAA798AFF92FF97FA3D6055F812F9FF" pageId="83" pageNumber="711" type="breeding">
|
||
<paragraph id="460F2A01FF92FF97FA3D6055F812F9FF" blockId="83.[1374,2589,285,2961]" pageId="83" pageNumber="711">
|
||
<emphasis id="74C4F613FF92FF97FA3D6055FA5DFA9A" bold="true" box="[1380,1514,1349,1382]" pageId="83" pageNumber="711">Breeding.</emphasis>
|
||
The female Ashy Red
|
||
<taxonomicName id="81B05182FF92FF97F86A6055F812FA9A" box="[1843,1957,1349,1382]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Colobus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="83" pageNumber="711" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Colobus</taxonomicName>
|
||
displays a small pink sexual swelling during the periovulatory period. Breeding does not appear to be seasonal, and the interbirth interval is 25-5 months. Neonates have black silky
|
||
<taxonomicName id="81B05182FF92FF97F76E6084F7D6FA49" box="[2103,2145,1428,1461]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Guereza" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="83" pageNumber="711" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fur">fur</taxonomicName>
|
||
on their back and sides and a gray ventral surface; muzzle, ears, palms, and soles are pink. Subadult males have a relatively small, knob-like perineal organ.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="0EAA798AFF92FF97FA3A631AF5B9F934" pageId="83" pageNumber="711" type="activity">
|
||
<paragraph id="460F2A01FF92FF97FA3A631AF5B9F934" blockId="83.[1374,2589,285,2961]" pageId="83" pageNumber="711">
|
||
<emphasis id="74C4F613FF92FF97FA3A631AF9FAF9D7" bold="true" box="[1379,1613,1546,1579]" pageId="83" pageNumber="711">Activity patterns.</emphasis>
|
||
The Ashy Red
|
||
<taxonomicName id="81B05182FF92FF97F87D631AF821F9D7" box="[1828,1942,1546,1579]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Colobus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="83" pageNumber="711" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Colobus</taxonomicName>
|
||
is diurnal and arboreal. At Gombe, Tanzania, T. Clutton-Brock found that it spent 54% of the day resting, 25% feeding, 9% engaging in social activities, 8% moving, and 4% in various other activities. T. Struhsaker, studying the Ashy Red
|
||
<taxonomicName id="81B05182FF92FF97F9F26390F8AAF95D" box="[1707,1821,1664,1697]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Colobus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="83" pageNumber="711" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Colobus</taxonomicName>
|
||
in Kibale, Uganda, found somewhat different activity patterns: 45% feeding, 38% resting, 9% moving, and 8% engaging in social activities.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="0EAA798AFF92FF97FA3D63DFF5A3F8C2" pageId="83" pageNumber="711" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="460F2A01FF92FF97FA3D63DFF5A3F8C2" blockId="83.[1374,2589,285,2961]" pageId="83" pageNumber="711">
|
||
<emphasis id="74C4F613FF92FF97FA3D63DFF790F90C" bold="true" box="[1380,2087,1743,1776]" pageId="83" pageNumber="711">Movements, Home range and Social organization.</emphasis>
|
||
Mean daily movement is 649 m in a 65ha home range. Group sizes are 9-80 individuals, with multiple adult males and females. Females are likely to transfer from their natal groups more often than males.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="0EAA798AFF92FF97FA3D6255F6B7F50C" pageId="83" pageNumber="711" type="conservation">
|
||
<paragraph id="460F2A01FF92FF97FA3D6255F6B7F50C" blockId="83.[1374,2589,285,2961]" pageId="83" pageNumber="711">
|
||
<emphasis id="74C4F613FF92FF97FA3D6255F974F89A" bold="true" box="[1380,1731,1861,1894]" pageId="83" pageNumber="711">Status and Conservation.</emphasis>
|
||
CITES Appendix II. Classified as Endangered on The IUCN Red Last (as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="81B05182FF92FF97F952627CF88FF871" baseAuthorityName="Peters" baseAuthorityYear="1879" box="[1547,1848,1900,1933]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Procolobus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="83" pageNumber="711" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rufomitratus">Procolobus rufomitratus</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="81B05182FF92FF97F81D627CF862F871" authorityName="Elliot" authorityYear="1907" box="[1860,2005,1900,1933]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Colobus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="83" pageNumber="711" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tephrosceles">tephrosceles</taxonomicName>
|
||
). The main threat to the Ashy Red
|
||
<taxonomicName id="81B05182FF92FF97F697627CFA24F849" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Colobus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="83" pageNumber="711" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Colobus</taxonomicName>
|
||
is habitat loss through selective logging of mature forest for timber, conversion to agricultural land, production of charcoal, and forest fires. To some degree, hunting for meat and skins remains a threat. The Ashy Red
|
||
<taxonomicName id="81B05182FF92FF97F71162F2F70DF7FF" box="[2120,2234,2018,2051]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Colobus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="83" pageNumber="711" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Colobus</taxonomicName>
|
||
numbers at least 20,000 individuals, with the largest and most viable population in Kibale Forest in Uganda where the population is estimated at 17,000 or more. About 60% of the Kibale Forest National Park has suitable habitat for red colobus, and published density estimates in this habitat are 93-313 ind/km®. Although Kibale would appear to have a healthy and viable population, long-term studies in two areas of the Park indicate statistically significant declines in numbers of Ashy Red
|
||
<taxonomicName id="81B05182FF92FF97F8D26DC0F7B7F70D" box="[1931,2048,2256,2289]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Colobus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="83" pageNumber="711" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Colobus</taxonomicName>
|
||
. In the Ngogo study area, census data spanning nearly 24 years indicated a 43% decline in groups, mainly due to predation by Chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes). The Ashy Red
|
||
<taxonomicName id="81B05182FF92FF97F7416C0EF73DF6C3" box="[2072,2186,2334,2367]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Colobus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="83" pageNumber="711" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Colobus</taxonomicName>
|
||
in Gombe Stream National Park also seem to have declined in numbers due to predation by Chimpanzees. Red colobus group sizes have declined by nearly 50% over a 25year period and 16-40% of them are killed each year by Chimpanzees. This is particularly troubling given the very small size (¢.80 km?) and isolation of the Gombe Stream National Park. Besides the Gombe Stream and Kibale Forest national parks, the Ashy Red Colobusis found in Birigi Game Reserve and Mahale Mountains National Park in Tanzania. The population in Kibale Forest National Park may be the only viable one, although recent survey work by T. Davenport and colleagues has shown that at least 1354 Ashy Red
|
||
<taxonomicName id="81B05182FF92FF97F6FD6F4AF5A1F587" box="[2468,2582,2650,2683]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Colobus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="83" pageNumber="711" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Colobus</taxonomicName>
|
||
survive on the Ufipa Plateau, with 1217 individuals in Mbizi and 137 individuals in Mbuzi. Long-term monitoring of the Ngogo situation is required, as well as a comprehensive, long-term monitoring program for the colobus in Kibale.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="0EAA798AFF92FF97FA3D6E10FA1AF473" pageId="83" pageNumber="711" type="bibRefCitation_list">
|
||
<paragraph id="460F2A01FF92FF97FA3D6E10FA1AF473" blockId="83.[1374,2589,285,2961]" pageId="83" pageNumber="711">
|
||
<emphasis id="74C4F613FF92FF97FA3D6E10FA49F4E5" bold="true" box="[1380,1534,2816,2841]" pageId="83" pageNumber="711">Bibliography.</emphasis>
|
||
Chapman & Chapman (1999), Clutton-Brock (1974a, 1975a, 1975b), Davenport et al. (2007), Groves (2001, 2007b), Grubb et al. (2003), Isbell (1983), Kingdon (1997), Lee et al. (1988), Nishida (1972), Rodgers et al. (1984), Stanford et al. (1994), Struhsaker (1974, 1975, 1981a, 1981b, 2005, 2010), Ting & Teelen (2011).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |