489 lines
59 KiB
XML
489 lines
59 KiB
XML
<document id="41DF21BD4383B53492B71B68E796AEA7" ID="10.11646/zootaxa.4272.1.4SLASH11152" ID-CLB-Dataset="32970" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.4272.1.4" ID-GBIF-Dataset="cb7585af-33bc-4b5e-a748-cbba9d080a34" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="583381" ID-ZooBank="EC7977C6-AA05-4727-8122-F53F8D66F6DD" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1495784421401" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Maldaner, Maria E., Cupello, Mario, Ferreira, Daniela C. & Vaz-De-Mello, Fernando Z." docDate="2017" docId="163B87AD6228187A9E8FFB5D5AF7FF3B" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.4272.1.4SLASH11152.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 4272 (1)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Scarabaeus lancifer Linne 1767" docType="treatment" docVersion="7" lastPageNumber="87" masterDocId="EA02FFD5622A187E9E18FFB95E51FFEF" masterDocTitle="Type specimens and names assigned to Coprophanaeus (Megaphanaeus) d’Olsoufieff, 1924, the largest New World dung beetles (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Phanaeini)" masterLastPageNumber="102" masterPageNumber="83" pageNumber="85" updateTime="1698439934823" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
|
||
<mods:mods id="1FD76E82CF6C1379A26D9CE4F74EBD89" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
|
||
<mods:titleInfo id="B49245C400F736917079BA445F8458C0">
|
||
<mods:title id="A38C4C26B49B3D1FF977EB7393C966D9">Type specimens and names assigned to Coprophanaeus (Megaphanaeus) d’Olsoufieff, 1924, the largest New World dung beetles (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Phanaeini)</mods:title>
|
||
</mods:titleInfo>
|
||
<mods:name id="C4C692243E5B53A370CD0B5268FCB411" type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role id="774665333BEDCB8E341315D9A10AECC8">
|
||
<mods:roleTerm id="AE94C1309D9CDD277A9E0E5114839E5E">Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart id="FFA0F2A36CA5C0DB9AC4DCF16AE4DAC7">Maldaner, Maria E.</mods:namePart>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:name id="4DB4C1A32C1B05CD9EA7EE2BCCB9A843" type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role id="5C80EC5A8F7F2CC38A9E81627CF75BF7">
|
||
<mods:roleTerm id="7851CF8BA8A697CF2788DFF3D1355B68">Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart id="9A04DA839C9AD0465BA128B492A08605">Cupello, Mario</mods:namePart>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:name id="E854D3606588FDDF1CA3F7566BCDB548" type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role id="3C77FFA325F62B1FCE53F25AA9D2571D">
|
||
<mods:roleTerm id="5C42FC5617C09C6070B83579413D238E">Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart id="F04570642FA5100E59A3A1B0B9D253EF">Ferreira, Daniela C.</mods:namePart>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:name id="D88DCAD8246137FE554957565E358F01" type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role id="66FCEE13A6961CEFF20D01EBCED6F2C9">
|
||
<mods:roleTerm id="327700493D0C66926BC22884E1CD420F">Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart id="AA4798CB6704B3B3230269018B8640C7">Vaz-De-Mello, Fernando Z.</mods:namePart>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:typeOfResource id="4D7228E45C9B4760CD615F786655B7DD">text</mods:typeOfResource>
|
||
<mods:relatedItem id="6DF3CE5C0393511F9395FE7E51646E11" type="host">
|
||
<mods:titleInfo id="B406B4E074E5FF9F22E448368990A0F7">
|
||
<mods:title id="29F8CAE5BE045E654F69AB5591192E34">Zootaxa</mods:title>
|
||
</mods:titleInfo>
|
||
<mods:part id="7538D5C45EAAB8654500C27B3552AA91">
|
||
<mods:date id="0583E0206296DA946CECD79F03A11989">2017</mods:date>
|
||
<mods:detail id="6F7C94E5DCA31AD61E9258578982D557" type="volume">
|
||
<mods:number id="DC05585DF70778D6E9C85B52CD617CB6">4272</mods:number>
|
||
</mods:detail>
|
||
<mods:detail id="7222D82BC2B987B3C99D723D887C68D7" type="issue">
|
||
<mods:number id="E5485A3D6E3D1088D6A446E9CC1C433D">1</mods:number>
|
||
</mods:detail>
|
||
<mods:extent id="DE5149F6925B8739200AED83E6DCD07E" unit="page">
|
||
<mods:start id="C9876219D1897C1C2B24690490CDEA24">83</mods:start>
|
||
<mods:end id="B07A59481CF82E5039259A609FAAEF25">102</mods:end>
|
||
</mods:extent>
|
||
</mods:part>
|
||
</mods:relatedItem>
|
||
<mods:classification id="2A88261B909D43E0DB2DB5F5C66AA7AE">journal article</mods:classification>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="1B5AC715FDA376178CE966502DEDB637" type="CLB-Dataset">32970</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="EABBFA10E91AB186066EF64806853526" type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.4272.1.4</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="1D7C75D1FAD5C2B9B60837FA8C9E0D66" type="GBIF-Dataset">cb7585af-33bc-4b5e-a748-cbba9d080a34</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="BB6007EE96C6298D5B2A613C5CD0E7C6" type="ISSN">1175-5326</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="BA3A702DA15316A30BB9C17C5E0357FD" type="Zenodo-Dep">583381</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="BAAEF20A3D66E778054F0830FA8D05AA" type="ZooBank">EC7977C6-AA05-4727-8122-F53F8D66F6DD</mods:identifier>
|
||
</mods:mods>
|
||
<treatment id="163B87AD6228187A9E8FFB5D5AF7FF3B" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6049761" ID-GBIF-Taxon="130845130" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6049761" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:163B87AD6228187A9E8FFB5D5AF7FF3B" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/163B87AD6228187A9E8FFB5D5AF7FF3B" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="87" pageId="2" pageNumber="85">
|
||
<subSubSection id="D68865306228187C9E8FFB5D5C37FB11" box="[151,614,1252,1278]" pageId="2" pageNumber="85" type="nomenclature">
|
||
<paragraph id="9E2D36BB6228187C9E8FFB5D5C37FB11" blockId="2.[151,614,1252,1278]" box="[151,614,1252,1278]" pageId="2" pageNumber="85">
|
||
<heading id="C56581D76228187C9E8FFB5D5C37FB11" bold="true" box="[151,614,1252,1278]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="85" reason="1">
|
||
<treatmentCitationGroup id="BE8211956228187C9E8FFB5D5C37FB11" box="[151,614,1252,1278]" pageId="2" pageNumber="85">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACE6EAA96228187C9E8FFB5D5C37FB11" bold="true" box="[151,614,1252,1278]" pageId="2" pageNumber="85">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59924D386228187C9E8FFB5D5C33FB11" ID-CoL="4V289" authority="Linne, 1767: 544" authorityName="Linne" authorityPageNumber="544" authorityYear="1767" box="[151,610,1252,1278]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Scarabaeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="85" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lancifer">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACE6EAA96228187C9E8FFB5D5FD9FB11" bold="true" box="[151,392,1252,1278]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="85">Scarabaeus lancifer</emphasis>
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="1F3310AA6228187C9F88FB5D5C33FB11" author="Linne" box="[400,610,1252,1278]" page="544" pageId="2" pageNumber="85" year="1767">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA034B4A6228187C9F88FB5D5C76FB11" author="Linne" box="[400,551,1252,1278]" pageId="2" pageNumber="85" refString="Linne, C. (1767) Systema naturae. Tom I. Pars II. Editio duodecima, reformata. Laurentii Salvii, Stockholm [Holmiae], 796 + 36 pp. [pp. 533 - 1328 + 1 - 36]" type="book chapter" year="1767">Linné, 1767</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 544
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="D68865306228187A9E8FFA935AF7FF3B" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="87" pageId="2" pageNumber="85" type="materials_examined">
|
||
<paragraph id="9E2D36BB6228187C9E8FFA935D59FA64" blockId="2.[151,1437,1322,2037]" pageId="2" pageNumber="85">
|
||
<materialsCitation id="2EFA3CE66228187C9E8FFA935D59FA64" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1503742100" collectingDate="2015-01-19" collectingDateMax="2015-01-26" collectingDateMin="2015-01-19" collectionCode="BMNH, CEMT" country="Brazil" county="Belem" location="Pitfall" municipality="Parque Estadual do Utinga" pageId="2" pageNumber="85" specimenCount="1" specimenCount-male="1" stateProvince="Para" typeStatus="neotype">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACE6EAA96228187C9E8FFA935CC0FAAC" bold="true" box="[151,657,1322,1347]" pageId="2" pageNumber="85">
|
||
<typeStatus id="412988196228187C9E8FFA935E83FAAC" box="[151,210,1322,1347]" pageId="2" pageNumber="85">Type</typeStatus>
|
||
specimen:
|
||
<typeStatus id="412988196228187C9F43FA935FEEFAAC" box="[347,447,1322,1347]" pageId="2" pageNumber="85" type="neotype">Neotype</typeStatus>
|
||
, here designated,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
(‘
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E685762B6228187C9CBFFA925D45FAAC" box="[679,788,1323,1347]" name="Brazil" pageId="2" pageNumber="85">BRASIL</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="5C56F8596228187C9D39FA925D07FAAC" box="[801,854,1323,1347]" country="Brazil" name="Para" pageId="2" pageNumber="85">Pará</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCounty id="774C4E376228187C9D7BFA935DFEFAAC" box="[867,943,1322,1347]" pageId="2" pageNumber="85">Belém</collectingCounty>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingMunicipality id="7E49ACC16228187C9DA4FA925ABFFAAC" box="[956,1262,1322,1347]" pageId="2" pageNumber="85">Parque Estadual do Utinga</collectingMunicipality>
|
||
/ 1˚25'07.2'' S; 48˚25'47.6'' W /
|
||
<location id="9B4D60606228187C9F4CFAF75FC9FA88" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:163B87AD6228187A9E8FFB5D5AF7FF3B:9B4D60606228187C9F4CFAF75FC9FA88" box="[340,408,1358,1383]" country="Brazil" county="Belem" municipality="Parque Estadual do Utinga" name="Pitfall" pageId="2" pageNumber="85" stateProvince="Para">Pitfall</location>
|
||
c/ baço
|
||
<collectingDate id="FA68E9936228187C9FE3FAF75C23FA88" box="[507,626,1358,1383]" pageId="2" pageNumber="85" value="2015-01-19" valueMax="2015-01-26" valueMin="2015-01-19">
|
||
<date id="EA2C107B6228187C9FE3FAF75C23FA88" box="[507,626,1358,1383]" pageId="2" pageNumber="85" value="2015-01-19" valueMax="2015-01-26" valueMin="2015-01-19">19-26/I/15</date>
|
||
</collectingDate>
|
||
/ Col. Silva
|
||
<emphasis id="ACE6EAA96228187C9D1CFAF65D6FFA88" box="[772,830,1358,1383]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="85">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
’, ‘
|
||
<typeStatus id="412988196228187C9D78FAF65D88FA89" box="[864,985,1359,1382]" pageId="2" pageNumber="85" type="neotype">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACE6EAA96228187C9D78FAF65D88FA89" box="[864,985,1359,1382]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="85">NEOTYPE</emphasis>
|
||
</typeStatus>
|
||
<specimenCount id="8894FD326228187C9DFAFAF65DA6FA89" box="[994,1015,1359,1382]" pageId="2" pageNumber="85" type="male">♂</specimenCount>
|
||
/
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59924D386228187C9A08FAF75AC2FA88" box="[1040,1171,1358,1383]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Scarabaeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="85" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACE6EAA96228187C9A08FAF75AC2FA88" box="[1040,1171,1358,1383]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="85">Scarabaeus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
/
|
||
<emphasis id="ACE6EAA96228187C9AB4FAF75FD2FA64" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="85">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59924D386228187C9AB4FAF75BDDFA88" authority="Linne 1767" authorityName="Linne" authorityYear="1767" box="[1196,1420,1358,1383]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Scarabaeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="85" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lancifer">
|
||
lancifer
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA034B4A6228187C9B13FAF65BDDFA88" author="Linne" box="[1291,1420,1358,1383]" pageId="2" pageNumber="85" refString="Linne, C. (1767) Systema naturae. Tom I. Pars II. Editio duodecima, reformata. Laurentii Salvii, Stockholm [Holmiae], 796 + 36 pp. [pp. 533 - 1328 + 1 - 36]" type="book chapter" year="1767">Linné 1767</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
/ Maldaner et al. 2017
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
’),
|
||
<emphasis id="ACE6EAA96228187C9FBCFACB5CDBFA64" bold="true" box="[420,650,1394,1419]" pageId="2" pageNumber="85">
|
||
<collectionCode id="F883AE7E6228187C9FBCFACB5FAAFA64" box="[420,507,1394,1419]" pageId="2" pageNumber="85">BMNH</collectionCode>
|
||
(ex
|
||
<collectionCode id="F883AE7E6228187C9C35FACB5CD3FA64" box="[557,642,1394,1419]" pageId="2" pageNumber="85">CEMT</collectionCode>
|
||
)
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="06A92A3E6228187C9C80FACB5CA9FA64" box="[664,760,1394,1419]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1918,1940]" captionText="FIGURE 1. Scarabaeus lancifer neotype and labels." pageId="2" pageNumber="85">Figure 1</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9E2D36BB6228187C9EDFFA2F5A85FA41" blockId="2.[151,1437,1322,2037]" box="[199,1236,1430,1455]" pageId="2" pageNumber="85">
|
||
<materialsCitation id="2EFA3CE66228187C9EDFFA2F5A85FA41" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1503742096" box="[199,1236,1430,1455]" country="Brazil" location="Parque Estadual do Utinga" municipality="Belem" pageId="2" pageNumber="85" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Para" typeStatus="holotype">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACE6EAA96228187C9EDFFA2F5F38FA40" bold="true" box="[199,361,1430,1455]" pageId="2" pageNumber="85">
|
||
<typeStatus id="412988196228187C9EDFFA2F5F53FA40" box="[199,258,1430,1455]" pageId="2" pageNumber="85">Type</typeStatus>
|
||
locality:
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E685762B6228187C9F68FA2F5FE8FA40" box="[368,441,1430,1455]" name="Brazil" pageId="2" pageNumber="85">Brazil</collectingCountry>
|
||
:
|
||
<collectingRegion id="5C56F8596228187C9FDBFA2E5FA9FA40" box="[451,504,1431,1455]" country="Brazil" name="Para" pageId="2" pageNumber="85">Pará</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingMunicipality id="7E49ACC16228187C9C1BFA2F5C1EFA40" box="[515,591,1430,1455]" pageId="2" pageNumber="85">Belém</collectingMunicipality>
|
||
,
|
||
<location id="9B4D60606228187C9C42FA2E5DD9FA40" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:163B87AD6228187A9E8FFB5D5AF7FF3B:9B4D60606228187C9C42FA2E5DD9FA40" box="[602,904,1430,1455]" country="Brazil" municipality="Belem" name="Parque Estadual do Utinga" pageId="2" pageNumber="85" stateProvince="Para">Parque Estadual do Utinga</location>
|
||
, 1˚25'07.2'' S; 48˚25'47.6'' W.
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9E2D36BB6228187C9EDFFA035C32F9D0" blockId="2.[151,1437,1322,2037]" pageId="2" pageNumber="85">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACE6EAA96228187C9EDFFA035F8EFA3C" bold="true" box="[199,479,1466,1491]" pageId="2" pageNumber="85">Nomenclatural history:</emphasis>
|
||
This name, the oldest that is today used to denote a species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59924D386228187C9AAEFA035B30FA3C" box="[1206,1377,1466,1491]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Megaphanaeus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="85" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACE6EAA96228187C9AAEFA035B30FA3C" box="[1206,1377,1466,1491]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="85">Megaphanaeus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, was described by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA034B4A6228187C9F24FA675F86FA18" author="Linne" box="[316,471,1502,1527]" pageId="2" pageNumber="85" refString="Linne, C. (1767) Systema naturae. Tom I. Pars II. Editio duodecima, reformata. Laurentii Salvii, Stockholm [Holmiae], 796 + 36 pp. [pp. 533 - 1328 + 1 - 36]" type="book chapter" year="1767">Linné (1767)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
in the twelfth edition of
|
||
<emphasis id="ACE6EAA96228187C9D04FA665DB2FA19" box="[796,995,1503,1526]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="85">Systema Naturae</emphasis>
|
||
with a very simple, straightforward description: ‘
|
||
<emphasis id="ACE6EAA96228187C9F34F9BA5AB6F9F4" box="[300,1255,1538,1563]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="85">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59924D386228187C9F34F9BA5C0BF9F4" box="[300,602,1538,1563]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Scarabaeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="85" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="exescutellatus" subSpecies="violaceus">S. exescutellatus violaceus</taxonomicName>
|
||
, capite cornu angulato, thorace inaequali, elytris sulcatis
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
’, with
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E685762B6228187C9B20F9BB5B2DF9F4" box="[1336,1404,1538,1563]" name="Brazil" pageId="2" pageNumber="85">Brazil</collectingCountry>
|
||
as its place of origin (‘
|
||
<emphasis id="ACE6EAA96228187C9F6DF99F5C19F9D0" box="[373,584,1574,1599]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="85">
|
||
Habitat in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59924D386228187C9FF6F99F5C19F9D0" box="[494,584,1574,1599]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Brasilia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="2" pageNumber="85" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Brasilia</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
’).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9E2D36BB6228187D9EDFF9F35C4EFF3B" blockId="2.[151,1437,1322,2037]" lastBlockId="3.[151,1437,151,1760]" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="86" pageId="2" pageNumber="85">
|
||
<materialsCitation id="2EFA3CE66228187D9EDFF9F35C4EFF3B" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1503742095" collectingDate="1759" collectingDateMax="2016-04" collectingDateMin="1759" collectionCode="LSUK" country="Sweden" county="Wallin" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="86" location="The" municipality="Although" pageId="2" pageNumber="85" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Uppsala">
|
||
<location id="9B4D60606228187C9EDFF9F35EA2F98C" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:163B87AD6228187A9E8FFB5D5AF7FF3B:9B4D60606228187C9EDFF9F35EA2F98C" box="[199,243,1610,1635]" country="Sweden" county="Wallin" municipality="Although" name="The" pageId="2" pageNumber="85" stateProvince="Uppsala">The</location>
|
||
majority of the insect specimens studied by
|
||
<location id="9B4D60606228187C9D35F9F35DC5F98C" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:163B87AD6228187A9E8FFB5D5AF7FF3B:9B4D60606228187C9D35F9F35DC5F98C" box="[813,916,1610,1635]" country="Sweden" county="Wallin" municipality="Although" name="Linnaeus" pageId="2" pageNumber="85" stateProvince="Uppsala">Linnaeus</location>
|
||
are nowadays deposited in two
|
||
<location id="9B4D60606228187C9B29F9F25BCDF98D" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:163B87AD6228187A9E8FFB5D5AF7FF3B:9B4D60606228187C9B29F9F25BCDF98D" box="[1329,1436,1611,1634]" country="Sweden" county="Wallin" municipality="Although" name="European" pageId="2" pageNumber="85" stateProvince="Uppsala">European</location>
|
||
institutions: the
|
||
<location id="9B4D60606228187C9F54F9D75C52F968" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:163B87AD6228187A9E8FFB5D5AF7FF3B:9B4D60606228187C9F54F9D75C52F968" box="[332,515,1646,1671]" country="Sweden" county="Wallin" municipality="Although" name="Linnean Society" pageId="2" pageNumber="85" stateProvince="Uppsala">Linnean Society</location>
|
||
of
|
||
<location id="9B4D60606228187C9C31F9D75CD2F968" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:163B87AD6228187A9E8FFB5D5AF7FF3B:9B4D60606228187C9C31F9D75CD2F968" box="[553,643,1646,1671]" country="Sweden" county="Wallin" municipality="Although" name="London" pageId="2" pageNumber="85" stateProvince="Uppsala">London</location>
|
||
, which has been owning
|
||
<location id="9B4D60606228187C9D87F9D75A54F968" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:163B87AD6228187A9E8FFB5D5AF7FF3B:9B4D60606228187C9D87F9D75A54F968" box="[927,1029,1646,1671]" country="Sweden" county="Wallin" municipality="Although" name="Linnaeus" pageId="2" pageNumber="85" stateProvince="Uppsala">Linnaeus</location>
|
||
private collection since 1783, when the society’s founder, the
|
||
<location id="9B4D60606228187C9FD1F92B5C4FF944" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:163B87AD6228187A9E8FFB5D5AF7FF3B:9B4D60606228187C9FD1F92B5C4FF944" box="[457,542,1682,1707]" country="Sweden" county="Wallin" municipality="Although" name="English" pageId="2" pageNumber="85" stateProvince="Uppsala">English</location>
|
||
botanist sir
|
||
<location id="9B4D60606228187C9CAEF92A5DFDF944" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:163B87AD6228187A9E8FFB5D5AF7FF3B:9B4D60606228187C9CAEF92A5DFDF944" box="[694,940,1682,1707]" country="Sweden" county="Wallin" municipality="Although" name="James Edward Smith" pageId="2" pageNumber="85" stateProvince="Uppsala">James Edward Smith</location>
|
||
(
|
||
<collectingDate id="FA68E9936228187C9DA7F92B5A12F944" box="[959,1091,1682,1707]" pageId="2" pageNumber="85" value="1759" valueMax="1828">
|
||
<date id="EA2C107B6228187C9DA7F92B5A12F944" box="[959,1091,1682,1707]" pageId="2" pageNumber="85" value="1759" valueMax="1828">1759–1828</date>
|
||
</collectingDate>
|
||
), purchased it from
|
||
<location id="9B4D60606228187C9B2DF92B5BCDF944" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:163B87AD6228187A9E8FFB5D5AF7FF3B:9B4D60606228187C9B2DF92B5BCDF944" box="[1333,1436,1682,1707]" country="Sweden" county="Wallin" municipality="Although" name="Linnaeus" pageId="2" pageNumber="85" stateProvince="Uppsala">Linnaeus</location>
|
||
widow and daughter (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA034B4A6228187C9F82F90F5C65F920" author="Walker" box="[410,564,1718,1743]" pageId="2" pageNumber="85" refString="Walker, M. (1988) Sir James Edward Smith, 1759 - 1828: first president of the Linnean Society of London. The Linnean Society of London, London, 60 pp." type="book chapter" year="1988">
|
||
<location id="9B4D60606228187C9F82F90F5FBDF920" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:163B87AD6228187A9E8FFB5D5AF7FF3B:9B4D60606228187C9F82F90F5FBDF920" box="[410,492,1718,1743]" country="Sweden" county="Wallin" municipality="Although" name="Walker" pageId="2" pageNumber="85" stateProvince="Uppsala">Walker</location>
|
||
1988
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA034B4A6228187C9C5DF90E5D6CF920" author="Gage" box="[581,829,1719,1743]" pageId="2" pageNumber="85" refString="Gage, A. T. & Stearn, W. T. (1988) A bicentenary history of the Linnean Society of London. The Linnean Society of London, London, 242 pp." type="book" year="1988">
|
||
<location id="9B4D60606228187C9C5DF90E5CD1F920" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:163B87AD6228187A9E8FFB5D5AF7FF3B:9B4D60606228187C9C5DF90E5CD1F920" box="[581,640,1719,1743]" country="Sweden" county="Wallin" municipality="Although" name="Gage" pageId="2" pageNumber="85" stateProvince="Uppsala">Gage</location>
|
||
&
|
||
<location id="9B4D60606228187C9CB7F90E5CA7F920" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:163B87AD6228187A9E8FFB5D5AF7FF3B:9B4D60606228187C9CB7F90E5CA7F920" box="[687,758,1719,1743]" country="Sweden" county="Wallin" municipality="Although" name="Stearn" pageId="2" pageNumber="85" stateProvince="Uppsala">Stearn</location>
|
||
1988
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), and the
|
||
<collectingRegion id="5C56F8596228187C9DA3F90F5A46F920" box="[955,1047,1718,1743]" country="Sweden" name="Uppsala" pageId="2" pageNumber="85">Uppsala</collectingRegion>
|
||
University Museum of
|
||
<location id="9B4D60606228187C9B20F90F5BC9F920" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:163B87AD6228187A9E8FFB5D5AF7FF3B:9B4D60606228187C9B20F90F5BC9F920" box="[1336,1432,1718,1743]" country="Sweden" county="Wallin" municipality="Although" name="Zoology" pageId="2" pageNumber="85" stateProvince="Uppsala">Zoology</location>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E685762B6228187C9E8FF9635EA2F91C" box="[151,243,1754,1779]" name="Sweden" pageId="2" pageNumber="85">Sweden</collectingCountry>
|
||
, which gathers material studied by
|
||
<location id="9B4D60606228187C9C82F9635D50F91C" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:163B87AD6228187A9E8FFB5D5AF7FF3B:9B4D60606228187C9C82F9635D50F91C" box="[666,769,1754,1779]" country="Sweden" county="Wallin" municipality="Although" name="Linnaeus" pageId="2" pageNumber="85" stateProvince="Uppsala">Linnaeus</location>
|
||
while he was
|
||
<location id="9B4D60606228187C9DACF9635A4FF91C" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:163B87AD6228187A9E8FFB5D5AF7FF3B:9B4D60606228187C9DACF9635A4FF91C" box="[948,1054,1754,1779]" country="Sweden" county="Wallin" municipality="Although" name="Professor" pageId="2" pageNumber="85" stateProvince="Uppsala">Professor</location>
|
||
of
|
||
<location id="9B4D60606228187C9A54F9635AE7F91C" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:163B87AD6228187A9E8FFB5D5AF7FF3B:9B4D60606228187C9A54F9635AE7F91C" box="[1100,1206,1754,1779]" country="Sweden" county="Wallin" municipality="Although" name="Medicine" pageId="2" pageNumber="85" stateProvince="Uppsala">Medicine</location>
|
||
and
|
||
<location id="9B4D60606228187C9AEEF9625B16F91C" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:163B87AD6228187A9E8FFB5D5AF7FF3B:9B4D60606228187C9AEEF9625B16F91C" box="[1270,1351,1755,1779]" country="Sweden" county="Wallin" municipality="Although" name="Botany" pageId="2" pageNumber="85" stateProvince="Uppsala">Botany</location>
|
||
at that university and from other collections studied by him (e.g., the ‘
|
||
<location id="9B4D60606228187C9D6DF9465AE0F8F8" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:163B87AD6228187A9E8FFB5D5AF7FF3B:9B4D60606228187C9D6DF9465AE0F8F8" box="[885,1201,1790,1815]" country="Sweden" county="Wallin" municipality="Although" name="Museum Ludovicae Ulricae" pageId="2" pageNumber="85" stateProvince="Uppsala">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACE6EAA96228187C9D6DF9465AE0F8F8" box="[885,1201,1790,1815]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="85">Museum Ludovicae Ulricae</emphasis>
|
||
</location>
|
||
’,
|
||
<location id="9B4D60606228187C9AD3F9475B2AF8F8" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:163B87AD6228187A9E8FFB5D5AF7FF3B:9B4D60606228187C9AD3F9475B2AF8F8" box="[1227,1403,1790,1815]" country="Sweden" county="Wallin" municipality="Although" name="Louisa Ulrika's" pageId="2" pageNumber="85" stateProvince="Uppsala">Louisa Ulrika’s</location>
|
||
of
|
||
<location id="9B4D60606228187C9E8FF89B5EBAF8D4" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:163B87AD6228187A9E8FFB5D5AF7FF3B:9B4D60606228187C9E8FF89B5EBAF8D4" box="[151,235,1826,1851]" country="Sweden" county="Wallin" municipality="Although" name="Prussia" pageId="2" pageNumber="85" stateProvince="Uppsala">Prussia</location>
|
||
, queen consort of
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E685762B6228187C9FDCF89B5C71F8D4" box="[452,544,1826,1851]" name="Sweden" pageId="2" pageNumber="85">Sweden</collectingCountry>
|
||
, private collection of natural history specimens) (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA034B4A6228187C9A47F89B5AA0F8D4" author="Wallin" box="[1119,1265,1826,1851]" pageId="2" pageNumber="85" refString="Wallin, L. (2001) Catalogue of type specimens. 4. Linnaean specimens. Uppsala University, Museum of Evolution, Zoology section, Uppsala, 128 pp. Available from: http: // www. evolutionsmuseet. uu. se / samling / UUZM 04 _ Linnaeus. pdf (accessed 5 April 2017)" type="book" year="2001">
|
||
<location id="9B4D60606228187C9A47F89B5AFAF8D4" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:163B87AD6228187A9E8FFB5D5AF7FF3B:9B4D60606228187C9A47F89B5AFAF8D4" box="[1119,1195,1826,1851]" country="Sweden" county="Wallin" municipality="Although" name="Wallin" pageId="2" pageNumber="85" stateProvince="Uppsala">Wallin</location>
|
||
2001
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<collectingMunicipality id="7E49ACC16228187C9B10F89B5B23F8D4" box="[1288,1394,1826,1851]" pageId="2" pageNumber="85">Although</collectingMunicipality>
|
||
we could not find in any of those collections a specimen that could be linked to the description of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59924D386228187C9AD4F8FE5B11F8B0" box="[1228,1344,1862,1887]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Scarabaeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="85" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lancifer">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACE6EAA96228187C9AD4F8FE5B11F8B0" box="[1228,1344,1862,1887]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="85">S. lancifer</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA034B4A6228187C9B48F8FF5EB0F869" author="Wallin" pageId="2" pageNumber="85" refString="Wallin, L. (2001) Catalogue of type specimens. 4. Linnaean specimens. Uppsala University, Museum of Evolution, Zoology section, Uppsala, 128 pp. Available from: http: // www. evolutionsmuseet. uu. se / samling / UUZM 04 _ Linnaeus. pdf (accessed 5 April 2017)" type="book" year="2001">
|
||
<collectingCounty id="774C4E376228187C9B48F8FF5BCDF8B0" box="[1360,1436,1862,1887]" pageId="2" pageNumber="85">Wallin</collectingCounty>
|
||
[2001]
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
for
|
||
<collectingRegion id="5C56F8596228187C9F0BF8D45F3EF869" box="[275,367,1901,1926]" country="Sweden" name="Uppsala" pageId="2" pageNumber="85">Uppsala</collectingRegion>
|
||
University; MC personal observation at the
|
||
<collectionCode id="F883AE7E6228187C9D73F8D75DE5F869" box="[875,948,1902,1926]" pageId="2" pageNumber="85">LSUK</collectionCode>
|
||
on the 28th of
|
||
<collectingDate id="FA68E9936228187C9A44F8D45A8AF869" box="[1116,1243,1901,1926]" pageId="2" pageNumber="85" value="2016-04">
|
||
<date id="EA2C107B6228187C9A44F8D45A8AF869" box="[1116,1243,1901,1926]" pageId="2" pageNumber="85" value="2016-04">April 2016</date>
|
||
</collectingDate>
|
||
), we believe that Linnaeus did examine physical specimens of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59924D386228187C9C89F8285D23F845" box="[657,882,1937,1962]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Scarabaeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="85" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lancifer">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACE6EAA96228187C9C89F8285D23F845" box="[657,882,1937,1962]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="85">Scarabaeus lancifer</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(not only illustrations), since he did not include a cross or dagger after this name, a mark that would indicate he had not seen any preserved or alive specimen of a given species1. However, as the whereabouts of those specimens are unknown to us, we had to rely on two literature references cited by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA034B4A6229187D9FF6FF2E5CD5FF5F" author="Linne" box="[494,644,151,176]" pageId="3" pageNumber="86" refString="Linne, C. (1767) Systema naturae. Tom I. Pars II. Editio duodecima, reformata. Laurentii Salvii, Stockholm [Holmiae], 796 + 36 pp. [pp. 533 - 1328 + 1 - 36]" type="book chapter" year="1767">Linné (1767)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
in his description of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59924D386229187D9D9EFF215DACFF5F" box="[902,1021,151,176]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Scarabaeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="86" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lancifer">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACE6EAA96229187D9D9EFF215DACFF5F" box="[902,1021,151,176]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="86">S. lancifer</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
to figure out to which dung beetle species he was applying this name.
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9E2D36BB6229187D9EDFFF665AD6FD8F" blockId="3.[151,1437,151,1760]" pageId="3" pageNumber="86">
|
||
The first reference cited by Linnaeus was the beetle named ‘
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59924D386229187D9D69FF585DECFF17" box="[881,957,225,248]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Taurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="3" pageNumber="86" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACE6EAA96229187D9D69FF585DECFF17" box="[881,957,225,248]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="86">Taurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
’ on page 247 of the second volume of the 1648
|
||
<emphasis id="ACE6EAA96229187D9EC2FEBC5C4EFEF2" box="[218,543,260,285]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="86">Historia Naturalis Brasiliae</emphasis>
|
||
. This part of the book, one of the earliest accounts of the Brazilian natural history, was written by the German naturalist Georg Marcgrave (
|
||
<date id="EA2C107B6229187D9D98FE9E5A52FEAF" box="[896,1027,295,320]" pageId="3" pageNumber="86" value="1610" valueMax="1644">1610–1644</date>
|
||
), who studied first-hand the natural history of the areas occupied in the mid-seventeenth century by the
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E685762B6229187D9D9FFEF55A7CFE8A" box="[903,1069,332,357]" name="Netherlands" pageId="3" pageNumber="86">Dutch republic</collectingCountry>
|
||
in the then Portuguese colony of
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E685762B6229187D9E8FFED65E8AFE67" box="[151,219,367,392]" name="Brazil" pageId="3" pageNumber="86">Brazil</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA034B4A6229187D9EF3FEC95FC8FE67" author="Papavero" box="[235,409,368,392]" pageId="3" pageNumber="86" refString="Papavero, N. (1971) Essays on the history of Neotropical dipterology, with special reference to collectors (1750 - 1905). Fol. I. Museu de Zoologia, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, 216 pp." type="book chapter" year="1971">Papavero 1971</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Among some curiosities about this beetle,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA034B4A6229187D9D89FEC95A0CFE67" author="Marcgrave" box="[913,1117,367,392]" pageId="3" pageNumber="86" refString="Marcgrave, G. (1648) Historiae rerum naturalium. Liber septimus. Qui agit de Insectis. In: Piso, G. (Ed.), Historia naturalis brasiliae, auspicio et beneficio illustriss. I. Mauritii com. Nassau. Illius provinciae et Maris Summi Praefecti Adornata. In qua non tantun plantae et animalia, sed et indigenarum morbi, ingenia et mores describuntur et iconibus supra quingentas illustrantur. Franciscum Hackium, Leiden [Lugdun], & Elzevirium, Amsterdam [Amstelodami], 15 pp. [pp. 245 - 259]" type="book chapter" year="1648">Marcgrave (1648)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
said that its ‘body, legs and wings [elytra] have a mixed, bright black, green and gold colouration’ (‘
|
||
<emphasis id="ACE6EAA96229187D9DD7FE2C5D1BFE3F" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="86">Totum autem corpus, crura and alae sunt insignis splendentis coloris, ex nigro, viridi, and aureo mixti</emphasis>
|
||
’). Considering this description plus the information that Marcgrave was limited to an area in today’s northeastern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E685762B6229187D9D5DFE655DD8FE1A" box="[837,905,476,501]" name="Brazil" pageId="3" pageNumber="86">Brazil</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA034B4A6229187D9D80FE655A1BFE1B" author="Papavero" box="[920,1098,476,500]" pageId="3" pageNumber="86" refString="Papavero, N. (1971) Essays on the history of Neotropical dipterology, with special reference to collectors (1750 - 1905). Fol. I. Museu de Zoologia, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, 216 pp." type="book chapter" year="1971">Papavero, 1971</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), we agree that his description and illustration do not correspond to the species currently known as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59924D386229187D9DB5FE465AEFFDF7" box="[941,1214,511,536]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Coprophanaeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="86" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lancifer">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACE6EAA96229187D9DB5FE465AEFFDF7" box="[941,1214,511,536]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="86">Coprophanaeus lancifer</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, which usually has bright blue and purple colouration and lives in the Amazon forest, but rather to what we know today as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59924D386229187D9B0EFD9C5BD3FDD3" box="[1302,1410,548,572]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Copris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="86" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ensifer">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACE6EAA96229187D9B0EFD9C5BD3FDD3" box="[1302,1410,548,572]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="86">C. ensifer</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, a species that commonly shows green colour and occurs in the area explored by Marcgrave.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9E2D36BB6229187D9EDFFDD55F74FB07" blockId="3.[151,1437,151,1760]" pageId="3" pageNumber="86">
|
||
The second reference listed by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA034B4A6229187D9C30FDD55CEAFD6A" author="Linne" box="[552,699,620,645]" pageId="3" pageNumber="86" refString="Linne, C. (1767) Systema naturae. Tom I. Pars II. Editio duodecima, reformata. Laurentii Salvii, Stockholm [Holmiae], 796 + 36 pp. [pp. 533 - 1328 + 1 - 36]" type="book chapter" year="1767">Linné (1767)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
was ‘
|
||
<emphasis id="ACE6EAA96229187D9CE7FDD55D81FD6A" box="[767,976,620,645]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="86">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59924D386229187D9CE7FDD55D0FFD6B" box="[767,862,620,644]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Coprophanaeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="99" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lancifer">Lancifer</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59924D386229187D9D7EFDD55D81FD6A" box="[870,976,620,645]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Copris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="86" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="violaceus">violaceus</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
’, depicted in ‘
|
||
<emphasis id="ACE6EAA96229187D9A6DFDD55AE3FD6B" box="[1141,1202,620,644]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="86">f. I, 2</emphasis>
|
||
’ of the first volume, part 2, of the 1766
|
||
<emphasis id="ACE6EAA96229187D9F74FD365D76FD47" box="[364,807,655,680]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="86">Catalogus Systematicus Coleopterorum</emphasis>
|
||
, by the Dutch entomologist Johann Eusebius
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA034B4A6229187D9B30FD295EB0FD22" pageId="3" pageNumber="86" refString="Voet, J. E. (1766) Catalogus systematicus coleopterorum. Tomus primus. Bakhuysen, The Hague, 74 pp. (Latin version) + 114 pp. (French version) + 111 pp. (Dutch version), pls. I - LV." type="book">Voet. Voet (1766)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
described ‘
|
||
<emphasis id="ACE6EAA96229187D9F7DFD0D5C67FD22" box="[357,566,692,717]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="86">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59924D386229187D9F7DFD0D5F95FD23" box="[357,452,692,716]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Coprophanaeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="99" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lancifer">Lancifer</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59924D386229187D9FD4FD0D5C67FD22" box="[460,566,692,717]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Copris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="86" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="violaceus">violaceus</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
’ on page 36 and 37 of the Latin version of his book (and on pages 39 and 40 of the French version, under the name ‘
|
||
<emphasis id="ACE6EAA96229187D9C48FD605DC7FD1F" box="[592,918,727,752]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="86">Le bousier phalangiste violet</emphasis>
|
||
’, and pages 38 and 39 of the Dutch version as ‘
|
||
<emphasis id="ACE6EAA96229187D9EB8FD455FD4FCFA" box="[160,389,764,789]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="86">violette piekdraager</emphasis>
|
||
’) and illustrated it on figure 1 of plate XXIII (
|
||
<figureCitation id="06A92A3E6229187D9DBAFD455A55FCFB" box="[930,1028,764,789]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1556,1578]" captionTargetBox="[351,1232,775,1528]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[340,1247,770,1534]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 2. Scarabaeus lancifer figures mentioned by Linné (1767). (A) Voet’s (1766) figure 1 and 2 of plate XXIII. (B) Voet’s (1766) figure 38 of plate XXVII. (C) Marcgrave’s (1648) figure of ‘ Taurus’." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/583382/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="86">Figure 2</figureCitation>
|
||
A, left); figure 2 on that same plate refers to ‘
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59924D386229187D9F1CFC995C5BFCD7" box="[260,522,799,824]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Copris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="86" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="violaceus" subSpecies="major">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACE6EAA96229187D9F1CFC995C5BFCD7" box="[260,522,799,824]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="86">Copris violaceus major</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
’ (‘
|
||
<emphasis id="ACE6EAA96229187D9C36FCA65D7DFCD7" box="[558,812,799,824]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="86">le grand bousier violet</emphasis>
|
||
’, or ‘
|
||
<emphasis id="ACE6EAA96229187D9D73FC985AD2FCD7" box="[875,1155,799,824]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="86">groote violette mestkever</emphasis>
|
||
’) (
|
||
<figureCitation id="06A92A3E6229187D9ABDFCA65B54FCD7" box="[1189,1285,799,824]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1556,1578]" captionTargetBox="[351,1232,775,1528]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[340,1247,770,1534]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 2. Scarabaeus lancifer figures mentioned by Linné (1767). (A) Voet’s (1766) figure 1 and 2 of plate XXIII. (B) Voet’s (1766) figure 38 of plate XXVII. (C) Marcgrave’s (1648) figure of ‘ Taurus’." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/583382/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="86">Figure 2</figureCitation>
|
||
A, right), and these images are probably the ones referred to by Linnaeus, even though he had not mentioned any specific plate. As already noted by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA034B4A6229187D9F92FCDE5C39FC6F" box="[394,616,871,896]" pageId="3" pageNumber="86" refString="d'Olsoufieff, G. (1924) Les Phanaeides (Coleoptera - Lamellicornia), Famille Scarabaeidae - Tr. Coprini. Insecta, 13, 4 - 201." type="journal article">d’Olsoufieff (1924)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA034B4A6229187D9CBCFCDE5D81FC6F" author="Edmonds" box="[676,976,871,896]" pageId="3" pageNumber="86" refString="Edmonds, W. D. & Zidek, J. (2010) A taxonomic review of the Neotropical genus Coprophanaeus Olsoufieff, 1924 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae, Scarabaeinae). Insecta Mundi, 129, 1 - 111." type="journal article" year="2010">Edmonds & Zídek (2010)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, these figures illustrate clearly what we nowadays call
|
||
<emphasis id="ACE6EAA96229187D9F5AFC355C08FC4A" box="[322,601,908,933]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="86">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59924D386229187D9F5AFC355C04FC4A" box="[322,597,908,933]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Coprophanaeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="86" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lancifer">Coprophanaeus lancifer</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Nonetheless, the place of origin of ‘
|
||
<emphasis id="ACE6EAA96229187D9A19FC355A82FC4A" box="[1025,1235,908,933]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="86">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59924D386229187D9A19FC355A31FC4B" box="[1025,1120,908,932]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Coprophanaeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="99" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lancifer">Lancifer</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59924D386229187D9A71FC355A82FC4A" box="[1129,1235,908,933]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Copris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="86" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="violaceus">violaceus</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
’, a large male
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59924D386229187D9B9AFC345EBCFC27" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Coprophanaeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="86" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lancifer">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACE6EAA96229187D9B9AFC345EBCFC27" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="86">C. lancifer</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, was mistakenly reported by Voet as being the
|
||
<collectingRegion id="5C56F8596229187D9D19FC095D6AFC27" box="[769,827,944,968]" country="South Africa" name="Western Cape" pageId="3" pageNumber="86">Cape</collectingRegion>
|
||
of Good Hope (‘
|
||
<emphasis id="ACE6EAA96229187D9DE5FC095B4DFC27" box="[1021,1308,943,968]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="86">Cap de Bonne-Esperance</emphasis>
|
||
’), in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E685762B6229187D9B43FC165EB3FC02" name="South Africa" pageId="3" pageNumber="86">South Africa</collectingCountry>
|
||
; the second ‘species’ described by him, ‘
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59924D386229187D9CAFFC6C5D91FC03" box="[695,960,980,1005]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Copris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="86" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="violaceus" subSpecies="major">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACE6EAA96229187D9CAFFC6C5D91FC03" box="[695,960,980,1005]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="86">Copris violaceus major</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
’, is a female
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59924D386229187D9A46FC6C5A86FC02" box="[1118,1239,980,1005]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Coprophanaeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="86" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lancifer">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACE6EAA96229187D9A46FC6C5A86FC02" box="[1118,1239,980,1005]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="86">C. lancifer</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and had no cited place of origin. As pointed out by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA034B4A6229187D9C0EFC4E5CA3FBFF" box="[534,754,1015,1040]" pageId="3" pageNumber="86" refString="d'Olsoufieff, G. (1924) Les Phanaeides (Coleoptera - Lamellicornia), Famille Scarabaeidae - Tr. Coprini. Insecta, 13, 4 - 201." type="journal article">d’Olsoufieff (1924)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA034B4A6229187D9D30FC4E5A1AFBFF" author="Edmonds" box="[808,1099,1015,1040]" pageId="3" pageNumber="86" refString="Edmonds, W. D. & Zidek, J. (2010) A taxonomic review of the Neotropical genus Coprophanaeus Olsoufieff, 1924 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae, Scarabaeinae). Insecta Mundi, 129, 1 - 111." type="journal article" year="2010">Edmonds & Zídek (2010)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA034B4A6229187D9A4EFC415A8AFBFF" author="Voet" box="[1110,1243,1015,1040]" pageId="3" pageNumber="86" refString="Voet, J. E. (1766) Catalogus systematicus coleopterorum. Tomus primus. Bakhuysen, The Hague, 74 pp. (Latin version) + 114 pp. (French version) + 111 pp. (Dutch version), pls. I - LV." type="book" year="1766">Voet (1766)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
presented a third illustration of a
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59924D386229187D9F4FFBA45F82FBDA" box="[343,467,1052,1077]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Coprophanaeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="86" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lancifer">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACE6EAA96229187D9F4FFBA45F82FBDA" box="[343,467,1052,1077]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="86">C. lancifer</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
: figure 38 of plate XXVII (
|
||
<figureCitation id="06A92A3E6229187D9D3DFBA55DDAFBDB" box="[805,907,1052,1077]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1556,1578]" captionTargetBox="[351,1232,775,1528]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[340,1247,770,1534]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 2. Scarabaeus lancifer figures mentioned by Linné (1767). (A) Voet’s (1766) figure 1 and 2 of plate XXIII. (B) Voet’s (1766) figure 38 of plate XXVII. (C) Marcgrave’s (1648) figure of ‘ Taurus’." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/583382/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="86">Figure 2</figureCitation>
|
||
B), which is either (following d'Olsoufieff) a ‘chimeric’ specimen made up of the body of a male
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59924D386229187D9CFCFBF95D0DFBB7" box="[740,860,1087,1112]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Coprophanaeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="86" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lancifer">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACE6EAA96229187D9CFCFBF95D0DFBB7" box="[740,860,1087,1112]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="86">C. lancifer</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and the head of another unidentified scarab beetle, or more probably (in our opinion) a deformed hornless specimen. However, as
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA034B4A6229187D9A27FBDD5A87FB92" author="Linne" box="[1087,1238,1124,1149]" pageId="3" pageNumber="86" refString="Linne, C. (1767) Systema naturae. Tom I. Pars II. Editio duodecima, reformata. Laurentii Salvii, Stockholm [Holmiae], 796 + 36 pp. [pp. 533 - 1328 + 1 - 36]" type="book chapter" year="1767">Linné (1767)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
did not cite this illustration in the description of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59924D386229187D9C18FB3E5CB0FB4F" box="[512,737,1159,1184]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Scarabaeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="86" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lancifer">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACE6EAA96229187D9C18FB3E5CB0FB4F" box="[512,737,1159,1184]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="86">Scarabaeus lancifer</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, this specimen cannot be considered as part of the
|
||
<typeStatus id="412988196229187D9B06FB305B1FFB4E" box="[1310,1358,1161,1185]" pageId="3" pageNumber="86">type</typeStatus>
|
||
series. This illustration is also reproduced on Jablonsky & Herbst’s (1789) plate VIII identified as ‘
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59924D386229187D9B01FB155F44FB07" authority="Hamadrias" authorityName="Hamadrias" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Scarabaeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="86" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACE6EAA96229187D9B01FB155F44FB07" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="86">Scarabaeus Hamadrias</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
’.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9E2D36BB6229187D9EDFFB4D5AF9F81E" blockId="3.[151,1437,151,1760]" lastBlockId="3.[151,1436,1827,2033]" pageId="3" pageNumber="86">
|
||
As
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA034B4A6229187D9EECFB4D5FDFFAE2" author="Linne" box="[244,398,1268,1293]" pageId="3" pageNumber="86" refString="Linne, C. (1767) Systema naturae. Tom I. Pars II. Editio duodecima, reformata. Laurentii Salvii, Stockholm [Holmiae], 796 + 36 pp. [pp. 533 - 1328 + 1 - 36]" type="book chapter" year="1767">Linné (1767)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
cited the illustrations of both Marcgrave’s and Voet’s books, we should consider the specimens which those illustrations were based on as part of the
|
||
<typeStatus id="412988196229187D9D6BFAA05DF2FADE" box="[883,931,1305,1329]" pageId="3" pageNumber="86">type</typeStatus>
|
||
series of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59924D386229187D9A09FAAE5AA2FADF" box="[1041,1267,1303,1328]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Scarabaeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="86" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lancifer">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACE6EAA96229187D9A09FAAE5AA2FADF" box="[1041,1267,1303,1328]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="86">Scarabaeus lancifer</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
along with the physical specimens that Linnaeus had on hands when he wrote its description (i.e., those illustrations are iconotypes as defined by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA034B4A6229187D9FA4FAE65C21FA97" author="Evenhuis" box="[444,624,1375,1400]" pageId="3" pageNumber="86" refString="Evenhuis, N. L. (2008) A compendium of zoological type nomenclature: a reference source. Bishop Museum Technical Report, 41, 1 - 23." type="journal article" year="2008">Evenhuis, 2008</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; see Article 72.5.6 of the Code). Therefore, as Marcgrave’s and Voet’s illustrations depict two different species (Marcgrave depicts an individual of the species nowadays known as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59924D386229187D9B9AFA3C5EB2FA2F" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Copris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="86" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ensifer">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACE6EAA96229187D9B9AFA3C5EB2FA2F" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="86">C. ensifer</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
; Voet depicts the Amazon species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59924D386229187D9CBCFA1E5D1EFA2F" box="[676,847,1447,1472]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Megaphanaeus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="86" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACE6EAA96229187D9CBCFA1E5D1EFA2F" box="[676,847,1447,1472]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="86">Megaphanaeus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59924D386229187D9D72FA115DB0FA2F" box="[874,993,1447,1472]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Scarabaeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="86" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lancifer">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACE6EAA96229187D9D72FA115DB0FA2F" box="[874,993,1447,1472]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="86">S. lancifer</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<typeStatus id="412988196229187D9DF4FA105A4DFA2E" box="[1004,1052,1449,1473]" pageId="3" pageNumber="86">type</typeStatus>
|
||
series is composite and a single specimen should be designated to fix the name to a sole species taxon. As said above, no
|
||
<typeStatus id="412988196229187D9A84FA745AAFFA0A" box="[1180,1278,1485,1509]" pageId="3" pageNumber="86" type="syntype">syntypes</typeStatus>
|
||
are known to remain at any of the collections housing Linnaeus
|
||
<typeStatus id="412988196229187D9CE0FA485D79F9E6" box="[760,808,1521,1545]" pageId="3" pageNumber="86">type</typeStatus>
|
||
specimens. At the same time, no Voet or Macgrave collections are known to exist (their name are not even mentioned by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA034B4A6229187D9DC3F9AC5A8AF9C2" author="Horn" box="[987,1243,1556,1581]" pageId="3" pageNumber="86" refString="Horn, W. & Kahle, I. (1936) Uber entomologische Sammlungen (Ein Beitrag zur Geschichte der Entomo-Museologie). Entomologische Beihefte aus Berlin-Dahlem, 3, 161 - 296, pls. XVII - XXVI." type="journal article" year="1936">Horn & Kahle [1936]</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA034B4A6229187D9B03F9AC5EA3F9BF" pageId="3" pageNumber="86" refString="Horn, W., Kahle, I., Friese, G. & Gaedike, R. (1990 b) Collectiones entomologicae. Ein Kompendium uber den Ferbleib entomologischer Sammlungen der Welt bis 1960. Teil II: L bis Z. Akademie der Landwirtschaftswissenschaften der Deutschen Demokratischen Republik, Berlin, 353 pp. [pp. 221 - 573]" type="book chapter">
|
||
Horn
|
||
<emphasis id="ACE6EAA96229187D9B47F9AC5BC4F9C2" box="[1375,1429,1556,1581]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="86">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. [1990b]
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, as noted earlier by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA034B4A6229187D9FCCF98E5C32F9BF" author="Krell" box="[468,611,1591,1616]" pageId="3" pageNumber="86" refString="Krell, F. - T. (2012) On nomenclature and synonymy of Trichius rosaceus, T. gallicus, and T. zonatus (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Cetoniinae: Trichiini). Zootaxa, 3278, 61 - 68." type="journal article" year="2012">Krell [2012]</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Therefore, following Article 75 of the Code, we judge that the best way to fix the name
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59924D386229187D9F50F9E55C78F99A" box="[328,553,1628,1653]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Scarabaeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="86" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lancifer">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACE6EAA96229187D9F50F9E55C78F99A" box="[328,553,1628,1653]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="86">Scarabaeus lancifer</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
to a single species taxon is to designate a
|
||
<typeStatus id="412988196229187D9A1CF9E45A0CF99A" box="[1028,1117,1629,1653]" pageId="3" pageNumber="86" type="neotype">neotype</typeStatus>
|
||
for it, what we do herein by choosing a male specimen of the species modernly called as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59924D386229187D9D43F9C65A3CF977" box="[859,1133,1663,1688]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Coprophanaeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="86" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lancifer">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACE6EAA96229187D9D43F9C65A3CF977" box="[859,1133,1663,1688]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="86">Coprophanaeus lancifer</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(sensu
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA034B4A6229187D9AD0F9C65BC6F977" author="d'Olsoufieff" box="[1224,1431,1663,1688]" pageId="3" pageNumber="86" refString="d'Olsoufieff, G. (1924) Les Phanaeides (Coleoptera - Lamellicornia), Famille Scarabaeidae - Tr. Coprini. Insecta, 13, 4 - 201." type="journal article" year="1924">d’Olsoufieff 1924</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA034B4A6229187D9E8FF91D5F17F953" author="Edmonds" box="[151,326,1700,1725]" pageId="3" pageNumber="86" refString="Edmonds, W. D. 1972. Comparative skeletal morphology, systematic and evolution of the phanaeine dung beetles (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae). The University of Kansas Science Bulletin, 49, 731 - 874." type="journal article" year="1972">Edmonds 1972</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA034B4A6229187D9F4CF91D5FAAF952" author="Arnaud" box="[340,507,1700,1725]" pageId="3" pageNumber="86" refString="Arnaud, P. (2002 b) Les coleopteres du monde. Phanaeini. Fol. 28. Hillside Books, Canterbury, 151 pp." type="book" year="2002" yearSuffix="b">Arnaud 2002b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA034B4A6229187D9C12F91D5D73F953" author="Edmonds" box="[522,802,1700,1725]" pageId="3" pageNumber="86" refString="Edmonds, W. D. & Zidek, J. (2010) A taxonomic review of the Neotropical genus Coprophanaeus Olsoufieff, 1924 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae, Scarabaeinae). Insecta Mundi, 129, 1 - 111." type="journal article" year="2010">Edmonds & Zídek 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) as the new name-bearing
|
||
<typeStatus id="412988196229187D9A45F91C5ADCF952" box="[1117,1165,1701,1725]" pageId="3" pageNumber="86">type</typeStatus>
|
||
of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59924D386229187D9AA0F91D5BCDF952" box="[1208,1436,1700,1725]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Scarabaeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="86" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lancifer">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACE6EAA96229187D9AA0F91D5BCDF952" box="[1208,1436,1700,1725]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="86">Scarabaeus lancifer</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="06A92A3E6229187D9E86F97E5EACF90F" box="[158,253,1735,1760]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1918,1940]" captionText="FIGURE 1. Scarabaeus lancifer neotype and labels." pageId="3" pageNumber="86">Figure 1</figureCitation>
|
||
). In accordance to Articles 75.3.2 and 75.3.6, we here designate a specimen from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E685762B6229187D9A80F97E5A8DF90F" box="[1176,1244,1735,1760]" name="Brazil" pageId="3" pageNumber="86">Brazil</collectingCountry>
|
||
that corresponds 1. See footnote on page 613 of the tenth edition of
|
||
<emphasis id="ACE6EAA96229187D9CD4F89D5D2BF8D6" box="[716,890,1828,1849]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="86">Systema Naturae</emphasis>
|
||
, where
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA034B4A6229187D9DC9F89A5A2BF8D6" author="Linnaeus" box="[977,1146,1827,1849]" pageId="3" pageNumber="86" refString="Linnaeus, C. (1758) Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio decima, reformata. Laurentii Salvii, Stockholm [Holmiae], 824 pp." type="book" year="1758">Linnaeus (1758)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
says: ‘
|
||
<emphasis id="ACE6EAA96229187D9AD0F89D5F7BF899" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="86">Signo Crucis ubique notavimus animalia nobis nec viva, nec in museis asservata vise, ut Naturae consulti ad ea attentius examinanda incitentur</emphasis>
|
||
’ (‘We have everywhere used the sign of the Cross to mark animals which we have not seen either in the living state or preserved in museums, that so Naturalists may be stimulated to examine them more closely’; translation by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA034B4A6229187D9B4FF8C65EAFF85C" author="Heller" pageId="3" pageNumber="86" refString="Heller, J. H. (1964) The early history of binomial nomenclature. Huntia, 1, 33 - 70." type="journal article" year="1964">Heller, 1964</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). But it is important to have in mind that it was not always that Linnaeus used the cross with this meaning: in his
|
||
<emphasis id="ACE6EAA96229187D9EDFF8045FD7F83D" box="[199,390,1980,2002]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="86">Genera Plantarum</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA034B4A6229187D9F8DF8055C66F83D" author="Linnaeus" box="[405,567,1980,2002]" pageId="3" pageNumber="86" refString="Linnaeus, C. (1754) Genera plantarum eorumque characters naturales secundum numerum, figuram, situm, et proportionem omnium fructificationis partium. Editio quinta ab auctore reformata et aucta. Laurentii Salvii, Stockholm [Holmiae], 500 pp., index." type="book" year="1754">Linnaeus, 1754</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), for instance, it was the absence of an asterisk or a dagger, and not its presence, the indication that a given species was not examined first-hand by him (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA034B4A6229187D9D60F8625ACDF81E" author="Moore" box="[888,1180,2011,2033]" pageId="3" pageNumber="86" refString="Moore, H. E. Jr. & Dransfield, J. (1979) The typification of Linnaean palms. Taxon, 28 (1, 2 / 3), 59 - 70. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 1219559" type="journal article" year="1979">Moore and Dransfield, 1979</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9E2D36BB622E187A9E8FFF2E5AF7FF3B" blockId="4.[151,1437,151,213]" pageId="4" pageNumber="87">
|
||
morphologically to modern descriptions of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59924D38622E187A9C95FF215D59FF5F" box="[653,776,151,176]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Scarabaeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="87" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lancifer">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACE6EAA9622E187A9C95FF215D59FF5F" box="[653,776,151,176]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="87">C. lancifer</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Arnaud 2002;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA034B4A622E187A9DDCFF2E5A8CFF5F" author="Edmonds" box="[964,1245,151,176]" pageId="4" pageNumber="87" refString="Edmonds, W. D. & Zidek, J. (2010) A taxonomic review of the Neotropical genus Coprophanaeus Olsoufieff, 1924 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae, Scarabaeinae). Insecta Mundi, 129, 1 - 111." type="journal article" year="2010">Edmonds & Zídek 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) as the neotype. Although it was originally deposited at the CEMT collection, it is to be deposited in BMNH.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |