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<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/jhr.94.94263" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1314-2607-94-13" ID-Pensoft-UUID="ADCFB8021287566FB2D7E8A8711D5CAE" ID-ZooBank="6CB807239A47403FABEC9AF8AE7F417F" ModsDocID="1314-2607-94-13" checkinTime="1671601504499" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Burks, Roger, Mitroiu, Mircea-Dan, Fusu, Lucian, Heraty, John M., Jansta, Petr, Heydon, Steve, Papilloud, Natalie Dale-Skey, Peters, Ralph S., Tselikh, Ekaterina V., Woolley, James B., van Noort, Simon, Baur, Hannes, Cruaud, Astrid, Darling, Christopher, Haas, Michael, Hanson, Paul, Krogmann, Lars &amp; Rasplus, Jean-Yves" docDate="2022" docId="DDDADF3C8AE152B28152E599C204E888" docLanguage="en" docName="JourHymenoptRes 94: 13-88" docOrigin="Journal of Hymenoptera Research 94" docPubDate="2022-12-20" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/jhr.94.94263" docTitle="Miscogastrinae Walker 1833" docType="treatment" docVersion="1" id="ADCFB8021287566FB2D7E8A8711D5CAE" lastPageNumber="13" masterDocId="ADCFB8021287566FB2D7E8A8711D5CAE" masterDocTitle="From hell's heart I stab at thee! A determined approach towards a monophyletic Pteromalidae and reclassification of Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera)" masterLastPageNumber="88" masterPageNumber="13" pageNumber="13" updateTime="1671601504499" updateUser="pensoft">
<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
<mods:titleInfo>
<mods:title>From hell's heart I stab at thee! A determined approach towards a monophyletic Pteromalidae and reclassification of Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera)</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Burks, Roger</mods:namePart>
<mods:nameIdentifier type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3032-7939</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:affiliation>Department of Entomology, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA</mods:affiliation>
<mods:nameIdentifier type="email">burks.roger@gmail.com</mods:nameIdentifier>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Mitroiu, Mircea-Dan</mods:namePart>
<mods:nameIdentifier type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1368-7721</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:affiliation>Faculty of Biology, Alexandru Ioan Cuza University, Iasi, Romania</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Fusu, Lucian</mods:namePart>
<mods:nameIdentifier type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0819-026X</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:affiliation>Faculty of Biology, Alexandru Ioan Cuza University, Iasi, Romania</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Heraty, John M.</mods:namePart>
<mods:nameIdentifier type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9246-5651</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:affiliation>Department of Entomology, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Jansta, Petr</mods:namePart>
<mods:nameIdentifier type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6409-3603</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:affiliation>Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic &amp; Department of Entomology, State Museum of Natural History, Stuttgart, Germany</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Heydon, Steve</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Papilloud, Natalie Dale-Skey</mods:namePart>
<mods:nameIdentifier type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7582-0386</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:affiliation>Insects Division, Natural History Museum, London, UK</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Peters, Ralph S.</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>Zoologisches Forschungsmuseum Alexander Koenig, Leibniz Institute for the Analysis of Biodiversity Change, Bonn, Germany</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Tselikh, Ekaterina V.</mods:namePart>
<mods:nameIdentifier type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9184-043X</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:affiliation>Zoological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Woolley, James B.</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>Department of Entomology, Texas A &amp; M University, College Station, TX, USA</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>van Noort, Simon</mods:namePart>
<mods:nameIdentifier type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6930-9741</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:affiliation>Research and Exhibitions Department, South African Museum, Iziko Museums of South Africa, PO Box 61, Cape Town 8000 South Africa &amp; Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cape Town, Private Bag, Rondebosch, 7701, South Africa</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Baur, Hannes</mods:namePart>
<mods:nameIdentifier type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1360-3487</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:affiliation>Department of Invertebrates, Natural History Museum Bern, Bern, Switzerland &amp; Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Cruaud, Astrid</mods:namePart>
<mods:nameIdentifier type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8932-4199</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:affiliation>CBGP, INRAE, CIRAD, IRD, Montpellier SupAgro, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Darling, Christopher</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>Department of Natural History, Royal Ontario Museum, Toronto, ON, M 5 S 2 C 6, Canada &amp; Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M 5 S 1 A 1, Canada</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Haas, Michael</mods:namePart>
<mods:nameIdentifier type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6869-6698</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:affiliation>Department of Entomology, State Museum of Natural History, Stuttgart, Germany</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Hanson, Paul</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>Escuela de Biologia, Universidad de Costa Rica, San Pedro de Montes de Oca, San Jose 11501 - 2060, Costa Rica</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Krogmann, Lars</mods:namePart>
<mods:nameIdentifier type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3724-1735</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:affiliation>Department of Entomology, State Museum of Natural History, Stuttgart, Germany &amp; Institute of Biology, Biological Systematics (190 n) University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Rasplus, Jean-Yves</mods:namePart>
<mods:nameIdentifier type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8614-6665</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:affiliation>CBGP, INRAE, CIRAD, IRD, Montpellier SupAgro, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
<mods:relatedItem type="host">
<mods:titleInfo>
<mods:title>Journal of Hymenoptera Research</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:part>
<mods:date>2022</mods:date>
<mods:detail type="pubDate">
<mods:number>2022-12-20</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:detail type="volume">
<mods:number>94</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:extent unit="page">
<mods:start>13</mods:start>
<mods:end>88</mods:end>
</mods:extent>
</mods:part>
</mods:relatedItem>
<mods:location>
<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/jhr.94.94263</mods:url>
</mods:location>
<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/jhr.94.94263</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1314-2607-94-13</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="ZooBank">6CB807239A47403FABEC9AF8AE7F417F</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-UUID">ADCFB8021287566FB2D7E8A8711D5CAE</mods:identifier>
</mods:mods>
<treatment LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:DDDADF3C8AE152B28152E599C204E888" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/DDDADF3C8AE152B28152E599C204E888" lastPageNumber="13" pageId="0" pageNumber="13">
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="13" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="13">
<taxonomicName LSID="DDDADF3C-8AE1-52B2-8152-E599C204E888" authorityName="Walker" authorityYear="1833" family="Pteromalidae" higherTaxonomySource="treatment-meta" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Miscogastrinae">Miscogastrinae</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="13" type="reference_group">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="13">
<taxonomicName family="Miscogasteridae" higherTaxonomySource="treatment-meta" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" rank="family">Miscogasteridae</taxonomicName>
Walker, 1833. Type genus:
<taxonomicName authorityName="Walker" authorityYear="1833" class="Insecta" family="Pteromalidae" genus="Miscogaster" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Miscogaster" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Miscogaster</taxonomicName>
Walker, 1833. Treated as
<taxonomicName authorityName="Walker" authorityYear="1833" family="Pteromalidae" higherTaxonomySource="treatment-meta" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Miscogasterinae">Miscogasterinae</taxonomicName>
by
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.10341" author="Ashmead, WH" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" refId="B3" refString="Ashmead, WH, 1904. Classification of the chalcid flies, or the superfamily Chalcidoidea, with descriptions of new species in the Carnegie Museum, collected in South America by Herbert H. Smith. Memoirs of the Carnegie Museum 1: i-xi, 225-551. [pls xxxi-xxxix] https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.10341" title="Classification of the chalcid flies, or the superfamily Chalcidoidea, with descriptions of new species in the Carnegie Museum, collected in South America by Herbert H. Smith. Memoirs of the Carnegie Museum 1: i-xi, 225 - 551. [pls xxxi-xxxix]" url="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.10341" year="1904">Ashmead (1904)</bibRefCitation>
. Spelling corrected to
<taxonomicName authorityName="Walker" authorityYear="1833" family="Pteromalidae" higherTaxonomySource="treatment-meta" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Miscogastrinae">Miscogastrinae</taxonomicName>
by
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3389.1.7" author="Burks, RA" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" pagination="61 - 64" refId="B7" refString="Burks, RA, 2012. Formation of family group names using the stem -gaster, with special reference to names based on Miscogaster and Sphegigaster (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Pteromalidae). Zootaxa 3389: 61 - 64, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3389.1.7" title="Formation of family group names using the stem - gaster, with special reference to names based on Miscogaster and Sphegigaster (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Pteromalidae)." url="https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3389.1.7" volume="3389" year="2012">Burks (2012)</bibRefCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="13" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="13">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="13">
Antenna nearly always with 12 flagellomeres (exception:
<taxonomicName authorityName="Boucek" authorityYear="1993" class="Insecta" family="Pteromalidae" genus="Andersena" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Andersena" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="13">Andersena</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<normalizedToken originalValue="Bouček">Boucek</normalizedToken>
). Mandibles usually not falcate, but sometimes enlarged (
<taxonomicName authorityName="Dzhanokmen" authorityYear="1986" class="Insecta" family="Pteromalidae" genus="Diconocara" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Diconocara" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="13">Diconocara</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Dzhanokmen). Scapula not anteriorly exposed by pronotum. Axilla not strongly advanced. Axillula rarely enlarged, but if so then they are not convex. Propodeum with or without plicae. Petiole variable, either with anterolateral flange extending from ventral surface to form lateral tooth-like protrusions (Fig.
<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 97–102" captionStartId="F17" captionText="Figures 97 - 102. 97 Halticoptera sp. (Sphegigastrini): petiole 98 Ormocerus latus Walker (Pteromalidae, Ormocerinae): head frontal view 99 Acroclisoides sinicus (Huang &amp; Liao) (Pteromalidae, Pachyneurinae): head frontal and mandibles 100, 101 Pachycrepoideus sp. (Pachyneurinae) 100 venation 101 propodeum and petiole dorsal view 102 Chlorocytus scandolensis Rasplus (Pteromalidae, Pteromalinae): mesosoma dorsal view." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.94.94263.figures97-102" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/781080" pageId="0" pageNumber="13">97</figureCitation>
), or simple. If petiole simple, then clypeal margin asymmetrical (Fig.
<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 91–96" captionStartId="F16" captionText="Figures 91 - 96. 91 Erixestus winnemana Crawford (Pteromalidae, Erixestinae): mesosoma lateral view 92, 93 Diconocara petiolata Dzhanokmen (Pteromalidae, Miscogastrinae, Diconocarini) 92 head frontal view 93 mesosoma dorsal view 94, 95 Thektogaster aberlenci Delvare (Pteromalidae, Miscogastrinae, Miscogastrini) 94 clypeus 95 mesosoma dorsal view 96 Sphegigaster obliqua Graham (Pteromalidae, Miscogastrinae, Sphegigastrini): lower face frontal view." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.94.94263.figures91-96" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/781079" pageId="0" pageNumber="13">94</figureCitation>
), or concave ventrally and then clypeus enlarged and nearly adjacent to toruli dorsally (Fig.
<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 91–96" captionStartId="F16" captionText="Figures 91 - 96. 91 Erixestus winnemana Crawford (Pteromalidae, Erixestinae): mesosoma lateral view 92, 93 Diconocara petiolata Dzhanokmen (Pteromalidae, Miscogastrinae, Diconocarini) 92 head frontal view 93 mesosoma dorsal view 94, 95 Thektogaster aberlenci Delvare (Pteromalidae, Miscogastrinae, Miscogastrini) 94 clypeus 95 mesosoma dorsal view 96 Sphegigaster obliqua Graham (Pteromalidae, Miscogastrinae, Sphegigastrini): lower face frontal view." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.94.94263.figures91-96" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/781079" pageId="0" pageNumber="13">92</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<caption doi="10.3897/jhr.94.94263.figures97-102" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/781080" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" start="Figures 97–102" startId="F17">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="13">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="13">Figures 97-102.</emphasis>
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="13">97</emphasis>
<taxonomicName authorityName="Spinola" authorityYear="1811" class="Insecta" family="Pteromalidae" genus="Halticoptera" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Halticoptera" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="13">Halticoptera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. (
<taxonomicName family="Pteromalidae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" rank="tribe" tribe="Sphegigastrini">Sphegigastrini</taxonomicName>
): petiole
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="13">98</emphasis>
<taxonomicName authorityName="Walker" authorityYear="1834" class="Insecta" family="Pteromalidae" genus="Ormocerus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ormocerus latus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="latus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="13">Ormocerus latus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Walker (
<taxonomicName authorityName="Dalman" authorityYear="1820" family="Pteromalidae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" rank="family">Pteromalidae</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName authorityName="Walker" authorityYear="1833" family="Pteromalidae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Ormocerinae">Ormocerinae</taxonomicName>
): head frontal view
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="13">99</emphasis>
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Huang &amp; Liao" baseAuthorityYear="1988" class="Insecta" family="Pteromalidae" genus="Acroclisoides" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Acroclisoides sinicus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sinicus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="13">Acroclisoides sinicus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Huang &amp; Liao) (
<taxonomicName authorityName="Dalman" authorityYear="1820" family="Pteromalidae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" rank="family">Pteromalidae</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName authorityName="Van der Wulp" authorityYear="1877" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Pachyneurinae">Pachyneurinae</taxonomicName>
): head frontal and mandibles
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="13">100, 101</emphasis>
<taxonomicName authorityName="Ashmead" authorityYear="1904" class="Insecta" family="Pteromalidae" genus="Pachycrepoideus" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pachycrepoideus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="13">Pachycrepoideus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. (
<taxonomicName authorityName="Van der Wulp" authorityYear="1877" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Pachyneurinae">Pachyneurinae</taxonomicName>
)
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="13">100</emphasis>
venation
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="13">101</emphasis>
propodeum and petiole dorsal view
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="13">102</emphasis>
<taxonomicName authorityName="Rasplus" authorityYear="1991" class="Insecta" family="Pteromalidae" genus="Chlorocytus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Chlorocytus scandolensis" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="scandolensis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="13">Chlorocytus scandolensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Rasplus (
<taxonomicName authorityName="Dalman" authorityYear="1820" family="Pteromalidae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" rank="family">Pteromalidae</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Haliday" baseAuthorityYear="1833" family="Pteromalidae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Pteromalinae">Pteromalinae</taxonomicName>
): mesosoma dorsal view.
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="13" type="discussion">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="13">Discussion.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="13">
Distinction of
<taxonomicName authorityName="Walker" authorityYear="1833" family="Pteromalidae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Miscogastrinae">Miscogastrinae</taxonomicName>
from
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Haliday" baseAuthorityYear="1833" family="Pteromalidae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Pteromalinae">Pteromalinae</taxonomicName>
is best done by tribe, using either the distinctive petiole of
<taxonomicName family="Pteromalidae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" rank="tribe" tribe="Sphegigastrini">Sphegigastrini</taxonomicName>
or the distinctive clypeus of
<taxonomicName lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" rank="tribe" tribe="Diconocarini">Diconocarini</taxonomicName>
or
<taxonomicName authorityName="Walker" authorityYear="1833" family="Pteromalidae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" rank="tribe" tribe="Miscogastrini">Miscogastrini</taxonomicName>
. We propose keeping these tribes together as
<taxonomicName authorityName="Walker" authorityYear="1833" family="Pteromalidae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Miscogastrinae">Miscogastrinae</taxonomicName>
, because they form a stable clade in molecular analyses (Cruaud et al., submitted), and because
<taxonomicName family="Pteromalidae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" rank="tribe" tribe="Sphegigastrini">Sphegigastrini</taxonomicName>
also can have an asymmetrical clypeus as in
<taxonomicName authorityName="Walker" authorityYear="1833" family="Pteromalidae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" rank="tribe" tribe="Miscogastrini">Miscogastrini</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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