965 lines
107 KiB
XML
965 lines
107 KiB
XML
<document id="A22AA504A239EF3EC889D062CC9D21C7" ID-CLB-Dataset="46820" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.277666" ID-GBIF-Dataset="479010ae-6e99-4cc9-b4d3-b39ccc814f9a" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="277666" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1460360437026" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Rasmussen, Arne Redsted, Elmberg, Johan, Gravlund, Peter & Ineich, Ivan" docDate="2011" docId="03D687AD656B64723ECEFEFC3F409EAC" docLanguage="en" docName="zt02894p020.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 2894" docStyle="DocumentStyle:890A69B780ED73D6DB8551B71C8AC79E.4:Zootaxa.2009-2012.journal_article" docStyleId="890A69B780ED73D6DB8551B71C8AC79E" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2009-2012.journal_article" docStyleVersion="4" docTitle="Hydrophis Latreille" docType="treatment" docVersion="9" lastPageNumber="8" masterDocId="FFEFFFD5656F64753E59FFB03A6C9C28" masterDocTitle="Sea snakes (Serpentes: subfamilies Hydrophiinae and Laticaudinae) in Vietnam: a comprehensive checklist and an updated identification key" masterLastPageNumber="20" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="5" updateTime="1698294404454" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:titleInfo id="9E2A4297E7640B137A5DA905711217A3">
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<mods:title id="F50D720D84BEF02673BA5E7325534EBE">Sea snakes (Serpentes: subfamilies Hydrophiinae and Laticaudinae) in Vietnam: a comprehensive checklist and an updated identification key</mods:title>
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<mods:name id="2FFFC827505DCACADD560EEC4FC6D978" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="42F8182C19CFDC25CDC1EB0A40D19CBD">Rasmussen, Arne Redsted</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="43C65E626973E488CA6B7531D8365756">Elmberg, Johan</mods:namePart>
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<mods:roleTerm id="5FCC11D7EB50E119CAE07B1C82E0B45E">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="F11DB6BEA76F75380C37D8725983B0A1">Gravlund, Peter</mods:namePart>
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<mods:name id="8E70A702B3A06260A284C0968089AFBB" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="E4692CBBF04EC680B2712E51DE00FA75">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="DEEC5C64AA4BCB1902EDF6C3A3D91DBE">Ineich, Ivan</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="9A8619578E3A4D19909EE1BF18E32382">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title id="9984C0A187F8646BD153A4B284C62B5C">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="F3ACEF3266D67DAA9D3798258AA2E2F5">
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<mods:date id="AC355D5439F9837E7C794593CC3DA4AD">2011</mods:date>
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<mods:detail id="C25453C225A715E1D1285F20BE53194F" type="volume">
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<mods:number id="18B4E8FBCF7E4A2F97E9969FA288BB35">2894</mods:number>
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<mods:identifier id="8A0E706BBFCBE0C323544C86D109DFDE" type="DOI">10.5281/zenodo.277666</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="03D687AD656B64723ECEFEFC3F409EAC" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6195310" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119409595" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6195310" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03D687AD656B64723ECEFEFC3F409EAC" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D687AD656B64723ECEFEFC3F409EAC" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="8" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
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<subSubSection id="C3656530656B64713ECEFEFC3BE49D4D" box="[151,392,331,358]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BC036BB656B64713ECEFEFC3BE49D4D" blockId="4.[151,392,331,358]" box="[151,392,331,358]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
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<heading id="D08881D7656B64713ECEFEFC3BE49D4D" bold="true" box="[151,392,331,358]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" reason="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7F4D38656B64713ECEFEFC3BE49D4D" authority="Latreille" authorityName="Latreille" box="[151,392,331,358]" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Hydrophis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90BEAA9656B64713ECEFEFC3BE49D4D" bold="true" box="[151,392,331,358]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90BEAA9656B64713ECEFEFC3B7A9D4E" bold="true" box="[151,278,332,358]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Hydrophis</emphasis>
|
||
Latreille
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3656530656B64713ECEFE233E509DE6" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC036BB656B64713ECEFE233E509DE6" blockId="4.[151,1436,402,463]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90BEAA9656B64713ECEFE233B619D83" bold="true" box="[151,269,403,427]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Remarks:</emphasis>
|
||
The genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7F4D38656B64713FC9FE2338699D83" box="[400,517,403,427]" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Hydrophis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90BEAA9656B64713FC9FE2338699D83" box="[400,517,403,427]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Hydrophis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is diverse and includes 36 species (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE4B4A656B64713DCEFE223EA09D82" author="Rasmussen" box="[919,1228,402,426]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" refString="Rasmussen, A. R. & Ineich, I. (2000) Sea snakes of New Caledonia and surrounding waters (Serpentes: Elapidae): first report on the occurrence of Lapemis curtus and description of a new species from the genus Hydrophis. Hamadryad, 25, 91 - 99." type="journal article" year="2000">Rasmussen & Ineich, 2000</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE4B4A656B64713A8EFE233ABE9DE6" author="Rasmussen" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" refString="Rasmussen, A. R., Auliya, M. & Bohme, W. (2001) A New Species of the Sea Snake Genus Hydrophis (Serpentes: Elapidae) from a River in West Kalimantan (Indonesia, Borneo). Herpetologica, 57, 23 - 32." type="journal article" year="2001">
|
||
Rasmussen
|
||
<emphasis id="B90BEAA9656B64713B05FE243FF99D83" box="[1372,1429,403,427]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2001
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE4B4A656B64713E84FE073B899DE6" author="Rasmussen" box="[221,485,438,463]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" refString="Rasmussen, A. R., Gravlund, P., van Nguyen, C. & Chanhome, L. (2007) A resurrection of Hydrophis pachycercos Fischer 1855 (Serpentes: Elapidae) with a new neotype from Vietnamese waters. Hamadryad, 31, 288 - 298." type="journal article" year="2007">
|
||
Rasmussen
|
||
<emphasis id="B90BEAA9656B64713F3AFE083BF79DE6" box="[355,411,438,463]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2007
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), 13 of which have been found in Vietnamese waters.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3656530656B64723ECEFE4E3F409EAC" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="8" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" type="reference_group">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC036BB656B64713ECEFE4E3BE99E76" blockId="4.[151,1437,510,895]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90BEAA9656B64713ECEFE4E3B9E9E3F" bold="true" box="[151,498,510,535]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7F4D38656B64713ECEFE4E3B819E3F" authority="Gunther" authorityName="Gunther" box="[151,493,510,535]" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Hydrophis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="atriceps">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90BEAA9656B64713ECEFE4E3B1A9E3F" bold="true" box="[151,374,510,535]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Hydrophis atriceps</emphasis>
|
||
Günther
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
:
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE4B4A656B64713C5CFE4E38FB9E3E" author="Smith" box="[517,663,510,534]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" refString="Smith, M. A. (1926) Monograph of the sea-snakes (Hydrophiidae). Printed by order of the Trustees of the British museum (Natural History) London, Pages i-xvii + 1 - 130 + 2 plates." type="book chapter" year="1926">Smith, 1926</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE4B4A656B64713CFEFE4F39269E3E" author="Bourret" box="[679,842,510,534]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" refString="Bourret, R. (1934) Les serpents marine de l'Indochine Francaise. Institut Oceanographique de l'Indochine, Hanoi, Note 25, 1 - 69." type="journal article" year="1934">Bourret, 1934</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE4B4A656B64713D00FE4E39F89E3E" author="Bourret" box="[857,916,510,534]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" refString="Bourret, R. (1936) Les serpents de l'Indochine. Catalogue systematique descriptif, ll, 338 - 381." type="book chapter" year="1936">1936</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE4B4A656B64713DFCFE4E3E229E3E" author="Shuntov" box="[933,1102,510,534]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" refString="Shuntov, V. P. (1962) Sea snakes (Hydrophiidae) of the Gulf of Tonkin (Northern Viet-Nam). Zoologicheskii Zhurnal, 41, 1203 - 1209." type="journal article" year="1962">Shuntov, 1962</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE4B4A656B64713A07FE4E3F629E3E" author="Pickwell" box="[1118,1294,510,534]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" refString="Pickwell, G. V. (1972) Sea snakes of Viet Nam and Southeast Asia. Handbook of dangerous animals for field personnel. Undersea surveillance and ocean sciences department, Naval undersea center, San Diego, 5 - 25 pp." type="book chapter" year="1972">Pickwell, 1972</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE4B4A656B64713B47FE4E3B449E12" author="Harding" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" refString="Harding, K. A. & Welch, K. R. G. (1980) Venomous snakes of the world. A checklist. Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1 - 188 pp." type="book chapter" year="1980">Harding & Welch, 1980</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE4B4A656B64713F6FFD9338599E12" author="Tran" box="[310,565,546,571]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" refString="Tran, K. & Nguyen, Q. T. (1980) Cac loai ran doc Viet Nam. Science & Technology Publ. House, Hanoi, pp." type="book" year="1980">Tran & Nguyên, 1980</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE4B4A656B64713C1AFD9238869E12" author="Kharin" box="[579,746,546,570]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" refString="Kharin, V. E. (1984 b) Three species of sea snakes first discovered in Vietnamese waters with a comment on a rare form Praescutata viperina. Biologiya Morya. Vladivostok, 2, 26 - 30." type="journal article" year="1984" yearSuffix="b">Kharin, 1984b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE4B4A656B64713CAEFD93399A9E12" author="Tran" box="[759,1014,546,571]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" refString="Tran, K. & Nguyen, Q. T. (1995) Cac loai ran doc Viet Nam Science & Technology Publ. House, Hanoi, 1 - 204 pp." type="book chapter" year="1995">Tran & Nguyên, 1995</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE4B4A656B64713A5DFD933E9D9E12" author="Nguyen" box="[1028,1265,546,571]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" refString="Nguyen, V. S. & Ho, T. C. (1996) Danh luc bo sat va ech Nhai Viet Nam Science & Technology Publ. House, Hanoi, - Pp. 1 - 264" type="book chapter" year="1996">Nguyên & Hó, 1996</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE4B4A656B64713AA6FD923FF49E12" author="Kharin" box="[1279,1432,546,570]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" refString="Kharin, V. E. (2006) An annotated checklist of sea snakes of Vietnam, with notes on a new record of the yellow-lipped sea krait, Laticauda colubrina (Schneider, 1799) (Laticaudidae, Hydrophiidae). Russian Journal of Marine Biology, 32, 223 - 228." type="journal article" year="2006">Kharin, 2006</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE4B4A656B64713ECEFDF73B169E76" author="Nguyen" box="[151,378,582,607]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" refString="Nguyen, V. S., Ho, T. C. & Nguyen, Q. T. (2009) Herpetofauna of Vietnam. Edition Chimaira, Frankfurt am Main, 768 pp." type="book" year="2009">
|
||
Nguyên
|
||
<emphasis id="B90BEAA9656B64713EAFFDF83B439E76" box="[246,303,582,607]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2009
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC036BB656B64713E9EFDDA3E679F56" blockId="4.[151,1437,510,895]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90BEAA9656B64713E9EFDDA3BB89EAB" bold="true" box="[199,468,618,643]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Diagnostic characters:</emphasis>
|
||
Head small. Body slender anteriorly and long. More than 31 scale rows around midtail. Scale rows around neck 25–30; scale rows around body 39–49; ventrals 320–455. Maxillary teeth behind fangs 5–6.
|
||
<emphasis id="B90BEAA9656B64713E97FD023B329EE3" bold="true" box="[206,350,690,715]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Colouration</emphasis>
|
||
: Anterior part of body dark or black with pale yellowish oval spots on the sides or spots merging into bands. Posterior part of the body greyish white above, whitish below, with dark bands that may extend down the sides to form complete bands. Head dark or black.
|
||
<emphasis id="B90BEAA9656B64713D4AFD4A39279F3B" bold="true" box="[787,843,762,787]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Size:</emphasis>
|
||
<quantity id="4C879B5E656B64713D0CFD4A39C39F3A" box="[853,943,762,786]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.2" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" unit="cm" value="120.0">120 cm</quantity>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B90BEAA9656B64713DE5FD4A3ED09F3B" bold="true" box="[956,1212,762,787]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">General distribution:</emphasis>
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F368762B656B64713A9CFD4A3F569F3A" box="[1221,1338,762,786]" name="Singapore" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Singapore</collectingCountry>
|
||
, Gulf of
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F368762B656B64713ECEFCAE3A919F1E" box="[151,253,798,822]" name="Thailand" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Thailand</collectingCountry>
|
||
, South
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F368762B656B64713F06FCAE3BCE9F1E" box="[351,418,798,822]" name="China" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">China</collectingCountry>
|
||
Sea,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F368762B656B64713FB7FCAE38039F1E" box="[494,623,798,822]" name="Philippines" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Philippines</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F368762B656B64713CDBFCAE38839F1E" box="[642,751,798,822]" name="Indonesia" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Indonesia</collectingCountry>
|
||
and Arafura Sea (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE4B4A656B64713D80FCAE3E029F1E" author="Smith" box="[985,1134,798,822]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" refString="Smith, M. A. (1926) Monograph of the sea-snakes (Hydrophiidae). Printed by order of the Trustees of the British museum (Natural History) London, Pages i-xvii + 1 - 130 + 2 plates." type="book chapter" year="1926">Smith, 1926</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE4B4A656B64713AD8FCAE3FFC9F1E" author="David" box="[1153,1424,798,822]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" refString="David, P. & Ineich, I. (1999) Les Serpents venimeux du monde: systematique et repartition. Dumerilia (Paris), 3, 3 - 499." type="journal article" year="1999">David & Ineich, 1999</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<emphasis id="B90BEAA9656B64713ECEFCF33B619F73" bold="true" box="[151,269,835,859]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Remarks:</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7F4D38656B64713F4AFCF43BE39F73" box="[275,399,836,859]" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Hydrophis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="atriceps">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90BEAA9656B64713F4AFCF43BE39F73" box="[275,399,836,859]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">H. atriceps</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has been regarded as a subspecies of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7F4D38656B64713D68FCF439DA9F73" box="[817,950,835,859]" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Hydrophis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fasciatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90BEAA9656B64713D68FCF439DA9F73" box="[817,950,835,859]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">H. fasciatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
; now most authors recognise
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7F4D38656B64713B5BFCF43F129F73" box="[1282,1406,836,859]" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Hydrophis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="atriceps">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90BEAA9656B64713B5BFCF43F129F73" box="[1282,1406,836,859]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">H. atriceps</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as a valid species (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE4B4A656B64713F10FCD638499F56" author="Cogger" box="[329,549,870,895]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" refString="Cogger, H. G., Cameron, E. E. & Cogger, H. M. (1983) Hydrophiidae. In: Zoological catalogue of Australia. Amphibia and Reptilia. Government Publishing Service, Canberra: Australia, pp. 241 - 256." type="book chapter" year="1983">
|
||
Cogger
|
||
<emphasis id="B90BEAA9656B64713FFDFCD83BB09F56" box="[420,476,870,895]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 1983
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), thus excluding the allopatric
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7F4D38656B64713D27FCD83E689F56" box="[894,1028,870,895]" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Hydrophis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fasciatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90BEAA9656B64713D27FCD83E689F56" box="[894,1028,870,895]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">H. fasciatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC036BB656B64713ECEFC1E38969FEE" blockId="4.[151,1436,942,1183]" box="[151,762,942,967]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90BEAA9656B64713ECEFC1E3BB99FEF" bold="true" box="[151,469,942,967]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7F4D38656B64713ECEFC1E3BBC9FEF" authority="Gray" authorityName="Gray" box="[151,464,942,967]" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Hydrophis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="belcheri">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90BEAA9656B64713ECEFC1E3B199FEF" bold="true" box="[151,373,942,967]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Hydrophis belcheri</emphasis>
|
||
(Gray)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
:
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE4B4A656B64713FBDFC1E38829FEE" author="Rasmussen" box="[484,750,942,967]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" refString="Rasmussen, A. R., Gravlund, P., van Nguyen, C. & Chanhome, L. (2007) A resurrection of Hydrophis pachycercos Fischer 1855 (Serpentes: Elapidae) with a new neotype from Vietnamese waters. Hamadryad, 31, 288 - 298." type="journal article" year="2007">
|
||
Rasmussen
|
||
<emphasis id="B90BEAA9656B64713C32FC0038CF9FEE" box="[619,675,942,967]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2007
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC036BB656B64713E9EFC623E7898B6" blockId="4.[151,1436,942,1183]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90BEAA9656B64713E9EFC623BBF9FC3" bold="true" box="[199,467,978,1003]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Diagnostic characters:</emphasis>
|
||
Normally only one supralabial (the fourth) bordering the eye, but rarely two (third and fourth or fourth and fifth). Scale rows around neck 24–27; scale rows around body 32–37; ventrals 278–313. Maxillary teeth behind fangs 7–8, rarely 6 or 9.
|
||
<emphasis id="B90BEAA9656B64713CCBFBAA3940981B" bold="true" box="[658,812,1050,1075]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Colouration:</emphasis>
|
||
Body yellow or greyish above, yellow-whitish below, with 52–70 dark or black bands. Head dark with flecks of olive or yellowish markings on prefrontal and around eye.
|
||
<emphasis id="B90BEAA9656B64713E92FBD23B689853" bold="true" box="[203,260,1122,1147]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Size:</emphasis>
|
||
<quantity id="4C879B5E656B64713F52FBD23B3F9852" box="[267,339,1122,1146]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.4" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" unit="cm" value="94.0">94 cm</quantity>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B90BEAA9656B64713F04FBD2383D9853" bold="true" box="[349,593,1122,1147]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">General distribution</emphasis>
|
||
: Gulf of
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F368762B656B64713CEFFBD239709852" box="[694,796,1122,1146]" name="Thailand" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Thailand</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F368762B656B64713D7EFBD239E59852" box="[807,905,1122,1146]" name="Vietnam" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Vietnam</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F368762B656B64713DCDFBD23E6D9852" box="[916,1025,1122,1146]" name="Indonesia" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Indonesia</collectingCountry>
|
||
and New
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F368762B656B64713A28FBD23EAE9852" box="[1137,1218,1122,1146]" name="Guinea-Bissau" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Guinea</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE4B4A656B64713A96FBD23B6998B6" author="McCarthy" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" refString="McCarthy, C. J. & Warrell, D. (1991) A collection of sea snakes from Thailand with new records of Hydrophis belcheri (Gray). Bulletin of the Natural History Museum (zoology), London, 57, 161 - 166." type="journal article" year="1991">McCarthy & Warrell, 1991</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE4B4A656B64713F48FB36386498B6" author="David" box="[273,520,1158,1182]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" refString="David, P. & Ineich, I. (1999) Les Serpents venimeux du monde: systematique et repartition. Dumerilia (Paris), 3, 3 - 499." type="journal article" year="1999">David & Ineich, 1999</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE4B4A656B64713C4DFB37397698B6" author="Rasmussen" box="[532,794,1158,1183]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" refString="Rasmussen, A. R., Gravlund, P., van Nguyen, C. & Chanhome, L. (2007) A resurrection of Hydrophis pachycercos Fischer 1855 (Serpentes: Elapidae) with a new neotype from Vietnamese waters. Hamadryad, 31, 288 - 298." type="journal article" year="2007">
|
||
Rasmussen
|
||
<emphasis id="B90BEAA9656B64713CC0FB3838BD98B6" box="[665,721,1158,1183]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2007
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE4B4A656B64713D7CFB373E6498B6" author="Nguyen" box="[805,1032,1158,1183]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" refString="Nguyen, V. S., Ho, T. C. & Nguyen, Q. T. (2009) Herpetofauna of Vietnam. Edition Chimaira, Frankfurt am Main, 768 pp." type="book" year="2009">
|
||
Nguyên
|
||
<emphasis id="B90BEAA9656B64713DDCFB3839D198B6" box="[901,957,1158,1183]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2009
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC036BB656B64713ECEFB7E39B89906" blockId="4.[151,1436,1230,1542]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7F4D38656B64713ECEFB7E3BB598CF" authority="Gunther" authorityName="Gunther" box="[151,473,1230,1255]" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Hydrophis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="brookii">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90BEAA9656B64713ECEFB7E3BB598CF" bold="true" box="[151,473,1230,1255]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90BEAA9656B64713ECEFB7E3B0698CF" bold="true" box="[151,362,1230,1255]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Hydrophis brookii</emphasis>
|
||
Günther
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
: (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE4B4A656B64713FA8FB7E38EC98CE" author="Smith" box="[497,640,1230,1254]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" refString="Smith, M. A. (1926) Monograph of the sea-snakes (Hydrophiidae). Printed by order of the Trustees of the British museum (Natural History) London, Pages i-xvii + 1 - 130 + 2 plates." type="book chapter" year="1926">Smith, 1926</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE4B4A656B64713CD4FB7F394198CE" author="Bourret" box="[653,813,1230,1254]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" refString="Bourret, R. (1934) Les serpents marine de l'Indochine Francaise. Institut Oceanographique de l'Indochine, Hanoi, Note 25, 1 - 69." type="journal article" year="1934">Bourret, 1934</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE4B4A656B64713D60FB7E391898CE" author="Bourret" box="[825,884,1230,1254]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" refString="Bourret, R. (1936) Les serpents de l'Indochine. Catalogue systematique descriptif, ll, 338 - 381." type="book chapter" year="1936">1936</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE4B4A656B64713DD8FB7E3E7198CE" author="Minton" box="[897,1053,1230,1254]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" refString="Minton, S. A. (1975) Geographic distribution of sea snakes. In: Dunson, W. A. (Ed.) The Biology of Sea Snakes. London & tokyo Baltimore, pp. 21 - 31." type="book chapter" year="1975">Minton, 1975</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE4B4A656B64713A73FB7E3F5198CE" author="Harding" box="[1066,1341,1230,1254]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" refString="Harding, K. A. & Welch, K. R. G. (1980) Venomous snakes of the world. A checklist. Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1 - 188 pp." type="book chapter" year="1980">Harding & Welch, 1980</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE4B4A656B64713B13FB7F3B509922" author="Tran" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" refString="Tran, K. & Nguyen, Q. T. (1980) Cac loai ran doc Viet Nam. Science & Technology Publ. House, Hanoi, pp." type="book" year="1980">Tran & Nguyên, 1980</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE4B4A656B64713F15FB423B999922" author="Kharin" box="[332,501,1266,1290]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" refString="Kharin, V. E. (1984 b) Three species of sea snakes first discovered in Vietnamese waters with a comment on a rare form Praescutata viperina. Biologiya Morya. Vladivostok, 2, 26 - 30." type="journal article" year="1984" yearSuffix="b">Kharin, 1984b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE4B4A656B64713C5DFB4238F49922" author="Welch" box="[516,664,1266,1290]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" refString="Welch, K. R. G. (1988) Snakes of the Orient: a checklist. Robert E. Krieger Publ. Co., Malabar, Pages i-vii + 1 - 183." type="book chapter" year="1988">Welch, 1988</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE4B4A656B64713CF1FB4239139922" author="Golay" box="[680,895,1266,1291]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" refString="Golay, P., Smith, H. M., Broadley, D. G., Dixon, J. R., McCarthy, C., Rage, J. C., Schatti, B. & Toriba, M. (1993) Endoglyphs and other major venomous snakes of the world. A checklist. Herpetological Data Centre, Azemiops, Switzerland, pp." type="book" year="1993">
|
||
Golay
|
||
<emphasis id="B90BEAA9656B64713CAEFB44395F9923" box="[759,819,1267,1291]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 1993
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE4B4A656B64713DD6FB433EF89922" author="Tran" box="[911,1172,1266,1291]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" refString="Tran, K. & Nguyen, Q. T. (1995) Cac loai ran doc Viet Nam Science & Technology Publ. House, Hanoi, 1 - 204 pp." type="book chapter" year="1995">Tran & Nguyên, 1995</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE4B4A656B64713AFAFB433FFB9922" author="Nguyen" box="[1187,1431,1266,1291]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" refString="Nguyen, V. S. & Ho, T. C. (1996) Danh luc bo sat va ech Nhai Viet Nam Science & Technology Publ. House, Hanoi, - Pp. 1 - 264" type="book chapter" year="1996">Nguyên & Hó, 1996</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE4B4A656B64713ECEFAA63B279906" author="Dotsenko" box="[151,331,1302,1326]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" refString="Dotsenko, I. B. (1999) Snakes from Vietnam at the National Museum of Natural History of Ukrainian National Academy of Sciences stock collection. Communication 1. The sea snakes - Hydrophiidae. Vestnik zoologii, 33, 39 - 51." type="journal article" year="1999">Dotsenko, 1999</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE4B4A656B64713F0EFAA738549906" author="Nguyen" box="[343,568,1302,1327]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" refString="Nguyen, V. S., Ho, T. C. & Nguyen, Q. T. (2005) A checklist of Amphibians and Reptiles of Vietnam. Nha Xuat Ban Nong Nghiep, Hanoi, 1 - 180 pp." type="book chapter" year="2005">
|
||
Nguyên
|
||
<emphasis id="B90BEAA9656B64713FEFFAA83B839906" box="[438,495,1302,1327]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2005
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE4B4A656B64713C1AFAA638B69906" author="Kharin" box="[579,730,1302,1326]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" refString="Kharin, V. E. (2006) An annotated checklist of sea snakes of Vietnam, with notes on a new record of the yellow-lipped sea krait, Laticauda colubrina (Schneider, 1799) (Laticaudidae, Hydrophiidae). Russian Journal of Marine Biology, 32, 223 - 228." type="journal article" year="2006">Kharin, 2006</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE4B4A656B64713CBFFAA739A59906" author="Nguyen" box="[742,969,1302,1327]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" refString="Nguyen, V. S., Ho, T. C. & Nguyen, Q. T. (2009) Herpetofauna of Vietnam. Edition Chimaira, Frankfurt am Main, 768 pp." type="book" year="2009">
|
||
Nguyên
|
||
<emphasis id="B90BEAA9656B64713D1CFAA839129906" box="[837,894,1302,1327]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2009
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC036BB656B64713E9EFA8A3B5F9A2E" blockId="4.[151,1436,1230,1542]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90BEAA9656B64713E9EFA8A3BB9997B" bold="true" box="[199,469,1338,1363]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Diagnostic characters:</emphasis>
|
||
Head small, body long and slender anteriorly. Scale rows around neck 25–31; scale rows around body 37–45; ventrals 328–414. Maxillary teeth behind fangs 4–5.
