172 lines
20 KiB
XML
172 lines
20 KiB
XML
<document id="95EC4D76FE2E252FFF2683B332FCB812" ID-CLB-Dataset="7919" ID-DOI="10.1206/3726.2" ID-GBIF-Dataset="c50f5780-523a-40db-bade-2289eedfa11d" ID-ISSN="0003-0082" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4565809" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1614359498161" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Rozen, Jerome G." docDate="2011" docId="B02DA82FDC21AB52921AFEF7FC01FC0D" docLanguage="en" docName="AmMusNovit.2011.3726.1-52.pdf" docOrigin="American Museum Novitates 2011 (3726)" docSource="http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.1206/3726.2" docStyle="DocumentStyle:26C3580A17D4BBE58BD8D8AC6AE09AC4.6:AmMusNovit.2010-.journal_article" docStyleId="26C3580A17D4BBE58BD8D8AC6AE09AC4" docStyleName="AmMusNovit.2010-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="6" docTitle="Anthophorula" docType="treatment" docVersion="8" lastPageNumber="30" masterDocId="4C14D057DC3DAB4F9305FF93FFA5FFCC" masterDocTitle="Immatures of Exomalopsine Bees with Notes on Nesting Biology and a Tribal Key to Mature Larvae of Noncorbiculate, Nonparasitic Apinae (Hymenoptera: Apidae)" masterLastPageNumber="52" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="29" updateTime="1698931365235" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-4.0">
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<mods:title id="1ECB47FC7372A56E025F7EEC019A862B">Immatures of Exomalopsine Bees with Notes on Nesting Biology and a Tribal Key to Mature Larvae of Noncorbiculate, Nonparasitic Apinae (Hymenoptera: Apidae)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="657212BAEC92DE0C17726EB67BA1D269">Rozen, Jerome G.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="01AB98BD66DC96C355489ADED05A852C">American Museum Novitates</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="401A056DC6F60501349A20BCE508CD81">2011</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="669D536E3074BDD934733F2790B90B2E">2011-11-07</mods:number>
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<treatment id="B02DA82FDC21AB52921AFEF7FC01FC0D" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4574339" ID-GBIF-Taxon="179985010" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4574339" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:B02DA82FDC21AB52921AFEF7FC01FC0D" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/B02DA82FDC21AB52921AFEF7FC01FC0D" lastPageId="29" lastPageNumber="30" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">
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<subSubSection id="709E4AB2DC21AB53921AFEF7FD6FFE7A" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="383B1939DC21AB53921AFEF7FB87FEB2" blockId="28.[287,1058,356,383]" box="[287,1058,356,383]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">
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<taxonomicName id="FF8462BADC21AB53921AFEF7FE44FEB2" ID-CoL="XF6" box="[287,481,356,382]" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Anthophorula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="0AF0C52BDC21AB53921AFEF7FE44FEB2" box="[287,481,356,382]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">ANTHOPHORULA</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(
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<emphasis id="0AF0C52BDC21AB5392F6FEF7FD2FFEB2" box="[499,650,356,382]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">ISOMALOPSIS</emphasis>
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)
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<emphasis id="0AF0C52BDC21AB539199FEF7FC8CFEB2" box="[668,809,356,382]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">UNCICORNIS</emphasis>
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VAQUERO AND ROIG
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="383B1939DC21AB539173FE0FFD6FFE7A" blockId="28.[630,714,412,438]" box="[630,714,412,438]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">
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<tableCitation id="75062C82DC21AB539173FE0FFD6FFE7A" box="[630,714,412,438]" captionStart="TABLE 2" captionStartId="25.[119,185,667,690]" captionTargetId="graphics-13@25.[119,1671,859,957]" captionTargetPageId="25" captionText="TABLE 2. Nest Statistics of Exomalopsines Treated in Nesting Biology. H = horizontal nester, F = fissure nester (see text). Length and height of provisions measured in side view (figs. 45, 47, 49, 51, 53); width measured in top or bottom view (figs. 46, 48, 50, 52, 54). Shaded cells contain data from earlier publications as indicated under References. In cases where sample size is not offered in literature accounts, N = 1 is substituted, and when a range is given N+ = 2. Cell tilt is from horizontal." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/6CFB49B1DC24AB569372FD08F9B9FD2B" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" tableUuid="6CFB49B1DC24AB569372FD08F9B9FD2B">Table 2</tableCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="709E4AB2DC21AB5293ADFE46FC01FC0D" lastPageId="29" lastPageNumber="30" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" type="description">
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<paragraph id="383B1939DC21AB5393ADFE46FC2CFD3F" blockId="28.[120,1225,468,1465]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">
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I found four nests of
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<taxonomicName id="FF8462BADC21AB5392BDFE47FD7AFE22" box="[440,735,468,494]" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Anthophorula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="uncicornis">
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<emphasis id="0AF0C52BDC21AB5392BDFE47FD7AFE22" box="[440,735,468,494]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Anthophorula uncicornis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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with their entrances grouped near one another (two were
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<quantity id="FF7CB4DCDC21AB53925FFE69FE06FDD8" box="[346,419,506,532]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.3" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" unit="cm" value="13.0">13 cm</quantity>
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apart) on the horizontal ground surface at Basilio Nievas,
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<collectingRegion id="FA40D7DBDC21AB539765FE69FF13FDF5" country="Argentina" name="San Juan" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">San Juan Prov.</collectingRegion>
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,
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<collectingCountry id="409359A9DC21AB5393C4FD8CFE9CFDF5" box="[193,313,543,569]" name="Argentina" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Argentina</collectingCountry>
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, on
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<date id="4C3A3FF9DC21AB53926FFD8CFDF5FDF5" box="[362,592,543,569]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" value="1998-11-10">November 10, 1998</date>
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, where
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<taxonomicName id="FF8462BADC21AB5391ACFDB3FCD0FDF5" authorityName="Ogloblin" authorityYear="1956" box="[681,885,543,569]" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Eremapis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="parvula">
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<emphasis id="0AF0C52BDC21AB5391ACFDB3FCD0FDF5" box="[681,885,543,569]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Eremapis parvula</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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and also an unknown eucerine (probably
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<emphasis id="0AF0C52BDC21AB53921BFDD7FE13FD92" box="[286,438,580,606]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Canophorula</emphasis>
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) also actively nested in the fine soil, which was dry on the surface but moist below. The area was partly surrounded by
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<taxonomicName id="FF8462BADC21AB5391F3FDF9FCF0FD4F" box="[758,853,618,643]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Prosopis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Fabales" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="0AF0C52BDC21AB5391F3FDF9FCF0FD4F" box="[758,853,618,643]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Prosopis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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trees.
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<taxonomicName id="FF8462BADC21AB5390A2FDFAFB6DFD4F" box="[935,1224,617,643]" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Anthophorula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="uncicornis">
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<emphasis id="0AF0C52BDC21AB5390A2FDFAFB6DFD4F" box="[935,1224,617,643]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Anthophorula uncicornis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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appeared to be in the early stages of nesting activity since numerous eggs and small larvae were observed, but almost no late-stage larvae were detected. Since vacated cells from early populations were uncovered, the site obviously had been used previously.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="383B1939DC21AB5393ADFD6CFC08FC1F" blockId="28.[120,1225,468,1465]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">
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<materialsCitation id="88EC1364DC21AB5393ADFD6CFC0CFC1F" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3044230304" collectionCode="NEST, ARCHITECTURE" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" specimenCount="14" specimenCount-female="14">
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<collectionCode id="5E9581FCDC21AB5393ADFD6CFE0BFCD5" box="[168,430,767,793]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">NEST ARCHITECTURE</collectionCode>
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: Three nests of
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<taxonomicName id="FF8462BADC21AB53917EFD6CFC06FCD5" box="[635,931,767,793]" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Anthophorula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="uncicornis">
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<emphasis id="0AF0C52BDC21AB53917EFD6CFC06FCD5" box="[635,931,767,793]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Anthophorula uncicornis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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contained 5, 8, and
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<specimenCount id="2E82D2B0DC21AB5397A9FD6CFF76FCF2" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" type="female">14 females</specimenCount>
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, respectively. Two excavated nests revealed in each an open main tunnel descending vertically, one to a depth of
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<quantity id="FF7CB4DCDC21AB5392C9FCDAFDB0FCA8" box="[460,533,841,868]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" unit="cm" value="25.0">25 cm</quantity>
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and the other to
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<quantity id="FF7CB4DCDC21AB5391E8FCD9FC93FCA8" box="[749,822,842,868]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.7" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" unit="cm" value="17.0">17 cm</quantity>
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at which points they gave rise to numerous side tunnels. One of five (or six) cells associated with the first nest was uncovered at a depth of
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<quantity id="FF7CB4DCDC21AB53921BFC07FEC8FC63" box="[286,365,916,943]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.5" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" unit="cm" value="35.0">35 cm</quantity>
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. Main burrows tended to be wider (i.e., 3.5 mm in diameter) near the surface and narrower (2.8 mm in diameter) where the soil was moist
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</materialsCitation>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="383B1939DC21AB5393ADFC4CFB0CFA62" blockId="28.[120,1225,468,1465]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">
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Cells were oriented with their rear end much lower than the front (see table 2). Ovoid in general shape, their upper surface was longer and more curved while their lower surface was flatter when viewed from the side, and the region of greatest diameter was approximately onethird of the cell length from the posterior end. The inside closure diameter of 2.7 mm (
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<emphasis id="0AF0C52BDC21AB539770FBC3FB2FFBA5" box="[1141,1162,1104,1129]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">N</emphasis>
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= 2). At the posterior end the cell surface was very smooth and reflective where the provision loaf was attached and, when tested with a water droplet, highly nonabsorbent. (In four cells preserved in the collection, the point of provisions attachment is marked by a small spot of provisions in the middle of the reflective surface, proof of regular attachment of provisions to the cell’s rear end.) The reflective area is restricted just to this area. Where the surface dulls it becomes somewhat more water absorbent when tested,
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<superScript id="CFF1B471DC21AB5391FEFABEFCA1FAF2" attach="left" box="[763,772,1325,1342]" fontSize="7" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">4</superScript>
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and the surface itself is not as smooth. At the front end of the cell, the surface becomes even more uneven, though not as much as the wall of the lateral. All cells, old or fresh, were found singly, far from one another. Cell closures were deeply concave spirals of four distinct coils to the radius, and laterals were soil filled.
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<superScript id="CFF1B471DC21AB5397A5FA0EFB0CFA62" attach="left" box="[1184,1193,1437,1454]" fontSize="7" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">5</superScript>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="383B1939DC21AB53937DFA78FF55F997" blockId="28.[120,1224,1515,1744]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">
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<superScript id="CFF1B471DC21AB53937DFA78FF25FA35" attach="left" box="[120,128,1515,1529]" fontSize="6" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">4</superScript>
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For testing the waterproof qualities of cell walls, I have found that a small-bore hypodermic syringe is an excellent tool for delivering a small droplet to the surface of small cells. Because different parts of cell walls may repel droplets differentially, small drops can be applied to different parts of the same wall to detect variability.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="383B1939DC21AB53937DF9F3FEF5F91C" blockId="28.[120,1224,1515,1744]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">
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<superScript id="CFF1B471DC21AB53937DF9F3FF25F9A2" attach="left" box="[120,128,1632,1646]" fontSize="6" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">5</superScript>
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A single cell of
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<taxonomicName id="FF8462BADC21AB539223F9F3FC22F9B4" authority="Vaquero and Roig" authorityName="Vaquero and Roig" box="[294,903,1632,1657]" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Anthophorula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="macrodonata" subGenus="Isomalopsis">
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<emphasis id="0AF0C52BDC21AB539223F9F3FE14F9B4" box="[294,433,1632,1656]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Anthophorula</emphasis>
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(
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<emphasis id="0AF0C52BDC21AB5392C4F9F3FD96F9B4" box="[449,563,1632,1656]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Isomalopsis</emphasis>
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)
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<emphasis id="0AF0C52BDC21AB539146F9F3FD62F9B4" box="[579,711,1632,1656]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">macrodonata</emphasis>
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Vaquero and Roig
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</taxonomicName>
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(
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<collectingCountry id="409359A9DC21AB539090F9F3FBA5F9B4" box="[917,1024,1632,1656]" name="Argentina" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Argentina</collectingCountry>
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: Tucaman Prov.,
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<quantity id="FF7CB4DCDC21AB5397B5F9F2FF03F95A" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.1" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" unit="km" value="11.0">11 km</quantity>
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N Cadillal,
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<date id="4C3A3FF9DC21AB539223F9EDFE3CF95A" box="[294,409,1662,1686]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" value="1989-03-12">12-03-1989</date>
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(A. Roig)) preserved in the AMNH collection had smooth walls and a closure similar to those of
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<taxonomicName id="FF8462BADC21AB53924CF90FFE6BF97F" box="[329,462,1692,1715]" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Anthophorula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="uncicornis">
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<emphasis id="0AF0C52BDC21AB53924CF90FFE6BF97F" box="[329,462,1692,1715]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">A. uncicornis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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except the closure was not as deeply concave; the rear end of the cell had not been preserved.
|
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="383B1939DC20AB5293ADFF72FF7DFD2D" blockId="29.[120,1225,225,961]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
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PROVISIONING AND DEVELOPMENT: Females of
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<taxonomicName id="FF8462BADC20AB5291F0FF72FBB9FF37" box="[757,1052,225,251]" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Anthophorula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="uncicornis">
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<emphasis id="0AF0C52BDC20AB5291F0FF72FBB9FF37" box="[757,1052,225,251]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Anthophorula uncicornis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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shape mealymoist provisions into a loaflike mass described below. When viewed from the side or from above (figs. 47, 48), the front end is broadly rounded while the rear tapers to a terminal truncation where it attaches to the rear surface of the cell. As in
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<taxonomicName id="FF8462BADC20AB529037FEC1FC1EFEA7" baseAuthorityName="Cockerell" baseAuthorityYear="1925" box="[818,955,337,364]" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Anthophorula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chionura">
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<emphasis id="0AF0C52BDC20AB529037FEC1FC1EFEA7" box="[818,955,337,364]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">A. chionura</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(
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<bibRefCitation id="5C1564C8DC20AB5290C9FEC1FF16FE5E" author="Rozen, J. G., Jr. & C. D. MacNeill" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" pagination="522 - 529" refId="ref26296" refString="Rozen, J. G., Jr., and C. D. MacNeill. 1957. Biological observations on Exomalopsis (Anthophorula) chionura Cockerell, including a comparison of the biology of Exomalopsis with that of other anthophorid groups. Annals of the Entomological Society of America 50: 522 - 529." type="journal article" year="1957">Rozen and MacNeill, 1957</bibRefCitation>
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: figs. 1, 2), the front lower edge bears a ventral projection, i.e., a “foot,” and its top surface is curved in side view, as in
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<emphasis id="0AF0C52BDC20AB5292C2FE0FFDF3FE7A" box="[455,598,412,438]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
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<taxonomicName id="FF8462BADC20AB5292C2FE0FFDF4FE7A" baseAuthorityName="Cockerell" baseAuthorityYear="1925" box="[455,593,412,438]" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Anthophorula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chionura">A. chionura</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
unlike the flattop provisions of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FF8462BADC20AB5290D6FE0FFBF9FE7A" baseAuthorityName="Cockerell" baseAuthorityYear="1935" box="[979,1116,412,438]" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Anthophorula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="completa">
|
||
<emphasis id="0AF0C52BDC20AB5290D6FE0FFBF9FE7A" box="[979,1116,412,438]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">A. completa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(fig. 45). The entire lower surface of the provisions including the foot is elevated (fig. 47) and does not touch the wall. The attachment of the provisions to the most nonabsorbent surface of the cell may function to prevent moisture loss without the female bee devoting effort or waterproofing agent to the entire cell surface. The female places her elongate, curved, white egg with a smooth chorion on the top surface of the provisions in the sagittal plane of the cell, no doubt with the egg’s anterior end pointing toward the closure. Because of its strong curvature, the egg touches the surface of the provisions only by its front and posterior ends, while the midsection arches upward.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="383B1939DC20AB5293ADFD7EFE67FC50" blockId="29.[120,1225,225,961]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Young larvae crawl over the provisions as they feed, but no observations were made that might reveal how larger larvae hold provisions as they feed. Last larval instars do not spin cocoons, as evidenced by their absence in cells of a previous generation and the lack of strongly projecting salivary lips on mature larvae. Fecal material in these cells is plastered against the wall mostly toward the rear.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="383B1939DC20AB5293ADFC34FC01FC0D" blockId="29.[120,1225,225,961]" box="[168,932,935,961]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">PARASITISM: No cleptoparasites were associated with these nests.</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |