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<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.421.7424" ID-GBIF-Dataset="beec7a7e-c7fc-4488-bf39-48f214ae117f" ID-PMC="PMC4109473" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-421-115" ID-PubMed="25061382" ID-ZBK="B69FD062806F4AE78C681F8FD650D2A7" ModsDocAuthor="" ModsDocDate="2014" ModsDocID="1313-2970-421-115" ModsDocOrigin="ZooKeys 421" ModsDocTitle="Polyphyly of Lichen-cryptic Dagger Moths: synonymy of Agriopodes Hampson and description of a new basal acronictine genus, Chloronycta, gen. n. (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae)" checkinTime="1451245673723" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Schmidt, B. Christian, Wagner, David L., Zacharczenko, Brigette V., Zahiri, Reza &amp; Anweiler, Gary G." docDate="2014" docId="CDB9EEE32E08750D522E1E316BB7932A" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 421: 115-137" docOrigin="ZooKeys 421" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.421.7424" docTitle="Acronicta fallax Schmidt, Wagner, Zacharczenko, Zahiri &amp; Anweiler, 2014, comb. n." docType="treatment" docVersion="3" lastPageNumber="120" masterDocId="3C40FFADFF84CF407423F8025046FFFE" masterDocTitle="Polyphyly of Lichen-cryptic Dagger Moths: synonymy of Agriopodes Hampson and description of a new basal acronictine genus, Chloronycta, gen. n. (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae)" masterLastPageNumber="137" masterPageNumber="115" pageNumber="118" updateTime="1668158778287" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:titleInfo>
<mods:title>Polyphyly of Lichen-cryptic Dagger Moths: synonymy of Agriopodes Hampson and description of a new basal acronictine genus, Chloronycta, gen. n. (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae)</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Schmidt, B. Christian</mods:namePart>
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<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Wagner, David L.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Zacharczenko, Brigette V.</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Zahiri, Reza</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Anweiler, Gary G.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title>ZooKeys</mods:title>
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<mods:part>
<mods:date>2014</mods:date>
<mods:detail type="volume">
<mods:number>421</mods:number>
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<mods:start>115</mods:start>
<mods:end>137</mods:end>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.421.7424</mods:url>
</mods:location>
<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.421.7424</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1313-2970-421-115</mods:identifier>
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<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="152053832" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:CDB9EEE32E08750D522E1E316BB7932A" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/CDB9EEE32E08750D522E1E316BB7932A" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="120" pageId="3" pageNumber="118">
<subSubSection pageId="3" pageNumber="118" type="multiple">
<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="118">Taxon classification Animalia Lepidoptera Noctuidae</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="3" pageNumber="118" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="118">
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Acronicta" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Acronicta fallax" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="118" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fallax">Acronicta fallax</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel pageId="3" pageNumber="118">comb. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
Figs 2, 5, 9, 13
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="120" pageId="3" pageNumber="118" type="adult morphology">
<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="118">Adult morphology.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="118">
The fate of the genus
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Agriopodes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Agriopodes" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="118" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Agriopodes</taxonomicName>
is anchored to the phylogenetic position of
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Acronicta" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Acronicta fallax" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="118" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fallax">Acronicta fallax</taxonomicName>
, its type-species. Comparison of genitalic structure of
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Acronicta" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Acronicta fallax" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="118" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fallax">Acronicta fallax</taxonomicName>
to all North American and most Eurasian
<taxonomicName lsidName="" pageId="3" pageNumber="118" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Acronictinae">Acronictinae</taxonomicName>
species reveals that genitalic features are most consistent with those found across an endemic North American group of
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Acronicta" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Acronicta" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="118" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Acronicta</taxonomicName>
species, consisting of
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Acronicta" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Acronicta tritona" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="118" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tritona">Acronicta tritona</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Acronicta" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Acronicta grisea" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="118" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="grisea">Acronicta grisea</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Acronicta" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Acronicta falcula" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="118" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="falcula">Acronicta falcula</taxonomicName>
(Grote),
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Acronicta" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Acronicta lithospila" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="118" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lithospila">Acronicta lithospila</taxonomicName>
Grote,
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Acronicta" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Acronicta hamamelis" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="118" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hamamelis">Acronicta hamamelis</taxonomicName>
<normalizedToken originalValue="Guenée">Guenee</normalizedToken>
,
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Acronicta" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Acronicta mansueta" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="118" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mansueta">Acronicta mansueta</taxonomicName>
Smith,
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Acronicta" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Acronicta paralella" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="118" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="paralella">Acronicta paralella</taxonomicName>
(Grote) and
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Acronicta" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Acronicta vinnula" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="118" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vinnula">Acronicta vinnula</taxonomicName>
, here termed the tritona-group. Structural synapomorphies for these species are primarily those of the male genitalia (Fig. 5), including a short, claw-like clasper and a broad shield-like juxta (wider than long), with strap-like dorso-lateral extensions. The male vesica structure is moderately complex and consists of a sausage-shaped main chamber that curves ventrally then right laterally, which is armed with short, spade- to thorn-like spines to longer attenuated spines. The size and position of the vesica diverticula are unique, with thumb-like diverticula consistently present in the basal and sub-basal positions, and smaller diverticula variably present in the medial and apical positions. In females, the corpus bursae is relatively broad and rounded, shaped like a heart or a boxing glove with the appendix bursae forming the
<normalizedToken originalValue="‘thumb’">'thumb'</normalizedToken>
(Fig. 9). Females of the tritona-group (Figs 10, 11) lack the dense, persistent patch of fine, felt-like hairs between the 8th tergite and sternite that is present in the
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Acronicta" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Acronicta hasta" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="118" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hasta">Acronicta hasta</taxonomicName>
-group. The hasta-group contains at least 14 species, largely corresponding to &quot;Group II&quot; of
<bibRefCitation author="Forbes, WTM" journalOrPublisher="Cornell University Agricultural Experiment Station, Memoir" pageId="14" pageNumber="129" pagination="1 - 433" title="Lepidoptera of New York and neighboring states. Part III. Noctuidae." volume="329" year="1954">Forbes (1954)</bibRefCitation>
. As also suggested by the placement of
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Acronicta" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Acronicta superans" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="118" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="superans">Acronicta superans</taxonomicName>
in our tree (Fig. 1), the hasta-group is related to the tritona-group, but exhibits a number of distinctive autapomorphies not present in either the tritona-group or
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Acronicta" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Acronicta fallax" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="118" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fallax">Acronicta fallax</taxonomicName>
, such as a unique hourglass-shaped juxta; modification of the quadrate ventral process of the clasper into a broad, scoop-like flange and a dorsally curved pollex; and as noted above, a patch of persistent felt-like setae on the female A8 pleuron.
</paragraph>
<paragraph lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="119" pageId="3" pageNumber="118">
Structurally,
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Acronicta" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Acronicta fallax" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="119" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fallax">
<pageBreakToken pageId="4" pageNumber="119" start="start">Acronicta</pageBreakToken>
fallax
</taxonomicName>
shows clear affinities to
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Acronicta" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Acronicta grisea" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="119" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="grisea">Acronicta grisea</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Acronicta" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Acronicta falcula" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="119" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="falcula">Acronicta falcula</taxonomicName>
of the tritona-group; the valve, clasper and uncus are much like those of
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Acronicta" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Acronicta grisea" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="119" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="grisea">Acronicta grisea</taxonomicName>
, with the clasper apex slightly less curved. The dorsolateral straps of the juxta are spinulose, and the medioventral portion of the juxta is produced into a rounded knob that is unique to
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Acronicta" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Acronicta fallax" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="119" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fallax">Acronicta fallax</taxonomicName>
, although
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Acronicta" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Acronicta tritona" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="119" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tritona">Acronicta tritona</taxonomicName>
shows a rudimentary form of this. Aedeagus and vesica structure of
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Acronicta" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Acronicta fallax" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="119" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fallax">Acronicta fallax</taxonomicName>
are also similar to those of
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Acronicta" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Acronicta grisea" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="119" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="grisea">Acronicta grisea</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Acronicta" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Acronicta falcula" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="119" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="falcula">Acronicta falcula</taxonomicName>
, with two basal, unarmed diverticuli, a spinose main chamber, and a finely spinulose distal portion of the main chamber. The large spine field is composed of short, broad-based spines basally, and rounded, spade-like spines distally, similar to those found in
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Acronicta" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Acronicta tritona" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="119" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tritona">Acronicta tritona</taxonomicName>
. The female genitalic structure of
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Acronicta" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Acronicta fallax" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="119" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fallax">Acronicta fallax</taxonomicName>
is most similar to
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Acronicta" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Acronicta grisea" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="119" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="grisea">Acronicta grisea</taxonomicName>
(Fig. 10). Larval morphology does not offer support for a special association among
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Acronicta" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Acronicta fallax" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="119" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fallax">Acronicta fallax</taxonomicName>
and tritona / falcula / grisea, although there is greater similarity of fallax to the tritona group than to larvae of the hasta-group.
</paragraph>
<paragraph lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="120" pageId="4" pageNumber="119">
Many
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Acronicta" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Acronicta" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="120" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<pageBreakToken pageId="5" pageNumber="120" start="start">Acronicta</pageBreakToken>
</taxonomicName>
species bear a prominent black basal, anal and apical forewing dash; the basal and anal dashes are sometimes transected by a crescentic line resulting in a dagger-like mark (hence the common name dagger moths). These forewing dashes typical of
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Acronicta" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Acronicta" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="120" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Acronicta</taxonomicName>
are also present in modified form in
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Acronicta" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Acronicta fallax" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="120" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fallax">Acronicta fallax</taxonomicName>
, with the apical and anal dash (dagger marks) broadly joined to the postmedial line to form two roughly triangular postmedial patches. The basal dash is short and thick; and there is a black rectangular bar connecting the orbicular and reniform spots; the orbicular and reniform spots are occasionally and then only incompletely outlined. Unlike the green psaphidines (
<taxonomicName lsidName="" pageId="5" pageNumber="120" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Amphipyrinae">Amphipyrinae</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName lsidName="" pageId="5" pageNumber="120" rank="tribe" tribe="Psaphidini">Psaphidini</taxonomicName>
:
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Feralia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Feralia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="120" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Feralia</taxonomicName>
Grote and
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Miracavira" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Miracavira" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="120" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Miracavira</taxonomicName>
Franclemont), the green pigment of
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Acronicta" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Acronicta fallax" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="120" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fallax">Acronicta fallax</taxonomicName>
is not sensitive to moisture degradation, where green changes to yellow upon exposure to high humidity (dried specimens of
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Acronicta" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Acronicta fallax" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="120" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fallax">Acronicta fallax</taxonomicName>
can usually be moisture-relaxed without loss of green colouration). This suggests a fundamental biochemical difference in the green pigment of
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Acronicta" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Acronicta" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="120" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Acronicta</taxonomicName>
(found in
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Acronicta" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Acronicta fallax" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="120" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fallax">Acronicta fallax</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Acronicta" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Acronicta vinnula" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="120" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vinnula">Acronicta vinnula</taxonomicName>
) compared to that of psaphidines.
</paragraph>
<caption pageId="5" pageNumber="120">
<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="120">
Figures 2-4.
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Acronicta" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Acronicta" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="120" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Acronicta</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Chloronycta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Chloronycta" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="120" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Chloronycta</taxonomicName>
adults. 2a
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Acronicta" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Acronicta fallax" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="120" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fallax">Acronicta fallax</taxonomicName>
male (North Port, FL) 2b
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Acronicta" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Acronicta fallax" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="120" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fallax">Acronicta fallax</taxonomicName>
male (Hillsboro, MO) 2c
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Acronicta" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Acronicta fallax" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="120" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fallax">Acronicta fallax</taxonomicName>
female (Hillsboro, MO) 2d
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Acronicta" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Acronicta fallax" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="120" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fallax">Acronicta fallax</taxonomicName>
female (Backus Woods, ON) 2e
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Acronicta" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Acronicta fallax" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="120" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fallax">Acronicta fallax</taxonomicName>
male (Cartwright, MB) 2f
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Acronicta" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Acronicta fallax" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="120" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fallax">Acronicta fallax</taxonomicName>
male Edmunston, NB) 2g
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Acronicta" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Acronicta fallax" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="120" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fallax">Acronicta fallax</taxonomicName>
female (Ottawa, ON) 2h
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Acronicta" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Acronicta fallax" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="120" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fallax">Acronicta fallax</taxonomicName>
male (La Verendrye Reserve, QC) 2i
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Acronicta" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Acronicta fallax" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="120" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fallax">Acronicta fallax</taxonomicName>
male (Crooked Lake, SK) 3a
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Chloronycta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Chloronycta tybo" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="120" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tybo">Chloronycta tybo</taxonomicName>
male (Huachuca Mtns, AZ) 3b
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Chloronycta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Chloronycta tybo" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="120" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tybo">Chloronycta tybo</taxonomicName>
female (Cave Ck. Cyn., Chiricahua Mtns, AZ) 4
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Chloronycta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Chloronycta" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="120" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Chloronycta</taxonomicName>
sp. female (Turundeo, MEX).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption pageId="5" pageNumber="120">
<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="120">
Figures 5-8.
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Acronicta" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Acronicta" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="120" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Acronicta</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Chloronycta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Chloronycta" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="120" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Chloronycta</taxonomicName>
male genitalia. 5
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Acronicta" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Acronicta fallax" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="120" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fallax">Acronicta fallax</taxonomicName>
6
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Acronicta" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Acronicta grisea" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="120" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="grisea">Acronicta grisea</taxonomicName>
7
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Acronicta" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Acronicta tritona" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="120" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tritona">Acronicta tritona</taxonomicName>
8
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Chloronycta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Chloronycta tybo" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="120" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tybo">Chloronycta tybo</taxonomicName>
. Reproduced to scale.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption pageId="5" pageNumber="120">
<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="120">
Figures 9-12.
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Acronicta" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Acronicta" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="120" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Acronicta</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Chloronycta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Chloronycta" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="120" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Chloronycta</taxonomicName>
female genitalia. 9
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Acronicta" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Acronicta fallax" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="120" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fallax">Acronicta fallax</taxonomicName>
10
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Acronicta" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Acronicta grisea" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="120" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="grisea">Acronicta grisea</taxonomicName>
11
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Acronicta" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Acronicta tritona" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="120" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tritona">Acronicta tritona</taxonomicName>
12
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Chloronycta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Chloronycta tybo" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="120" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tybo">Chloronycta tybo</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="5" pageNumber="120" type="larval morphology and biology">
<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="120">Larval morphology and biology.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="120">
The immature stages of
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Acronicta" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Acronicta fallax" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="120" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fallax">Acronicta fallax</taxonomicName>
were described by
<bibRefCitation author="Dyar, HG" journalOrPublisher="Journal of the New York Entomological Society" pageId="14" pageNumber="129" pagination="67 - 68" title="Life history of Diphthera fallax H. - S." volume="7" year="1899">Dyar (1899)</bibRefCitation>
, and
<bibRefCitation author="Crumb, SE" journalOrPublisher="United States Department of Agriculture, Washington" pageId="14" pageNumber="129" title="The larvae of the Phalaenidae." volumeTitle="Technical Bulletin" year="1956">Crumb (1956)</bibRefCitation>
gives a brief description based on a preserved larva. Illustrations are in
<bibRefCitation author="Wagner, DL" journalOrPublisher="Princeton University Press, Princeton" pageId="16" pageNumber="131" title="Owlet Caterpillars of Eastern North America." year="2011">Wagner et al. (2011)</bibRefCitation>
and
<bibRefCitation author="McCabe, TL" journalOrPublisher="New York State Museum, Bulletin" pageId="15" pageNumber="130" pagination="1 - 114" title="Atlas of Adirondack Caterpillars with a Host List, Rearing Notes and a Selected Bibliography of Works Depicting Caterpillars." volume="470" year="1991">McCabe (1991</bibRefCitation>
; head capsule and mandible). Dyar described the waxy-white egg as a flattened dome with about 48 radial ridges lacking transverse striae, 2 mm across and 1 mm in
<normalizedToken originalValue="height–characters">height-characters</normalizedToken>
consistent with those of
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Acronicta" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Acronicta" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="120" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Acronicta</taxonomicName>
.
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Agriopodes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Agriopodes fallax" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="120" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fallax">Agriopodes fallax</taxonomicName>
shares structural similarities with members of the
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Acronicta" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Acronicta hasta" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="120" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hasta">Acronicta hasta</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Acronicta" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Acronicta tritona" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="120" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tritona">Acronicta tritona</taxonomicName>
species groups; head often with 6-8 dark (snowflake-shaped) spots over each somewhat quadrangular lobe, D1 borne from small wart on T1, and the ground colour tends to be green and body height highest through the anterior abdominal segments in both clades. Superficially,
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Acronicta" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Acronicta fallax" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="120" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fallax">Acronicta fallax</taxonomicName>
shares greatest similarity with larvae of
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Acronicta" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Acronicta vinnula" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="120" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vinnula">Acronicta vinnula</taxonomicName>
and kin, a member of the tritona-group, although We cannot identify its sister taxon with certainty based on our knowledge of its morphology, behavior and natural history.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="120">
The mature larva is bright lime to yellowish green with a whitish middorsal and somewhat broader subdorsal stripe, with body tapering posteriorly. The integument is covered with abundant, minute secondary setae in the form of spinules that are slightly thickened basally, giving the integument a velvety texture. With the exception of the D1 pinaculum on T1, which is brownish to red and borne from a small wart, the pinacula are nearly obsolete in the last instar, i.e. flattened, faintly brown or concolourous, and with short setae (pinacula are more elevated and reddish brown with longer setae in middle instars). The greenish head sometimes has paired dark spots above the frons and a field of 6-8 darker spots over each lobe, laterad to apex of frons. The head, usually retracted into the thorax, has a rough, granular surface but lacks secondary setae, and is about 4 mm wide when mature. The thoracic shield is lightly sclerotized; prothorax with XD setae longest on body, extending well forward; XD1 and D1 solitary; D2 setal cluster shifted forward and grouping with XD2 seta; SD and L setae grouped, each comprised of 8-11 setae. Nearly all primary setae are replaced with open but defined clusters of 6-12 setae. Abdomen with D, SD, and L setal clusters more or less vertically aligned; D2 in typical position on A7-A10; solitary seta present below L2 group, well forward of spiracle; L3 group a diffuse set of 9-12 setae; numerous setae in each subventral cluster. A8 spiracle approximately 2
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
diameter of those on preceding segments. The anal plate and pinacula are ill defined or undifferentiated, with limits defined by clusters of microspinules, which are largest (some tooth-like) over the anal plate. Prolegs with 23-28 crochets. Length of larva at maturity is 28-30 mm. The prepupal larva turns waxy red, and tunnels into soft wood or spins a flimsy cocoon in a crevice. The larva feeds from the leaf underside of
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Adoxaceae" genus="Viburnum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Viburnum" order="Dipsacales" pageId="5" pageNumber="120" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Viburnum</taxonomicName>
species, including
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Adoxaceae" genus="Viburnum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Viburnum dentatum" order="Dipsacales" pageId="5" pageNumber="120" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="dentatum">Viburnum dentatum</taxonomicName>
L. (
<bibRefCitation author="Dyar, HG" journalOrPublisher="Journal of the New York Entomological Society" pageId="14" pageNumber="129" pagination="67 - 68" title="Life history of Diphthera fallax H. - S." volume="7" year="1899">Dyar 1899</bibRefCitation>
) and
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Adoxaceae" genus="Viburnum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Viburnum nudum subsp. cassinoides" order="Dipsacales" pageId="5" pageNumber="120" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="subSpecies" species="nudum" subSpecies="cassinoides">Viburnum nudum cassinoides</taxonomicName>
(L.) Torr. &amp; A. Gray (
<bibRefCitation author="Wagner, DL" journalOrPublisher="Princeton University Press, Princeton" pageId="16" pageNumber="131" title="Owlet Caterpillars of Eastern North America." year="2011">Wagner et al. 2011</bibRefCitation>
). Undoubtedly, other
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Adoxaceae" genus="Viburnum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Viburnum" order="Dipsacales" pageId="5" pageNumber="120" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Viburnum</taxonomicName>
species are used also, particularly by northern populations beyond the range of
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Adoxaceae" genus="Viburnum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Viburnum dentatum" order="Dipsacales" pageId="5" pageNumber="120" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="dentatum">Viburnum dentatum</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Adoxaceae" genus="Viburnum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Viburnum nudum" order="Dipsacales" pageId="5" pageNumber="120" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="nudum">Viburnum nudum</taxonomicName>
. A record for poplars (
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Salicaceae" genus="Populus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Populus" order="Malpighiales" pageId="5" pageNumber="120" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Populus</taxonomicName>
sp.) as a host cited by
<bibRefCitation author="Tietz, HM" journalOrPublisher="Allyn Museum of Entomology, Sarasota, FL" pageId="16" pageNumber="131" title="An index to the described life histories, early stages and hosts of the Macrolepidoptera of the continental United States and Canada" year="1972">Tietz (1972)</bibRefCitation>
is certainly erroneous.
</paragraph>
<caption pageId="5" pageNumber="120">
<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="120">
Figures 13-16.
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Acronicta" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Acronicta" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="120" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Acronicta</taxonomicName>
last instar larvae. 13
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Acronicta" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Acronicta fallax" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="120" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fallax">Acronicta fallax</taxonomicName>
(Norfolk, CT) 14
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Acronicta" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Acronicta superans" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="120" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="superans">Acronicta superans</taxonomicName>
(Norfolk, CT) 15
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Acronicta" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Acronicta vinnula" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="120" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vinnula">Acronicta vinnula</taxonomicName>
(Coventry, CT) 16
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Acronicta" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Acronicta lithospila" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="120" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lithospila">Acronicta lithospila</taxonomicName>
(
<normalizedToken originalValue="Martha’s">Martha's</normalizedToken>
Vineyard, MA).
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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