|
||
<emphasis id="B90BEAA9656B64713A7EFAEE3EAD995F" bold="true" box="[1063,1217,1374,1399]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Colouration:</emphasis>
|
||
Body bluish white with 60 to 80 dark or black bands. Anteriorly these completely encircle the body, but posteriorly they narrow on the sides and may be incomplete below. Head blackish, with a yellow horseshoe mark on the upper side.
|
||
<emphasis id="B90BEAA9656B64713B58FA163F569997" bold="true" box="[1281,1338,1446,1471]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Size:</emphasis>
|
||
<quantity id="4C879B5E656B64713B1BFA163FF59996" box="[1346,1433,1446,1470]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.04" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" unit="cm" value="104.0">104 cm</quantity>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B90BEAA9656B64713ECEFA7A3BE799CB" bold="true" box="[151,395,1482,1507]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">General distribution</emphasis>
|
||
: Indo-Malayan Archipelago, South
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F368762B656B64713D47FA7A390D99CA" box="[798,865,1482,1506]" name="China" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">China</collectingCountry>
|
||
Sea and North Coast of Borneo and Java (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE4B4A656B64713B60FA7A3B4B9A2E" author="David" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" refString="David, P. & Ineich, I. (1999) Les Serpents venimeux du monde: systematique et repartition. Dumerilia (Paris), 3, 3 - 499." type="journal article" year="1999">David & Ineich, 1999</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC036BB656B64713ECEF9863EDB9A5A" blockId="4.[151,1436,1590,1866]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7F4D38656B64713ECEF986387D9A67" authority="Shaw" authorityName="Shaw" box="[151,529,1590,1615]" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Hydrophis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="caerulescens">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90BEAA9656B64713ECEF986387D9A67" bold="true" box="[151,529,1590,1615]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90BEAA9656B64713ECEF9863BDD9A67" bold="true" box="[151,433,1590,1615]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Hydrophis caerulescens</emphasis>
|
||
(Shaw)
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
: (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE4B4A656B64713C74F98638AC9A66" author="Smith" box="[557,704,1590,1614]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" refString="Smith, M. A. (1926) Monograph of the sea-snakes (Hydrophiidae). Printed by order of the Trustees of the British museum (Natural History) London, Pages i-xvii + 1 - 130 + 2 plates." type="book chapter" year="1926">Smith, 1926</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE4B4A656B64713C88F98739189A66" author="Bourret" box="[721,884,1590,1614]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" refString="Bourret, R. (1934) Les serpents marine de l'Indochine Francaise. Institut Oceanographique de l'Indochine, Hanoi, Note 25, 1 - 69." type="journal article" year="1934">Bourret, 1934</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE4B4A656B64713DDCF98639AC9A66" author="Bourret" box="[901,960,1590,1614]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" refString="Bourret, R. (1936) Les serpents de l'Indochine. Catalogue systematique descriptif, ll, 338 - 381." type="book chapter" year="1936">1936</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE4B4A656B64713D88F9863E109A66" author="Kharin" box="[977,1148,1590,1614]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" refString="Kharin, V. E. (1984 b) Three species of sea snakes first discovered in Vietnamese waters with a comment on a rare form Praescutata viperina. Biologiya Morya. Vladivostok, 2, 26 - 30." type="journal article" year="1984" yearSuffix="b">Kharin, 1984b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE4B4A656B64713AD4F9873FFB9A66" author="Tran" box="[1165,1431,1590,1615]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" refString="Tran, K. & Nguyen, Q. T. (1995) Cac loai ran doc Viet Nam Science & Technology Publ. House, Hanoi, 1 - 204 pp." type="book chapter" year="1995">Tran & Nguyên, 1995</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE4B4A656B64713ECEF9EB3B139A5A" author="Nguyen" box="[151,383,1626,1651]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" refString="Nguyen, V. S. & Ho, T. C. (1996) Danh luc bo sat va ech Nhai Viet Nam Science & Technology Publ. House, Hanoi, - Pp. 1 - 264" type="book chapter" year="1996">Nguyên & Hó, 1996</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE4B4A656B64713FD3F9EA38419A5A" author="Kharin" box="[394,557,1626,1650]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" refString="Kharin, V. E. (2004 a) On the Taxonomic Position of the Sea Snake Hydrophis caerulescens (Shaw, 1802) (Serpentes: Hydrophiidae). Russian Journal of Marine Biology, 30, 196 - 198." type="journal article" year="2004" yearSuffix="a">Kharin, 2004a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE4B4A656B64713C60F9EB39769A5A" author="Nguyen" box="[569,794,1626,1651]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" refString="Nguyen, V. S., Ho, T. C. & Nguyen, Q. T. (2005) A checklist of Amphibians and Reptiles of Vietnam. Nha Xuat Ban Nong Nghiep, Hanoi, 1 - 180 pp." type="book chapter" year="2005">
|
||
Nguyên
|
||
<emphasis id="B90BEAA9656B64713CC0F9EC38BD9A5B" box="[665,721,1627,1651]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2005
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE4B4A656B64713D7CF9EA39D09A5A" author="Kharin" box="[805,956,1626,1650]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" refString="Kharin, V. E. (2006) An annotated checklist of sea snakes of Vietnam, with notes on a new record of the yellow-lipped sea krait, Laticauda colubrina (Schneider, 1799) (Laticaudidae, Hydrophiidae). Russian Journal of Marine Biology, 32, 223 - 228." type="journal article" year="2006">Kharin, 2006</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE4B4A656B64713D91F9EB3EC79A5A" author="Nguyen" box="[968,1195,1626,1651]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" refString="Nguyen, V. S., Ho, T. C. & Nguyen, Q. T. (2009) Herpetofauna of Vietnam. Edition Chimaira, Frankfurt am Main, 768 pp." type="book" year="2009">
|
||
Nguyên
|
||
<emphasis id="B90BEAA9656B64713A71F9EC3E0C9A5B" box="[1064,1120,1627,1651]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2009
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC036BB656B64713E9EF9CE395B9B62" blockId="4.[151,1436,1590,1866]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90BEAA9656B64713E9EF9CE3BB89ABF" bold="true" box="[199,468,1662,1687]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Diagnostic characters:</emphasis>
|
||
The only sea snake with more than 13 maxillary teeth (i.e. 14–18) behind the poison fangs. Scale rows around neck 31–43; scale rows around body 38–54; ventrals 253–334.
|
||
<emphasis id="B90BEAA9656B64713AD1F9123F4E9A93" bold="true" box="[1160,1314,1698,1723]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Colouration:</emphasis>
|
||
Body bluish-grey above, greyish below, with 40–60 dark or black bands, which are broader than the interspaces between them. With age the bands become indistinct and the body almost uniformly greyish blue.
|
||
<emphasis id="B90BEAA9656B64713A2EF95A3EDD9B2B" bold="true" box="[1143,1201,1770,1795]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Size:</emphasis>
|
||
<quantity id="4C879B5E656B64713AEEF95A3E939B2A" box="[1207,1279,1770,1794]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.2" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" unit="cm" value="82.0">82 cm</quantity>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B90BEAA9656B64713B50F95A3B6E9B0F" bold="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">General distribution</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F368762B656B64713F4DF8BE3B1A9B0E" box="[276,374,1806,1830]" name="Pakistan" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Pakistan</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F368762B656B64713FDAF8BE3BAC9B0E" box="[387,448,1806,1830]" name="India" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">India</collectingCountry>
|
||
, Andaman Sea, Indo-Malayan Archipelago, South
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F368762B656B64713A57F8BE3E3D9B0E" box="[1038,1105,1806,1830]" name="China" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">China</collectingCountry>
|
||
Sea,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F368762B656B64713ACDF8BE3F689B0E" box="[1172,1284,1806,1830]" name="Indonesia" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Indonesia</collectingCountry>
|
||
, Arafura Sea and Gulf of Carpentaria (
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F368762B656B64713FE9F88238769B62" box="[432,538,1842,1866]" name="Australia" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Australia</collectingCountry>
|
||
) (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE4B4A656B64713C69F88239479B62" author="David" box="[560,811,1842,1866]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" refString="David, P. & Ineich, I. (1999) Les Serpents venimeux du monde: systematique et repartition. Dumerilia (Paris), 3, 3 - 499." type="journal article" year="1999">David & Ineich, 1999</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC036BB656B64713ECEF8CA3E779BF2" blockId="4.[151,1436,1914,2011]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7F4D38656B64713ECEF8CA387C9BBB" authority="Daudin" authorityName="Daudin" box="[151,528,1914,1939]" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Hydrophis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cyanocinctus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90BEAA9656B64713ECEF8CA387C9BBB" bold="true" box="[151,528,1914,1939]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90BEAA9656B64713ECEF8CA3BDC9BBB" bold="true" box="[151,432,1914,1939]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Hydrophis cyanocinctus</emphasis>
|
||
Daudin
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
: (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE4B4A656B64713C71F8CA38DA9BBA" author="Smith" box="[552,694,1914,1938]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" refString="Smith, M. A. (1926) Monograph of the sea-snakes (Hydrophiidae). Printed by order of the Trustees of the British museum (Natural History) London, Pages i-xvii + 1 - 130 + 2 plates." type="book chapter" year="1926">Smith, 1926</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE4B4A656B64713C9AF8CB390F9BBA" author="Bourret" box="[707,867,1914,1938]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" refString="Bourret, R. (1934) Les serpents marine de l'Indochine Francaise. Institut Oceanographique de l'Indochine, Hanoi, Note 25, 1 - 69." type="journal article" year="1934">Bourret, 1934</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE4B4A656B64713D36F8CA39C69BBA" author="Bourret" box="[879,938,1914,1938]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" refString="Bourret, R. (1936) Les serpents de l'Indochine. Catalogue systematique descriptif, ll, 338 - 381." type="book chapter" year="1936">1936</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE4B4A656B64713DEEF8CA3E309BBA" author="Shuntov" box="[951,1116,1914,1938]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" refString="Shuntov, V. P. (1962) Sea snakes (Hydrophiidae) of the Gulf of Tonkin (Northern Viet-Nam). Zoologicheskii Zhurnal, 41, 1203 - 1209." type="journal article" year="1962">Shuntov, 1962</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE4B4A656B64713A30F8CA3F799BBA" author="Pickwell" box="[1129,1301,1914,1938]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" refString="Pickwell, G. V. (1972) Sea snakes of Viet Nam and Southeast Asia. Handbook of dangerous animals for field personnel. Undersea surveillance and ocean sciences department, Naval undersea center, San Diego, 5 - 25 pp." type="book chapter" year="1972">Pickwell, 1972</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE4B4A656B64713B7BF8CA3B459B9E" author="Harding" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" refString="Harding, K. A. & Welch, K. R. G. (1980) Venomous snakes of the world. A checklist. Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1 - 188 pp." type="book chapter" year="1980">Harding & Welch, 1980</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE4B4A656B64713F61F82F38569B9E" author="Tran" box="[312,570,1950,1975]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" refString="Tran, K. & Nguyen, Q. T. (1980) Cac loai ran doc Viet Nam. Science & Technology Publ. House, Hanoi, pp." type="book" year="1980">Tran & Nguyên, 1980</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE4B4A656B64713C11F82E389C9B9E" author="Kharin" box="[584,752,1950,1974]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" refString="Kharin, V. E. (1984 b) Three species of sea snakes first discovered in Vietnamese waters with a comment on a rare form Praescutata viperina. Biologiya Morya. Vladivostok, 2, 26 - 30." type="journal article" year="1984" yearSuffix="b">Kharin, 1984b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE4B4A656B64713CA7F82E39BE9B9E" author="Golay" box="[766,978,1950,1975]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" refString="Golay, P., Smith, H. M., Broadley, D. G., Dixon, J. R., McCarthy, C., Rage, J. C., Schatti, B. & Toriba, M. (1993) Endoglyphs and other major venomous snakes of the world. A checklist. Herpetological Data Centre, Azemiops, Switzerland, pp." type="book" year="1993">
|
||
Golay
|
||
<emphasis id="B90BEAA9656B64713D15F81039EB9B9E" box="[844,903,1950,1975]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 1993
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE4B4A656B64713DB8F82F3E8E9B9E" author="Tran" box="[993,1250,1950,1975]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" refString="Tran, K. & Nguyen, Q. T. (1995) Cac loai ran doc Viet Nam Science & Technology Publ. House, Hanoi, 1 - 204 pp." type="book chapter" year="1995">Tran & Nguyên, 1995</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE4B4A656B64713AA8F82F3ABE9BF2" author="Nguyen" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" refString="Nguyen, V. S. & Ho, T. C. (1996) Danh luc bo sat va ech Nhai Viet Nam Science & Technology Publ. House, Hanoi, - Pp. 1 - 264" type="book chapter" year="1996">Nguyên & Hó, 1996</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE4B4A656B64713E84F8723BFE9BF2" author="Dotsenko" box="[221,402,1986,2010]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" refString="Dotsenko, I. B. (1999) Snakes from Vietnam at the National Museum of Natural History of Ukrainian National Academy of Sciences stock collection. Communication 1. The sea snakes - Hydrophiidae. Vestnik zoologii, 33, 39 - 51." type="journal article" year="1999">Dotsenko, 1999</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE4B4A656B64713FC7F87338129BF2" author="Nguyen" box="[414,638,1986,2011]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" refString="Nguyen, V. S., Ho, T. C. & Nguyen, Q. T. (2005) A checklist of Amphibians and Reptiles of Vietnam. Nha Xuat Ban Nong Nghiep, Hanoi, 1 - 180 pp." type="book chapter" year="2005">
|
||
Nguyên
|
||
<emphasis id="B90BEAA9656B64713FA4F87438599BF3" box="[509,565,1987,2011]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2005
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE4B4A656B64713CD3F872394D9BF2" author="Kharin" box="[650,801,1986,2010]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" refString="Kharin, V. E. (2006) An annotated checklist of sea snakes of Vietnam, with notes on a new record of the yellow-lipped sea krait, Laticauda colubrina (Schneider, 1799) (Laticaudidae, Hydrophiidae). Russian Journal of Marine Biology, 32, 223 - 228." type="journal article" year="2006">Kharin, 2006</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE4B4A656B64713D75F8733E639BF2" author="Nguyen" box="[812,1039,1986,2011]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" refString="Nguyen, V. S., Ho, T. C. & Nguyen, Q. T. (2009) Herpetofauna of Vietnam. Edition Chimaira, Frankfurt am Main, 768 pp." type="book" year="2009">
|
||
Nguyên
|
||
<emphasis id="B90BEAA9656B64713DD5F87439A89BF3" box="[908,964,1987,2011]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2009
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC036BB656A64703E9EFF273AA59D8A" blockId="5.[151,1436,151,418]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90BEAA9656A64703E9EFF273BBA9C98" bold="true" box="[199,470,151,176]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Diagnostic characters:</emphasis>
|
||
Scale rows around neck 27–35, rarely 25; scale rows around body 37–47; ventrals 279–390. Maxillary teeth behind fangs 5–8.
|
||
<emphasis id="B90BEAA9656A64703CCAFF0A39429CFB" bold="true" box="[659,814,186,211]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Colouration:</emphasis>
|
||
Very variable, especially the bands. Body pale yellow green or greyish above, whitish below. Dark bluish or black bands, which may be: a) encircling the body and broadest above, b) encircling the body and of rather uniform width, or c) broadest above and narrowing out to disappear laterally. On the posterior part of the body the bands are dorsally always broader than the interspaces between them. With age the banding pattern fades.
|
||
<emphasis id="B90BEAA9656A64703C8FFEF5397C9D76" bold="true" box="[726,784,325,350]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Size:</emphasis>
|
||
<quantity id="4C879B5E656A64703D4EFEF539029D75" box="[791,878,325,349]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.75" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" unit="cm" value="275.0">275 cm</quantity>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B90BEAA9656A64703D20FEF53E029D76" bold="true" box="[889,1134,325,350]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">General distribution</emphasis>
|
||
: From the Arabian Gulf in the west to
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F368762B656A64703F4CFED93B399DA8" box="[277,341,361,384]" name="Japan" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Japan</collectingCountry>
|
||
in the east (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE4B4A656A64703F83FED738A39D57" author="David" box="[474,719,359,383]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" refString="David, P. & Ineich, I. (1999) Les Serpents venimeux du monde: systematique et repartition. Dumerilia (Paris), 3, 3 - 499." type="journal article" year="1999">David & Ineich, 1999</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
<emphasis id="B90BEAA9656A64703C84FED8393F9DA8" bold="true" box="[733,851,360,384]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Remarks:</emphasis>
|
||
One of the largest species of sea snake, approaching
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D79FD32656A64703ECEFE3A3AA59D8A" box="[151,201,394,418]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" type="generic">
|
||
<quantity id="4C879B5E656A64703ECEFE3A3AA99D8A" box="[151,197,394,418]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" unit="m" value="3.0">3 m</quantity>
|
||
.
|
||
</specimenCount>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC036BB656A64703ECEFE7F39789E05" blockId="5.[151,1436,463,835]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90BEAA9656A64703ECEFE7F3BBF9DC0" bold="true" box="[151,467,463,488]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7F4D38656A64703ECEFE7F3BA29DC0" authority="Shaw" authorityName="Shaw" box="[151,462,463,488]" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Hydrophis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gracilis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90BEAA9656A64703ECEFE7F3B029DC0" bold="true" box="[151,366,463,488]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Hydrophis gracilis</emphasis>
|
||
(Shaw)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
:
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE4B4A656A64703FBDFE7F381F9DCF" author="Smith" box="[484,627,463,487]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" refString="Smith, M. A. (1926) Monograph of the sea-snakes (Hydrophiidae). Printed by order of the Trustees of the British museum (Natural History) London, Pages i-xvii + 1 - 130 + 2 plates." type="book chapter" year="1926">Smith, 1926</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE4B4A656A64703CD8FE61394C9DCF" author="Bourret" box="[641,800,463,488]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" refString="Bourret, R. (1934) Les serpents marine de l'Indochine Francaise. Institut Oceanographique de l'Indochine, Hanoi, Note 25, 1 - 69." type="journal article" year="1934">Bourret, 1934</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE4B4A656A64703D74FE7F39049DCF" author="Bourret" box="[813,872,463,487]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" refString="Bourret, R. (1936) Les serpents de l'Indochine. Catalogue systematique descriptif, ll, 338 - 381." type="book chapter" year="1936">1936</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE4B4A656A64703D2CFE7F3E779DCF" author="Shuntov" box="[885,1051,463,487]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" refString="Shuntov, V. P. (1962) Sea snakes (Hydrophiidae) of the Gulf of Tonkin (Northern Viet-Nam). Zoologicheskii Zhurnal, 41, 1203 - 1209." type="journal article" year="1962">Shuntov, 1962</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE4B4A656A64703A70FE7F3F519DCF" author="Harding" box="[1065,1341,463,487]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" refString="Harding, K. A. & Welch, K. R. G. (1980) Venomous snakes of the world. A checklist. Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1 - 188 pp." type="book chapter" year="1980">Harding & Welch, 1980</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE4B4A656A64703B13FE613B569E22" author="Tran" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" refString="Tran, K. & Nguyen, Q. T. (1980) Cac loai ran doc Viet Nam. Science & Technology Publ. House, Hanoi, pp." type="book" year="1980">Tran & Nguyên, 1980</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE4B4A656A64703F11FE423B839E22" author="Kharin" box="[328,495,498,522]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" refString="Kharin, V. E. (1984 b) Three species of sea snakes first discovered in Vietnamese waters with a comment on a rare form Praescutata viperina. Biologiya Morya. Vladivostok, 2, 26 - 30." type="journal article" year="1984" yearSuffix="b">Kharin, 1984b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE4B4A656A64703FA5FE4238A19E22" author="Golay" box="[508,717,498,523]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" refString="Golay, P., Smith, H. M., Broadley, D. G., Dixon, J. R., McCarthy, C., Rage, J. C., Schatti, B. & Toriba, M. (1993) Endoglyphs and other major venomous snakes of the world. A checklist. Herpetological Data Centre, Azemiops, Switzerland, pp." type="book" year="1993">
|
||
Golay
|
||
<emphasis id="B90BEAA9656A64703C10FE4438EF9E23" box="[585,643,499,523]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 1993
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE4B4A656A64703C82FE4339B59E22" author="Tran" box="[731,985,498,523]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" refString="Tran, K. & Nguyen, Q. T. (1995) Cac loai ran doc Viet Nam Science & Technology Publ. House, Hanoi, 1 - 204 pp." type="book chapter" year="1995">Tran & Nguyên, 1995</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE4B4A656A64703DBEFE433EB89E22" author="Nguyen" box="[999,1236,498,523]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" refString="Nguyen, V. S. & Ho, T. C. (1996) Danh luc bo sat va ech Nhai Viet Nam Science & Technology Publ. House, Hanoi, - Pp. 1 - 264" type="book chapter" year="1996">Nguyên & Hó, 1996</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE4B4A656A64703AB8FE423FFB9E22" author="Dotsenko" box="[1249,1431,498,522]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" refString="Dotsenko, I. B. (1999) Snakes from Vietnam at the National Museum of Natural History of Ukrainian National Academy of Sciences stock collection. Communication 1. The sea snakes - Hydrophiidae. Vestnik zoologii, 33, 39 - 51." type="journal article" year="1999">Dotsenko, 1999</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE4B4A656A64703ECEFDA63B149E05" author="Nguyen" box="[151,376,533,558]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" refString="Nguyen, V. S., Ho, T. C. & Nguyen, Q. T. (2005) A checklist of Amphibians and Reptiles of Vietnam. Nha Xuat Ban Nong Nghiep, Hanoi, 1 - 180 pp." type="book chapter" year="2005">
|
||
Nguyên
|
||
<emphasis id="B90BEAA9656A64703EAFFDA63B439E05" box="[246,303,533,557]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2005
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE4B4A656A64703FDAFDA538769E05" author="Kharin" box="[387,538,533,557]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" refString="Kharin, V. E. (2006) An annotated checklist of sea snakes of Vietnam, with notes on a new record of the yellow-lipped sea krait, Laticauda colubrina (Schneider, 1799) (Laticaudidae, Hydrophiidae). Russian Journal of Marine Biology, 32, 223 - 228." type="journal article" year="2006">Kharin, 2006</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE4B4A656A64703C7FFDA639649E05" author="Nguyen" box="[550,776,533,558]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" refString="Nguyen, V. S., Ho, T. C. & Nguyen, Q. T. (2009) Herpetofauna of Vietnam. Edition Chimaira, Frankfurt am Main, 768 pp." type="book" year="2009">
|
||
Nguyên
|
||
<emphasis id="B90BEAA9656A64703CDCFDA638D19E05" box="[645,701,533,557]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2009
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC036BB656A64703E9EFD873EED9F6A" blockId="5.[151,1436,463,835]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90BEAA9656A64703E9EFD873BB99E78" bold="true" box="[199,469,567,592]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Diagnostic characters:</emphasis>
|
||
Ventrals entire anteriorly, more or less completely divided by a longitudinal furrow posteriorly. Head small. Body slender anteriorly. Scale rows around neck 17–23; scale rows around body 30–43; ventrals 215–350. Maxillary teeth behind fangs 5–6.
|
||
<emphasis id="B90BEAA9656A64703CBCFDCD39EC9EBE" bold="true" box="[741,896,637,662]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Colouration:</emphasis>
|
||
Anterior part of body black, with whitish lateral patches (formed by dark bands merging dorsally) or complete pale transverse bands. Posterior part of the body with more unbroken alternating black and whitish bands. With age the bands disappear and the body becomes uniformly greyish.
|
||
<emphasis id="B90BEAA9656A64703EA1FD553B5D9ED6" bold="true" box="[248,305,741,766]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Size:</emphasis>
|
||
<quantity id="4C879B5E656A64703F63FD553BFD9ED5" box="[314,401,741,765]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.22" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" unit="cm" value="122.0">122 cm</quantity>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B90BEAA9656A64703FC4FD5538F89ED6" bold="true" box="[413,660,741,766]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">General distribution</emphasis>
|
||
: From Arabian Gulf to South
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F368762B656A64703DB4FD553E5C9ED5" box="[1005,1072,741,765]" name="China" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">China</collectingCountry>
|
||
Sea and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F368762B656A64703AC1FD553F649ED5" box="[1176,1288,741,765]" name="Indonesia" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Indonesia</collectingCountry>
|
||
, Arafura Sea to Gulf of
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F368762B656A64703F4BFCB93B3A9F08" box="[274,342,777,800]" name="Papua New Guinea" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Papua</collectingCountry>
|
||
(New
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F368762B656A64703FFFFCB83B959F08" box="[422,505,776,800]" name="Guinea-Bissau" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Guinea</collectingCountry>
|
||
) (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE4B4A656A64703C48FCB8397D9F08" author="David" box="[529,785,776,800]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" refString="David, P. & Ineich, I. (1999) Les Serpents venimeux du monde: systematique et repartition. Dumerilia (Paris), 3, 3 - 499." type="journal article" year="1999">David & Ineich, 1999</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE4B4A656A64703D7FFCB839D09F08" author="Smith" box="[806,956,776,800]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" refString="Smith, M. A. (1926) Monograph of the sea-snakes (Hydrophiidae). Printed by order of the Trustees of the British museum (Natural History) London, Pages i-xvii + 1 - 130 + 2 plates." type="book chapter" year="1926">Smith (1926)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
defined two subspecies with
|
||
<emphasis id="B90BEAA9656A64703B49FCB93A979F6B" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">H. g. microcephalus</emphasis>
|
||
occurring in the middle of the range of the typical form (Natuna and Java Seas).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC036BB656A64703ECEFCC138879FA1" blockId="5.[151,1436,881,1085]" box="[151,747,881,906]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7F4D38656A64703ECEFCC13BB69FA2" authority="Boulenger" authorityName="Boulenger" box="[151,474,881,906]" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Hydrophis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="klossi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90BEAA9656A64703ECEFCC13BB69FA2" bold="true" box="[151,474,881,906]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90BEAA9656A64703ECEFCC13B359FA2" bold="true" box="[151,345,881,906]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Hydrophis klossi</emphasis>
|
||
Boulenger
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
: (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE4B4A656A64703FA8FCC138FB9FA1" author="Kharin" box="[497,663,881,905]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" refString="Kharin, V. E. (2004 b) Review of sea snakes of the genus Hydrophis sensu stricto (Serpentes: Hydrophiidae). Russian Journal of Marine Biology, 30, 387 - 394." type="journal article" year="2004" yearSuffix="b">Kharin, 2004b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE4B4A656A64703CFBFCC138B39FA1" author="Kharin" box="[674,735,881,905]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" refString="Kharin, V. E. (2006) An annotated checklist of sea snakes of Vietnam, with notes on a new record of the yellow-lipped sea krait, Laticauda colubrina (Schneider, 1799) (Laticaudidae, Hydrophiidae). Russian Journal of Marine Biology, 32, 223 - 228." type="journal article" year="2006">2006</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC036BB656A64703E9EFC253F409815" blockId="5.[151,1436,881,1085]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90BEAA9656A64703E9EFC253BB89F85" bold="true" box="[199,468,917,942]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Diagnostic characters:</emphasis>
|
||
Head small. Body slender anteriorly. Scale rows around neck 22–25, rarely 27; scale rows around body 30–37, rarely 39; ventrals 360–415. Maxillary teeth behind fangs 5–6.
|
||
<emphasis id="B90BEAA9656A64703A24FC093F7B9FFA" bold="true" box="[1149,1303,953,978]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Colouration:</emphasis>
|
||
Body greyish yellow with 50–75 dark or black bands, which are broader than their interspaces dorsally. Head greyish black, sometimes with an indistinct pale horseshoe-shaped mark above.
|
||
<emphasis id="B90BEAA9656A64703DDDFBB139D29832" bold="true" box="[900,958,1025,1050]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Size:</emphasis>
|
||
<quantity id="4C879B5E656A64703D9EFBB13E4C9831" box="[967,1056,1025,1049]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.42" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" unit="cm" value="142.0">142 cm</quantity>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B90BEAA9656A64703A75FBB13F4F9832" bold="true" box="[1068,1315,1025,1050]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">General distribution</emphasis>
|
||
: Straits of
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F368762B656A64703ECEFB953A959815" box="[151,249,1061,1085]" name="Malaysia" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Malacca</collectingCountry>
|
||
, the Gulf of
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F368762B656A64703FDCFB953B879815" box="[389,491,1061,1085]" name="Thailand" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Thailand</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F368762B656A64703FAEFB9538069815" box="[503,618,1061,1085]" name="Cambodia" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Cambodia</collectingCountry>
|
||
and southern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F368762B656A64703D51FB95390B9815" box="[776,871,1061,1085]" name="Vietnam" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Vietnam</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE4B4A656A64703D2CFB953E029815" author="David" box="[885,1134,1061,1085]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" refString="David, P. & Ineich, I. (1999) Les Serpents venimeux du monde: systematique et repartition. Dumerilia (Paris), 3, 3 - 499." type="journal article" year="1999">David & Ineich, 1999</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE4B4A656A64703A23FB953F4C9815" author="Kharin" box="[1146,1312,1061,1085]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" refString="Kharin, V. E. (2004 b) Review of sea snakes of the genus Hydrophis sensu stricto (Serpentes: Hydrophiidae). Russian Journal of Marine Biology, 30, 387 - 394." type="journal article" year="2004" yearSuffix="b">Kharin, 2004b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC036BB656A64703ECEFBDD3EED98AD" blockId="5.[151,1437,1133,1374]" box="[151,1153,1133,1158]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7F4D38656A64703ECEFBDD3BA998AE" authority="Smith" authorityName="Smith" box="[151,453,1133,1158]" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Hydrophis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lamberti">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90BEAA9656A64703ECEFBDD3BA998AE" bold="true" box="[151,453,1133,1158]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90BEAA9656A64703ECEFBDD3B1498AE" bold="true" box="[151,376,1133,1158]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Hydrophis lamberti</emphasis>
|
||
Smith
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
: (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE4B4A656A64703F84FBDD381998AD" author="Kharin" box="[477,629,1133,1157]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" refString="Kharin, V. E. (2006) An annotated checklist of sea snakes of Vietnam, with notes on a new record of the yellow-lipped sea krait, Laticauda colubrina (Schneider, 1799) (Laticaudidae, Hydrophiidae). Russian Journal of Marine Biology, 32, 223 - 228." type="journal article" year="2006">Kharin, 2006</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE4B4A656A64703CD8FBDE39EB98AD" author="Rasmussen" box="[641,903,1133,1157]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" refString="Rasmussen, A. R., Gravlund, P., van Nguyen, C. & Chanhome, L. (2007) A resurrection of Hydrophis pachycercos Fischer 1855 (Serpentes: Elapidae) with a new neotype from Vietnamese waters. Hamadryad, 31, 288 - 298." type="journal article" year="2007">
|
||
Rasmussen
|
||
<emphasis id="B90BEAA9656A64703D5FFBDE395298AD" box="[774,830,1133,1157]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2007
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE4B4A656A64703DCAFBDE3E1998AD" author="Nguyen" box="[915,1141,1133,1158]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" refString="Nguyen, V. S., Ho, T. C. & Nguyen, Q. T. (2009) Herpetofauna of Vietnam. Edition Chimaira, Frankfurt am Main, 768 pp." type="book" year="2009">
|
||
Nguyên
|
||
<emphasis id="B90BEAA9656A64703DABFBDE3E4698AD" box="[1010,1066,1133,1157]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2009
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC036BB656A64703E9EFB213E7A9975" blockId="5.[151,1437,1133,1374]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90BEAA9656A64703E9EFB213BBA9882" bold="true" box="[199,470,1169,1194]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Diagnostic characters:</emphasis>
|
||
Scale rows around neck 37–45; scale rows around body 45–56; ventrals 258–306. Maxillary teeth behind fangs 9–12.
|
||
<emphasis id="B90BEAA9656A64703C6AFB0538A298E6" bold="true" box="[563,718,1205,1230]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Colouration:</emphasis>
|
||
Body whitish or pale grey above, paler below. Large rounded dorsal bands anteriorly, posteriorly gradually becoming narrower and separated by broader interspaces. Bands broader above, narrow and faintly coloured laterally.
|
||
<emphasis id="B90BEAA9656A64703CBFFB4D394C993E" bold="true" box="[742,800,1277,1302]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Size:</emphasis>
|
||
<quantity id="4C879B5E656A64703D7FFB4D3911993D" box="[806,893,1277,1301]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.22" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" unit="cm" value="122.0">122 cm</quantity>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B90BEAA9656A64703DDFFB4D3E16993E" bold="true" box="[902,1146,1277,1302]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">General distribution</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F368762B656A64703AD0FB4D3E92993D" box="[1161,1278,1277,1301]" name="Singapore" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Singapore</collectingCountry>
|
||
, Gulf of
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F368762B656A64703B06FB4D3AA69911" name="Thailand" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Thailand</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F368762B656A64703E8DFA913B5F9911" box="[212,307,1313,1337]" name="Vietnam" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Vietnam</collectingCountry>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F368762B656A64703F31FA913B8A9911" box="[360,486,1313,1337]" name="Philippines" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Philippines</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE4B4A656A64703FADFA9138D09911" author="Rasmussen" box="[500,700,1313,1337]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" refString="Rasmussen, A. R. (1989) An analysis of Hydrophis ornatus (Gray), H. lamberti Smith, and H. inornatus (Gray) (Hydrophiidae, Serpentes) based on samples from various localities, with remarks on feeding and breeding biology of H. ornatus. Amphibia-Reptilia, 10, 397 - 417." type="journal article" year="1989">Rasmussen, 1989</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE4B4A656A64703C9EFA9139D19911" author="David" box="[711,957,1313,1337]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" refString="David, P. & Ineich, I. (1999) Les Serpents venimeux du monde: systematique et repartition. Dumerilia (Paris), 3, 3 - 499." type="journal article" year="1999">David & Ineich, 1999</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<emphasis id="B90BEAA9656A64703D89FA923E2A9912" bold="true" box="[976,1094,1314,1338]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Remarks:</emphasis>
|
||
Has been included in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7F4D38656A64703B65FA923AD49975" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Hydrophis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ornatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90BEAA9656A64703B65FA923AD49975" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">H. ornatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by some authors (e. g.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE4B4A656A64703FE4FAF538269975" author="Smith" box="[445,586,1349,1373]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" refString="Smith, M. A. (1926) Monograph of the sea-snakes (Hydrophiidae). Printed by order of the Trustees of the British museum (Natural History) London, Pages i-xvii + 1 - 130 + 2 plates." type="book chapter" year="1926">Smith, 1926</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), but is very distinct in its colour pattern.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC036BB656A64703ECEFA3D3EBF998D" blockId="5.[151,1436,1421,1661]" box="[151,1235,1421,1446]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7F4D38656A64703ECEFA3D3874998E" authority="Gray" authorityName="Gray" box="[151,536,1421,1446]" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Hydrophis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="melanocephalus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90BEAA9656A64703ECEFA3D3874998E" bold="true" box="[151,536,1421,1446]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90BEAA9656A64703ECEFA3D3BBF998E" bold="true" box="[151,467,1421,1446]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Hydrophis melanocephalus</emphasis>
|
||
Gray
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
: (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE4B4A656A64703C76FA3D38AB998D" author="Kharin" box="[559,711,1421,1445]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" refString="Kharin, V. E. (2006) An annotated checklist of sea snakes of Vietnam, with notes on a new record of the yellow-lipped sea krait, Laticauda colubrina (Schneider, 1799) (Laticaudidae, Hydrophiidae). Russian Journal of Marine Biology, 32, 223 - 228." type="journal article" year="2006">Kharin, 2006</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE4B4A656A64703C8AFA3E39B5998D" author="Rasmussen" box="[723,985,1421,1445]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" refString="Rasmussen, A. R., Gravlund, P., van Nguyen, C. & Chanhome, L. (2007) A resurrection of Hydrophis pachycercos Fischer 1855 (Serpentes: Elapidae) with a new neotype from Vietnamese waters. Hamadryad, 31, 288 - 298." type="journal article" year="2007">
|
||
Rasmussen
|
||
<emphasis id="B90BEAA9656A64703D01FA3E39FC998D" box="[856,912,1421,1445]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2007
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE4B4A656A64703DBCFA3E3EA4998D" author="Nguyen" box="[997,1224,1421,1446]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" refString="Nguyen, V. S., Ho, T. C. & Nguyen, Q. T. (2009) Herpetofauna of Vietnam. Edition Chimaira, Frankfurt am Main, 768 pp." type="book" year="2009">
|
||
Nguyên
|
||
<emphasis id="B90BEAA9656A64703A1DFA3E3E11998D" box="[1092,1149,1421,1445]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2009
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC036BB656A64703E9EFA01388C9A55" blockId="5.[151,1436,1421,1661]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90BEAA9656A64703E9EFA013BB599E2" bold="true" box="[199,473,1457,1482]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Diagnostic characters:</emphasis>
|
||
Head small, body slender anteriorly. Scale rows around neck 23–27; scale rows around body 33–41; ventrals 289–358. Maxillary teeth behind fangs 6–8.
|
||
<emphasis id="B90BEAA9656A64703A5AFA653EF199C6" bold="true" box="[1027,1181,1493,1518]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Colouration:</emphasis>
|
||
Body greyish yellow above, yellowish or white below, with 40–55 black bands, about as broad as their interspaces, usually broadest above and below. Head blackish, sometimes with yellow spots.
|
||
<emphasis id="B90BEAA9656A64703D26F9AD39D59A1E" bold="true" box="[895,953,1565,1590]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Size:</emphasis>
|
||
<quantity id="4C879B5E656A64703D9DF9AD3E729A1D" box="[964,1054,1565,1589]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.23" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" unit="cm" value="123.0">123 cm</quantity>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B90BEAA9656A64703A75F9AD3F4F9A1E" bold="true" box="[1068,1315,1565,1590]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">General distribution</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F368762B656A64703B6FF9AD3FF49A1D" box="[1334,1432,1565,1589]" name="Vietnam" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Vietnam</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F368762B656A64703ECEF9F13AB19A71" box="[151,221,1601,1625]" name="China" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">China</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F368762B656A64703EB0F9F13B529A71" box="[233,318,1601,1625]" name="Taiwan" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Taiwan</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F368762B656A64703F13F9F23BE19A71" box="[330,397,1602,1625]" name="Japan" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Japan</collectingCountry>
|
||
, and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F368762B656A64703F90F9F1382B9A71" box="[457,583,1601,1625]" name="Philippines" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Philippines</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE4B4A656A64703C0EF9F139389A71" author="David" box="[599,852,1601,1625]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" refString="David, P. & Ineich, I. (1999) Les Serpents venimeux du monde: systematique et repartition. Dumerilia (Paris), 3, 3 - 499." type="journal article" year="1999">David & Ineich, 1999</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE4B4A656A64703D38F9F139969A71" author="Kharin" box="[865,1018,1601,1625]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" refString="Kharin, V. E. (2006) An annotated checklist of sea snakes of Vietnam, with notes on a new record of the yellow-lipped sea krait, Laticauda colubrina (Schneider, 1799) (Laticaudidae, Hydrophiidae). Russian Journal of Marine Biology, 32, 223 - 228." type="journal article" year="2006">Kharin, 2006</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<emphasis id="B90BEAA9656A64703A57F9F23EE89A72" bold="true" box="[1038,1156,1602,1626]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Remarks:</emphasis>
|
||
Has been confused with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7F4D38656A64703ECEF9D63B639A55" box="[151,271,1638,1661]" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Hydrophis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="coggeri">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90BEAA9656A64703ECEF9D63B639A55" box="[151,271,1638,1661]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">H. coggeri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in the Australian region (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE4B4A656A64703C74F9D538B89A55" author="Kharin" box="[557,724,1637,1661]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" refString="Kharin, V. E. (1984 a) A review of sea snakes of the group Hydrophis sensu lato (Serpentes, Hydrophiidae). 3. the genus Leioselasma. Zoologicheskii Zhurnal, 63, 1535 - 1546." type="journal article" year="1984" yearSuffix="a">Kharin, 1984a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC036BB656A64703ECEF91D3F169B25" blockId="5.[151,1437,1709,2021]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90BEAA9656A64703ECEF91D3BBD9AEE" bold="true" box="[151,465,1709,1734]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7F4D38656A64703ECEF91D3BA79AEE" authority="Gray" authorityName="Gray" box="[151,459,1709,1734]" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Hydrophis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ornatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90BEAA9656A64703ECEF91D3B1C9AED" bold="true" box="[151,368,1709,1734]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Hydrophis ornatus</emphasis>
|
||
(Gray)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
:
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE4B4A656A64703FB9F91D38019AED" author="Smith" box="[480,621,1709,1733]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" refString="Smith, M. A. (1926) Monograph of the sea-snakes (Hydrophiidae). Printed by order of the Trustees of the British museum (Natural History) London, Pages i-xvii + 1 - 130 + 2 plates." type="book chapter" year="1926">Smith, 1926</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE4B4A656A64703C21F91E397B9AED" author="Bourret" box="[632,791,1709,1733]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" refString="Bourret, R. (1934) Les serpents marine de l'Indochine Francaise. Institut Oceanographique de l'Indochine, Hanoi, Note 25, 1 - 69." type="journal article" year="1934">Bourret, 1934</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE4B4A656A64703D7BF91D39319AED" author="Bourret" box="[802,861,1709,1733]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" refString="Bourret, R. (1936) Les serpents de l'Indochine. Catalogue systematique descriptif, ll, 338 - 381." type="book chapter" year="1936">1936</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE4B4A656A64703D31F91D3E619AED" author="Shuntov" box="[872,1037,1709,1733]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" refString="Shuntov, V. P. (1962) Sea snakes (Hydrophiidae) of the Gulf of Tonkin (Northern Viet-Nam). Zoologicheskii Zhurnal, 41, 1203 - 1209." type="journal article" year="1962">Shuntov, 1962</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE4B4A656A64703A41F91D3EAF9AED" author="Pickwell" box="[1048,1219,1709,1733]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" refString="Pickwell, G. V. (1972) Sea snakes of Viet Nam and Southeast Asia. Handbook of dangerous animals for field personnel. Undersea surveillance and ocean sciences department, Naval undersea center, San Diego, 5 - 25 pp." type="book chapter" year="1972">Pickwell, 1972</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE4B4A656A64703A96F91D3ABE9AC1" author="Harding" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" refString="Harding, K. A. & Welch, K. R. G. (1980) Venomous snakes of the world. A checklist. Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1 - 188 pp." type="book chapter" year="1980">Harding & Welch, 1980</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE4B4A656A64703E87F9623BB59AC1" author="Tran" box="[222,473,1745,1770]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" refString="Tran, K. & Nguyen, Q. T. (1980) Cac loai ran doc Viet Nam. Science & Technology Publ. House, Hanoi, pp." type="book" year="1980">Tran & Nguyên, 1980</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE4B4A656A64703FBFF96138E09AC1" author="Kharin" box="[486,652,1745,1769]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" refString="Kharin, V. E. (1984 b) Three species of sea snakes first discovered in Vietnamese waters with a comment on a rare form Praescutata viperina. Biologiya Morya. Vladivostok, 2, 26 - 30." type="journal article" year="1984" yearSuffix="b">Kharin, 1984b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE4B4A656A64703CC1F96139389AC1" author="Gasperetti" box="[664,852,1745,1769]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" refString="Gasperetti, J. (1988) Sea snakes. In: Buttiker, W. & Krupp, F. (Eds.) Fauna of Saudi Arabia. NCWCD Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, Riyadh, pp. 169 - 450." type="book chapter" year="1988">Gasperetti, 1988</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE4B4A656A64703D38F9613E439AC1" author="Golay" box="[865,1071,1745,1769]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" refString="Golay, P., Smith, H. M., Broadley, D. G., Dixon, J. R., McCarthy, C., Rage, J. C., Schatti, B. & Toriba, M. (1993) Endoglyphs and other major venomous snakes of the world. A checklist. Herpetological Data Centre, Azemiops, Switzerland, pp." type="book" year="1993">
|
||
Golay
|
||
<emphasis id="B90BEAA9656A64703DF4F962398A9AC1" box="[941,998,1745,1769]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 1993
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE4B4A656A64703A65F9623F5B9AC1" author="Tran" box="[1084,1335,1745,1770]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" refString="Tran, K. & Nguyen, Q. T. (1995) Cac loai ran doc Viet Nam Science & Technology Publ. House, Hanoi, 1 - 204 pp." type="book chapter" year="1995">Tran & Nguyên, 1995</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE4B4A656A64703B1AF9623B739B25" author="Nguyen" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" refString="Nguyen, V. S. & Ho, T. C. (1996) Danh luc bo sat va ech Nhai Viet Nam Science & Technology Publ. House, Hanoi, - Pp. 1 - 264" type="book chapter" year="1996">Nguyên & Hó, 1996</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE4B4A656A64703F72F9453BB39B25" author="Dotsenko" box="[299,479,1781,1805]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" refString="Dotsenko, I. B. (1999) Snakes from Vietnam at the National Museum of Natural History of Ukrainian National Academy of Sciences stock collection. Communication 1. The sea snakes - Hydrophiidae. Vestnik zoologii, 33, 39 - 51." type="journal article" year="1999">Dotsenko, 1999</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE4B4A656A64703FB2F94638A79B25" author="Nguyen" box="[491,715,1781,1806]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" refString="Nguyen, V. S., Ho, T. C. & Nguyen, Q. T. (2005) A checklist of Amphibians and Reptiles of Vietnam. Nha Xuat Ban Nong Nghiep, Hanoi, 1 - 180 pp." type="book chapter" year="2005">
|
||
Nguyên
|
||
<emphasis id="B90BEAA9656A64703C13F94638EF9B25" box="[586,643,1781,1805]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2005
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE4B4A656A64703C8EF94539029B25" author="Kharin" box="[727,878,1781,1805]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" refString="Kharin, V. E. (2006) An annotated checklist of sea snakes of Vietnam, with notes on a new record of the yellow-lipped sea krait, Laticauda colubrina (Schneider, 1799) (Laticaudidae, Hydrophiidae). Russian Journal of Marine Biology, 32, 223 - 228." type="journal article" year="2006">Kharin, 2006</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE4B4A656A64703D20F9463EEC9B25" author="Rasmussen" box="[889,1152,1781,1805]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" refString="Rasmussen, A. R., Gravlund, P., van Nguyen, C. & Chanhome, L. (2007) A resurrection of Hydrophis pachycercos Fischer 1855 (Serpentes: Elapidae) with a new neotype from Vietnamese waters. Hamadryad, 31, 288 - 298." type="journal article" year="2007">
|
||
Rasmussen
|
||
<emphasis id="B90BEAA9656A64703DA7F9463E5B9B25" box="[1022,1079,1781,1805]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2007
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE4B4A656A64703AD2F9463F029B25" author="Nguyen" box="[1163,1390,1781,1806]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" refString="Nguyen, V. S., Ho, T. C. & Nguyen, Q. T. (2009) Herpetofauna of Vietnam. Edition Chimaira, Frankfurt am Main, 768 pp." type="book" year="2009">
|
||
Nguyên
|
||
<emphasis id="B90BEAA9656A64703AB2F9463F4F9B25" box="[1259,1315,1781,1805]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2009
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC036BB656A64703E9EF8A93AB39BCD" blockId="5.[151,1437,1709,2021]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90BEAA9656A64703E9EF8A93BBA9B1A" bold="true" box="[199,470,1817,1842]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Diagnostic characters:</emphasis>
|
||
Scale rows around neck 34–41; scale rows around body 42–54; ventrals 235–294. Maxillary teeth behind fangs 9–13.
|
||
<emphasis id="B90BEAA9656A64703C7EF88D38AD9B7E" bold="true" box="[551,705,1853,1878]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Colouration:</emphasis>
|
||
Body pale grey above, whitish below. Broad dark greyish bands, interspaces narrow and almost equidistant anteriorly. Head olive-green or greyish above.
|
||
<emphasis id="B90BEAA9656A64703ACDF8D13EA29B52" bold="true" box="[1172,1230,1889,1914]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Size:</emphasis>
|
||
<quantity id="4C879B5E656A64703A8EF8D13F429B51" box="[1239,1326,1889,1913]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.15" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" unit="cm" value="115.0">115 cm</quantity>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B90BEAA9656A64703B65F8D13B489BB6" bold="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">General distribution</emphasis>
|
||
: From the Arabian Gulf in the west to
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F368762B656A64703C82F83639729BB5" box="[731,798,1926,1949]" name="Japan" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Japan</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F368762B656A64703D71F83539C59BB5" box="[808,937,1925,1949]" name="Philippines" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Philippines</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F368762B656A64703DECF8353E4E9BB5" box="[949,1058,1925,1949]" name="Indonesia" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Indonesia</collectingCountry>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F368762B656A64703A01F8363F6A9BB5" box="[1112,1286,1925,1949]" name="New Caledonia" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">New Caledonia</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE4B4A656A64703B4CF8353ABE9BE9" author="Rasmussen" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" refString="Rasmussen, A. R. (1989) An analysis of Hydrophis ornatus (Gray), H. lamberti Smith, and H. inornatus (Gray) (Hydrophiidae, Serpentes) based on samples from various localities, with remarks on feeding and breeding biology of H. ornatus. Amphibia-Reptilia, 10, 397 - 417." type="journal article" year="1989">Rasmussen, 1989</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE4B4A656A64703E87F81938639BE9" author="Ineich" box="[222,527,1961,1985]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" refString="Ineich, I. & Rasmussen, A. R. (1997) Sea snakes from New Caledonia and the Loyalty Islands (Elapidae, Laticaudinae and Hydrophiinae). Zoosystema, 19, 185 - 192." type="journal article" year="1997">Ineich & Rasmussen, 1997</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE4B4A656A64703C42F81939789BE9" author="David" box="[539,788,1961,1985]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" refString="David, P. & Ineich, I. (1999) Les Serpents venimeux du monde: systematique et repartition. Dumerilia (Paris), 3, 3 - 499." type="journal article" year="1999">David & Ineich, 1999</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), and the Australian region (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7F4D38656A64703A0DF81A3F549BE9" box="[1108,1336,1961,1985]" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Hydrophis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="ornatus" subSpecies="ocellatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90BEAA9656A64703A0DF81A3F549BE9" box="[1108,1336,1961,1985]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">H. ornatus ocellatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE4B4A656A64703B09F8193ABF9BCD" author="Smith" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" refString="Smith, M. A. (1926) Monograph of the sea-snakes (Hydrophiidae). Printed by order of the Trustees of the British museum (Natural History) London, Pages i-xvii + 1 - 130 + 2 plates." type="book chapter" year="1926">Smith, 1926</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF006633656964733ECEFB783FF098F6" box="[151,1436,1224,1247]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/277667/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" targetBox="[206,1389,187,1171]" targetPageId="6">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC036BB656964733ECEFB783FF098F6" blockId="6.[151,1436,1224,1247]" box="[151,1436,1224,1247]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90BEAA9656964733ECEFB783B7F98F5" bold="true" box="[151,275,1224,1247]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">FIGURE 1.</emphasis>
|
||
Head of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7F4D38656964733F28FB78383D98F6" box="[369,593,1224,1246]" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Laticauda" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="laticaudata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90BEAA9656964733F28FB78383D98F6" box="[369,593,1224,1246]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Laticauda laticaudata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(left) and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7F4D38656964733CE4FB78391098F6" box="[701,892,1224,1246]" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Hydrophis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ornatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90BEAA9656964733CE4FB78391098F6" box="[701,892,1224,1246]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Hydrophis ornatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(right), showing presence and absence of internasals,
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC036BB656964733ECEFA99395C9969" blockId="6.[151,1437,1321,1562]" box="[151,816,1321,1346]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7F4D38656964733ECEFA993869996A" authority="Fischer" authorityName="Fischer" box="[151,517,1321,1346]" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Hydrophis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pachycercos">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90BEAA9656964733ECEFA993869996A" bold="true" box="[151,517,1321,1346]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90BEAA9656964733ECEFA993BC9996A" bold="true" box="[151,421,1321,1346]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Hydrophis pachycercos</emphasis>
|
||
Fischer
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
: (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE4B4A656964733C43FA9939489969" author="Rasmussen" box="[538,804,1321,1345]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" refString="Rasmussen, A. R., Gravlund, P., van Nguyen, C. & Chanhome, L. (2007) A resurrection of Hydrophis pachycercos Fischer 1855 (Serpentes: Elapidae) with a new neotype from Vietnamese waters. Hamadryad, 31, 288 - 298." type="journal article" year="2007">
|
||
Rasmussen
|
||
<emphasis id="B90BEAA9656964733CF8FA9A38B69969" box="[673,730,1321,1345]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2007
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC036BB656964733E9EFAFD381A9A31" blockId="6.[151,1437,1321,1562]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90BEAA9656964733E9EFAFD3BBA994E" bold="true" box="[199,470,1357,1382]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Diagnostic characters:</emphasis>
|
||
Scale rows around neck 26–31; scale rows around body 39–45; ventrals 247–297. Maxillary teeth behind fangs 7–8.
|
||
<emphasis id="B90BEAA9656964733C40FAC138DF99A2" bold="true" box="[537,691,1393,1418]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Colouration:</emphasis>
|
||
Body pale yellow above, white below, with pale brown transverse bands fading on the upper part of the flanks. Head white below, black/dark above with pale supralabials and a pale ring around the eyes.
|
||
<emphasis id="B90BEAA9656964733FD5FA093BA999FA" bold="true" box="[396,453,1465,1490]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Size:</emphasis>
|
||
<quantity id="4C879B5E656964733F97FA09384899F9" box="[462,548,1465,1489]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.1099999999999999" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" unit="cm" value="111.0">111 cm</quantity>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B90BEAA9656964733C76FA09394A99FA" bold="true" box="[559,806,1465,1490]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">General distribution</emphasis>
|
||
: South
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F368762B656964733D26FA0939AE99F9" box="[895,962,1465,1489]" name="China" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">China</collectingCountry>
|
||
Sea (one specimen at the Natural History Museum, London, collected in “E.
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F368762B656964733C74FA6D383A99DD" box="[557,598,1501,1525]" name="India" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Ind</collectingCountry>
|
||
. Archipelago”)(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE4B4A656964733D53FA6D3E7199DD" author="Rasmussen" box="[778,1053,1501,1526]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" refString="Rasmussen, A. R., Gravlund, P., van Nguyen, C. & Chanhome, L. (2007) A resurrection of Hydrophis pachycercos Fischer 1855 (Serpentes: Elapidae) with a new neotype from Vietnamese waters. Hamadryad, 31, 288 - 298." type="journal article" year="2007">
|
||
Rasmussen
|
||
<emphasis id="B90BEAA9656964733DCCFA6F39A399DE" box="[917,975,1502,1526]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2007
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<emphasis id="B90BEAA9656964733A6BFA6E3EC499DE" bold="true" box="[1074,1192,1502,1526]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Remarks:</emphasis>
|
||
Recently resurrected from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7F4D38656964733E8DF9B3381E9A31" authority="Rasmussen et al., 2007" authorityName="Rasmussen et al." authorityYear="2007" box="[212,626,1537,1562]" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Hydrophis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="belcheri">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90BEAA9656964733E8DF9B33B3E9A32" box="[212,338,1538,1562]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">H. belcheri</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE4B4A656964733F38F9B138069A31" author="Rasmussen" box="[353,618,1537,1562]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" refString="Rasmussen, A. R., Gravlund, P., van Nguyen, C. & Chanhome, L. (2007) A resurrection of Hydrophis pachycercos Fischer 1855 (Serpentes: Elapidae) with a new neotype from Vietnamese waters. Hamadryad, 31, 288 - 298." type="journal article" year="2007">
|
||
Rasmussen
|
||
<emphasis id="B90BEAA9656964733FBEF9B3384C9A32" box="[487,544,1538,1562]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2007
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC036BB656964733ECEF9F939EC9AAD" blockId="6.[151,1437,1609,2030]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7F4D38656964733ECEF9F938EA9A49" authority="Smith" authorityName="Smith" authorityYear="1935" box="[151,646,1609,1634]" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Hydrophis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="parviceps">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90BEAA9656964733ECEF9F93BB69A4A" bold="true" box="[151,474,1609,1634]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90BEAA9656964733ECEF9F93BE49A4A" bold="true" box="[151,392,1609,1634]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Hydrophis parviceps</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE4B4A656964733FCAF9F93BB69A4A" author="Smith" box="[403,474,1609,1634]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" refString="Smith, M. A. (1935) The sea snakes (Hydrophiidae). Dana-Report, 8, 1 - 6." type="journal article" year="1935">Smith</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
: (Smith, 1935
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE4B4A656964733CCFF9F939469A49" author="Taylor" box="[662,810,1609,1633]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" refString="Taylor, E. H. (1963) New and Rare Oriental Serpents. Copeia, 1963, 429 - 433." type="journal article" year="1963">Taylor, 1963</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE4B4A656964733D63F9F9398F9A49" author="Kharin" box="[826,995,1609,1633]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" refString="Kharin, V. E. (1984 b) Three species of sea snakes first discovered in Vietnamese waters with a comment on a rare form Praescutata viperina. Biologiya Morya. Vladivostok, 2, 26 - 30." type="journal article" year="1984" yearSuffix="b">Kharin, 1984b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE4B4A656964733DABF9FA3E8A9A49" author="Nguyen" box="[1010,1254,1609,1634]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" refString="Nguyen, V. S. & Ho, T. C. (1996) Danh luc bo sat va ech Nhai Viet Nam Science & Technology Publ. House, Hanoi, - Pp. 1 - 264" type="book chapter" year="1996">Nguyên & Hó, 1996</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE4B4A656964733AACF9FA3ABE9AAD" author="Nguyen" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" refString="Nguyen, V. S., Ho, T. C. & Nguyen, Q. T. (2005) A checklist of Amphibians and Reptiles of Vietnam. Nha Xuat Ban Nong Nghiep, Hanoi, 1 - 180 pp." type="book chapter" year="2005">
|
||
Nguyên
|
||
<emphasis id="B90BEAA9656964733B00F9FB3FF99A4A" box="[1369,1429,1610,1634]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2005
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE4B4A656964733E84F9DD3B189AAD" author="Kharin" box="[221,372,1645,1669]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" refString="Kharin, V. E. (2006) An annotated checklist of sea snakes of Vietnam, with notes on a new record of the yellow-lipped sea krait, Laticauda colubrina (Schneider, 1799) (Laticaudidae, Hydrophiidae). Russian Journal of Marine Biology, 32, 223 - 228." type="journal article" year="2006">Kharin, 2006</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE4B4A656964733FD9F9DE38EA9AAD" author="Rasmussen" box="[384,646,1645,1670]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" refString="Rasmussen, A. R., Gravlund, P., van Nguyen, C. & Chanhome, L. (2007) A resurrection of Hydrophis pachycercos Fischer 1855 (Serpentes: Elapidae) with a new neotype from Vietnamese waters. Hamadryad, 31, 288 - 298." type="journal article" year="2007">
|
||
Rasmussen
|
||
<emphasis id="B90BEAA9656964733C5CF9DF38519AAE" box="[517,573,1646,1670]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2007
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE4B4A656964733CCBF9DE39189AAD" author="Nguyen" box="[658,884,1645,1670]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" refString="Nguyen, V. S., Ho, T. C. & Nguyen, Q. T. (2009) Herpetofauna of Vietnam. Edition Chimaira, Frankfurt am Main, 768 pp." type="book" year="2009">
|
||
Nguyên
|
||
<emphasis id="B90BEAA9656964733CA8F9DF39459AAE" box="[753,809,1646,1670]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2009
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC036BB656964733E9EF9213BEC9BA9" blockId="6.[151,1437,1609,2030]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90BEAA9656964733E9EF9213BB59A82" bold="true" box="[199,473,1681,1706]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Diagnostic characters:</emphasis>
|
||
Head small, body slender anteriorly. Scale rows around neck 19–21; scale rows around body 31–34; ventrals 329–348. Maxillary teeth behind fangs 6–7.
|
||
<emphasis id="B90BEAA9656964733DB1F9053EEE9AE6" bold="true" box="[1000,1154,1717,1742]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Colouration:</emphasis>
|
||
Body olivaceous above, greyish below, with 65–70 blackish bands. Head black with no or only a few faint paler marks.
|
||
<emphasis id="B90BEAA9656964733A99F9693E959ADA" bold="true" box="[1216,1273,1753,1778]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Size:</emphasis>
|
||
<quantity id="4C879B5E656964733B59F9693F3A9AD9" box="[1280,1366,1753,1777]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.25" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" unit="cm" value="125.0">125 cm</quantity>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B90BEAA9656964733B38F9693B319B3E" bold="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">General distribution</emphasis>
|
||
: Southern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F368762B656964733F84F94D38509B3D" box="[477,572,1789,1813]" name="Vietnam" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Vietnam</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE4B4A656964733C14F94D38B29B3D" author="Smith" box="[589,734,1789,1813]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" refString="Smith, M. A. (1935) The sea snakes (Hydrophiidae). Dana-Report, 8, 1 - 6." type="journal article" year="1935">Smith, 1935</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE4B4A656964733CB5F94D39119B3D" author="Taylor" box="[748,893,1789,1813]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" refString="Taylor, E. H. (1963) New and Rare Oriental Serpents. Copeia, 1963, 429 - 433." type="journal article" year="1963">Taylor, 1963</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
<emphasis id="B90BEAA9656964733DD6F94E3E699B3E" bold="true" box="[911,1029,1790,1814]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Remarks:</emphasis>
|
||
Only two specimens known previously; one caught in 1929 and one in 1960, both from the coast of southern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F368762B656964733DADF8913E3F9B11" box="[1012,1107,1825,1849]" name="Vietnam" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Vietnam</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE4B4A656964733A3BF8913E9D9B11" author="Smith" box="[1122,1265,1825,1849]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" refString="Smith, M. A. (1935) The sea snakes (Hydrophiidae). Dana-Report, 8, 1 - 6." type="journal article" year="1935">Smith, 1935</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE4B4A656964733AA4F8913FFC9B11" author="Taylor" box="[1277,1424,1825,1849]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" refString="Taylor, E. H. (1963) New and Rare Oriental Serpents. Copeia, 1963, 429 - 433." type="journal article" year="1963">Taylor, 1963</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Four additional specimens were collected during the fishing vessel survey in 2001 SW of Ham Tan. The species is endemic to
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F368762B656964733F40F8D93B109BA9" box="[281,380,1897,1921]" name="Vietnam" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Vietnam</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC036BB656964733ECEF83D38CC9B8D" blockId="6.[151,1437,1609,2030]" box="[151,672,1933,1958]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7F4D38656964733ECEF83D3BAA9B8E" authority="Shaw" authorityName="Shaw" box="[151,454,1933,1958]" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Hydrophis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="spiralis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90BEAA9656964733ECEF83D3BAA9B8E" bold="true" box="[151,454,1933,1958]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90BEAA9656964733ECEF83D3B079B8E" bold="true" box="[151,363,1933,1958]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Hydrophis spiralis</emphasis>
|
||
(Shaw)
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
: (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE4B4A656964733F85F83D38F89B8D" author="Dotsenko" box="[476,660,1933,1957]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" refString="Dotsenko, I. B. (1999) Snakes from Vietnam at the National Museum of Natural History of Ukrainian National Academy of Sciences stock collection. Communication 1. The sea snakes - Hydrophiidae. Vestnik zoologii, 33, 39 - 51." type="journal article" year="1999">Dotsenko, 1999</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC036BB656964723E9EF80139429CDF" blockId="6.[151,1437,1609,2030]" lastBlockId="7.[151,1436,151,247]" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="8" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90BEAA9656964733E9EF8013BBA9BE2" bold="true" box="[199,470,1969,1994]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Diagnostic characters:</emphasis>
|
||
Scale rows around neck 25–31; scale rows around body 33–38; ventrals 295–362. Maxillary teeth behind fangs 6–7.
|
||
<emphasis id="B90BEAA9656964733C79F86538D79BC6" bold="true" box="[544,699,2005,2030]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Colouration:</emphasis>
|
||
Body yellow above, pale yellow below, with black bands. Interspaces broader than bands, at least posteriorly. Head yellow/dark above, paler below.
|
||
<emphasis id="B90BEAA9656864723A15FF273EEA9C98" bold="true" box="[1100,1158,151,176]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Size:</emphasis>
|
||
<quantity id="4C879B5E656864723AD5FF273E8E9C87" box="[1164,1250,151,175]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.75" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" unit="cm" value="275.0">275 cm</quantity>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B90BEAA9656864723AB5FF273A829CFC" bold="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">General distribution:</emphasis>
|
||
From the Arabian Gulf in the west to
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F368762B656864723C9EFF0C394A9CFC" box="[711,806,188,212]" name="Vietnam" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Vietnam</collectingCountry>
|
||
in the east,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F368762B656864723D99FF0C3E419CFC" box="[960,1069,188,212]" name="Indonesia" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Indonesia</collectingCountry>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F368762B656864723A34FF0D3F739CFC" box="[1133,1311,188,212]" name="New Caledonia" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">New Caledonia</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE4B4A656864723B6AFF0C3B329CDF" author="Ineich" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" refString="Ineich, I. & Rasmussen, A. R. (1997) Sea snakes from New Caledonia and the Loyalty Islands (Elapidae, Laticaudinae and Hydrophiinae). Zoosystema, 19, 185 - 192." type="journal article" year="1997">Ineich & Rasmussen, 1997</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE4B4A656864723F33FF6F380D9CDF" author="David" box="[362,609,223,247]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" refString="David, P. & Ineich, I. (1999) Les Serpents venimeux du monde: systematique et repartition. Dumerilia (Paris), 3, 3 - 499." type="journal article" year="1999">David & Ineich, 1999</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE4B4A656864723C34FF6F394E9CDF" author="Dotsenko" box="[621,802,223,247]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" refString="Dotsenko, I. B. (1999) Snakes from Vietnam at the National Museum of Natural History of Ukrainian National Academy of Sciences stock collection. Communication 1. The sea snakes - Hydrophiidae. Vestnik zoologii, 33, 39 - 51." type="journal article" year="1999">Dotsenko, 1999</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC036BB656864723ECEFE973BC29DAF" blockId="7.[151,1437,295,644]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7F4D38656864723ECEFE9738029D68" authority="Gunther" authorityName="Gunther" box="[151,622,295,320]" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Hydrophis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="torquatus" subSpecies="diadema">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90BEAA9656864723ECEFE9738029D68" bold="true" box="[151,622,295,320]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90BEAA9656864723ECEFE973B979D68" bold="true" box="[151,507,295,320]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Hydrophis torquatus diadema</emphasis>
|
||
Günther
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
: (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE4B4A656864723CD2FE97395D9D17" author="Bourret" box="[651,817,295,319]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" refString="Bourret, R. (1934) Les serpents marine de l'Indochine Francaise. Institut Oceanographique de l'Indochine, Hanoi, Note 25, 1 - 69." type="journal article" year="1934">Bourret, 1934</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE4B4A656864723D1BFE9739899D17" author="Warrell" box="[834,997,295,319]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" refString="Warrell, D. A. (1994) Sea snake bites in the Asia-Pacific region. In: Gopalakrishnakone, P. (Ed.) Sea snake toxinology. Singapore University Press, Singapore, pp. 1 - 36." type="book chapter" year="1994">Warrell, 1994</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE4B4A656864723DAFFE973EE79D17" author="Ineich" box="[1014,1163,295,319]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" refString="Ineich, I. (1996) Geographic distribution. Hydrophis torquatus diadema. Herpetological Review, 27, 154." type="journal article" year="1996">Ineich, 1996</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE4B4A656864723AC4FE983FFB9D17" author="Nguyen" box="[1181,1431,295,320]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" refString="Nguyen, V. S. & Ho, T. C. (1996) Danh luc bo sat va ech Nhai Viet Nam Science & Technology Publ. House, Hanoi, - Pp. 1 - 264" type="book chapter" year="1996">Nguyên & Hó, 1996</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE4B4A656864723ECEFEFC3B129D4C" author="Nguyen" box="[151,382,332,356]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" refString="Nguyen, V. S., Ho, T. C. & Nguyen, Q. T. (2005) A checklist of Amphibians and Reptiles of Vietnam. Nha Xuat Ban Nong Nghiep, Hanoi, 1 - 180 pp." type="book chapter" year="2005">
|
||
Nguyên
|
||
<emphasis id="B90BEAA9656864723EA0FEFD3B5F9D4C" box="[249,307,332,356]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2005
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE4B4A656864723FD5FEFC38199D4C" author="Nguyen" box="[396,629,332,356]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" refString="Nguyen, V. S., Ho, T. C. & Nguyen, Q. T. (2009) Herpetofauna of Vietnam. Edition Chimaira, Frankfurt am Main, 768 pp." type="book" year="2009">
|
||
Nguyên
|
||
<emphasis id="B90BEAA9656864723FB4FEFD38449D4C" box="[493,552,332,356]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2009
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Despite mentioned by many authors the species is not yet confirmed from Vietnamese waters.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC036BB656864723E9EFE233F409EAC" blockId="7.[151,1437,295,644]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90BEAA9656864723E9EFE233BBA9D84" bold="true" box="[199,470,403,428]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Diagnostic characters:</emphasis>
|
||
Scale rows around neck 29–37; scale rows around body 35–49; ventrals 230–340. Maxillary teeth behind fangs 8–10.
|
||
<emphasis id="B90BEAA9656864723C7FFE0738AC9DF8" bold="true" box="[550,704,439,464]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Colouration:</emphasis>
|
||
Body grey or whitish above, yellow or whitish below, with black bands, which are often incomplete below. Bands fade and disappear with age, leaving the back more or less uniform grey. Head black with a yellowish band across the snout and along sides.
|
||
<emphasis id="B90BEAA9656864723A59FE4F3E559E30" bold="true" box="[1024,1081,511,536]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Size:</emphasis>
|
||
<quantity id="4C879B5E656864723A19FE4F3EFA9E3F" box="[1088,1174,511,535]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.04" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" unit="cm" value="104.0">104 cm</quantity>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B90BEAA9656864723AF9FE4F3FF89E30" bold="true" box="[1184,1428,511,536]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">General distribution</emphasis>
|
||
: Straits of
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F368762B656864723F5DFD943B0A9E14" box="[260,358,548,572]" name="Malaysia" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Malacca</collectingCountry>
|
||
, Borneo, Gulf of
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F368762B656864723C74FD9438FF9E14" box="[557,659,548,572]" name="Thailand" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Thailand</collectingCountry>
|
||
, Tonle Sap lake in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F368762B656864723D32FD94398D9E14" box="[875,993,548,572]" name="Cambodia" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Cambodia</collectingCountry>
|
||
, and possibly
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F368762B656864723ADBFD943EA99E14" box="[1154,1221,548,572]" name="China" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">China</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE4B4A656864723A8DFD943F0F9E14" author="Smith" box="[1236,1379,548,572]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" refString="Smith, M. A. (1926) Monograph of the sea-snakes (Hydrophiidae). Printed by order of the Trustees of the British museum (Natural History) London, Pages i-xvii + 1 - 130 + 2 plates." type="book chapter" year="1926">Smith, 1926</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE4B4A656864723B36FD953B6F9E77" author="Ineich" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" refString="Ineich, I. (1996) Geographic distribution. Hydrophis torquatus diadema. Herpetological Review, 27, 154." type="journal article" year="1996">Ineich, 1996</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE4B4A656864723F56FDF7386B9E77" author="David" box="[271,519,583,607]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" refString="David, P. & Ineich, I. (1999) Les Serpents venimeux du monde: systematique et repartition. Dumerilia (Paris), 3, 3 - 499." type="journal article" year="1999">David & Ineich, 1999</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
<emphasis id="B90BEAA9656864723C4FFDF838E19E48" bold="true" box="[534,653,584,608]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Remarks:</emphasis>
|
||
Three subspecies are defined, each with a very limited range (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE4B4A656864723B08FDF73ABF9EAC" author="Smith" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" refString="Smith, M. A. (1926) Monograph of the sea-snakes (Hydrophiidae). Printed by order of the Trustees of the British museum (Natural History) London, Pages i-xvii + 1 - 130 + 2 plates." type="book chapter" year="1926">Smith, 1926</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The one found closest to Vietnamese waters is
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7F4D38656864723CADFDDD398B9EAC" box="[756,999,620,644]" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Hydrophis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="torquatus" subSpecies="diadema">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90BEAA9656864723CADFDDD398B9EAC" box="[756,999,620,644]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">H. torquatus diadema</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE4B4A656864723DAFFDDC3EE89EAC" author="Smith" box="[1014,1156,620,644]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" refString="Smith, M. A. (1926) Monograph of the sea-snakes (Hydrophiidae). Printed by order of the Trustees of the British museum (Natural History) London, Pages i-xvii + 1 - 130 + 2 plates." type="book chapter" year="1926">Smith, 1926</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE4B4A656864723AD6FDDC3F709EAC" author="Ineich" box="[1167,1308,620,644]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" refString="Ineich, I. (1996) Geographic distribution. Hydrophis torquatus diadema. Herpetological Review, 27, 154." type="journal article" year="1996">Ineich, 1996</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |