199 lines
22 KiB
XML
199 lines
22 KiB
XML
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<mods:titleInfo id="E650D3EFECDA43D7C907FCA72F4F84F3">
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<mods:title id="221773D754211588291A828EC4DA0C51">Cercopithecidae</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="90738AC153677208B32A49F604D8DD84">Russell A. Mittermeier</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="0A0F9FC9A33DB1BF1DE55E4EA9E6D336">Anthony B. Rylands</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="CC56D0DB989AC2AD81D132163170C077">Don E. Wilson</mods:namePart>
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<mods:dateIssued id="6927F34838174DADF44CE688AF4FF9AC">2013</mods:dateIssued>
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<mods:dateOther id="0B0282BF2BCBDF61DCEE1D9AF05EAFCB" type="pubDate">2013-03-31</mods:dateOther>
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<mods:publisher id="25C41F361CE9B3641199C9C047A0EDA6">Lynx Edicions</mods:publisher>
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<mods:placeTerm id="ACD84EA3A0C6DDE08BAE9A15D3C34891">Barcelona</mods:placeTerm>
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<mods:title id="BD268956E021D5FB54252F36E8B44FC6">Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 3 Primates</mods:title>
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<treatment id="CE199B17FF88FF8DFA2C64EEF6B7F336" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6863329" ID-GBIF-Taxon="197824598" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6863329" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:CE199B17FF88FF8DFA2C64EEF6B7F336" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/CE199B17FF88FF8DFA2C64EEF6B7F336" lastPageNumber="701" pageId="73" pageNumber="701">
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<subSubSection id="0EAA798AFF88FF8DFA2C64EEFA19FDD0" box="[1397,1454,510,556]" pageId="73" pageNumber="701" type="multiple">
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<paragraph id="460F2A01FF88FF8DFA2C64EEFA19FDD0" blockId="73.[1395,2567,510,636]" box="[1397,1454,510,556]" pageId="73" pageNumber="701">
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<heading id="1D479D6DFF88FF8DFA2C64EEFA19FDD0" box="[1397,1454,510,556]" pageId="73" pageNumber="701">
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<figureCitation id="DE8B3684FF88FF8DFA2C64EEFA19FDD0" box="[1397,1454,510,556]" captionStart="Plate 45: Cercopithecidae" captionStartId="71.[123,153,3457,3478]" captionTargetBox="[14,2747,15,3643]" captionTargetPageId="70" captionText="82. Angolan Colobus (Colobus angolensis), 83. Guereza (Colobus guereza), 84. King Colobus (Colobus polykomos), 85. Black Colobus (Colobus satanas), 86. White-thighed Colobus (Colobus vellerosus)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6867455" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6867455/files/figure.png" pageId="73" pageNumber="701">84.</figureCitation>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="0EAA798AFF88FF8DFAE664EEF96EFDD0" box="[1471,1753,510,556]" pageId="73" pageNumber="701" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph id="460F2A01FF88FF8DFAE664EEF96EFDD0" blockId="73.[1395,2567,510,636]" box="[1471,1753,510,556]" pageId="73" pageNumber="701">
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<heading id="1D479D6DFF88FF8DFAE664EEF96EFDD0" box="[1471,1753,510,556]" pageId="73" pageNumber="701">
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<vernacularName id="C8B35A2FFF88FF8DFAE664EEF96EFDD0" box="[1471,1753,510,556]" pageId="73" pageNumber="701">King Colobus</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="0EAA798AFF88FF8DF87A64EEF7D0FDD0" box="[1827,2151,510,556]" pageId="73" pageNumber="701" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="460F2A01FF88FF8DF87A64EEF7D0FDD0" blockId="73.[1395,2567,510,636]" box="[1827,2151,510,556]" pageId="73" pageNumber="701">
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<heading id="1D479D6DFF88FF8DF87A64EEF7D0FDD0" box="[1827,2151,510,556]" pageId="73" pageNumber="701">
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<taxonomicName id="81B05182FF88FF8DF87A64EEF7D0FDD0" ID-CoL="5ZMRQ" baseAuthorityName="Zimmermann" baseAuthorityYear="1780" box="[1827,2151,510,556]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Colobus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="73" pageNumber="701" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="polykomos">
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<emphasis id="74C4F613FF88FF8DF87A64EEF7D0FDD0" box="[1827,2151,510,556]" italics="true" pageId="73" pageNumber="701">Colobus polykomos</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="0EAA798AFF88FF8DFA2D672FF5B1FD87" pageId="73" pageNumber="701" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph id="460F2A01FF88FF8DFA2D672FF71DFDA8" blockId="73.[1395,2567,510,636]" box="[1396,2218,575,596]" pageId="73" pageNumber="701">
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<heading id="1D479D6DFF88FF8DFA2D672FF71DFDA8" box="[1396,2218,575,596]" pageId="73" pageNumber="701">
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<emphasis id="74C4F613FF88FF8DFA2D672FFA76FDA8" bold="true" box="[1396,1473,575,596]" pageId="73" pageNumber="701">French:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="C8B35A2FFF88FF8DFA93672FF925FDA8" box="[1482,1682,575,596]" pageId="73" pageNumber="701">Colobe noir et blanc</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis id="74C4F613FF88FF8DF9FF672FF8B5FDA8" bold="true" box="[1702,1794,575,596]" pageId="73" pageNumber="701">German:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="C8B35A2FFF88FF8DF855672FF871FDA8" box="[1804,1990,575,596]" pageId="73" pageNumber="701">Barenstummelaffe</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis id="74C4F613FF88FF8DF883672FF782FDA8" bold="true" box="[2010,2101,575,596]" pageId="73" pageNumber="701">Spanish:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="C8B35A2FFF88FF8DF766672FF71DFDA8" box="[2111,2218,575,596]" pageId="73" pageNumber="701">Colobo rey</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="460F2A01FF88FF8DFA2D6776F5B1FD87" blockId="73.[1395,2567,510,636]" box="[1396,2566,614,635]" pageId="73" pageNumber="701">
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<heading id="1D479D6DFF88FF8DFA2D6776F5B1FD87" box="[1396,2566,614,635]" pageId="73" pageNumber="701">
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<emphasis id="74C4F613FF88FF8DFA2D6776F9DCFD87" bold="true" box="[1396,1643,614,635]" pageId="73" pageNumber="701">Other common names:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="C8B35A2FFF88FF8DF92C6776F802FD87" box="[1653,1973,614,635]" pageId="73" pageNumber="701">Ursine Black-and-white Colobus</vernacularName>
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,
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<vernacularName id="C8B35A2FFF88FF8DF89B6776F6AFFD87" box="[1986,2328,614,635]" pageId="73" pageNumber="701">Western Black-and-white Colobus</vernacularName>
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,
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<vernacularName id="C8B35A2FFF88FF8DF67C6776F5B1FD87" box="[2341,2566,614,635]" pageId="73" pageNumber="701">Western Pied Colobus</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="0EAA798AFF88FF8DF88467BDF770FD0E" pageId="73" pageNumber="701" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="460F2A01FF88FF8DF88467BDF770FD0E" blockId="73.[2013,2599,685,1108]" pageId="73" pageNumber="701">
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<emphasis id="74C4F613FF88FF8DF88467BDF7CFFD36" bold="true" box="[2013,2168,685,714]" pageId="73" pageNumber="701">Taxonomy.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="81B05182FF88FF8DF7D367BDF775FD0E" authority="E. A. W. Zimmermann, 1780" authorityName="E. A. W. Zimmermann" authorityYear="1780" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Cebus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="73" pageNumber="701" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="polykomos">Cebus polykomos E. A. W. Zimmermann, 1780</taxonomicName>
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,
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="0EAA798AFF88FF8DF78E67C1F776FCE5" pageId="73" pageNumber="701" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="460F2A01FF88FF8DF78E67C1F776FCE5" blockId="73.[2013,2599,685,1108]" pageId="73" pageNumber="701">
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<materialsCitation id="F6D8205CFF88FF8DF78E67C1F776FCE5" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3864421363" pageId="73" pageNumber="701">Sierra Leone (probably Sherbro Island).</materialsCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="0EAA798AFF88FF8DF887660FF7CEFBA8" pageId="73" pageNumber="701" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="460F2A01FF88FF8DF887660FF7CEFBA8" blockId="73.[2013,2599,685,1108]" pageId="73" pageNumber="701">
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Black-and-white colobus monkeys with uncertain taxonomic status—a hybrid swarm (previously referred to as “Doll man’s
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<taxonomicName id="81B05182FF88FF8DF7616686F71FFC4B" box="[2104,2216,918,951]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Colobus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="73" pageNumber="701" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Colobus</taxonomicName>
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” dollmani) of
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<taxonomicName id="81B05182FF88FF8DF6366686F5B8FC4B" baseAuthorityName="Zimmermann" baseAuthorityYear="1780" box="[2415,2575,918,951]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Colobus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="73" pageNumber="701" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="polykomos">C. polykomos</taxonomicName>
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x C.
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<taxonomicName id="81B05182FF88FF8DF75166ADF7CAFC22" baseAuthorityName="I. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire" baseAuthorityYear="1834" box="[2056,2173,957,990]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Colobus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="73" pageNumber="701" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="vellerosus">vellerosus</taxonomicName>
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exists between the Sassandra River and the Bandama River (and its eastern tributary, the Nzi) in Ivory Coast. Monotypic.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="0EAA798AFF88FF8DFA2A6172F736FB5E" pageId="73" pageNumber="701" type="distribution">
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<caption id="12CF7A89FF88FF8DFA2A6172F736FB5E" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6867269" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6867269" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6867269/files/figure.png" inLine="true" pageId="73" pageNumber="701" targetBox="[1398,1980,693,1100]" targetPageId="73">
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<paragraph id="460F2A01FF88FF8DFA2A6172F736FB5E" blockId="73.[1391,2601,1122,3274]" pageId="73" pageNumber="701">
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<emphasis id="74C4F613FF88FF8DFA2A6172F995FB87" bold="true" box="[1395,1570,1122,1147]" pageId="73" pageNumber="701">Distribution.</emphasis>
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Guinea Bissau, Guinea, Sierra Leone, Liberia, and SW Ivory Coast (E to the Sassandra River); possibly in S Senegal and Gambia.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="0EAA798AFF88FF8DFA2A61BDF66AF987" pageId="73" pageNumber="701" type="description">
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<paragraph id="460F2A01FF88FF8DFA2A61BDF66AF987" blockId="73.[1391,2601,1122,3274]" pageId="73" pageNumber="701">
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<emphasis id="74C4F613FF88FF8DFA2A61BDF9C7FB36" bold="true" box="[1395,1648,1197,1226]" pageId="73" pageNumber="701">Descriptive notes.</emphasis>
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Head-body 58-68 cm (males) and 55-65 cm (females), tail 72— 100 cm (males) and 81-96 cm (females); weight 6:6—10 kg (males) and 6.7-8.3 kg (females). The King Colobusis a robust, long-tailed colobine, with its tail being more than 160% of head-body length. Body, crown, and limbs are mostly black. Crown has no whorl, with its front and sides of head and neck having long gray-white hairs that gradually become intermingled with black on sides of the neck and shoulders (where hairs form long epaulettes). White hairs gradually disappear on flanks and innersides of humeri. Tail is white and untufted. Facial skin is black, with a prominent nose that often protrudes beyond the mouth. Ischial callosities are margined with white fur ventrally in both sexes, with the white extending up between callosities and down toward genitalia. Cranium has low, rounded orbits and a weakly developed rounded supraorbital torus with no concavity at the glabella. Pyriform aperture is low and narrow.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="0EAA798AFF88FF8DFA2B6391F9C8F8E4" pageId="73" pageNumber="701" type="biology_ecology">
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<paragraph id="460F2A01FF88FF8DFA2B6391F9C8F8E4" blockId="73.[1391,2601,1122,3274]" pageId="73" pageNumber="701">
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<emphasis id="74C4F613FF88FF8DFA2B6391FA56F95E" bold="true" box="[1394,1505,1665,1698]" pageId="73" pageNumber="701">Habitat.</emphasis>
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A variety of primary and secondary forest habitats, including dry semi-deciduous, moist evergreen, and riparian forests. The King
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<taxonomicName id="81B05182FF88FF8DF7F763B9F697F936" box="[2222,2336,1705,1738]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Colobus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="73" pageNumber="701" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Colobus</taxonomicName>
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is rarely found in degraded habitat, but it does sometimes occur in secondary forests. It is often seen in tall emergenttrees.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="0EAA798AFF88FF8DFA2B620FF9D8F821" pageId="73" pageNumber="701" type="food_feeding">
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<paragraph id="460F2A01FF88FF8DFA2B620FF9D8F821" blockId="73.[1391,2601,1122,3274]" pageId="73" pageNumber="701">
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<emphasis id="74C4F613FF88FF8DFA2B620FF9C9F8BC" bold="true" box="[1394,1662,1823,1856]" pageId="73" pageNumber="701">Food and Feeding.</emphasis>
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The King
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<taxonomicName id="81B05182FF88FF8DF87B620FF823F8BC" box="[1826,1940,1823,1856]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Colobus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="73" pageNumber="701" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Colobus</taxonomicName>
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eats mainly young leaves, mature leaves, and unripe seeds, supplemented with shoots, fruits (mainly unripe), flowers, and termite clay. It relies heavily on lianas and leguminous plants. Water is obtained mainly from their food, and when necessary, individuals can live for up to several months on little but mature leaves.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="0EAA798AFF88FF8DFA2862F4F858F735" pageId="73" pageNumber="701" type="breeding">
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<paragraph id="460F2A01FF88FF8DFA2862F4F858F735" blockId="73.[1391,2601,1122,3274]" pageId="73" pageNumber="701">
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<emphasis id="74C4F613FF88FF8DFA2862F4FA40F7F9" bold="true" box="[1393,1527,2020,2053]" pageId="73" pageNumber="701">Breeding.</emphasis>
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Female King
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<taxonomicName id="81B05182FF88FF8DF99B62F4F883F7F9" box="[1730,1844,2020,2053]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Colobus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="73" pageNumber="701" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Colobus</taxonomicName>
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do not display a sexual swelling when receptive, and there is no perineal organ in the male. Females initiate copulations. One offspring is born in December—February after a gestation of 170 days. The skin of the infants is pink for the first few months oflife and covered with a short, all-white natal coat. Every mature female in the group takes part in the rearing of the young. One individual lived for 27 years in the Erfurt Zoo, Germany.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="0EAA798AFF88FF8DFA366DC0F770F64A" pageId="73" pageNumber="701" type="activity">
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<paragraph id="460F2A01FF88FF8DFA366DC0F770F64A" blockId="73.[1391,2601,1122,3274]" pageId="73" pageNumber="701">
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<emphasis id="74C4F613FF88FF8DFA366DC0F9EEF70D" bold="true" box="[1391,1625,2256,2289]" pageId="73" pageNumber="701">Activity patterns.</emphasis>
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King
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<taxonomicName id="81B05182FF88FF8DF9F76DC0F897F70D" box="[1710,1824,2256,2289]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Colobus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="73" pageNumber="701" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Colobus</taxonomicName>
|
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are diurnal and arboreal. At Tiwai Island Wildlife Sanctuary, G. Dasilva found them to spend 61% of their time resting, 28% feeding, 9% moving, 1% engaging in social behavior, and 1% miscellaneous other activities. Low levels of activity might be a behavioral strategy to conserve energy, particularly when food is scarce. The King
|
||
<taxonomicName id="81B05182FF88FF8DF93A6C7DF962F672" box="[1635,1749,2413,2446]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Colobus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="73" pageNumber="701" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Colobus</taxonomicName>
|
||
adopts a hunched posture during rainstorms and periods of low temperature, which is likely related to thermoregulation.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="0EAA798AFF88FF8DFA286CD0F7D9F55E" pageId="73" pageNumber="701" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="460F2A01FF88FF8DFA286CD0F7D9F55E" blockId="73.[1391,2601,1122,3274]" pageId="73" pageNumber="701">
|
||
<emphasis id="74C4F613FF88FF8DFA286CD0F784F621" bold="true" box="[1393,2099,2496,2525]" pageId="73" pageNumber="701">Movements, Home range and Social organization.</emphasis>
|
||
Daily movements of King
|
||
<taxonomicName id="81B05182FF88FF8DF6E86CD0F594F621" box="[2481,2595,2496,2525]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Colobus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="73" pageNumber="701" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Colobus</taxonomicName>
|
||
average 637-830 m, with home ranges of 24-83 ha. Group size is typically 9-19 individuals, with 1-3 adult males and 4-6 adult females, although smaller groups of 3-6 individuals have been reported. Males disperse from their natal group, but there is also evidence of female movement. Females typically
|
||
<taxonomicName id="81B05182FF88FF8DF7756F4AF766F587" box="[2092,2257,2650,2683]" form="bonds" pageId="73" pageNumber="701" rank="form">form bonds</taxonomicName>
|
||
in a group, while adult males
|
||
<taxonomicName id="81B05182FF88FF8DFA936F91F901F55E" box="[1482,1718,2689,2722]" form="dominance" pageId="73" pageNumber="701" rank="form">form dominance</taxonomicName>
|
||
hierarchies and rarely interact.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="0EAA798AFF88FF8DFA286FB9F8CEF3AF" pageId="73" pageNumber="701" type="conservation">
|
||
<paragraph id="460F2A01FF88FF8DFA286FB9F8CEF3AF" blockId="73.[1391,2601,1122,3274]" pageId="73" pageNumber="701">
|
||
<emphasis id="74C4F613FF88FF8DFA286FB9F963F536" bold="true" box="[1393,1748,2729,2762]" pageId="73" pageNumber="701">Status and Conservation.</emphasis>
|
||
CITES Appendix II. Classified as Vulnerable on The IUCN Red List. The King Colobusis listed as Class A in the African Convention on the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources. Although its total distribution is still extensive, habitat loss and hunting for its meat and pelt are becoming increasing threats and are fragmenting remaining populations. It does not survive well in degraded areas and requires some primary forest to thrive. The King
|
||
<taxonomicName id="81B05182FF88FF8DF70C6E61F770F472" box="[2133,2247,2929,2958]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Colobus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="73" pageNumber="701" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Colobus</taxonomicName>
|
||
occurs in nine protected areas, but protection from hunting is still problematic in some of them: Tai Forest National Park in Ivory Coast; Sapo National Park in Liberia; Tiwai Island Wildlife Sanctuary, Gola Forest Reserve, and Outamba-Kilimi National Park in Sierra Leone; and Haut
|
||
<taxonomicName id="81B05182FF88FF8DFA28691AFA08F3D7" authorityName="Desmarest" authorityYear="1822" box="[1393,1471,3082,3115]" genus="The" pageId="73" pageNumber="701" rank="species" species="niger">Niger</taxonomicName>
|
||
National Park, Mount Nimba Strict Nature Reserve, and Massif du Ziama and Diecke biosphere reserves in Guinea.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="0EAA798AFF88FF8DFA286972F6B7F336" pageId="73" pageNumber="701" type="bibRefCitation_list">
|
||
<paragraph id="460F2A01FF88FF8DFA286972F6B7F336" blockId="73.[1391,2601,1122,3274]" pageId="73" pageNumber="701">
|
||
<emphasis id="74C4F613FF88FF8DFA286972F9BCF387" bold="true" box="[1393,1547,3170,3195]" pageId="73" pageNumber="701">Bibliography.</emphasis>
|
||
Dasilva (1989, 1992, 1993, 1994), Fashing (2011), Gonedelé Bi et al. (2006), Groves (2001, 2005, 2007), Groves et al. (1993), Kingdon (1997), Korstjens et al. (2005b, 2007b), Mallinson (1969), Mallinson & Barker (1998), Mearns & Pidgeon (1978), Oates (2011), Oates & McGraw (2009).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |