treatments-xml/data/03/98/87/039887AAFFBD8C1D4D9441AE30DBFEF7.xml

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<mods:title id="52A8DA571C438C5F17BAD3BD37279AE2">Three new species of shell-boring Dipolydora (Annelida: Spionidae: Polydorini) from the South China Sea and the Gulf of Thailand, Vietnam, with comments on the modified spines in posterior notopodia and sperm morphology in polydorins</mods:title>
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<taxonomicName id="4C314D3FFFBD8C124D9441AE3298FF07" ID-CoL="9FYBX" authority="Radashevsky, 2022" authorityName="Radashevsky" authorityYear="2022" box="[151,385,151,178]" class="Polychaeta" family="Spionidae" genus="Dipolydora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spionida" pageId="5" pageNumber="106" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="spinosa" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B945EAAEFFBD8C124D9441AE3298FF07" bold="true" box="[151,385,151,178]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="106">Dipolydora spinosa</emphasis>
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http://zoobank.org:act: 
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(
<figureCitation id="130A2A39FFBD8C124D9C41E6320AFF4F" box="[159,275,223,249]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 4" captionStart-1="FIGURE 5" captionStart-2="FIGURE 6" captionStart-3="FIGURE 7" captionStart-4="FIGURE 8" captionStart-5="FIGURE 9" captionStart-6="FIGURE 10" captionStartId-0="5.[151,250,1902,1926]" captionStartId-1="6.[151,250,595,619]" captionStartId-2="6.[151,250,1225,1249]" captionStartId-3="7.[151,250,1068,1092]" captionStartId-4="8.[151,250,1724,1748]" captionStartId-5="9.[151,250,1302,1326]" captionStartId-6="10.[151,250,1685,1709]" captionTargetBox-0="[155,1432,1570,1878]" captionTargetBox-1="[154,1433,182,570]" captionTargetBox-2="[151,1436,751,1201]" captionTargetBox-3="[161,1427,182,1043]" captionTargetBox-4="[151,1436,345,1701]" captionTargetBox-5="[157,1430,704,1278]" captionTargetBox-6="[161,1427,345,1662]" captionTargetId-0="figure-615@5.[155,1432,1569,1879]" captionTargetId-1="figure-27@6.[154,1433,181,571]" captionTargetId-2="figure-96@6.[151,1436,751,1201]" captionTargetId-3="figure-15@7.[161,1427,181,1044]" captionTargetId-4="figure-98@8.[151,1436,345,1701]" captionTargetId-5="figure-292@9.[157,1430,704,1278]" captionTargetId-6="figure-93@10.[161,1427,345,1662]" captionTargetPageId-0="5" captionTargetPageId-1="6" captionTargetPageId-2="6" captionTargetPageId-3="7" captionTargetPageId-4="8" captionTargetPageId-5="9" captionTargetPageId-6="10" captionText-0="FIGURE 4. Morphology of Dipolydora spinosa sp. nov. (formalin-fixed 41-chaetiger paratype MIMB 42719 stained with methylene green). A, anterior end, dorsal view. B, chaetigers 10–20, dorsal view, showing remains of larval pigmentation and pattern of MG staining. Abbreviations: ch10, ch20 = chaetigers 10 and 20; dl = dorso-lateral melanophores; do = dorsal paired melanophores; la = lateral melanophores; me = median vesiculate melanophores. Scale bars: A, B = 50 µm." captionText-1="FIGURE 5. Morphology of Dipolydora spinosa sp. nov. (in life). A, B, anterior end, dorsal view. C, middle chaetigers, dorsal view, showing gizzard-like structure. D, gizzard-like structure, dorsal view, showing grain-like structures in the wall. Abbreviation: ch5 = chaetiger 5; gi = gizzard-lile structure. Scale bars: A–C = 200 µm; D = 50 µm. A, C, D—41-chaetiger individual; B—70-chaetiger individual. A–D—MIMB 42719." captionText-2="FIGURE 6. Dipolydora spinosa sp. nov. morphometric relationships. A, caruncle length and anterior position of gizzard-like structure versus total number of chaetigers. B, last branchiate chaetiger and anterior position of notopodial awl-like spines versus total number of chaetigers. Correlation coefficients (r) and their significance are reported in Table 1." captionText-3="FIGURE 7. Morphology of Dipolydora spinosa sp. nov. A–D, anterior ends: A, left lateral view; B, D, ventral view; C, dorsal view. E–G, posterior ends: E, left lateral view; F, dorsal view; G, dorso-lateral view. H, notopodia of posterior chaetigers with capillary chaetae and awl-like spines. Abbreviation: an = occipital antenna, ch5 = chaetiger 5. Scale bars: A–D = 300 µm; E–G = 200 µm; H = 50 µm. A–F—holotype MIMB 42721, in life; G, H—paratype MIMB 42720, in life." captionText-4="FIGURE 8. Morphology of Dipolydora spinosa sp. nov. A–F, chaetiger 5 chaetae: A, C, bilimbate companion chaetae; B, D, falcate spines in lateral view; E, ventral capillary chaeta; F, dorsal superior geniculate capillary chaeta. G, H, neurochaetae from chaetiger 7: G, inferior winged capillary chaeta; H, bidentate hooded hook. I, J, neurochaetae from a posterior most chaetiger: I, inferior hair-like capillary chaeta; J, bidentate hooded hook. K, L, notochaetae from a posterior most chaetiger: K, three awl-like spines with basal part blunt; L, capillary chaeta. M, octad of spermatids (one below is not visible). Scale bars: A–J, K, L = 20 µm; M = 5 µm. A–J—MIMB 42714; K–M—MIMB 42715." captionText-5="FIGURE 9. Morphology and reproduction of Dipolydora spinosa sp. nov. (in life). A, complete female, left lateral view, palps missing. B, anterior end, dorsal view, palps missing. C, a part of a brood laid by female inside its burrow in the shell, showing egg capsules joined in a string and containing trochophores. D, trochophores and abortive eggs from the capsules shown on C. Abbreviations: ab = abortive eggs; mo = mouth. Scale bars: A = 500 µm; B, C = 300 µm; D = 30 µm. A, B—paratype MIMB 42720; C, D—egg capsules deposited by holotype MIMB 42721." captionText-6="FIGURE 10. Morphology of Dipolydora spinosa sp. nov. (formalin-fixed paratypes stained with methylene green). A, middle part of body from chaetiger 14 onwards, dorsal view, showing beginning of dorsal staining from chaetiger 15. B, middle chaetigers, dorsal view. C, anterior end, ventral view, showing stained transverse bands on chaetigers 7–13. D, anterior end, dorsal view (head in frontal view), showing MG staining of foregut. E, middle female chaetigers, dorsal view, showing dorsal terminal parts of nephridia. Abbreviations: ch5, ch15 = chaetigers 5, 15; ne = nephridium. Scale bars: A–E = 100 µm. A, C, E—MIMB 42714; B, D—MIMB 42719." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6809891" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6809893" figureDoi-2="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6809895" figureDoi-3="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6809897" figureDoi-4="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6809901" figureDoi-5="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6809903" figureDoi-6="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6809905" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/6809891/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/6809893/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/6809895/files/figure.png" httpUri-3="https://zenodo.org/record/6809897/files/figure.png" httpUri-4="https://zenodo.org/record/6809901/files/figure.png" httpUri-5="https://zenodo.org/record/6809903/files/figure.png" httpUri-6="https://zenodo.org/record/6809905/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="106">Figs 4−10</figureCitation>
)
</paragraph>
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<emphasis id="B945EAAEFFBD8C124D94401E325DFEF7" bold="true" box="[151,324,295,321]" pageId="5" pageNumber="106">Type material.</emphasis>
South-China Sea, 
<collectingCountry id="F326762CFFBD8C124F17401E316FFEF7" box="[532,630,295,321]" name="Vietnam" pageId="5" pageNumber="106">Vietnam</collectingCountry>
, Gulf of 
<collectingCountry id="F326762CFFBD8C124FD4401E3024FEF7" box="[727,829,295,321]" name="Thailand" pageId="5" pageNumber="106">Thailand</collectingCountry>
, Phu Quoc Is., 
<quantity id="4CC99B59FFBD8C124EE6401E373FFEF4" box="[997,1062,295,322]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="5" pageNumber="106" unit="m" value="0.5">0.5 m</quantity>
, in shell of saddle oyster 
<taxonomicName id="4C314D3FFFBD8C12483C401E3286FED3" authority="(Philipsson)" baseAuthorityName="Philipsson" baseAuthorityYear="1788" class="Bivalvia" family="Placunidae" genus="Placuna" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pectinida" pageId="5" pageNumber="106" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="ephippium">
<emphasis id="B945EAAEFFBD8C12483C401E3214FED3" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="106">Placuna ephippium</emphasis>
(Philipsson)
</taxonomicName>
, 
<date id="FF8F107CFFBD8C124CA840723134FED3" box="[427,557,331,357]" pageId="5" pageNumber="106" value="1986-02-03">3 Feb 1986</date>
, 
<collectionCode id="ED20AE79FFBD8C124F3B4075319FFED0" box="[568,646,332,358]" country="Russia" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/063z-3mpp" name="Museum of the Institute of Marine Biology" pageId="5" pageNumber="106">MIMB</collectionCode>
42712 (
<typeStatus id="548A881EFFBD8C124FE040723053FED3" box="[739,842,331,357]" pageId="5" pageNumber="106" type="paratype">paratype</typeStatus>
). Côn Dao Is., 
<quantity id="4CC99B59FFBD8C124EF140723739FED0" box="[1010,1056,331,358]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="5" pageNumber="106" unit="m" value="5.0">5 m</quantity>
, in shell of the oyster 
<taxonomicName id="4C314D3FFFBD8C1248194072327CFE3F" authority="(Linnaeus)" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" class="Bivalvia" family="Ostreidae" genus="Lopha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ostreida" pageId="5" pageNumber="106" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="cristagalli">
<emphasis id="B945EAAEFFBD8C124819407233F9FE3F" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="106">Lopha cristagalli</emphasis>
(Linnaeus)
</taxonomicName>
, 
<date id="FF8F107CFFBD8C124C724056311AFE3F" box="[369,515,367,393]" pageId="5" pageNumber="106" value="1986-02-19">19 Feb 1986</date>
, 
<collectionCode id="ED20AE79FFBD8C124F1340493147FE3C" box="[528,606,368,394]" country="Russia" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/063z-3mpp" name="Museum of the Institute of Marine Biology" pageId="5" pageNumber="106">MIMB</collectionCode>
42713 (
<typeStatus id="548A881EFFBD8C124FBF4056303AFE3F" box="[700,803,367,393]" pageId="5" pageNumber="106" type="paratype">paratype</typeStatus>
). Nha 
<collectingRegion id="49F5F85EFFBD8C124E6D404930A9FE3C" box="[878,944,368,394]" country="Thailand" name="Trang" pageId="5" pageNumber="106">Trang</collectingRegion>
Bay: Dung Is., 
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, in shells of barnacle, 
<taxonomicName id="4C314D3FFFBD8C124D9440AA3208FE18" box="[151,273,403,430]" class="Bivalvia" family="Chamidae" genus="Chama" kingdom="Animalia" order="Venerida" pageId="5" pageNumber="106" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="B945EAAEFFBD8C124D9440AA33F1FE1B" box="[151,232,403,429]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="106">Chama</emphasis>
sp.
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C314D3FFFBD8C124C4840AA31BCFE18" authority="Forsskal" authorityName="Forsskal" box="[331,677,403,430]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Milleporidae" genus="Millepora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="5" pageNumber="106" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="dichotoma">
<emphasis id="B945EAAEFFBD8C124C4840AA3123FE1B" box="[331,570,403,429]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="106">Millepora dichotoma</emphasis>
Forsskål
</taxonomicName>
, 
<date id="FF8F107CFFBD8C124FB240AA302AFE1B" box="[689,819,403,430]" pageId="5" pageNumber="106" value="2006-06-02">2 Jun 2006</date>
, 
<collectionCode id="ED20AE79FFBD8C124E4340AD3097FE18" box="[832,910,404,430]" country="Russia" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/063z-3mpp" name="Museum of the Institute of Marine Biology" pageId="5" pageNumber="106">MIMB</collectionCode>
42714 (
<specimenCount id="9D37FD35FFBD8C124EED40AA376FFE1B" box="[1006,1142,403,429]" pageId="5" pageNumber="106" type="generic" typeStatus="paratypes">8 paratypes</specimenCount>
); Mun Is., 
<quantity id="4CC99B59FFBD8C1249F040AA3629FE18" box="[1267,1328,403,430]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="5" pageNumber="106" unit="m" value="10.0">10 m</quantity>
, in hump coral 
<taxonomicName id="4C314D3FFFBD8C124DD440813188FE67" authority="Milne Edwards &amp; Haime" authorityName="Milne Edwards &amp; Haime" box="[215,657,439,465]" class="Anthozoa" family="Poritidae" genus="Porites" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scleractinia" pageId="5" pageNumber="106" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="lutea">
<emphasis id="B945EAAEFFBD8C124DD440813271FE67" box="[215,360,439,465]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="106">Porites lutea</emphasis>
Milne Edwards &amp; Haime
</taxonomicName>
, 
<date id="FF8F107CFFBD8C124F9F40813005FE67" box="[668,796,439,466]" pageId="5" pageNumber="106" value="2006-06-07">7 Jun 2006</date>
, 42715 (
<typeStatus id="548A881EFFBD8C124E7D408E30FCFE67" box="[894,997,439,465]" pageId="5" pageNumber="106" type="paratype">paratype</typeStatus>
); Dung Is., 
<quantity id="4CC99B59FFBD8C12496A408E37BCFE64" box="[1129,1189,439,466]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="5" pageNumber="106" unit="m" value="10.0">10 m</quantity>
, in empty shell of the oyster 
<taxonomicName id="4C314D3FFFBD8C124DE040E232BDFE43" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[227,420,475,501]" class="Bivalvia" family="Ostreidae" genus="Lopha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ostreida" pageId="5" pageNumber="106" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="cristagalli">
<emphasis id="B945EAAEFFBD8C124DE040E232BDFE43" box="[227,420,475,501]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="106">Lopha cristagalli</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<date id="FF8F107CFFBD8C124CB140E23127FE43" box="[434,574,475,502]" pageId="5" pageNumber="106" value="2006-06-10">10 Jun 2006</date>
, 42716 (
<typeStatus id="548A881EFFBD8C124F9D40E2301CFE43" box="[670,773,475,501]" pageId="5" pageNumber="106" type="paratype">paratype</typeStatus>
); Dung Is., 
<quantity id="4CC99B59FFBD8C124E8540E230D8FE40" box="[902,961,475,502]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="5" pageNumber="106" unit="m" value="10.0">10 m</quantity>
, in hump coral 
<taxonomicName id="4C314D3FFFBD8C12496C40E537E6FE43" box="[1135,1279,475,501]" class="Anthozoa" family="Poritidae" genus="Porites" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scleractinia" pageId="5" pageNumber="106" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="lutea">
<emphasis id="B945EAAEFFBD8C12496C40E537E6FE43" box="[1135,1279,475,501]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="106">Porites lutea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<date id="FF8F107CFFBD8C12480F40E23681FE43" box="[1292,1432,475,502]" pageId="5" pageNumber="106" value="2006-06-20">20 Jun 2006</date>
, 42717 (
<specimenCount id="9D37FD35FFBD8C124DEE40C6329BFDAF" box="[237,386,511,537]" pageId="5" pageNumber="106" type="generic" typeStatus="paratypes">18 paratypes</specimenCount>
); Mun Is., 
<quantity id="4CC99B59FFBD8C124CFA40C6312DFDAC" box="[505,564,511,538]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="5" pageNumber="106" unit="m" value="10.0">10 m</quantity>
, in hump coral 
<taxonomicName id="4C314D3FFFBD8C124FE04339306AFDAF" box="[739,883,511,537]" class="Anthozoa" family="Poritidae" genus="Porites" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scleractinia" pageId="5" pageNumber="106" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="lutea">
<emphasis id="B945EAAEFFBD8C124FE04339306AFDAF" box="[739,883,511,537]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="106">Porites lutea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<date id="FF8F107CFFBD8C124E8240C63714FDAF" box="[897,1037,511,538]" pageId="5" pageNumber="106" value="2006-06-30">30 Jun 2006</date>
, 42718 (
<specimenCount id="9D37FD35FFBD8C12496E40C6361BFDAF" box="[1133,1282,511,537]" pageId="5" pageNumber="106" type="generic" typeStatus="paratypes">21 paratypes</specimenCount>
); Tre Is., 
<quantity id="4CC99B59FFBD8C12486940C6368EFDAC" box="[1386,1431,511,538]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="5" pageNumber="106" unit="m" value="5.0">5 m</quantity>
, in shell of saddle oyster 
<taxonomicName id="4C314D3FFFBD8C124CA6431A3167FD8B" baseAuthorityName="Philipsson" baseAuthorityYear="1788" box="[421,638,547,573]" class="Bivalvia" family="Placunidae" genus="Placuna" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pectinida" pageId="5" pageNumber="106" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="ephippium">
<emphasis id="B945EAAEFFBD8C124CA6431A3167FD8B" box="[421,638,547,573]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="106">Placuna ephippium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<date id="FF8F107CFFBD8C124F8F431A3000FD8B" box="[652,793,547,573]" pageId="5" pageNumber="106" value="2021-04-26">26 Apr 2021</date>
, 42719 (
<specimenCount id="9D37FD35FFBD8C124E7B431A30E7FD8B" box="[888,1022,547,573]" pageId="5" pageNumber="106" type="generic" typeStatus="paratypes">2 paratypes</specimenCount>
); Tre Is., 
<quantity id="4CC99B59FFBD8C124967431A3789FD88" box="[1124,1168,547,574]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="5" pageNumber="106" unit="m" value="3.0">3 m</quantity>
, in dead coral encrusted by coralline alga, 
<date id="FF8F107CFFBD8C124C6B437E32E5FDD7" box="[360,508,583,609]" pageId="5" pageNumber="106" value="2021-04-30">30 Apr 2021</date>
, 42720 (
<specimenCount id="9D37FD35FFBD8C124F61437E31F3FDD7" box="[610,746,583,609]" pageId="5" pageNumber="106" type="generic" typeStatus="paratypes">2 paratypes</specimenCount>
), 
<materialsCitation id="3B593CE1FFBD8C124E03437E30D3FDD7" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3861422307" box="[768,970,583,609]" pageId="5" pageNumber="106" specimenCode="42721" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="holotype">
<specimenCode id="DB979EC7FFBD8C124E03437E305FFDD7" box="[768,838,583,609]" pageId="5" pageNumber="106">42721</specimenCode>
(
<emphasis id="B945EAAEFFBD8C124E5A437E30D9FDD7" bold="true" box="[857,960,583,609]" pageId="5" pageNumber="106">
<typeStatus id="548A881EFFBD8C124E5A437E30D9FDD7" box="[857,960,583,609]" pageId="5" pageNumber="106" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
</emphasis>
)
</materialsCitation>
. Complete data on material examined is provided in Supplementary Table S2.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8E36BCFFBD8C124DC443B63230FC37" blockId="5.[151,1437,295,1546]" pageId="5" pageNumber="106">
<emphasis id="B945EAAEFFBD8C124DC443B632B0FD1F" bold="true" box="[199,425,655,681]" pageId="5" pageNumber="106">Adult morphology.</emphasis>
Adults up to 
<quantity id="4CC99B59FFBD8C124F3D43B63195FD1C" box="[574,652,655,682]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.5" pageId="5" pageNumber="106" unit="mm" value="35.0">35 mm</quantity>
long, 
<quantity id="4CC99B59FFBD8C124FD143B6300BFD1C" box="[722,786,655,682]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="5" pageNumber="106" unit="mm" value="1.0">1 mm</quantity>
wide for 140 chaetigers. 
<typeStatus id="548A881EFFBD8C12492F43B6378DFD1F" box="[1068,1172,655,681]" pageId="5" pageNumber="106" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
originally 
<quantity id="4CC99B59FFBD8C12480C43B63644FD1C" box="[1295,1373,655,682]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" pageId="5" pageNumber="106" unit="mm" value="25.0">25 mm</quantity>
long, 
<quantity id="4CC99B59FFBD8C124D94438A33F5FD78" box="[151,236,691,718]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.0" pageId="5" pageNumber="106" unit="mm" value="0.9">0.9 mm</quantity>
wide for 107 chaetigers; anterior and posterior parts fixed in formalin; 35 middle chaetigers fixed in ethanol for molecular analysis. Body light tan in life. Juveniles to about 70-chaetiger stage with remains of larval pigmentation on 15−22 anterior chaetigers, comprising paired dorsal and dorso-lateral melanophores, median dorsal vesiculate melanophores from chaetiger 3, lateral melanophores from chaetiger 2, and small paired ventral melanophores from chaetiger 3; black pigment between eyes, and one pair of melanophores in lateral lips of peristomium (
<figureCitation id="130A2A39FFBD8C124869427A33C5FC34" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1902,1926]" captionTargetBox="[155,1432,1570,1878]" captionTargetId="figure-615@5.[155,1432,1569,1879]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 4. Morphology of Dipolydora spinosa sp. nov. (formalin-fixed 41-chaetiger paratype MIMB 42719 stained with methylene green). A, anterior end, dorsal view. B, chaetigers 10–20, dorsal view, showing remains of larval pigmentation and pattern of MG staining. Abbreviations: ch10, ch20 = chaetigers 10 and 20; dl = dorso-lateral melanophores; do = dorsal paired melanophores; la = lateral melanophores; me = median vesiculate melanophores. Scale bars: A, B = 50 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6809891" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6809891/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="106">Figs 4A, B</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="130A2A39FFBD8C124DEB425E3205FC37" box="[232,284,871,897]" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="10.[151,250,1685,1709]" captionTargetBox="[161,1427,345,1662]" captionTargetId="figure-93@10.[161,1427,345,1662]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 10. Morphology of Dipolydora spinosa sp. nov. (formalin-fixed paratypes stained with methylene green). A, middle part of body from chaetiger 14 onwards, dorsal view, showing beginning of dorsal staining from chaetiger 15. B, middle chaetigers, dorsal view. C, anterior end, ventral view, showing stained transverse bands on chaetigers 7–13. D, anterior end, dorsal view (head in frontal view), showing MG staining of foregut. E, middle female chaetigers, dorsal view, showing dorsal terminal parts of nephridia. Abbreviations: ch5, ch15 = chaetigers 5, 15; ne = nephridium. Scale bars: A–E = 100 µm. A, C, E—MIMB 42714; B, D—MIMB 42719." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6809905" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6809905/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="106">10D</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8E36BCFFBD8C124DC442B23012FBEF" blockId="5.[151,1437,295,1546]" pageId="5" pageNumber="106">
Prostomium anteriorly bifurcated (
<figureCitation id="130A2A39FFBD8C124F5042B231AAFC13" box="[595,691,907,933]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1902,1926]" captionTargetBox="[155,1432,1570,1878]" captionTargetId="figure-615@5.[155,1432,1569,1879]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 4. Morphology of Dipolydora spinosa sp. nov. (formalin-fixed 41-chaetiger paratype MIMB 42719 stained with methylene green). A, anterior end, dorsal view. B, chaetigers 10–20, dorsal view, showing remains of larval pigmentation and pattern of MG staining. Abbreviations: ch10, ch20 = chaetigers 10 and 20; dl = dorso-lateral melanophores; do = dorsal paired melanophores; la = lateral melanophores; me = median vesiculate melanophores. Scale bars: A, B = 50 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6809891" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6809891/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="106">Figs 4A</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="130A2A39FFBD8C124FC242B23010FC13" box="[705,777,907,934]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="6.[151,250,595,619]" captionTargetBox="[154,1433,182,570]" captionTargetId="figure-27@6.[154,1433,181,571]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 5. Morphology of Dipolydora spinosa sp. nov. (in life). A, B, anterior end, dorsal view. C, middle chaetigers, dorsal view, showing gizzard-like structure. D, gizzard-like structure, dorsal view, showing grain-like structures in the wall. Abbreviation: ch5 = chaetiger 5; gi = gizzard-lile structure. Scale bars: A–C = 200 µm; D = 50 µm. A, C, D—41-chaetiger individual; B—70-chaetiger individual. A–D—MIMB 42719." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6809893" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6809893/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="106">5A, B</figureCitation>
), posteriorly extending to middle of chaetiger 5 as a low caruncle, shorter in small individuals (
<figureCitation id="130A2A39FFBD8C124F4742963185FC7F" box="[580,668,943,969]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1225,1249]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,751,1201]" captionTargetId="figure-96@6.[151,1436,751,1201]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 6. Dipolydora spinosa sp. nov. morphometric relationships. A, caruncle length and anterior position of gizzard-like structure versus total number of chaetigers. B, last branchiate chaetiger and anterior position of notopodial awl-like spines versus total number of chaetigers. Correlation coefficients (r) and their significance are reported in Table 1." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6809895" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6809895/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="106">Fig. 6A</figureCitation>
) (over 1/3 of chaetiger 
<quantity id="4CC99B59FFBD8C124EA1429630D4FC7F" box="[930,973,943,970]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.27" pageId="5" pageNumber="106" unit="in" value="5.0">5 in</quantity>
<typeStatus id="548A881EFFBD8C124ED042963723FC7F" box="[979,1082,943,969]" pageId="5" pageNumber="106" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
). Low occipital antenna present on caruncle at level of anterior part of chaetiger 1 (
<figureCitation id="130A2A39FFBD8C124FC842EA303CFC5B" box="[715,805,979,1005]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1068,1092]" captionTargetBox="[161,1427,182,1043]" captionTargetId="figure-15@7.[161,1427,181,1044]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 7. Morphology of Dipolydora spinosa sp. nov. A–D, anterior ends: A, left lateral view; B, D, ventral view; C, dorsal view. E–G, posterior ends: E, left lateral view; F, dorsal view; G, dorso-lateral view. H, notopodia of posterior chaetigers with capillary chaetae and awl-like spines. Abbreviation: an = occipital antenna, ch5 = chaetiger 5. Scale bars: A–D = 300 µm; E–G = 200 µm; H = 50 µm. A–F—holotype MIMB 42721, in life; G, H—paratype MIMB 42720, in life." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6809897" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6809897/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="106">Fig. 7A</figureCitation>
). One to two small black eyes present in small juveniles; large individuals without eyes. Palps as long as 15−20 chaetigers, with frontal longitudinal groove lined with short cilia, latero-frontal motile compound cilia, short compound non-motile cilia arising directly from palp surface and sparsely scattered on lateral and abfrontal palp surfaces.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8E36BCFFBD8C124DC4455A32FFFA87" blockId="5.[151,1437,295,1546]" pageId="5" pageNumber="106">
Chaetiger 1 with capillary chaetae and postchaetal lamellae in both rami; lamellae same as on chaetiger 2; notochaetae as long as but fewer than those on chaetiger 2; neurochaetae shorter than those on chaetiger 2. Juveniles to 30−50-chaetiger stage with only capillary chaetae in posterior notopodia; larger individuals usually with three, occasionally two or four awl-like spines in addition to 1−5 notopodial capillaries in a tuft from chaetigers 28−52 (
<figureCitation id="130A2A39FFBD8C124D9C45CA33E3FABB" box="[159,250,1267,1293]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1225,1249]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,751,1201]" captionTargetId="figure-96@6.[151,1436,751,1201]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 6. Dipolydora spinosa sp. nov. morphometric relationships. A, caruncle length and anterior position of gizzard-like structure versus total number of chaetigers. B, last branchiate chaetiger and anterior position of notopodial awl-like spines versus total number of chaetigers. Correlation coefficients (r) and their significance are reported in Table 1." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6809895" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6809895/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="106">Figs 6B</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="130A2A39FFBD8C124C0645CD320BFAB8" box="[261,274,1268,1294]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1068,1092]" captionTargetBox="[161,1427,182,1043]" captionTargetId="figure-15@7.[161,1427,181,1044]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 7. Morphology of Dipolydora spinosa sp. nov. A–D, anterior ends: A, left lateral view; B, D, ventral view; C, dorsal view. E–G, posterior ends: E, left lateral view; F, dorsal view; G, dorso-lateral view. H, notopodia of posterior chaetigers with capillary chaetae and awl-like spines. Abbreviation: an = occipital antenna, ch5 = chaetiger 5. Scale bars: A–D = 300 µm; E–G = 200 µm; H = 50 µm. A–F—holotype MIMB 42721, in life; G, H—paratype MIMB 42720, in life." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6809897" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6809897/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="106">7</figureCitation>
E−H, 8K, L). Spines almost straight, with distal end slightly protruding out of body wall, smooth surface and basal end blunt (
<figureCitation id="130A2A39FFBD8C124C7C442E32C0FA87" box="[383,473,1303,1329]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="8.[151,250,1724,1748]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,345,1701]" captionTargetId="figure-98@8.[151,1436,345,1701]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 8. Morphology of Dipolydora spinosa sp. nov. A–F, chaetiger 5 chaetae: A, C, bilimbate companion chaetae; B, D, falcate spines in lateral view; E, ventral capillary chaeta; F, dorsal superior geniculate capillary chaeta. G, H, neurochaetae from chaetiger 7: G, inferior winged capillary chaeta; H, bidentate hooded hook. I, J, neurochaetae from a posterior most chaetiger: I, inferior hair-like capillary chaeta; J, bidentate hooded hook. K, L, notochaetae from a posterior most chaetiger: K, three awl-like spines with basal part blunt; L, capillary chaeta. M, octad of spermatids (one below is not visible). Scale bars: A–J, K, L = 20 µm; M = 5 µm. A–J—MIMB 42714; K–M—MIMB 42715." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6809901" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6809901/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="106">Fig. 8K</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8E36BCFFBD8C124DC4440231A2F9BF" blockId="5.[151,1437,295,1546]" pageId="5" pageNumber="106">
Chaetiger 5 twice as large as chaetigers 4 and 6, on each side with up to six geniculate dorsal superior capillaries (
<figureCitation id="130A2A39FFBD8C124DE744663223FACF" box="[228,314,1375,1401]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="8.[151,250,1724,1748]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,345,1701]" captionTargetId="figure-98@8.[151,1436,345,1701]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 8. Morphology of Dipolydora spinosa sp. nov. A–F, chaetiger 5 chaetae: A, C, bilimbate companion chaetae; B, D, falcate spines in lateral view; E, ventral capillary chaeta; F, dorsal superior geniculate capillary chaeta. G, H, neurochaetae from chaetiger 7: G, inferior winged capillary chaeta; H, bidentate hooded hook. I, J, neurochaetae from a posterior most chaetiger: I, inferior hair-like capillary chaeta; J, bidentate hooded hook. K, L, notochaetae from a posterior most chaetiger: K, three awl-like spines with basal part blunt; L, capillary chaeta. M, octad of spermatids (one below is not visible). Scale bars: A–J, K, L = 20 µm; M = 5 µm. A–J—MIMB 42714; K–M—MIMB 42715." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6809901" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6809901/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="106">Fig. 8F</figureCitation>
), six falcate spines alternating with bilimbate-tipped companion chaetae (
<figureCitation id="130A2A39FFBD8C12497E446637A7FACF" box="[1149,1214,1375,1401]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="8.[151,250,1724,1748]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,345,1701]" captionTargetId="figure-98@8.[151,1436,345,1701]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 8. Morphology of Dipolydora spinosa sp. nov. A–F, chaetiger 5 chaetae: A, C, bilimbate companion chaetae; B, D, falcate spines in lateral view; E, ventral capillary chaeta; F, dorsal superior geniculate capillary chaeta. G, H, neurochaetae from chaetiger 7: G, inferior winged capillary chaeta; H, bidentate hooded hook. I, J, neurochaetae from a posterior most chaetiger: I, inferior hair-like capillary chaeta; J, bidentate hooded hook. K, L, notochaetae from a posterior most chaetiger: K, three awl-like spines with basal part blunt; L, capillary chaeta. M, octad of spermatids (one below is not visible). Scale bars: A–J, K, L = 20 µm; M = 5 µm. A–J—MIMB 42714; K–M—MIMB 42715." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6809901" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6809901/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="106">Fig. 8</figureCitation>
A−D) and arranged in oblique slightly curved row, and six ventral capillaries (
<figureCitation id="130A2A39FFBD8C124E2744BA3065FA2B" box="[804,892,1411,1437]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="8.[151,250,1724,1748]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,345,1701]" captionTargetId="figure-98@8.[151,1436,345,1701]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 8. Morphology of Dipolydora spinosa sp. nov. A–F, chaetiger 5 chaetae: A, C, bilimbate companion chaetae; B, D, falcate spines in lateral view; E, ventral capillary chaeta; F, dorsal superior geniculate capillary chaeta. G, H, neurochaetae from chaetiger 7: G, inferior winged capillary chaeta; H, bidentate hooded hook. I, J, neurochaetae from a posterior most chaetiger: I, inferior hair-like capillary chaeta; J, bidentate hooded hook. K, L, notochaetae from a posterior most chaetiger: K, three awl-like spines with basal part blunt; L, capillary chaeta. M, octad of spermatids (one below is not visible). Scale bars: A–J, K, L = 20 µm; M = 5 µm. A–J—MIMB 42714; K–M—MIMB 42715." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6809901" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6809901/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="106">Fig. 8E</figureCitation>
). Dorsal superior and ventral capillaries winged, shorter and fewer than those chaetae on chaetigers 4 and 6. Falcate spines with spoon-like hollow on subdistal concave side and narrow transverse shelf on subdistal convex side (
<figureCitation id="130A2A39FFBD8C124E6844F230FEFA53" box="[875,999,1483,1509]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="8.[151,250,1724,1748]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,345,1701]" captionTargetId="figure-98@8.[151,1436,345,1701]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 8. Morphology of Dipolydora spinosa sp. nov. A–F, chaetiger 5 chaetae: A, C, bilimbate companion chaetae; B, D, falcate spines in lateral view; E, ventral capillary chaeta; F, dorsal superior geniculate capillary chaeta. G, H, neurochaetae from chaetiger 7: G, inferior winged capillary chaeta; H, bidentate hooded hook. I, J, neurochaetae from a posterior most chaetiger: I, inferior hair-like capillary chaeta; J, bidentate hooded hook. K, L, notochaetae from a posterior most chaetiger: K, three awl-like spines with basal part blunt; L, capillary chaeta. M, octad of spermatids (one below is not visible). Scale bars: A–J, K, L = 20 µm; M = 5 µm. A–J—MIMB 42714; K–M—MIMB 42715." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6809901" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6809901/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="106">Fig. 8B, D</figureCitation>
); transverse shelf apparently worn and therefore not seen on spines of some individuals.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF4E6634FFBD8C124D94465737C0F845" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6809891" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6809891" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6809891/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="106" startId="5.[151,250,1902,1926]" targetBox="[155,1432,1570,1878]" targetPageId="5">
<paragraph id="8B8E36BCFFBD8C124D94465737C0F845" blockId="5.[151,1437,1902,2035]" pageId="5" pageNumber="106">
<emphasis id="B945EAAEFFBD8C124D944657320FF830" bold="true" box="[151,278,1902,1926]" pageId="5" pageNumber="106">FIGURE 4.</emphasis>
Morphology of 
<emphasis id="B945EAAEFFBD8C124CC6465731F6F831" bold="true" box="[453,751,1902,1927]" pageId="5" pageNumber="106">
<taxonomicName id="4C314D3FFFBD8C124CC64657318BF830" authority="Radashevsky, 2022" authorityName="Radashevsky" authorityYear="2022" box="[453,658,1902,1926]" class="Polychaeta" family="Spionidae" genus="Dipolydora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spionida" pageId="5" pageNumber="106" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="spinosa" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B945EAAEFFBD8C124CC64657318BF830" bold="true" box="[453,658,1902,1926]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="106">Dipolydora spinosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A27657D5FFBD8C124F98465631F6F831" box="[667,751,1903,1927]" pageId="5" pageNumber="106" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
(formalin-fixed 41-chaetiger paratype MIMB 42719 stained with methylene green). A, anterior end, dorsal view. B, chaetigers 10–20, dorsal view, showing remains of larval pigmentation and pattern of MG staining. Abbreviations: 
<emphasis id="B945EAAEFFBD8C124F2B468F3140F878" box="[552,601,1974,1998]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="106">ch10</emphasis>
, 
<emphasis id="B945EAAEFFBD8C124F65468F318EF878" box="[614,663,1974,1998]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="106">ch20</emphasis>
= chaetigers 10 and 20; 
<emphasis id="B945EAAEFFBD8C124E91468F30BFF878" box="[914,934,1974,1998]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="106">dl</emphasis>
= dorso-lateral melanophores; 
<emphasis id="B945EAAEFFBD8C1249E7468F37E4F878" box="[1252,1277,1974,1998]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="106">do</emphasis>
= dorsal paired melanophores; 
<emphasis id="B945EAAEFFBD8C124C3046E3325EF844" box="[307,327,2010,2034]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="106">la</emphasis>
= lateral melanophores; 
<emphasis id="B945EAAEFFBD8C124F4146E23179F844" box="[578,608,2011,2034]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="106">me</emphasis>
= median vesiculate melanophores. Scale bars: A, B = 50 µm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="DF4E6634FFBE8C114D94436A318FFD61" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6809893" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6809893" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6809893/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="107" startId="6.[151,250,595,619]" targetBox="[154,1433,182,570]" targetPageId="6">
<paragraph id="8B8E36BCFFBE8C114D94436A318FFD61" blockId="6.[151,1437,594,727]" pageId="6" pageNumber="107">
<emphasis id="B945EAAEFFBE8C114D94436A320AFDDD" bold="true" box="[151,275,595,619]" pageId="6" pageNumber="107">FIGURE 5.</emphasis>
Morphology of 
<emphasis id="B945EAAEFFBE8C114CB8436B31C5FDDD" bold="true" box="[443,732,594,619]" pageId="6" pageNumber="107">
<taxonomicName id="4C314D3FFFBE8C114CB8436B319CFDDD" authority="Radashevsky, 2022" authorityName="Radashevsky" authorityYear="2022" box="[443,645,594,619]" class="Polychaeta" family="Spionidae" genus="Dipolydora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spionida" pageId="6" pageNumber="107" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="spinosa" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B945EAAEFFBE8C114CB8436B319CFDDD" bold="true" box="[443,645,594,619]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="107">Dipolydora spinosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A27657D5FFBE8C114F88436A31C5FDDD" box="[651,732,595,619]" pageId="6" pageNumber="107" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
(in life). A, B, anterior end, dorsal view. C, middle chaetigers, dorsal view, showing gizzard-like structure. D, gizzard-like structure, dorsal view, showing grain-like structures in the wall. Abbreviation: 
<emphasis id="B945EAAEFFBE8C114DCE43A233EBFD05" box="[205,242,667,691]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="107">ch5</emphasis>
= chaetiger 5; 
<emphasis id="B945EAAEFFBE8C114C8D43A532BBFD05" box="[398,418,668,691]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="107">gi</emphasis>
= gizzard-lile structure. Scale bars: A–C = 200 µm; D = 50 µm. A, C, D—41-chaetiger individual; B—70-chaetiger individual. A–D—MIMB 42719.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="DF4E6634FFBE8C114D9445F037ACFA9F" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6809895" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6809895" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6809895/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="107" startId="6.[151,250,1225,1249]" targetBox="[151,1436,751,1201]" targetPageId="6">
<paragraph id="8B8E36BCFFBE8C114D9445F037ACFA9F" blockId="6.[151,1436,1224,1321]" pageId="6" pageNumber="107">
<emphasis id="B945EAAEFFBE8C114D9445F03127FB57" bold="true" box="[151,574,1224,1249]" pageId="6" pageNumber="107">
FIGURE 6. 
<taxonomicName id="4C314D3FFFBE8C114C1845F132FFFB57" authority="Radashevsky, 2022" authorityName="Radashevsky" authorityYear="2022" box="[283,486,1224,1249]" class="Polychaeta" family="Spionidae" genus="Dipolydora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spionida" pageId="6" pageNumber="107" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="spinosa" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B945EAAEFFBE8C114C1845F132FFFB57" bold="true" box="[283,486,1224,1249]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="107">Dipolydora spinosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A27657D5FFBE8C114CEE45F03127FB57" box="[493,574,1225,1249]" pageId="6" pageNumber="107" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
morphometric relationships. A, caruncle length and anterior position of gizzard-like structure versus total number of chaetigers. B, last branchiate chaetiger and anterior position of notopodial awl-like spines versus total number of chaetigers. Correlation coefficients (
<emphasis id="B945EAAEFFBE8C114FD1442B31C5FA9F" box="[722,732,1298,1321]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="107">r</emphasis>
) and their significance are reported in Table 1.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8B8E36BCFFBE8C114DC4446E37FEFA0F" blockId="6.[151,1437,1367,2006]" pageId="6" pageNumber="107">
Hooded hooks in neuropodia from chaetiger 7, up to six in a series, accompanied by 1−2 inferior winged capillaries (
<figureCitation id="130A2A39FFBE8C114DF644423257FA23" box="[245,334,1403,1429]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="8.[151,250,1724,1748]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,345,1701]" captionTargetId="figure-98@8.[151,1436,345,1701]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 8. Morphology of Dipolydora spinosa sp. nov. A–F, chaetiger 5 chaetae: A, C, bilimbate companion chaetae; B, D, falcate spines in lateral view; E, ventral capillary chaeta; F, dorsal superior geniculate capillary chaeta. G, H, neurochaetae from chaetiger 7: G, inferior winged capillary chaeta; H, bidentate hooded hook. I, J, neurochaetae from a posterior most chaetiger: I, inferior hair-like capillary chaeta; J, bidentate hooded hook. K, L, notochaetae from a posterior most chaetiger: K, three awl-like spines with basal part blunt; L, capillary chaeta. M, octad of spermatids (one below is not visible). Scale bars: A–J, K, L = 20 µm; M = 5 µm. A–J—MIMB 42714; K–M—MIMB 42715." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6809901" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6809901/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="107">Fig. 8G</figureCitation>
) until chaetigers 10−12, and alternating with 1−2 hair-like alimbate capillaries (
<figureCitation id="130A2A39FFBE8C1149E74442362BFA23" box="[1252,1330,1403,1429]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="8.[151,250,1724,1748]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,345,1701]" captionTargetId="figure-98@8.[151,1436,345,1701]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 8. Morphology of Dipolydora spinosa sp. nov. A–F, chaetiger 5 chaetae: A, C, bilimbate companion chaetae; B, D, falcate spines in lateral view; E, ventral capillary chaeta; F, dorsal superior geniculate capillary chaeta. G, H, neurochaetae from chaetiger 7: G, inferior winged capillary chaeta; H, bidentate hooded hook. I, J, neurochaetae from a posterior most chaetiger: I, inferior hair-like capillary chaeta; J, bidentate hooded hook. K, L, notochaetae from a posterior most chaetiger: K, three awl-like spines with basal part blunt; L, capillary chaeta. M, octad of spermatids (one below is not visible). Scale bars: A–J, K, L = 20 µm; M = 5 µm. A–J—MIMB 42714; K–M—MIMB 42715." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6809901" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6809901/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="107">Fig. 8I</figureCitation>
) in 3−10 posterior neuropodia. Hooks bidentate, with slightly curved shaft without constriction (
<figureCitation id="130A2A39FFBE8C11496444A637C0FA0F" box="[1127,1241,1439,1465]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="8.[151,250,1724,1748]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,345,1701]" captionTargetId="figure-98@8.[151,1436,345,1701]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 8. Morphology of Dipolydora spinosa sp. nov. A–F, chaetiger 5 chaetae: A, C, bilimbate companion chaetae; B, D, falcate spines in lateral view; E, ventral capillary chaeta; F, dorsal superior geniculate capillary chaeta. G, H, neurochaetae from chaetiger 7: G, inferior winged capillary chaeta; H, bidentate hooded hook. I, J, neurochaetae from a posterior most chaetiger: I, inferior hair-like capillary chaeta; J, bidentate hooded hook. K, L, notochaetae from a posterior most chaetiger: K, three awl-like spines with basal part blunt; L, capillary chaeta. M, octad of spermatids (one below is not visible). Scale bars: A–J, K, L = 20 µm; M = 5 µm. A–J—MIMB 42714; K–M—MIMB 42715." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6809901" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6809901/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="107">Fig. 8H, J</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8E36BCFFBE8C114DC444FA3786F993" blockId="6.[151,1437,1367,2006]" pageId="6" pageNumber="107">
Branchiae usually from chaetiger 8 (on chaetigers 
<quantity id="4CC99B59FFBE8C114E0A44FA307BFA6B" box="[777,866,1475,1501]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.2192" metricValueMax="2.2352" metricValueMin="0.2032" pageId="6" pageNumber="107" unit="in" value="48.0" valueMax="88.0" valueMin="8.0">8−88 in</quantity>
<typeStatus id="548A881EFFBE8C114E6944FA30C9FA6B" box="[874,976,1475,1501]" pageId="6" pageNumber="107" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
), occasionally from chaetiger 9 (3 of 26 examined 
<typeStatus id="548A881EFFBE8C114C0F44DE3265F9B7" box="[268,380,1511,1537]" pageId="6" pageNumber="107" type="paratype">paratypes</typeStatus>
), full-sized from chaetigers 10−11, absent from posterior 1/3−1/4 part of body (
<figureCitation id="130A2A39FFBE8C11480144DE3642F9B7" box="[1282,1371,1511,1537]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1225,1249]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,751,1201]" captionTargetId="figure-96@6.[151,1436,751,1201]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 6. Dipolydora spinosa sp. nov. morphometric relationships. A, caruncle length and anterior position of gizzard-like structure versus total number of chaetigers. B, last branchiate chaetiger and anterior position of notopodial awl-like spines versus total number of chaetigers. Correlation coefficients (r) and their significance are reported in Table 1." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6809895" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6809895/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="107">Fig. 6B</figureCitation>
), free from notopodial postchaetal lamellae, flattened, with surfaces oriented parallel to body axis.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8E36BCFFBE8C114DC447163755F927" blockId="6.[151,1437,1367,2006]" pageId="6" pageNumber="107">Nototrochs in juveniles and females from chaetigers 9−13, in males from chaetiger 1, all composed by single rows of ciliated cells. Intersegmental transverse ciliation present on anterior chaetigers in males as single rows of ciliated cells along anterior edge of chaetigers, from chaetiger 2 to chaetigers 10−12.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8E36BCFFBE8C114DC447A23202F96F" blockId="6.[151,1437,1367,2006]" pageId="6" pageNumber="107">
Pygidium fleshy, cup-shaped with dorsal gap to incision, white due to numerous fusiform glandular cells (
<figureCitation id="130A2A39FFBE8C11486847A233BDF96F" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1068,1092]" captionTargetBox="[161,1427,182,1043]" captionTargetId="figure-15@7.[161,1427,181,1044]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 7. Morphology of Dipolydora spinosa sp. nov. A–D, anterior ends: A, left lateral view; B, D, ventral view; C, dorsal view. E–G, posterior ends: E, left lateral view; F, dorsal view; G, dorso-lateral view. H, notopodia of posterior chaetigers with capillary chaetae and awl-like spines. Abbreviation: an = occipital antenna, ch5 = chaetiger 5. Scale bars: A–D = 300 µm; E–G = 200 µm; H = 50 µm. A–F—holotype MIMB 42721, in life; G, H—paratype MIMB 42720, in life." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6809897" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6809897/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="107">Figs 7</figureCitation>
E−G, 9A).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8E36BCFFBE8C114DC447DA32BCF897" blockId="6.[151,1437,1367,2006]" pageId="6" pageNumber="107">Glandular pouches in neuropodia from chaetiger 6, large from chaetiger 7 to chaetigers 10−12 and then gradually diminishing in size.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8E36BCFFBE8C114DC446123007F863" blockId="6.[151,1437,1367,2006]" pageId="6" pageNumber="107">
Digestive tract with gizzard-like structure beginning from chaetigers 13−29 (from chaetiger 
<quantity id="4CC99B59FFBE8C1149EF46123631F8F3" box="[1260,1320,1835,1861]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.334" pageId="6" pageNumber="107" unit="in" value="21.0">21 in</quantity>
<typeStatus id="548A881EFFBE8C1148324612368CF8F3" box="[1329,1429,1835,1861]" pageId="6" pageNumber="107" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
) and extending through 1−2 chaetigers (
<figureCitation id="130A2A39FFBE8C114F51467631B7F8DC" box="[594,686,1871,1898]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="6.[151,250,595,619]" captionTargetBox="[154,1433,182,570]" captionTargetId="figure-27@6.[154,1433,181,571]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 5. Morphology of Dipolydora spinosa sp. nov. (in life). A, B, anterior end, dorsal view. C, middle chaetigers, dorsal view, showing gizzard-like structure. D, gizzard-like structure, dorsal view, showing grain-like structures in the wall. Abbreviation: ch5 = chaetiger 5; gi = gizzard-lile structure. Scale bars: A–C = 200 µm; D = 50 µm. A, C, D—41-chaetiger individual; B—70-chaetiger individual. A–D—MIMB 42719." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6809893" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6809893/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="107">Figs 5C</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="130A2A39FFBE8C114FB8467631F8F8DF" box="[699,737,1871,1897]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1225,1249]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,751,1201]" captionTargetId="figure-96@6.[151,1436,751,1201]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 6. Dipolydora spinosa sp. nov. morphometric relationships. A, caruncle length and anterior position of gizzard-like structure versus total number of chaetigers. B, last branchiate chaetiger and anterior position of notopodial awl-like spines versus total number of chaetigers. Correlation coefficients (r) and their significance are reported in Table 1." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6809895" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6809895/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="107">6A</figureCitation>
). Gizzard composed of anterior transparent muscular part and posterior white, apparently secretory, part. Some grain-like structures present in wall of muscular part of some individuals (
<figureCitation id="130A2A39FFBE8C114C2746AE3266F804" box="[292,383,1943,1970]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="6.[151,250,595,619]" captionTargetBox="[154,1433,182,570]" captionTargetId="figure-27@6.[154,1433,181,571]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 5. Morphology of Dipolydora spinosa sp. nov. (in life). A, B, anterior end, dorsal view. C, middle chaetigers, dorsal view, showing gizzard-like structure. D, gizzard-like structure, dorsal view, showing grain-like structures in the wall. Abbreviation: ch5 = chaetiger 5; gi = gizzard-lile structure. Scale bars: A–C = 200 µm; D = 50 µm. A, C, D—41-chaetiger individual; B—70-chaetiger individual. A–D—MIMB 42719." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6809893" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6809893/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="107">Fig. 5D</figureCitation>
; these may represent fragmented “teeth” of the gizzard as discussed in 
<bibRefCitation id="EFA04B4DFFBE8C1149AF46AE3629F807" author="Blake, J. A." box="[1196,1328,1943,1969]" pageId="6" pageNumber="107" pagination="1 - 32" refId="ref10646" refString="Blake, J. A. (1971) Revision of the genus Polydora from the east coast of North America (Polychaeta: Spionidae). Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology, 75, 1 - 32." type="journal article" year="1971">Blake 1971</bibRefCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="130A2A39FFBE8C11483E46AE3685F807" box="[1341,1436,1943,1969]" captionStart="FIGURE 14" captionStartId="14.[151,250,671,695]" captionTargetBox="[155,1432,274,646]" captionTargetId="figure-75@14.[155,1432,273,647]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIGURE 14. Habitat of Dipolydora vietnamita sp. nov. (in life). A–C, worm burrows in a shell of the date mussel Lithophaga sp. which, in turn, have perforated the shell of an oyster. Arrow showing pygidium of a worm inside burrow. Scale bar: A–C = 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6809913" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6809913/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="107">
Fig. 
<quantity id="4CC99B59FFBE8C11487146AE3685F807" box="[1394,1436,1943,1969]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="1.4" pageId="6" pageNumber="107" unit="g" value="14.0">14g</quantity>
</figureCitation>
therein). Rectum white in 5−15 posterior most chaetigers.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF4E6634FFBF8C104D9445153794FB06" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6809897" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6809897" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6809897/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="108" startId="7.[151,250,1068,1092]" targetBox="[161,1427,182,1043]" targetPageId="7">
<paragraph id="8B8E36BCFFBF8C104D9445153794FB06" blockId="7.[151,1436,1067,1200]" pageId="7" pageNumber="108">
<emphasis id="B945EAAEFFBF8C104D944515320AFBF2" bold="true" box="[151,275,1068,1092]" pageId="7" pageNumber="108">FIGURE 7.</emphasis>
Morphology of 
<emphasis id="B945EAAEFFBF8C104CB9451231C2FBF2" bold="true" box="[442,731,1067,1092]" pageId="7" pageNumber="108">
<taxonomicName id="4C314D3FFFBF8C104CB94512319DFBF2" authority="Radashevsky, 2022" authorityName="Radashevsky" authorityYear="2022" box="[442,644,1067,1092]" class="Polychaeta" family="Spionidae" genus="Dipolydora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spionida" pageId="7" pageNumber="108" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="spinosa" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B945EAAEFFBF8C104CB94512319DFBF2" bold="true" box="[442,644,1067,1092]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="108">Dipolydora spinosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A27657D5FFBF8C104F89451531C2FBF2" box="[650,731,1068,1092]" pageId="7" pageNumber="108" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
A–D, anterior ends: A, left lateral view; B, D, ventral view; C, dorsal view. E–G, posterior ends: E, left lateral view; F, dorsal view; G, dorso-lateral view. H, notopodia of posterior chaetigers with capillary chaetae and awl-like spines. Abbreviation: 
<emphasis id="B945EAAEFFBF8C104FA9454C31DAFB3A" box="[682,707,1141,1164]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="108">an</emphasis>
= occipital antenna, 
<emphasis id="B945EAAEFFBF8C104E94454D30A2FB3A" box="[919,955,1140,1164]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="108">ch5</emphasis>
= chaetiger 5. Scale bars: A–D = 300 µm; E–G = 200 µm; H = 50 µm. A–F—holotype MIMB 42721, in life; G, H—paratype MIMB 42720, in life.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8B8E36BCFFBF8C104DC445E73047FAAA" blockId="7.[151,1437,1246,2029]" pageId="7" pageNumber="108">
Nephridia from chaetiger 7, opening to exterior via two nephridiopores situated on lateral sides in anterior sterile chaetigers and on dorsal side in fertile chaetigers (
<figureCitation id="130A2A39FFBF8C104FEF443B304BFAAA" box="[748,850,1282,1308]" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="10.[151,250,1685,1709]" captionTargetBox="[161,1427,345,1662]" captionTargetId="figure-93@10.[161,1427,345,1662]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 10. Morphology of Dipolydora spinosa sp. nov. (formalin-fixed paratypes stained with methylene green). A, middle part of body from chaetiger 14 onwards, dorsal view, showing beginning of dorsal staining from chaetiger 15. B, middle chaetigers, dorsal view. C, anterior end, ventral view, showing stained transverse bands on chaetigers 7–13. D, anterior end, dorsal view (head in frontal view), showing MG staining of foregut. E, middle female chaetigers, dorsal view, showing dorsal terminal parts of nephridia. Abbreviations: ch5, ch15 = chaetigers 5, 15; ne = nephridium. Scale bars: A–E = 100 µm. A, C, E—MIMB 42714; B, D—MIMB 42719." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6809905" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6809905/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="108">Fig. 10E</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8E36BCFFBF8C104DC4441F3745FA1A" blockId="7.[151,1437,1246,2029]" pageId="7" pageNumber="108">
<emphasis id="B945EAAEFFBF8C104DC4441F327DFAF6" bold="true" box="[199,356,1318,1344]" pageId="7" pageNumber="108">
<collectionCode id="ED20AE79FFBF8C104DC4441F33EEFAF6" box="[199,247,1318,1344]" country="China" name="Museum of Zoology" pageId="7" pageNumber="108">MG</collectionCode>
staining.
</emphasis>
Paired blotches (gatherings of strongly stained, probably glandular, cells) appeared on the dorsal side from chaetigers 12–17 onwards (
<figureCitation id="130A2A39FFBF8C104F41447331F5FAD2" box="[578,748,1354,1381]" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="10.[151,250,1685,1709]" captionTargetBox="[161,1427,345,1662]" captionTargetId="figure-93@10.[161,1427,345,1662]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 10. Morphology of Dipolydora spinosa sp. nov. (formalin-fixed paratypes stained with methylene green). A, middle part of body from chaetiger 14 onwards, dorsal view, showing beginning of dorsal staining from chaetiger 15. B, middle chaetigers, dorsal view. C, anterior end, ventral view, showing stained transverse bands on chaetigers 7–13. D, anterior end, dorsal view (head in frontal view), showing MG staining of foregut. E, middle female chaetigers, dorsal view, showing dorsal terminal parts of nephridia. Abbreviations: ch5, ch15 = chaetigers 5, 15; ne = nephridium. Scale bars: A–E = 100 µm. A, C, E—MIMB 42714; B, D—MIMB 42719." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6809905" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6809905/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="108">Fig. 10A, B, E</figureCitation>
), except 10−30 posterior most chaetigers. Narrow transverse bands were weakly stained on the ventral side from chaetiger 7 to chaetigers 10–12 (
<figureCitation id="130A2A39FFBF8C104940445737B0FA3E" box="[1091,1193,1390,1416]" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="10.[151,250,1685,1709]" captionTargetBox="[161,1427,345,1662]" captionTargetId="figure-93@10.[161,1427,345,1662]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 10. Morphology of Dipolydora spinosa sp. nov. (formalin-fixed paratypes stained with methylene green). A, middle part of body from chaetiger 14 onwards, dorsal view, showing beginning of dorsal staining from chaetiger 15. B, middle chaetigers, dorsal view. C, anterior end, ventral view, showing stained transverse bands on chaetigers 7–13. D, anterior end, dorsal view (head in frontal view), showing MG staining of foregut. E, middle female chaetigers, dorsal view, showing dorsal terminal parts of nephridia. Abbreviations: ch5, ch15 = chaetigers 5, 15; ne = nephridium. Scale bars: A–E = 100 µm. A, C, E—MIMB 42714; B, D—MIMB 42719." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6809905" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6809905/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="108">Fig. 10C</figureCitation>
). Prostomium and the peristomium did not absorb the dye, but the foregut was evenly colored (
<figureCitation id="130A2A39FFBF8C104EC544AB3756FA1A" box="[966,1103,1426,1452]" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="10.[151,250,1685,1709]" captionTargetBox="[161,1427,345,1662]" captionTargetId="figure-93@10.[161,1427,345,1662]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 10. Morphology of Dipolydora spinosa sp. nov. (formalin-fixed paratypes stained with methylene green). A, middle part of body from chaetiger 14 onwards, dorsal view, showing beginning of dorsal staining from chaetiger 15. B, middle chaetigers, dorsal view. C, anterior end, ventral view, showing stained transverse bands on chaetigers 7–13. D, anterior end, dorsal view (head in frontal view), showing MG staining of foregut. E, middle female chaetigers, dorsal view, showing dorsal terminal parts of nephridia. Abbreviations: ch5, ch15 = chaetigers 5, 15; ne = nephridium. Scale bars: A–E = 100 µm. A, C, E—MIMB 42714; B, D—MIMB 42719." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6809905" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6809905/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="108">Fig. 10C, D</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8E36BCFFBF8C104DC4448F310FF9D6" blockId="7.[151,1437,1246,2029]" pageId="7" pageNumber="108">
<emphasis id="B945EAAEFFBF8C104DC4448F3233FA66" bold="true" box="[199,298,1462,1488]" pageId="7" pageNumber="108">Habitat.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C314D3FFFBF8C104C2C448F3115FA66" authority="Radashevsky, 2022" authorityName="Radashevsky" authorityYear="2022" box="[303,524,1462,1488]" class="Polychaeta" family="Spionidae" genus="Dipolydora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spionida" pageId="7" pageNumber="108" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="spinosa" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B945EAAEFFBF8C104C2C448F3115FA66" box="[303,524,1462,1488]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="108">Dipolydora spinosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="B945EAAEFFBF8C104F12448F3170FA66" bold="true" box="[529,617,1462,1488]" pageId="7" pageNumber="108">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A27657D5FFBF8C104F12448F3170FA66" box="[529,617,1462,1488]" pageId="7" pageNumber="108" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
is an opportunistic borer, making U-shaped burrows in shells of the saddle oyster 
<taxonomicName id="4C314D3FFFBF8C104DE044E332A7FA42" baseAuthorityName="Philipsson" baseAuthorityYear="1788" box="[227,446,1498,1524]" class="Bivalvia" family="Placunidae" genus="Placuna" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pectinida" pageId="7" pageNumber="108" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="ephippium">
<emphasis id="B945EAAEFFBF8C104DE044E332A7FA42" box="[227,446,1498,1524]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="108">Placuna ephippium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, cockscomb oyster 
<taxonomicName id="4C314D3FFFBF8C104F9C44E330FCFA42" authority="(Linnaeus)" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[671,997,1498,1524]" class="Bivalvia" family="Ostreidae" genus="Lopha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ostreida" pageId="7" pageNumber="108" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="cristagalli">
<emphasis id="B945EAAEFFBF8C104F9C44E33078FA42" box="[671,865,1498,1524]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="108">Lopha cristagalli</emphasis>
(Linnaeus)
</taxonomicName>
, jewel box clam 
<taxonomicName id="4C314D3FFFBF8C1049A744E33606FA43" box="[1188,1311,1498,1525]" class="Bivalvia" family="Chamidae" genus="Chama" kingdom="Animalia" order="Venerida" pageId="7" pageNumber="108" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="B945EAAEFFBF8C1049A744E337ECFA42" box="[1188,1269,1498,1524]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="108">Chama</emphasis>
sp.
</taxonomicName>
, barnacles, in the hump coral 
<taxonomicName id="4C314D3FFFBF8C104C6644C63002F9AE" authority="Milne Edwards &amp; Haime" authorityName="Milne Edwards &amp; Haime" box="[357,795,1534,1560]" class="Anthozoa" family="Poritidae" genus="Porites" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scleractinia" pageId="7" pageNumber="108" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="lutea">
<emphasis id="B945EAAEFFBF8C104C6644C632ECF9AE" box="[357,501,1534,1560]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="108">Porites lutea</emphasis>
Milne Edwards &amp; Haime
</taxonomicName>
, and the net fire coral 
<taxonomicName id="4C314D3FFFBF8C10491B44C73685F9AF" authority="Forsskal. Up" authorityName="Forsskal. Up" box="[1048,1436,1534,1561]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Milleporidae" genus="Millepora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="7" pageNumber="108" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="dichotoma">
<emphasis id="B945EAAEFFBF8C10491B44C7361CF9AE" box="[1048,1285,1534,1560]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="108">Millepora dichotoma</emphasis>
Forsskål. Up
</taxonomicName>
to three worms were found per one square cm of coral surface and hundreds of worms were occasionally present in corals of about 
<quantity id="4CC99B59FFBF8C104C46477F3293F9D7" box="[325,394,1606,1633]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="7" pageNumber="108" unit="cm" value="20.0">20 cm</quantity>
in diameter.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8E36BCFFBF8C104DC447533170F8A2" blockId="7.[151,1437,1246,2029]" pageId="7" pageNumber="108">
<emphasis id="B945EAAEFFBF8C104DC44753326AF932" bold="true" box="[199,371,1642,1668]" pageId="7" pageNumber="108">Reproduction.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C314D3FFFBF8C104C7847533143F932" authority="Radashevsky, 2022" authorityName="Radashevsky" authorityYear="2022" box="[379,602,1642,1668]" class="Polychaeta" family="Spionidae" genus="Dipolydora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spionida" pageId="7" pageNumber="108" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="spinosa" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B945EAAEFFBF8C104C7847533143F932" box="[379,602,1642,1668]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="108">Dipolydora spinosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="B945EAAEFFBF8C104F62475331A5F932" bold="true" box="[609,700,1642,1668]" pageId="7" pageNumber="108">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A27657D5FFBF8C104F62475331A5F932" box="[609,700,1642,1668]" pageId="7" pageNumber="108" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
is dioecious. Paired gonads are attached to segmental blood vessels from chaetigers 23−42 to chaetigers 50−82 (n=15) (
<figureCitation id="130A2A39FFBF8C104E1647B73069F91E" box="[789,880,1678,1704]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="9.[151,250,1302,1326]" captionTargetBox="[157,1430,704,1278]" captionTargetId="figure-292@9.[157,1430,704,1278]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 9. Morphology and reproduction of Dipolydora spinosa sp. nov. (in life). A, complete female, left lateral view, palps missing. B, anterior end, dorsal view, palps missing. C, a part of a brood laid by female inside its burrow in the shell, showing egg capsules joined in a string and containing trochophores. D, trochophores and abortive eggs from the capsules shown on C. Abbreviations: ab = abortive eggs; mo = mouth. Scale bars: A = 500 µm; B, C = 300 µm; D = 30 µm. A, B—paratype MIMB 42720; C, D—egg capsules deposited by holotype MIMB 42721." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6809903" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6809903/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="108">Fig. 9A</figureCitation>
). Smallest mature individuals were about 
<quantity id="4CC99B59FFBF8C10484E47B73684F91F" box="[1357,1437,1678,1705]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.7" pageId="7" pageNumber="108" unit="mm" value="17.0">17 mm</quantity>
long for 70 chaetigers. 
<typeStatus id="548A881EFFBF8C104CA2478B3110F97A" box="[417,521,1714,1740]" pageId="7" pageNumber="108" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
is a female with oocytes in chaetigers 28−82. Oogenesis is mainly intraovarian. Developed oocytes accumulate in the coelomic cavity prior to spawning. The coelomic oocytes were subspherical to slightly oval, 100−115 µm in diameter.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8E36BCFFBF8C104DC4462637E0F836" blockId="7.[151,1437,1246,2029]" pageId="7" pageNumber="108">
In males, spermatogonia proliferate in testes; spermatogenesis occurs in the coelomic cavity. Spermatids are joined in octads (
<figureCitation id="130A2A39FFBF8C104C58467B32A2F8EA" box="[347,443,1858,1884]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="8.[151,250,1724,1748]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,345,1701]" captionTargetId="figure-98@8.[151,1436,345,1701]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 8. Morphology of Dipolydora spinosa sp. nov. A–F, chaetiger 5 chaetae: A, C, bilimbate companion chaetae; B, D, falcate spines in lateral view; E, ventral capillary chaeta; F, dorsal superior geniculate capillary chaeta. G, H, neurochaetae from chaetiger 7: G, inferior winged capillary chaeta; H, bidentate hooded hook. I, J, neurochaetae from a posterior most chaetiger: I, inferior hair-like capillary chaeta; J, bidentate hooded hook. K, L, notochaetae from a posterior most chaetiger: K, three awl-like spines with basal part blunt; L, capillary chaeta. M, octad of spermatids (one below is not visible). Scale bars: A–J, K, L = 20 µm; M = 5 µm. A–J—MIMB 42714; K–M—MIMB 42715." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6809901" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6809901/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="108">Fig. 8M</figureCitation>
). Spermatozoa are introsperm about 1 µm in diameter, with a pointed acrosome 1.5 µm long, nucleus 7.5 µm, middlepiece 6 µm, head+middlepiece 15 µm long, and flagellum 50 µm long.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8E36BCFFBF8C1F4DC446B333F4FEF7" blockId="7.[151,1437,1246,2029]" lastBlockId="8.[151,1437,151,321]" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="109" pageId="7" pageNumber="108">
A small colony of about 20 individuals in the hump coral 
<taxonomicName id="4C314D3FFFBF8C104E3C46B230ACF813" box="[831,949,1931,1957]" class="Anthozoa" family="Poritidae" genus="Porites" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scleractinia" pageId="7" pageNumber="108" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="B945EAAEFFBF8C104E3C46B23089F812" box="[831,912,1931,1956]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="108">Porites</emphasis>
sp.
</taxonomicName>
collected from Nha 
<collectingRegion id="49F5F85EFFBF8C10499646B237CEF813" box="[1173,1239,1931,1957]" country="Thailand" name="Trang" pageId="7" pageNumber="108">Trang</collectingRegion>
Bay in 
<date id="FF8F107CFFBF8C10482846B23685F812" box="[1323,1436,1930,1957]" pageId="7" pageNumber="108" value="2006-06">June 2006</date>
contained only males. One of them had seven chaetigers regenerating anteriorly, middle stock chaetigers, and a few chaetigers regenerating posteriorly; regenerating chaetigers were slightly smaller and more transparent than fully developed stock chaetigers. This colony likely appears to have developed due to asexual reproduction by architomy from a single settled larva of male gender. It seems likely that after settlement, individuals first undergo a series of architomic divisions and only after that mature and start reproducing sexually. Such colony formation has been found in other polydorin species that exhibit architomy (Radashevsky, pers. obs.) and will be the subject of future studies.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF4E6634FFB08C1F4D94478531EEF83E" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6809901" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6809901" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6809901/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="109" startId="8.[151,250,1724,1748]" targetBox="[151,1436,345,1701]" targetPageId="8">
<paragraph id="8B8E36BCFFB08C1F4D94478531EEF83E" blockId="8.[151,1436,1723,1928]" pageId="8" pageNumber="109">
<emphasis id="B945EAAEFFB08C1F4D944785320DF962" bold="true" box="[151,276,1724,1748]" pageId="8" pageNumber="109">FIGURE 8.</emphasis>
Morphology of 
<emphasis id="B945EAAEFFB08C1F4CBE478231F9F962" bold="true" box="[445,736,1723,1748]" pageId="8" pageNumber="109">
<taxonomicName id="4C314D3FFFB08C1F4CBE47823191F962" authority="Radashevsky, 2022" authorityName="Radashevsky" authorityYear="2022" box="[445,648,1723,1748]" class="Polychaeta" family="Spionidae" genus="Dipolydora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spionida" pageId="8" pageNumber="109" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="spinosa" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B945EAAEFFB08C1F4CBE47823191F962" bold="true" box="[445,648,1723,1748]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="109">Dipolydora spinosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A27657D5FFB08C1F4F8C478531F9F962" box="[655,736,1724,1748]" pageId="8" pageNumber="109" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
A–F, chaetiger 5 chaetae: A, C, bilimbate companion chaetae; B, D, falcate spines in lateral view; E, ventral capillary chaeta; F, dorsal superior geniculate capillary chaeta. G, H, neurochaetae from chaetiger 7: G, inferior winged capillary chaeta; H, bidentate hooded hook. I, J, neurochaetae from a posterior most chaetiger: I, inferior hair-like capillary chaeta; J, bidentate hooded hook. K, L, notochaetae from a posterior most chaetiger: K, three awl-like spines with basal part blunt; L, capillary chaeta. M, octad of spermatids (one below is not visible). Scale bars: A–J, K, L = 20 µm; M = 5 µm. A–J—MIMB 42714; K–M—MIMB 42715.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8B8E36BCFFB18C1E4DC441AF3189FD1E" blockId="9.[151,1436,150,681]" pageId="9" pageNumber="110">
<emphasis id="B945EAAEFFB18C1E4DC441AF32A6FF06" bold="true" box="[199,447,150,176]" pageId="9" pageNumber="110">Larval development.</emphasis>
Females lay eggs into transparent capsules which join to each other in a string and each attach by two short stalks to the inner wall of the burrow (
<figureCitation id="130A2A39FFB18C1E4E3341833090FF62" box="[816,905,186,212]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="9.[151,250,1302,1326]" captionTargetBox="[157,1430,704,1278]" captionTargetId="figure-292@9.[157,1430,704,1278]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 9. Morphology and reproduction of Dipolydora spinosa sp. nov. (in life). A, complete female, left lateral view, palps missing. B, anterior end, dorsal view, palps missing. C, a part of a brood laid by female inside its burrow in the shell, showing egg capsules joined in a string and containing trochophores. D, trochophores and abortive eggs from the capsules shown on C. Abbreviations: ab = abortive eggs; mo = mouth. Scale bars: A = 500 µm; B, C = 300 µm; D = 30 µm. A, B—paratype MIMB 42720; C, D—egg capsules deposited by holotype MIMB 42721." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6809903" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6809903/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="110">Fig. 9C</figureCitation>
). Up to 
<specimenCount id="9D37FD35FFB18C1E4EE441833726FF63" box="[999,1087,186,213]" pageId="9" pageNumber="110" type="egg">60 eggs</specimenCount>
were deposited in one capsule and up to 55 capsules with about 3000 eggs were produced by 
<specimenCount id="9D37FD35FFB18C1E4E6D41E630F2FF4E" box="[878,1003,222,249]" pageId="9" pageNumber="110" type="female">one female</specimenCount>
per brood; small females had smaller broods. The laid eggs were 105−120 µm in diameter, with smooth envelope less than 1 µm thick. Females brooding larvae in capsules had the next generation of vitellogenic oocytes developing in the ovaries. Most of the eggs in the broods developed into larvae, but about 10% of eggs were abortive (it is not known whether these result from sperm limitation or represent nurse egg development; see 
<bibRefCitation id="EFA04B4DFFB18C1E4FE4405730F0FE3E" author="Smith, H. L. &amp; Gibson, G. D." box="[743,1001,366,392]" pageId="9" pageNumber="110" pagination="177 - 185" refId="ref12194" refString="Smith, H. L. &amp; Gibson, G. D. (1999) Nurse egg origin in the polychaete Boccardia proboscidea (Spionidae). Invertebrate Reproduction and Development, 35 (3), 177 - 185. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 07924259.1999.9652384" type="journal article" year="1999">Smith &amp; Gibson 1999</bibRefCitation>
). The egg capsules with trochophores and abortive eggs were found in Nha 
<collectingRegion id="49F5F85EFFB18C1E4F3F40AA3167FE1B" box="[572,638,403,429]" country="Thailand" name="Trang" pageId="9" pageNumber="110">Trang</collectingRegion>
Bay in 
<date id="FF8F107CFFB18C1E4FD540AA3050FE1A" box="[726,841,402,429]" pageId="9" pageNumber="110" value="2006-06">June 2006</date>
(
<figureCitation id="130A2A39FFB18C1E4E5B40AB30CAFE1A" box="[856,979,402,428]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="9.[151,250,1302,1326]" captionTargetBox="[157,1430,704,1278]" captionTargetId="figure-292@9.[157,1430,704,1278]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 9. Morphology and reproduction of Dipolydora spinosa sp. nov. (in life). A, complete female, left lateral view, palps missing. B, anterior end, dorsal view, palps missing. C, a part of a brood laid by female inside its burrow in the shell, showing egg capsules joined in a string and containing trochophores. D, trochophores and abortive eggs from the capsules shown on C. Abbreviations: ab = abortive eggs; mo = mouth. Scale bars: A = 500 µm; B, C = 300 µm; D = 30 µm. A, B—paratype MIMB 42720; C, D—egg capsules deposited by holotype MIMB 42721." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6809903" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6809903/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="110">Fig. 9C, D</figureCitation>
). The trochophores had a few very small trochoblasts bearing short cilia of the prototroch, and one pair of rounded ventral ciliary patches. They had no eyes and moved inside capsules due to active beating of the ciliary patches. The larvae had a small mouth and a short foregut lined with numerous fine cilia (
<figureCitation id="130A2A39FFB18C1E4F4C40C731B0FDAE" box="[591,681,510,536]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="9.[151,250,1302,1326]" captionTargetBox="[157,1430,704,1278]" captionTargetId="figure-292@9.[157,1430,704,1278]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 9. Morphology and reproduction of Dipolydora spinosa sp. nov. (in life). A, complete female, left lateral view, palps missing. B, anterior end, dorsal view, palps missing. C, a part of a brood laid by female inside its burrow in the shell, showing egg capsules joined in a string and containing trochophores. D, trochophores and abortive eggs from the capsules shown on C. Abbreviations: ab = abortive eggs; mo = mouth. Scale bars: A = 500 µm; B, C = 300 µm; D = 30 µm. A, B—paratype MIMB 42720; C, D—egg capsules deposited by holotype MIMB 42721." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6809903" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6809903/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="110">Fig. 9D</figureCitation>
). The posterior end of the foregut was joined to a spherical mass of large yolky endodermal macromeres occupying most of the inner space of larvae. Lumen of midgut, posterior gut, and anus were not yet developed. The duration of larval development inside the capsules remains unknown, but compared to other polydorins producing similar broods (see 
<bibRefCitation id="EFA04B4DFFB18C1E4E4A43533747FD32" author="Blake, J. A. &amp; Arnofsky, P. L." box="[841,1118,618,644]" pageId="9" pageNumber="110" pagination="57 - 106" refId="ref10731" refString="Blake, J. A. &amp; Arnofsky, P. L. (1999) Reproduction and larval development of the spioniform Polychaeta with application to systematics and phylogeny. Hydrobiologia, 402, 57 - 106. https: // doi. org / 10.1023 / A: 1003784324125" type="journal article" year="1999">Blake &amp; Arnofsky 1999</bibRefCitation>
), 
<taxonomicName id="4C314D3FFFB18C1E4970435237F5FD32" authority="Radashevsky, 2022" authorityName="Radashevsky" authorityYear="2022" box="[1139,1260,619,644]" class="Polychaeta" family="Spionidae" genus="Dipolydora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spionida" pageId="9" pageNumber="110" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="spinosa" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B945EAAEFFB18C1E4970435237F5FD32" box="[1139,1260,619,644]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="110">D. spinosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="B945EAAEFFB18C1E49F743533656FD32" bold="true" box="[1268,1359,618,644]" pageId="9" pageNumber="110">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A27657D5FFB18C1E49F743533656FD32" box="[1268,1359,618,644]" pageId="9" pageNumber="110" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
larvae probably hatch after growing 3−5 chaetigers.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<caption id="DF4E6634FFB18C1E4D94442F3037FA08" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6809903" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6809903" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6809903/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="110" startId="9.[151,250,1302,1326]" targetBox="[157,1430,704,1278]" targetPageId="9">
<paragraph id="8B8E36BCFFB18C1E4D94442F3037FA08" blockId="9.[151,1437,1302,1471]" pageId="9" pageNumber="110">
<emphasis id="B945EAAEFFB18C1E4D94442F320AFA98" bold="true" box="[151,275,1302,1326]" pageId="9" pageNumber="110">FIGURE 9.</emphasis>
Morphology and reproduction of 
<emphasis id="B945EAAEFFB18C1E4F68442F3095FA98" bold="true" box="[619,908,1302,1326]" pageId="9" pageNumber="110">
<taxonomicName id="4C314D3FFFB18C1E4F68442F302CFA98" authority="Radashevsky, 2022" authorityName="Radashevsky" authorityYear="2022" box="[619,821,1302,1326]" class="Polychaeta" family="Spionidae" genus="Dipolydora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spionida" pageId="9" pageNumber="110" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="spinosa" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B945EAAEFFB18C1E4F68442F302CFA98" bold="true" box="[619,821,1302,1326]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="110">Dipolydora spinosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A27657D5FFB18C1E4E38442F3095FA98" box="[827,908,1302,1326]" pageId="9" pageNumber="110" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
(in life). A, complete female, left lateral view, palps missing. B, anterior end, dorsal view, palps missing. C, a part of a brood laid by female inside its burrow in the shell, showing egg capsules joined in a string and containing trochophores. D, trochophores and abortive eggs from the capsules shown on C. Abbreviations: 
<emphasis id="B945EAAEFFB18C1E4C3644BB3257FA2C" box="[309,334,1410,1434]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="110">ab</emphasis>
= abortive eggs; 
<emphasis id="B945EAAEFFB18C1E4F0244BA3139FA2C" box="[513,544,1411,1434]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="110">mo</emphasis>
= mouth. Scale bars: A = 500 µm; B, C = 300 µm; D = 30 µm. A, B—paratype MIMB 42720; C, D—egg capsules deposited by holotype MIMB 42721.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<subSubSection id="C32B6537FFB18C1D4DC444D5371DFF63" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="111" pageId="9" pageNumber="110" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8B8E36BCFFB18C1D4DC444D5371DFF63" blockId="9.[151,1437,1516,2011]" lastBlockId="10.[151,1436,150,321]" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="111" pageId="9" pageNumber="110">
<emphasis id="B945EAAEFFB18C1E4DC444D53222F9B0" bold="true" box="[199,315,1516,1542]" pageId="9" pageNumber="110">Remarks.</emphasis>
By having an occipital antenna on the prostomium, 
<taxonomicName id="4C314D3FFFB18C1E4E8F44D4371CF9B0" authority="Radashevsky, 2022" authorityName="Radashevsky" authorityYear="2022" box="[908,1029,1517,1542]" class="Polychaeta" family="Spionidae" genus="Dipolydora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spionida" pageId="9" pageNumber="110" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="spinosa" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B945EAAEFFB18C1E4E8F44D4371CF9B0" box="[908,1029,1517,1542]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="110">D. spinosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="B945EAAEFFB18C1E490F44D5377FF9B0" bold="true" box="[1036,1126,1516,1542]" pageId="9" pageNumber="110">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A27657D5FFB18C1E490F44D5377FF9B0" box="[1036,1126,1516,1542]" pageId="9" pageNumber="110" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
is similar to 
<taxonomicName id="4C314D3FFFB18C1E49F844D432A4F99C" authority="(Blake &amp; Kudenov, 1978)" baseAuthorityName="Blake &amp; Kudenov" baseAuthorityYear="1978" class="Polychaeta" family="Spionidae" genus="Dipolydora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spionida" pageId="9" pageNumber="110" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="tentaculata">
<emphasis id="B945EAAEFFB18C1E49F844D43685F9B0" box="[1275,1436,1516,1542]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="110">D. tentaculata</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFA04B4DFFB18C1E4D9C472932ADF99C" author="Blake, J. A. &amp; Kudenov, J. D." box="[159,436,1552,1578]" pageId="9" pageNumber="110" pagination="171 - 280" refId="ref10782" refString="Blake, J. A. &amp; Kudenov, J. D. (1978) The Spionidae (Polychaeta) from southeastern Australia and adjacent areas with a revision of the genera. Memoirs of the National Museum of Victoria, 39, 171 - 280." type="journal article" year="1978">Blake &amp; Kudenov, 1978</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
from 
<collectingRegion id="49F5F85EFFB18C1E4F00472831C9F99C" box="[515,720,1552,1579]" country="Australia" name="New South Wales" pageId="9" pageNumber="110">New South Wales</collectingRegion>
, 
<collectingCountry id="F326762CFFB18C1E4FD94729305DF99C" box="[730,836,1552,1578]" name="Australia" pageId="9" pageNumber="110">Australia</collectingCountry>
, and 
<taxonomicName id="4C314D3FFFB18C1E4E834728362DF99C" authority="Delgado-Blas, 2008" authorityName=", Delgado-Blas" authorityYear="2008" box="[896,1332,1552,1578]" class="Polychaeta" family="Spionidae" genus="Dipolydora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spionida" pageId="9" pageNumber="110" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="anatentaculata">
<emphasis id="B945EAAEFFB18C1E4E8347283752F99C" box="[896,1099,1552,1578]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="110">D. anatentaculata</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFA04B4DFFB18C1E49504729362DF99C" author="Delgado-Blas, V. H." box="[1107,1332,1552,1578]" pageId="9" pageNumber="110" pagination="1 - 19" refId="ref11065" refString="Delgado-Blas, V. H. (2008) Polydora and related genera (Polychaeta: Spionidae) from the Grand Caribbean region. Journal of Natural History, London, 42 (1 - 2), 1 - 19. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222930701831240" type="journal article" year="2008">Delgado-Blas, 2008</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
from the Gulf of Mexico, Florida. 
<taxonomicName id="4C314D3FFFB18C1E4CB3470D3197F9F8" authority="Radashevsky, 2022" authorityName="Radashevsky" authorityYear="2022" box="[432,654,1588,1614]" class="Polychaeta" family="Spionidae" genus="Dipolydora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spionida" pageId="9" pageNumber="110" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="spinosa" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B945EAAEFFB18C1E4CB3470D3197F9F8" box="[432,654,1588,1614]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="110">Dipolydora spinosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="B945EAAEFFB18C1E4F97470D31F4F9F8" bold="true" box="[660,749,1588,1614]" pageId="9" pageNumber="110">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A27657D5FFB18C1E4F97470D31F4F9F8" box="[660,749,1588,1614]" pageId="9" pageNumber="110" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C314D3FFFB18C1E4E20470C30DBF9F8" baseAuthorityName="Blake &amp; Kudenov" baseAuthorityYear="1978" box="[803,962,1588,1614]" class="Polychaeta" family="Spionidae" genus="Dipolydora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spionida" pageId="9" pageNumber="110" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="tentaculata">
<emphasis id="B945EAAEFFB18C1E4E20470C30DBF9F8" box="[803,962,1588,1614]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="110">D. tentaculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
have caruncles of similar maximal length, extending to the middle of chaetiger 5 (for 
<taxonomicName id="4C314D3FFFB18C1E4F7347603723F9C4" authority=", Delgado-Blas 2008: 8" authorityName=", Delgado-Blas" authorityPageNumber="8" authorityYear="2008" box="[624,1082,1624,1651]" class="Polychaeta" family="Spionidae" genus="Dipolydora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spionida" pageId="9" pageNumber="110" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="anatentaculata">
<emphasis id="B945EAAEFFB18C1E4F7347603020F9C4" box="[624,825,1624,1650]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="110">D. anatentaculata</emphasis>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="EFA04B4DFFB18C1E4E4647613723F9C4" author="Delgado-Blas, V. H." box="[837,1082,1624,1650]" pageId="9" pageNumber="110" pagination="1 - 19" refId="ref11065" refString="Delgado-Blas, V. H. (2008) Polydora and related genera (Polychaeta: Spionidae) from the Grand Caribbean region. Journal of Natural History, London, 42 (1 - 2), 1 - 19. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222930701831240" type="journal article" year="2008">Delgado-Blas 2008: 8</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, fig. 2A described the “caruncle extending posteriorly to segment 4” but illustrated it as reaching chaetiger 5). 
<taxonomicName id="4C314D3FFFB18C1E4916474537ECF920" authority="Radashevsky, 2022" authorityName="Radashevsky" authorityYear="2022" box="[1045,1269,1660,1686]" class="Polychaeta" family="Spionidae" genus="Dipolydora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spionida" pageId="9" pageNumber="110" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="spinosa" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B945EAAEFFB18C1E4916474537ECF920" box="[1045,1269,1660,1686]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="110">Dipolydora spinosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="B945EAAEFFB18C1E49FD47453640F920" bold="true" box="[1278,1369,1660,1686]" pageId="9" pageNumber="110">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A27657D5FFB18C1E49FD47453640F920" box="[1278,1369,1660,1686]" pageId="9" pageNumber="110" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
has a cup-shaped pygidium with only dorsal incision (which is comparatively rare among 
<taxonomicName id="4C314D3FFFB18C1E49584799360AF90D" box="[1115,1299,1696,1723]" class="Polychaeta" family="Spionidae" genus="Dipolydora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spionida" pageId="9" pageNumber="110" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="B945EAAEFFB18C1E4958479937C5F90C" box="[1115,1244,1696,1722]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="110">Dipolydora</emphasis>
spp.
</taxonomicName>
that mainly have lobate pygidia with three or four lobes) while the pygidial shapes are unknown for 
<taxonomicName id="4C314D3FFFB18C1E49A247FC365DF968" baseAuthorityName="Blake &amp; Kudenov" baseAuthorityYear="1978" box="[1185,1348,1732,1758]" class="Polychaeta" family="Spionidae" genus="Dipolydora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spionida" pageId="9" pageNumber="110" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="tentaculata">
<emphasis id="B945EAAEFFB18C1E49A247FC365DF968" box="[1185,1348,1732,1758]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="110">D. tentaculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C314D3FFFB18C1E488247FC3226F8B4" authorityName=", Delgado-Blas" authorityYear="2008" class="Polychaeta" family="Spionidae" genus="Dipolydora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spionida" pageId="9" pageNumber="110" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="anatentaculata">
<emphasis id="B945EAAEFFB18C1E488247FC3226F8B4" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="110">D. anatentaculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. 
<taxonomicName id="4C314D3FFFB18C1E4C4C47D13136F8B4" authority="Radashevsky, 2022" authorityName="Radashevsky" authorityYear="2022" box="[335,559,1768,1794]" class="Polychaeta" family="Spionidae" genus="Dipolydora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spionida" pageId="9" pageNumber="110" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="spinosa" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B945EAAEFFB18C1E4C4C47D13136F8B4" box="[335,559,1768,1794]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="110">Dipolydora spinosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="B945EAAEFFB18C1E4F3447D1318BF8B4" bold="true" box="[567,658,1768,1794]" pageId="9" pageNumber="110">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A27657D5FFB18C1E4F3447D1318BF8B4" box="[567,658,1768,1794]" pageId="9" pageNumber="110" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C314D3FFFB18C1E4FCF47D0308EF8B4" authorityName=", Delgado-Blas" authorityYear="2008" box="[716,919,1768,1794]" class="Polychaeta" family="Spionidae" genus="Dipolydora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spionida" pageId="9" pageNumber="110" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="anatentaculata">
<emphasis id="B945EAAEFFB18C1E4FCF47D0308EF8B4" box="[716,919,1768,1794]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="110">D. anatentaculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are shell-borers while 
<taxonomicName id="4C314D3FFFB18C1E499D47D03659F8B4" baseAuthorityName="Blake &amp; Kudenov" baseAuthorityYear="1978" box="[1182,1344,1768,1794]" class="Polychaeta" family="Spionidae" genus="Dipolydora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spionida" pageId="9" pageNumber="110" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="tentaculata">
<emphasis id="B945EAAEFFB18C1E499D47D03659F8B4" box="[1182,1344,1768,1794]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="110">D. tentaculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
lives in tubes in sediment. 
<taxonomicName id="4C314D3FFFB18C1E4C6846353150F890" authority="Radashevsky, 2022" authorityName="Radashevsky" authorityYear="2022" box="[363,585,1804,1830]" class="Polychaeta" family="Spionidae" genus="Dipolydora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spionida" pageId="9" pageNumber="110" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="spinosa" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B945EAAEFFB18C1E4C6846353150F890" box="[363,585,1804,1830]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="110">Dipolydora spinosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="B945EAAEFFB18C1E4F53463531B2F890" bold="true" box="[592,683,1804,1830]" pageId="9" pageNumber="110">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A27657D5FFB18C1E4F53463531B2F890" box="[592,683,1804,1830]" pageId="9" pageNumber="110" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
differs from these two species in the structure of the falcate spines of chaetiger 5. In 
<taxonomicName id="4C314D3FFFB18C1E4C59460832E0F8FC" baseAuthorityName="Blake &amp; Kudenov" baseAuthorityYear="1978" box="[346,505,1840,1866]" class="Polychaeta" family="Spionidae" genus="Dipolydora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spionida" pageId="9" pageNumber="110" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="tentaculata">
<emphasis id="B945EAAEFFB18C1E4C59460832E0F8FC" box="[346,505,1840,1866]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="110">D. tentaculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C314D3FFFB18C1E4F2E460831EEF8FC" authorityName=", Delgado-Blas" authorityYear="2008" box="[557,759,1840,1866]" class="Polychaeta" family="Spionidae" genus="Dipolydora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spionida" pageId="9" pageNumber="110" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="anatentaculata">
<emphasis id="B945EAAEFFB18C1E4F2E460831EEF8FC" box="[557,759,1840,1866]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="110">D. anatentaculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, the spines are simple, without accessory structures, whereas in 
<taxonomicName id="4C314D3FFFB18C1E4DB7466C3235F8D8" authority="Radashevsky, 2022" authorityName="Radashevsky" authorityYear="2022" box="[180,300,1877,1902]" class="Polychaeta" family="Spionidae" genus="Dipolydora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spionida" pageId="9" pageNumber="110" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="spinosa" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B945EAAEFFB18C1E4DB7466C3235F8D8" box="[180,300,1877,1902]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="110">D. spinosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="B945EAAEFFB18C1E4C31466D3292F8D8" bold="true" box="[306,395,1876,1902]" pageId="9" pageNumber="110">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A27657D5FFB18C1E4C31466D3292F8D8" box="[306,395,1876,1902]" pageId="9" pageNumber="110" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
the spines have a spoon-like hollow on the concave side and a narrow transverse shelf on the convex side. 
<bibRefCitation id="EFA04B4DFFB18C1E4C2946413198F825" author="Blake, J. A. &amp; Kudenov, J. D." box="[298,641,1912,1939]" pageId="9" pageNumber="110" pagination="171 - 280" refId="ref10782" refString="Blake, J. A. &amp; Kudenov, J. D. (1978) The Spionidae (Polychaeta) from southeastern Australia and adjacent areas with a revision of the genera. Memoirs of the National Museum of Victoria, 39, 171 - 280." type="journal article" year="1978">Blake &amp; Kudenov (1978: 250)</bibRefCitation>
noted that in 
<taxonomicName id="4C314D3FFFB18C1E4E18464030A2F824" baseAuthorityName="Blake &amp; Kudenov" baseAuthorityYear="1978" box="[795,955,1912,1938]" class="Polychaeta" family="Spionidae" genus="Dipolydora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spionida" pageId="9" pageNumber="110" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="tentaculata">
<emphasis id="B945EAAEFFB18C1E4E18464030A2F824" box="[795,955,1912,1938]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="110">D. tentaculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
the notochaetae of the posterior chaetigers “including long slender capillaries and a stouter spine.” On the illustration (
<bibRefCitation id="EFA04B4DFFB18C1E490946A5363CF800" author="Blake, J. A. &amp; Kudenov, J. D." box="[1034,1317,1948,1974]" pageId="9" pageNumber="110" pagination="171 - 280" refId="ref10782" refString="Blake, J. A. &amp; Kudenov, J. D. (1978) The Spionidae (Polychaeta) from southeastern Australia and adjacent areas with a revision of the genera. Memoirs of the National Museum of Victoria, 39, 171 - 280." type="journal article" year="1978">Blake &amp; Kudenov 1978</bibRefCitation>
: fig. 39c), however, the chaeta resembles thick anterior-row capillary notochaeta rather than a genuine spine (see Discussion below). Adults of 
<taxonomicName id="4C314D3FFFB28C1D4C6341AE32CEFF06" authority="Radashevsky, 2022" authorityName="Radashevsky" authorityYear="2022" box="[352,471,151,176]" class="Polychaeta" family="Spionidae" genus="Dipolydora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spionida" pageId="10" pageNumber="111" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="spinosa" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B945EAAEFFB28C1D4C6341AE32CEFF06" box="[352,471,151,176]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="111">D. spinosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="B945EAAEFFB28C1D4CDE41AE312FFF07" bold="true" box="[477,566,151,177]" pageId="10" pageNumber="111">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A27657D5FFB28C1D4CDE41AE312FFF07" box="[477,566,151,177]" pageId="10" pageNumber="111" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
have 2−4 (usually three) awl-like spines in addition to 1−5 capillaries in a tuft in the posterior notopodia; the spines are almost straight, with basal end blunt.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C32B6537FFB28C1D4DC441E632FBFEAB" pageId="10" pageNumber="111" type="etymology">
<paragraph id="8B8E36BCFFB28C1D4DC441E632FBFEAB" blockId="10.[151,1436,150,321]" pageId="10" pageNumber="111">
<emphasis id="B945EAAEFFB28C1D4DC441E63257FF4F" bold="true" box="[199,334,223,249]" pageId="10" pageNumber="111">Etymology.</emphasis>
The species name, feminine for Latin 
<emphasis id="B945EAAEFFB28C1D4E0141E6307BFF4E" box="[770,866,223,248]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="111">spinosus</emphasis>
(spiny, thorny), refers to the awl-like spines in the posterior notopodia of adults.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C32B6537FFB28C1D4DC4401F30DBFEF7" box="[199,962,294,321]" pageId="10" pageNumber="111" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="8B8E36BCFFB28C1D4DC4401F30DBFEF7" blockId="10.[151,1436,150,321]" box="[199,962,294,321]" pageId="10" pageNumber="111">
<emphasis id="B945EAAEFFB28C1D4DC4401F3278FEF6" bold="true" box="[199,353,294,320]" pageId="10" pageNumber="111">Distribution.</emphasis>
South-China Sea, 
<collectingCountry id="F326762CFFB28C1D4F31401E3188FEF7" box="[562,657,295,321]" name="Vietnam" pageId="10" pageNumber="111">Vietnam</collectingCountry>
(see Table S2, 
<figureCitation id="130A2A39FFB28C1D4E3F401E30ADFEF7" box="[828,948,295,321]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="1.[151,250,1150,1174]" captionTargetBox="[180,1428,722,1126]" captionTargetId="figure-257@1.[158,1441,705,1129]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="FIGURE 1. Maps showing sampling locations in the Gulf of Thailand and South China Sea (A) and Nha Trang Bay (B)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6809881" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6809881/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="111">Fig. 1A, B</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>