181 lines
19 KiB
XML
181 lines
19 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="E256739EAC08D61303C7051D5DAF4AB7">Mammals Of The Rio Juruá And The Evolutionary And Ecological Diversification Of Amazonia</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="5C219C4D9FCBB0EA19ECDB044D30661F">PATTON, JAMES L.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="6E86CB996A14EC3B354E7398E595F08F">DA SILVA, MARIA NAZARETH F.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="9DF135A5FF87276953C6EF6A8ECB7DBE">MALCOLM, JAY R.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="D69E9DB0727A44B02982BE17613E0045">Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="5FE53F4613D0BA4E085022E2C8E14D44">2000</mods:date>
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<subSubSection id="C32DE3EA4BE9D8FDFCD43632B308FA7C" pageId="189" pageNumber="190" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8B88B0614BE9D8FDFCD43632B335FA4C" blockId="189.[867,1147,1388,1411]" box="[867,1147,1388,1411]" pageId="189" pageNumber="190">
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<heading id="D0C0070D4BE9D8FDFCD43632B335FA4C" box="[867,1147,1388,1411]" centered="true" fontSize="9" level="2" pageId="189" pageNumber="190" reason="2">
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<taxonomicName id="4C37CBE24BE9D8FDFCD43632B335FA4C" ID-CoL="62YWB" authority="Wagner, 1845" authorityName="Wagner" authorityYear="1845" box="[867,1147,1388,1411]" class="Mammalia" family="Echimyidae" genus="Mesomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="189" pageNumber="190" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B9436C734BE9D8FDFCD43632B481FA4C" box="[867,975,1388,1411]" italics="true" pageId="189" pageNumber="190">Mesomys</emphasis>
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Wagner, 1845
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B88B0614BE9D8FDFC2F36C2B308FA7C" blockId="189.[920,1094,1436,1459]" box="[920,1094,1436,1459]" pageId="189" pageNumber="190">
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<heading id="D0C0070D4BE9D8FDFC2F36C2B308FA7C" box="[920,1094,1436,1459]" centered="true" fontSize="9" level="2" pageId="189" pageNumber="190" reason="2">Spiny tree rats</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C32DE3EA4BE9D8FEFCB33692B442F9D2" lastPageId="190" lastPageNumber="191" pageId="189" pageNumber="190" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8B88B0614BE9D8FDFCB33692B3B9F902" blockId="189.[743,1272,1484,1741]" pageId="189" pageNumber="190">
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Spiny tree rats of the genus
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<taxonomicName id="4C37CBE24BE9D8FDFBEA3692B387FA2C" authorityName="Wagner" authorityYear="1845" box="[1117,1225,1484,1507]" class="Mammalia" family="Echimyidae" genus="Mesomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="189" pageNumber="190" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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||
<emphasis id="B9436C734BE9D8FDFBEA3692B387FA2C" box="[1117,1225,1484,1507]" italics="true" pageId="189" pageNumber="190">Mesomys</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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are common components of the arboreal fauna of Amazonia, yet are only rarely collected unless effort is made to place traps in vine tangles or trees, or to hunt at night. Individuals will, on occasion, come to the ground and be taken in terrestrial traps baited with standard foods (mixtures of seeds, raisins peanut butter, etc.), and they are often com
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B88B0614BEAD8FEFF1430A8B7BEF997" blockId="190.[163,692,1014,1741]" pageId="190" pageNumber="191">
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mon in tree falls or disturbed areas, as around villages where they can be found on rafters in houses. This is a relatively smallbodied animal, with the short and broad feet, large plantar pads, and sharply decurved claws indicative of arboreal habits. Among the echimyid climbing rats,
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<taxonomicName id="4C37CBE24BEAD8FEFE2D37F9B548FB71" authorityName="Wagner" authorityYear="1845" box="[410,518,1191,1214]" class="Mammalia" family="Echimyidae" genus="Mesomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="190" pageNumber="191" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B9436C734BEAD8FEFE2D37F9B548FB71" box="[410,518,1191,1214]" italics="true" pageId="190" pageNumber="191">Mesomys</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(and its close relative
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<taxonomicName id="4C37CBE24BEAD8FEFEB5379AB6DEFB14" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1920" box="[258,400,1220,1243]" class="Mammalia" family="Echimyidae" genus="Lonchothrix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="190" pageNumber="191" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B9436C734BEAD8FEFEB5379AB6DEFB14" box="[258,400,1220,1243]" italics="true" pageId="190" pageNumber="191">Lonchothrix</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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; see
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<collectingRegion id="49F37E834BEAD8FEFE79379AB54DFB14" box="[462,515,1220,1243]" country="Venezuela" name="Lara" pageId="190" pageNumber="191">Lara</collectingRegion>
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et al., 1996) is unique in its combination of dorsal pelage comprised of broad and stiff spines, a sparsely haired tail that terminates in a distinct brush, or pencil, and small, rounded cheekteeth with flexi wearing to isolated oval fosettae or pits rather than tending to form transverse lamellae.
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<taxonomicName id="4C37CBE24BEAD8FEFED436CFB681FA67" authorityName="Wagner" authorityYear="1845" box="[355,463,1425,1448]" class="Mammalia" family="Echimyidae" genus="Mesomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="190" pageNumber="191" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B9436C734BEAD8FEFED436CFB681FA67" box="[355,463,1425,1448]" italics="true" pageId="190" pageNumber="191">Mesomys</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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shares these tooth characters with the terrestrial spiny rats (
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<taxonomicName id="4C37CBE24BEAD8FEFF1B3692B67BFA2C" authorityName="Allen" authorityYear="1899" box="[172,309,1484,1507]" class="Mammalia" family="Echimyidae" genus="Proechimys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="190" pageNumber="191" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B9436C734BEAD8FEFF1B3692B67BFA2C" box="[172,309,1484,1507]" italics="true" pageId="190" pageNumber="191">Proechimys</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="4C37CBE24BEAD8FEFEFF3692B6F0FA2C" authorityName="J. A. Allen" authorityYear="1908" box="[328,446,1484,1507]" class="Mammalia" family="Echimyidae" genus="Hoplomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="190" pageNumber="191" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B9436C734BEAD8FEFEFF3692B6F0FA2C" box="[328,446,1484,1507]" italics="true" pageId="190" pageNumber="191">Hoplomys</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, and
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<taxonomicName id="4C37CBE24BEAD8FEFDB13692B53AFA2C" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1921" box="[518,628,1484,1507]" class="Mammalia" family="Echimyidae" genus="Trinomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="190" pageNumber="191" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B9436C734BEAD8FEFDB13692B53AFA2C" box="[518,628,1484,1507]" italics="true" pageId="190" pageNumber="191">Trinomys</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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) and its subfamilial placement has been uncertain as a result (see Patton and Reig, 1989, for discussion, and fig. 119C and D for comparisons).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B88B0614BEAD8FEFF773501B42BFD62" blockId="190.[163,692,1014,1741]" lastBlockId="190.[739,1268,193,1565]" pageId="190" pageNumber="191">
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<taxonomicName id="4C37CBE24BEAD8FEFF773501B662F9B9" authorityName="Wagner" authorityYear="1845" box="[192,300,1631,1654]" class="Mammalia" family="Echimyidae" genus="Mesomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="190" pageNumber="191" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B9436C734BEAD8FEFF773501B662F9B9" box="[192,300,1631,1654]" italics="true" pageId="190" pageNumber="191">Mesomys</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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occurs throughout Amazonia, from the eastern flank of the Andes in
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<collectingCountry id="F320F0F14BEAD8FEFD303522B7BAF97F" name="Colombia" pageId="190" pageNumber="191">Colombia</collectingCountry>
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south to
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<collectingCountry id="F320F0F14BEAD8FEFEDF35C7B6F0F97F" box="[360,446,1689,1712]" name="Bolivia" pageId="190" pageNumber="191">Bolivia</collectingCountry>
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and eastward to the Guianas and the mouth of the Rio Amazonas in eastern
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<collectingCountry id="F320F0F14BEAD8FEFCD2339FB4E2FF17" box="[869,940,193,216]" name="Brazil" pageId="190" pageNumber="191">Brazil</collectingCountry>
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(Emmons, 1994; Emmons and Feer, 1997). Woods (1993) lists five species, two of which (
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<taxonomicName id="4C37CBE24BEAD8FEFC6E33A2B3BAFEDC" authority="Desmarest" authorityName="Desmarest" box="[985,1268,252,275]" class="Mammalia" family="Echimyidae" genus="Makalata" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="190" pageNumber="191" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="didelphoides">
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<emphasis id="B9436C734BEAD8FEFC6E33A2B320FEDC" box="[985,1134,252,275]" italics="true" pageId="190" pageNumber="191">didelphoides</emphasis>
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Desmarest
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</taxonomicName>
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and
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<emphasis id="B9436C734BEAD8FEFCAF3247B4CFFEFF" box="[792,897,281,304]" italics="true" pageId="190" pageNumber="191">obscurus</emphasis>
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Wagner) have now been allocated to the genus
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<taxonomicName id="4C37CBE24BEAD8FEFC5B3269B464FEA4" authority="(Emmons 1993)" baseAuthorityName="Emmons" baseAuthorityYear="1993" class="Mammalia" family="Echimyidae" genus="Makalata" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="190" pageNumber="191" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B9436C734BEAD8FEFC5B3269B32DFE81" box="[1004,1123,311,334]" italics="true" pageId="190" pageNumber="191">Makalata</emphasis>
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(Emmons 1993)
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</taxonomicName>
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. Of the other three,
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<taxonomicName id="4C37CBE24BEAD8FEFBA2320AB3D3FEA4" baseAuthorityName="Desmarest" baseAuthorityYear="1817" box="[1045,1181,340,363]" class="Mammalia" family="Echimyidae" genus="Mesomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="190" pageNumber="191" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hispidus">
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<emphasis id="B9436C734BEAD8FEFBA2320AB363FEA4" box="[1045,1069,340,363]" italics="true" pageId="190" pageNumber="191">M</emphasis>
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||
.
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<emphasis id="B9436C734BEAD8FEFB8B320AB3D3FEA4" box="[1084,1181,340,363]" italics="true" pageId="190" pageNumber="191">hispidus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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is considered to be widespread throughout Amazonia,
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<taxonomicName id="4C37CBE24BEAD8FEFC8132D1B48FFE69" box="[822,961,398,422]" class="Mammalia" family="Echimyidae" genus="Makalata" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="190" pageNumber="191" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="leniceps">
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||
<emphasis id="B9436C734BEAD8FEFC8132D1B400FE69" box="[822,846,399,422]" italics="true" pageId="190" pageNumber="191">M</emphasis>
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||
.
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<emphasis id="B9436C734BEAD8FEFCD532D1B48FFE69" box="[866,961,399,422]" italics="true" pageId="190" pageNumber="191">leniceps</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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is known only from the Andean foothills in northern Peru´, and
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<taxonomicName id="4C37CBE24BEAD8FEFB6432F2B408FE2F" class="Mammalia" family="Echimyidae" genus="Makalata" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="190" pageNumber="191" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="stimulax">
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||
<emphasis id="B9436C734BEAD8FEFB6432F2B3A5FE0C" box="[1235,1259,428,451]" italics="true" pageId="190" pageNumber="191">M</emphasis>
|
||
.
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<emphasis id="B9436C734BEAD8FEFD543297B408FE2F" box="[739,838,457,480]" italics="true" pageId="190" pageNumber="191">stimulax</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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ranges in eastern
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<collectingCountry id="F320F0F14BEAD8FEFBAD3297B32FFE2F" box="[1050,1121,457,480]" name="Brazil" pageId="190" pageNumber="191">Brazil</collectingCountry>
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south of the Rio Amazonas (Emmons and Feer, 1997) Although the genus is in clear need of revisionary attention, the molecular data we have accumulated offer substantial help in apportioning the demonstrable geographic variation of this taxon into reasonable phylogenetic units.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B88B0614BEAD8FEFCB731EAB318FAFC" blockId="190.[739,1268,193,1565]" pageId="190" pageNumber="191">
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Da Silva and Patton (1993) and Patton et al. (1994) provided an initial review of the degree of differentiation in the genus based on variation in the mitochondrial cytochromeb gene. These papers documented welldefined regional geographic clades that shared deep divergences, suggestive of separate species status. In particular, they documented sympatry between spiny tree rats at two localities where cytochromeb sequences differed by more than 13%, more so than the divergence between eastern Amazonian
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<taxonomicName id="4C37CBE24BEAD8FEFB6430A9B408FBE4" class="Mammalia" family="Echimyidae" genus="Makalata" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="190" pageNumber="191" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="stimulax">
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<emphasis id="B9436C734BEAD8FEFB6430A9B3A5FBC1" box="[1235,1259,1015,1038]" italics="true" pageId="190" pageNumber="191">M</emphasis>
|
||
.
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<emphasis id="B9436C734BEAD8FEFD54374AB408FBE4" box="[739,838,1044,1067]" italics="true" pageId="190" pageNumber="191">stimulax</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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and any other sample from central
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<collectingCountry id="F320F0F14BEAD8FEFD54376FB464FB87" box="[739,810,1073,1096]" name="Brazil" pageId="190" pageNumber="191">Brazil</collectingCountry>
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to
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<collectingCountry id="F320F0F14BEAD8FEFCEB376FB4DFFB87" box="[860,913,1073,1096]" name="Peru" pageId="190" pageNumber="191">Perú</collectingCountry>
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and
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<collectingCountry id="F320F0F14BEAD8FEFC61376FB361FB87" box="[982,1071,1073,1096]" name="Bolivia" pageId="190" pageNumber="191">Bolivia</collectingCountry>
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. We expand on these accounts, and assign the broadly distributed haplotype clade we define below to the species
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<taxonomicName id="4C37CBE24BEAD8FEFCC537D7B4B1FB6F" baseAuthorityName="Desmarest" baseAuthorityYear="1817" box="[882,1023,1161,1184]" class="Mammalia" family="Echimyidae" genus="Mesomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="190" pageNumber="191" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hispidus">
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<emphasis id="B9436C734BEAD8FEFCC537D7B4C4FB6F" box="[882,906,1161,1184]" italics="true" pageId="190" pageNumber="191">M</emphasis>
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.
|
||
<emphasis id="B9436C734BEAD8FEFC2937D7B4B1FB6F" box="[926,1023,1161,1184]" italics="true" pageId="190" pageNumber="191">hispidus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. As a consequence we argue that the highly divergent and sympatric, but very localized clade is an unknown species, and we describe it here as a new species. Our rationale for these actions is given in the accounts below.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B88B0614BEAD8FEFCB73667B442F9D2" blockId="190.[739,1268,193,1565]" pageId="190" pageNumber="191">
|
||
First, however, we describe the regional patterns of molecular divergence, based on all available geographic samples of spiny tree rats. We then describe the new taxon after which we examine patterns of differentiation within the dominant Amazonian taxon,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C37CBE24BEAD8FEFC8236B7B4F1F9CF" baseAuthorityName="Desmarest" baseAuthorityYear="1817" box="[821,959,1513,1536]" class="Mammalia" family="Echimyidae" genus="Mesomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="190" pageNumber="191" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hispidus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9436C734BEAD8FEFC8236B7B403F9CF" box="[821,845,1513,1536]" italics="true" pageId="190" pageNumber="191">M</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B9436C734BEAD8FEFCE936B7B4F1F9CF" box="[862,959,1513,1536]" italics="true" pageId="190" pageNumber="191">hispidus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, within the Rio Juruá basin.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |