127 lines
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127 lines
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<mods:title id="84B7F6450B7D41F0B7A9892A1EA7276B">Fossil snakes of the Penny Creek Local Fauna from Webster County, Nebraska, USA, and the first record of snakes from the Early Clarendonian (12.5 - 12 Ma) of North America</mods:title>
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<treatment id="03B387E8FFB9321A867AFBA99A94FCBB" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03B387E8FFB9321A867AFBA99A94FCBB" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B387E8FFB9321A867AFBA99A94FCBB" lastPageNumber="18" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
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<subSubSection id="C3006575FFB9321A867AFBA99BA9FB55" box="[266,717,1139,1165]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BA536FEFFB9321A867AFBA99BA9FB55" blockId="17.[266,717,1139,1165]" box="[266,717,1139,1165]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
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<heading id="D0ED8192FFB9321A867AFBA99BA9FB55" box="[266,717,1139,1165]" centered="true" fontSize="10" level="2" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" reason="8">
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Family
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<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D7DFFB9321A8610FBA99BA9FB55" authority="Bonaparte, 1838" authorityName="Bonaparte" authorityYear="1838" box="[352,717,1139,1165]" class="Reptilia" family="Dipsadidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">
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DIPSADIDAE
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<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B0FFFB9321A8579FBA99BA9FB55" author="Bonaparte, C. L." box="[521,717,1139,1164]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" pagination="391 - 393" refId="ref18063" refString="Bonaparte, C. L. 1838. Amphibiorum tabula analytica. Nuovi Annali delle Scienze Naturali, Bologna, 1: 391 - 393." type="journal article" year="1838">Bonaparte, 1838</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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<subSubSection id="C3006575FFB9321A87B0FB449A94FCBB" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph id="8BA536FEFFB9321A87B0FB449C43FE1B" blockId="17.[192,793,1182,1911]" lastBlockId="17.[840,1441,168,866]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
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<emphasis id="B96EEAECFFB9321A87B0FB449823FB6E" bold="true" box="[192,327,1182,1207]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
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Vertebrae can be assigned to
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<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D7DFFB9321A85C6FB449988FB0E" authorityName="Bonaparte" authorityYear="1838" class="Reptilia" family="Dipsadidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Dipsadidae</taxonomicName>
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through a combination of characters that individually are not necessarily exclusive to the group. Dipsadid snakes generally have vertebrae that are square to slightly longer than wide in dorsal view, an elongated centrum, and long, low, and narrow neural spines that overhang posteriorly (some taxa also overhang anteriorly) (
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<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B0FFFB9321A868AFAA49BCDFA4E" author="Holman, J. A." box="[506,681,1406,1431]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" refId="ref19958" refString="Holman, J. A. 2000. Fossil snakes of North America: Origin, evolution, distribution, paleoecology. Indiana University Press, Bloomington." type="book" year="2000">Holman, 2000</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B0FFFB9321A85C6FAA498F1FA6E" author="Parmley, D. & Hunter, K. B." pageId="17" pageNumber="18" pagination="526 - 543" refId="ref22088" refString="Parmley, D. and Hunter, K. B. 2010. Fossil Snakes of the Clarendonian (Late Miocene) Pratt Slide Local Fauna of Nebraska, with the description of a new natricine colubrid. Journal of Herpetology, 44: 526 - 543. https: // doi. org / 10.1670 / 09 - 248.1" type="journal article" year="2010">Parmley and Hunter, 2010</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B0FFFB9321A86D2FA449BF6FA6E" author="Holman, J. A. & Fay, L. P. & Korth, W. W." box="[418,658,1438,1463]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" pagination="91 - 99" refId="ref20079" refString="Holman, J. A., Fay, L. P., and Korth, W. W. 2011. Herpetofauna of Late Miocene Sappa Creek Fauna, Northwestern Kansas. Paludicola, 8: 91 - 99." type="journal article" year="2011">Holman et al., 2011</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B0FFFB9321A85EFFA4498F4FA0E" author="Mead, J. I. & Steadman, D. W." pageId="17" pageNumber="18" pagination="431 - 440" refId="ref21630" refString="Mead, J. I. and Steadman, D. W. 2017. Late Pleistocene snakes (Squamata: Serpentes) from Abaco, The Bahamas. Geobios, 50: 431 - 440. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. geobios. 2017.09.001" type="journal article" year="2017">Mead and Steadman, 2017</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B0FFFB9321A86D6FA649BEDFA0E" author="Jurestovsky, D. J." box="[422,649,1470,1495]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" pagination="422 - 431" refId="ref20855" refString="Jurestovsky, D. J. 2021. Small Colubroids from the Late Hemphillian Gray Fossil Site of Northeastern Tennessee. Journal of Herpetology, 55: 422 - 431. https: // doi. org / 10.1670 / 21 - 008" type="journal article" year="2021">Jurestovsky, 2021</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B0FFFB9321A85EFFA6498C0FA2E" author="Syromyatnikova, E. & Aranda, E. & Gonzalez, S. F." pageId="17" pageNumber="18" pagination="395 - 407" refId="ref23379" refString="Syromyatnikova, E., Aranda, E., and Gonzalez, S. F. 2021. First insight into the diversity of snakes in the Pleistocene of Cuba. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica, 66: 395 - 407. https: // doi. org / 10.4202 / app. 00766.2020" type="journal article" year="2021">Syromyatnikova et al., 2021</bibRefCitation>
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). The neural arch is depressed to moderately vaulted in different species, and the zygosphene is usually crenate, but can be concave in some species when viewed dorsally (
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<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B0FFFB9321A85C3F9E4999BF9AE" author="Holman, J. A." pageId="17" pageNumber="18" refId="ref19958" refString="Holman, J. A. 2000. Fossil snakes of North America: Origin, evolution, distribution, paleoecology. Indiana University Press, Bloomington." type="book" year="2000">Holman, 2000</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B0FFFB9321A867EF9849B05F9AE" author="Mead, J. I. & Steadman, D. W." box="[270,609,1630,1656]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" pagination="431 - 440" refId="ref21630" refString="Mead, J. I. and Steadman, D. W. 2017. Late Pleistocene snakes (Squamata: Serpentes) from Abaco, The Bahamas. Geobios, 50: 431 - 440. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. geobios. 2017.09.001" type="journal article" year="2017">Mead and Steadman, 2017</bibRefCitation>
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). The prezygapophyses generally protrude only slightly beyond the ovoid prezygapophyseal facets to form small points (
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<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B0FFFB9321A866CF9649B19F90E" author="Mead, J. I. & Steadman, D. W." box="[284,637,1726,1752]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" pagination="431 - 440" refId="ref21630" refString="Mead, J. I. and Steadman, D. W. 2017. Late Pleistocene snakes (Squamata: Serpentes) from Abaco, The Bahamas. Geobios, 50: 431 - 440. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. geobios. 2017.09.001" type="journal article" year="2017">Mead and Steadman, 2017</bibRefCitation>
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). The cotyle and condyle are round to slightly dorsoventrally compressed, where the cotyle is flattened on the ventral portion in anterior view (
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||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B0FFFB9321A8533F8C49821F88E" author="Mead, J. I. & Steadman, D. W." pageId="17" pageNumber="18" pagination="431 - 440" refId="ref21630" refString="Mead, J. I. and Steadman, D. W. 2017. Late Pleistocene snakes (Squamata: Serpentes) from Abaco, The Bahamas. Geobios, 50: 431 - 440. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. geobios. 2017.09.001" type="journal article" year="2017">Mead and Steadman, 2017</bibRefCitation>
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;
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||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B0FFFB9321A8624F8E49B4AF88E" author="Jurestovsky, D. J." box="[340,558,1854,1879]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" pagination="422 - 431" refId="ref20855" refString="Jurestovsky, D. J. 2021. Small Colubroids from the Late Hemphillian Gray Fossil Site of Northeastern Tennessee. Journal of Herpetology, 55: 422 - 431. https: // doi. org / 10.1670 / 21 - 008" type="journal article" year="2021">Jurestovsky, 2021</bibRefCitation>
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) Epizygapophyseal spines are absent (
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<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B0FFFB9321A86B6F8849B1AF8AE" author="Holman, J. A." box="[454,638,1886,1911]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" refId="ref19958" refString="Holman, J. A. 2000. Fossil snakes of North America: Origin, evolution, distribution, paleoecology. Indiana University Press, Bloomington." type="book" year="2000">Holman, 2000</bibRefCitation>
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;
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||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B0FFFB9321A85E5F8849D7CFF1B" author="Mead, J. I. & Steadman, D. W." box="[661,1048,168,1911]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" pagination="431 - 440" refId="ref21630" refString="Mead, J. I. and Steadman, D. W. 2017. Late Pleistocene snakes (Squamata: Serpentes) from Abaco, The Bahamas. Geobios, 50: 431 - 440. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. geobios. 2017.09.001" type="journal article" year="2017">Mead and Steadman, 2017</bibRefCitation>
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;
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||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B0FFFB9321A835DFF739C76FF1B" author="Jurestovsky, D. J." box="[1069,1298,169,194]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" pagination="422 - 431" refId="ref20855" refString="Jurestovsky, D. J. 2021. Small Colubroids from the Late Hemphillian Gray Fossil Site of Northeastern Tennessee. Journal of Herpetology, 55: 422 - 431. https: // doi. org / 10.1670 / 21 - 008" type="journal article" year="2021">Jurestovsky, 2021</bibRefCitation>
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). The synapophyses are divided into distinct diapophyses and parapophyses (
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<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B0FFFB9321A8320FF339C68FEDB" author="Holman, J. A." box="[1104,1292,233,258]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" refId="ref19958" refString="Holman, J. A. 2000. Fossil snakes of North America: Origin, evolution, distribution, paleoecology. Indiana University Press, Bloomington." type="book" year="2000">Holman, 2000</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B0FFFB9321A8257FF329D43FEFB" author="Syromyatnikova, E. & Aranda, E. & Gonzalez, S. F." pageId="17" pageNumber="18" pagination="395 - 407" refId="ref23379" refString="Syromyatnikova, E., Aranda, E., and Gonzalez, S. F. 2021. First insight into the diversity of snakes in the Pleistocene of Cuba. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica, 66: 395 - 407. https: // doi. org / 10.4202 / app. 00766.2020" type="journal article" year="2021">Syromyatnikova et al., 2021</bibRefCitation>
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). Distinct hemal keels with adjacent subcentral ridges are present, and hypapophyses are absent from trunk vertebrae except potentially in a few species (
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<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B0FFFB9321A8380FEB39CF9FE5B" author="Holman, J. A." box="[1264,1437,361,386]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" refId="ref19958" refString="Holman, J. A. 2000. Fossil snakes of North America: Origin, evolution, distribution, paleoecology. Indiana University Press, Bloomington." type="book" year="2000">Holman, 2000</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B0FFFB9321A8438FE539ABEFE7B" author="Ikeda, T." box="[840,986,393,418]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" pagination="13 - 34" refId="ref20276" refString="Ikeda, T. 2007. A comparative morphological study of the vertebrae of snakes occurring in Japan and adjacent regions. Current Herpetology, 26: 13 - 34. https: // doi. org / 10.3105 / 1345 - 5834 (2007) 26 [13: ACMSOT] 2.0. CO; 2" type="journal article" year="2007">Ikeda, 2007</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B0FFFB9321A8498FE539DA5FE7B" author="Head, J. J. & Mahlow, K. & Muller, J." box="[1000,1217,393,418]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" pagination="1 - 21" refId="ref19491" refString="Head, J. J., Mahlow, K., and Muller, J. 2016. Fossil calibration dates for molecular phylogenetic analysis of snakes 2: Caenophidia, Colubroidea, Elapoidea, Colubridae. Palaeontologia Electronica, 19.2.2 FC: 1 - 21. https: // doi. org / 10.26879 / 625" type="book chapter" year="2016">Head et al., 2016</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B0FFFB9321A83BFFE539AAEFE1B" author="Mead, J. I. & Steadman, D. W." pageId="17" pageNumber="18" pagination="431 - 440" refId="ref21630" refString="Mead, J. I. and Steadman, D. W. 2017. Late Pleistocene snakes (Squamata: Serpentes) from Abaco, The Bahamas. Geobios, 50: 431 - 440. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. geobios. 2017.09.001" type="journal article" year="2017">Mead and Steadman, 2017</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B0FFFB9321A84A5FE729C44FE1B" author="Syromyatnikova, E. & Aranda, E. & Gonzalez, S. F." box="[981,1312,424,450]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" pagination="395 - 407" refId="ref23379" refString="Syromyatnikova, E., Aranda, E., and Gonzalez, S. F. 2021. First insight into the diversity of snakes in the Pleistocene of Cuba. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica, 66: 395 - 407. https: // doi. org / 10.4202 / app. 00766.2020" type="journal article" year="2021">Syromyatnikova et al., 2021</bibRefCitation>
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)
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BA536FEFFB9321A8438FE139A94FCBB" blockId="17.[840,1441,168,866]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
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<emphasis id="B96EEAECFFB9321A8438FE139AA4FE3B" bold="true" box="[840,960,457,482]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Remarks.</emphasis>
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The vertebrae of many extant dipsadid snakes have not yet been described and is outside the scope of this study, making it difficult to confirm the above characters across the entire group. We have, however, assembled the common characters expressed across several publications (
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<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B0FFFB9321A824AFDB39AE3FD7B" author="Holman, J. A." pageId="17" pageNumber="18" refId="ref19958" refString="Holman, J. A. 2000. Fossil snakes of North America: Origin, evolution, distribution, paleoecology. Indiana University Press, Bloomington." type="book" year="2000">Holman, 2000</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B0FFFB9321A84E7FD539D85FD7B" author="Parmley, D. & Hunter, K. B." box="[919,1249,649,674]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" pagination="526 - 543" refId="ref22088" refString="Parmley, D. and Hunter, K. B. 2010. Fossil Snakes of the Clarendonian (Late Miocene) Pratt Slide Local Fauna of Nebraska, with the description of a new natricine colubrid. Journal of Herpetology, 44: 526 - 543. https: // doi. org / 10.1670 / 09 - 248.1" type="journal article" year="2010">Parmley and Hunter, 2010</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B0FFFB9321A8381FD539AE1FD1B" author="Holman, J. A. & Fay, L. P. & Korth, W. W." pageId="17" pageNumber="18" pagination="91 - 99" refId="ref20079" refString="Holman, J. A., Fay, L. P., and Korth, W. W. 2011. Herpetofauna of Late Miocene Sappa Creek Fauna, Northwestern Kansas. Paludicola, 8: 91 - 99." type="journal article" year="2011">Holman et al., 2011</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B0FFFB9321A84EAFD739D9DFD1B" author="Mead, J. I. & Steadman, D. W." box="[922,1273,680,706]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" pagination="431 - 440" refId="ref21630" refString="Mead, J. I. and Steadman, D. W. 2017. Late Pleistocene snakes (Squamata: Serpentes) from Abaco, The Bahamas. Geobios, 50: 431 - 440. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. geobios. 2017.09.001" type="journal article" year="2017">Mead and Steadman, 2017</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B0FFFB9321A827EFD739AE3FD3B" author="Jurestovsky, D. J." pageId="17" pageNumber="18" pagination="422 - 431" refId="ref20855" refString="Jurestovsky, D. J. 2021. Small Colubroids from the Late Hemphillian Gray Fossil Site of Northeastern Tennessee. Journal of Herpetology, 55: 422 - 431. https: // doi. org / 10.1670 / 21 - 008" type="journal article" year="2021">Jurestovsky, 2021</bibRefCitation>
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<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B0FFFB9321A84E4FD129D80FD3B" author="Syromyatnikova, E. & Aranda, E. & Gonzalez, S. F." box="[916,1252,712,738]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" pagination="395 - 407" refId="ref23379" refString="Syromyatnikova, E., Aranda, E., and Gonzalez, S. F. 2021. First insight into the diversity of snakes in the Pleistocene of Cuba. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica, 66: 395 - 407. https: // doi. org / 10.4202 / app. 00766.2020" type="journal article" year="2021">Syromyatnikova et al., 2021</bibRefCitation>
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) – and our personal observations of some North American and West Indian taxa – as a way to delimit dipsadids from colubrids and natricids through a combination of characters.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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</treatment>
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</document> |