917 lines
163 KiB
XML
917 lines
163 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="F4928899B151F30412818E0D478A9CBD">Taxonomy, ecology and zoogeography of the Recent species of Rhamphostomella Lorenz, 1886 and Mixtoscutella n. gen. (Bryozoa, Cheilostomata)</mods:title>
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<taxonomicName id="4C20E9E10B223328FF73ACC21BE3FC2E" ID-CoL="4S3H2" authority="Osburn, 1952" authorityName="Osburn" authorityYear="1952" box="[151,660,931,958]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Umbonulidae" genus="Rhamphostomella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="gigantea">
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<emphasis id="B9544E700B223328FF73ACC21894FC2E" bold="true" box="[151,483,931,958]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Rhamphostomella gigantea</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB1EF930B223328FE0EACC51BE3FC2E" author="Osburn, R. C." box="[490,660,932,958]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" pagination="271 - 611" refId="ref93827" refString="Osburn, R. C. (1952) Bryozoa of the Pacific Coast of America. Part 2, Cheilostomata - Ascophora. Allan Hancock Pacific Expedition, 14, 271 - 611." type="journal article" year="1952">Osburn, 1952</bibRefCitation>
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<paragraph id="8B9F92620B223328FF73ACA918FAFC73" blockId="21.[151,660,931,995]" box="[151,397,968,995]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
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(
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<figureCitation id="131B8EE70B223328FF7BACA9199FFC73" box="[159,232,968,995]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="22.[151,250,1635,1659]" captionTargetBox="[217,1370,181,1612]" captionTargetId="figure-20@22.[217,1370,181,1612]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="FIGURE 5. Rhamphostomella gigantea Osburn, 1952. A. ZIRAS 3/50129 (western Kamchatka, Sea of Okhotsk). B–J, M. MIMB 3/50213 (Moneron Island, Sea of Japan). K, L. ZIRAS 1/50127 (Avacha Gulf, eastern Kamchatka, Pacific Ocean). A. Colony margin with developing zooids (arrows, communication pores of future ooecia). B. Distal view of young part of colony with non-ovicellate zooids, showing details of the primary orifice and suboral avicularia. C. Lateral view of primary orifice with suboral avicularium. D. Non-ovicellate zooids with suboral avicularia in young part of colony. E. Group of non-ovicellate zooids with suboral and adventitious frontal avicularia in young part of colony. F, G. Ovicellate zooids with adventitious avicularia in older part of colony. H. Lateral view of ovicellate zooids in older part of colony. I. Interior of frontal shield, showing ring scar and areolae. J. Internal view of orifice, showing straight proximal margin and condyles. K. Basal colony surface. L. Frontal shield interior, showing ring scar and exterior wall microstructure of umbonuloid component. M. Lateral view of autozooids, showing suboral and adventitious avicularia, ooecium free of secondary calcification and lateral wall with mural pore chambers. Scale bars: A, D, E, G, K, 500 μm; B, F, H, 250 μm; C, I, J, 100 μm; L, 50 μm; M, 200 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6544564" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6544564/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Figs 5</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation id="131B8EE70B223328FF10ACA91851FC72" box="[244,294,968,994]" captionStart="FIGURE 30" captionStartId="90.[151,250,1204,1228]" captionTargetBox="[153,1434,181,1180]" captionTargetId="figure-20@90.[153,1434,181,1180]" captionTargetPageId="90" captionText="FIGURE 30. Basal colony surface insome Rhamphostomellaspecies.A. R. scabra, ZIRAS 93/50106 (BeringIsland, Commander Islands, Pacific Ocean), colony fragment developed above irregular substrate, showing broken protuberances and pits formed above sponge spicules. B. R. commandorica, ZIRAS 1/50125 (Medny Island, Commander Islands, Pacific Ocean), colony fragment, showing smooth surface with rare thin protuberances. C. R. cristata, ZIRAS 2/50110 (Medny Island, Commander Islands, Pacific Ocean), colony area growing above crustose coralline algae Lithothamnion sp., showing regular series of columnar protuberances with broad bases. D. R. gigantea, ZIRAS 3/50129 (western Kamchatka shelf, Sea of Okhotsk), colony detached from internal side of broken shell of bivalve mollusc Chlamys sp. E. R. pacifica, ZIRAS 1/50124 (Kronotsky Gulf, eastern Kamchatka, Pacific Ocean), colony developed above irregular substratum. F. R. curvirostrata, NHMUK 1964.1.2.7 (Pacific coast of North America), colony margin with developing zooids, supported by long tubular processes. G. R. hincksi, USNM 11130 (Point Barrow, Alaska, Beaufort Sea), basal surface with long tubular protuberances. H. R. sibirica, ZIRAS 34/50113 (Medny Island, Commander Islands, Bering Sea), basal surface with long tubular protuberances. I. R. multirostrata, ZIRAS 1/50545 (Urup Island, Kuril Islands, Sea of Okhotsk), colony detached from a sponge, showing marginal zooids with regular series of tubular protuberances. Scale bars: 500 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6544589" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6544589/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">30D</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation id="131B8EE70B223328FED6ACA918F4FC73" box="[306,387,968,995]" captionStart="FIGURE 32" captionStartId="92.[151,250,1756,1780]" captionTargetBox="[225,1362,181,1732]" captionTargetId="figure-20@92.[225,1362,181,1732]" captionTargetPageId="92" captionText="FIGURE 32. Type specimens of Rhamphostomella species. A, B. Rhamphostomella gigantea Osburn, 1952. Holotype, USNM 11033 (Point Barrow, Alaska, Beaufort Sea). C–E. Rhamphostomella alutacea Gontar, 1993. Holotype, ZIRAS 1/44569 (Krabovaya Bight, Shikotan Island, Lesser Kuril Ridge, Pacific Ocean). F, G. Rhamphostomella bilaminata (Hincks, 1877). Neotype, NHMUK 1911.10.1.1580A (Gaspe, Gulf of St Lawrence, Atlantic Ocean). H, I. Rhamphostomella hincksi Nordgaard, 1906. Neotype, NHMUK 1976.8.6.39pt (about 22 km westwards from Medvezhii Island, western Barents Sea). J, K. Rhamphostomella plicata (Smitt, 1868). Lectotype, SMNH-Type-1696 (Waygat Islands, Hinlopen Strait, Svalbard and Jan Mayen). L, M. Rhamphostomella radiatula (Hincks, 1877). Neotype, NHMUK 1911.10.1.1592 (Iceland). Scale bars: A, B, D–G, K, M, 250 µm; C, H, I, J, L, 500 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6544593" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6544593/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">32A, B</figureCitation>
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)
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<treatmentCitation id="0A81B4730B223328FF73AB661BFCFB8F" author="Osburn, R. C." box="[151,651,1031,1055]" page="433" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" year="1952">
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<taxonomicName id="4C20E9E10B223328FF73AB661BFCFB8F" ID-CoL="4S3H2" authority="Osburn, 1952, p. 433" authorityName="Osburn" authorityPageNumber="433" authorityYear="1952" box="[151,651,1031,1055]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Umbonulidae" genus="Rhamphostomella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="gigantea">
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<emphasis id="B9544E700B223328FF73AB6618DAFB8F" box="[151,429,1031,1055]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Rhamphostomella gigantea</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB1EF930B223328FE57AB661B37FB8F" author="Osburn, R. C." box="[435,576,1031,1055]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" pagination="271 - 611" refId="ref93827" refString="Osburn, R. C. (1952) Bryozoa of the Pacific Coast of America. Part 2, Cheilostomata - Ascophora. Allan Hancock Pacific Expedition, 14, 271 - 611." type="journal article" year="1952">Osburn, 1952</bibRefCitation>
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, p. 433
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, pl. 50, fig. 5.
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<paragraph id="8B9F92620B223328FF73AB471A31FBAE" blockId="21.[151,838,1031,1117]" box="[151,838,1062,1086]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
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<treatmentCitation id="0A81B4730B223328FF73AB471BF8FBAE" author="Mawatari, S." box="[151,655,1062,1086]" page="619" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" year="1965">
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<taxonomicName id="4C20E9E10B223328FF73AB471BF8FBAE" ID-CoL="4S3H9" authority=": Mawatari 1965, p. 619" authorityName=": Mawatari" authorityPageNumber="619" authorityYear="1965" box="[151,655,1062,1086]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Umbonulidae" genus="Rhamphostomella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="scabra">
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<emphasis id="B9544E700B223328FF73AB4718EEFBAE" box="[151,409,1062,1086]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Rhamphostomella scabra</emphasis>
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:
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB1EF930B223328FE43AB471B34FBAE" author="Mawatari, S." box="[423,579,1062,1086]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" pagination="582 - 633" refId="ref92633" refString="Mawatari, S. (1965) Phylum Tentaculata. In: Okada, Y., Uchida, S. & Uchida, T. (Eds.), New Illustrated Encyclopedia of the Fauna of Japan. Hokuryu-Kan, Tokyo, pp. 582 - 633. [in Japanese]" type="book chapter" year="1965">Mawatari 1965</bibRefCitation>
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, p. 619
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</taxonomicName>
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, text-figs 126a, b.
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<taxonomicName id="4C20E9E10B223328FF73AB25185DFBCC" box="[151,298,1092,1116]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Petraliidae" genus="Petraliella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9544E700B223328FF73AB251874FBCC" box="[151,259,1092,1116]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Petraliella</emphasis>
|
||
sp.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
:
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="0A81B4730B223328FED0AB251B6BFBCD" author="Mawatari, S." box="[308,540,1092,1117]" page="123" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" year="1956">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB1EF930B223328FED0AB2518A6FBCC" author="Mawatari, S." box="[308,465,1092,1116]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" pagination="113 - 135" refId="ref92569" refString="Mawatari, S. (1956) Cheilostomatous Bryozoa from the Kuril Islands and neighbouring district. Pacific Science, 10, 113 - 135." type="journal article" year="1956">Mawatari 1956</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, p. 123
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
, figs 8a–c.
|
||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9F92620B223328FF73ABE6183AFB2E" blockId="21.[151,1436,1159,1214]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9544E700B223328FF73ABE618F1FB0F" bold="true" box="[151,390,1159,1183]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Additional references.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C20E9E10B223328FE69ABE61A0DFB0F" ID-CoL="4S3H2" authority=": Osburn 1955, p. 38" authorityName="Osburn" authorityPageNumber="38" authorityYear="1955" box="[397,890,1159,1183]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Umbonulidae" genus="Rhamphostomella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="gigantea">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9544E700B223328FE69ABE61BD3FB0F" box="[397,676,1159,1183]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Rhamphostomella gigantea</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB1EF930B223328FD56ABE61A4EFB0F" author="Osburn, R. C." box="[690,825,1159,1183]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" pagination="29 - 38" refId="ref93901" refString="Osburn, R. C. (1955) The circumpolar distribution of Arctic-Alaskan Bryozoa. In: Essays in the Natural Sciences in Honor of Captain Allan Hancock. Allan Hancock Foundation, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, pp. 29 - 38." type="book chapter" year="1955">Osburn 1955</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, p. 38
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB1EF930B223328FC61ABE61D42FB0F" author="MacGinitie, G. E." box="[901,1077,1159,1183]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" pagination="1 - 201" refId="ref92729" refString="MacGinitie, G. E. (1955) Distribution and ecology of the marine invertebrates of Point Barrow, Alaska. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections, 128, 1 - 201." type="journal article" year="1955">MacGinitie 1955</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, p. 132;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB1EF930B223328FB6AABE91C7EFB0F" author="Foster, N. R." box="[1166,1289,1159,1183]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" refId="ref87948" refString="Foster, N. R. (2010) Evaluating a Potential Relict Arctic Invertebrate and Algal Community on the West Side of Cook Inlet. University of Alaska, Fairbanks, 75 pp." type="book" year="2010">Foster 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, p. 57;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB1EF930B223328FAB2ABE6198BFB2E" author="Gontar, V. I." pageId="21" pageNumber="22" pagination="139 - 155" refId="ref88624" refString="Gontar, V. I. (2010) Benthic fauna of the Bryozoa in Chukchi Sea. Vestnik Ecologii, Lesovedeniya i Landschaftovedeniya, 10, 139 - 155. [in Russian with English summary]" type="journal article" year="2010">Gontar 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, p. 153.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C33AC1E90B223328FF73AB8D1CF0F823" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" type="materials_examined">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9F92620B223328FF73AB8D1DEAFABA" blockId="21.[151,1437,1260,2043]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9544E700B223328FF73AB8D18F5FA96" bold="true" box="[151,386,1260,1286]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Material examined.</emphasis>
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B48983F0B223328FE6FAB8D1DEAFABA" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="4027405338" collectingDate="1948-08-09" collectionCode="TYPE" collectorName="G. E. MacGinitie." county="Che" elevation="34" location="Beaufort Sea" municipality="Point Barrow" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" specimenCode="USNM 11033" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Alaska" typeStatus="holotype">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9544E700B223328FE6FAB8D1885FA96" box="[395,498,1260,1286]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
|
||
<typeStatus id="549B2CC00B223328FE6FAB8D1885FA96" box="[395,498,1260,1286]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
(labeled as
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED310AA70B223328FD9FAB8C1BB0FA97" box="[635,711,1261,1287]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">TYPE</collectionCode>
|
||
):
|
||
<specimenCode id="DB863A190B223328FD3FAB8D1A0BFA96" box="[731,892,1260,1286]" collectionCode="USNM" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" type="Museum">USNM 11033</specimenCode>
|
||
, record name
|
||
<collectingCounty id="62FEEAEE0B223328FBFBAB8D1D3AFA96" box="[1055,1101,1260,1286]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Che</collectingCounty>
|
||
–982, one colony fragment,
|
||
<date id="FF9EB4A20B223328FA6AAB8D185DFABA" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" value="1948-08-09">
|
||
<collectingDate id="EFDA4D4A0B223328FA6AAB8D185DFABA" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" value="1948-08-09">9 August 1948</collectingDate>
|
||
</date>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingMunicipality id="6BFB08180B223328FED1AA7118BBFABB" box="[309,460,1296,1323]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Point Barrow</collectingMunicipality>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49E45C800B223328FE32AA711B50FABA" box="[470,551,1296,1322]" country="United States of America" name="Alaska" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Alaska</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<location id="8EFFC4B90B223328FDD6AA711BB1FABA" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:038923740B223324FF73ACC21D19FA0D:8EFFC4B90B223328FDD6AA711BB1FABA" box="[562,710,1296,1322]" county="Che" municipality="Point Barrow" name="Beaufort Sea" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" stateProvince="Alaska">Beaufort Sea</location>
|
||
, depth
|
||
<quantity id="4CD83F870B223328FCF2AA711A11FABB" box="[790,870,1296,1323]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.35" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" unit="m" value="33.5">
|
||
<elevation id="000D75510B223328FCF2AA711A11FABB" box="[790,870,1296,1323]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.35" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" unit="m" value="33.5">33.5 m</elevation>
|
||
</quantity>
|
||
, collector
|
||
<collectorName id="26D5F7B40B223328FC3FAA711DEAFABA" box="[987,1181,1296,1322]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">G.E. MacGinitie.</collectorName>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9F92620B223328FF23AA5518A0F81F" blockId="21.[151,1437,1260,2043]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B48983F0B223328FF23AA551BF5FADE" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="4027405402" box="[199,642,1332,1359]" collectionCode="ZIRAS" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" specimenCode="ZIRAS 1" specimenCount="1">
|
||
<specimenCode id="DB863A190B223328FF23AA55185BFADF" box="[199,300,1332,1359]" collectionCode="ZIRAS" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">ZIRAS 1</specimenCode>
|
||
/50127, one colony fragment
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B48983F0B223328FD74AA541A19FADE" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="4027405483" box="[656,878,1332,1359]" collectionCode="KIENM" location="Collection" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" specimenCount="1">
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED310AA70B223328FD74AA541B9BFADF" box="[656,748,1333,1359]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">KIENM</collectionCode>
|
||
<location id="8EFFC4B90B223328FD12AA551A19FADE" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:038923740B223324FF73ACC21D19FA0D:8EFFC4B90B223328FD12AA551A19FADE" box="[758,878,1332,1358]" name="Collection" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Collection</location>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B48983F0B223328FC99AA541DE0FAE3" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="4027405323" collectingDate="1988-05-28" collectionCode="RV" county="Pacific Ocean" elevation="176" latitude="52.883335" location="Nazarovsk" longLatPrecision="108" longitude="160.13333" municipality="eastern Kamchatka Peninsula" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" specimenCount="1">
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED310AA70B223328FC99AA541AD6FADF" box="[893,929,1333,1359]" country="Italy" name="Collection of Leptospira Strains" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">RV</collectionCode>
|
||
<emphasis id="B9544E700B223328FC4FAA551D57FADE" box="[939,1056,1332,1358]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
|
||
<location id="8EFFC4B90B223328FC4FAA551D57FADE" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:038923740B223324FF73ACC21D19FA0D:8EFFC4B90B223328FC4FAA551D57FADE" box="[939,1056,1332,1358]" county="Pacific Ocean" latitude="52.883335" longLatPrecision="108" longitude="160.13333" municipality="eastern Kamchatka Peninsula" name="Nazarovsk" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Nazarovsk</location>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<location id="8EFFC4B90B223328FBD6AA551D20FADE" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:038923740B223324FF73ACC21D19FA0D:8EFFC4B90B223328FBD6AA551D20FADE" box="[1074,1111,1332,1358]" county="Pacific Ocean" latitude="52.883335" longLatPrecision="108" longitude="160.13333" municipality="eastern Kamchatka Peninsula" name="Stn" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Stn</location>
|
||
118,
|
||
<date id="FF9EB4A20B223328FB78AA551C4BFADE" box="[1180,1340,1332,1359]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" value="1988-05-28">
|
||
<collectingDate id="EFDA4D4A0B223328FB78AA551C4BFADE" box="[1180,1340,1332,1359]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" value="1988-05-28">28 May 1988</collectingDate>
|
||
</date>
|
||
,
|
||
<location id="8EFFC4B90B223328FAADAA5519BAFAE2" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:038923740B223324FF73ACC21D19FA0D:8EFFC4B90B223328FAADAA5519BAFAE2" county="Pacific Ocean" latitude="52.883335" longLatPrecision="108" longitude="160.13333" municipality="eastern Kamchatka Peninsula" name="Avacha Gulf" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Avacha Gulf</location>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingMunicipality id="6BFB08180B223328FF3EAA381B5DFAE2" box="[218,554,1368,1395]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">eastern Kamchatka Peninsula</collectingMunicipality>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCounty id="62FEEAEE0B223328FDD3AA391BA0FAE2" box="[567,727,1368,1394]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Pacific Ocean</collectingCounty>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE14F4A50B223328FD00AA381A15FAE3" box="[740,866,1369,1396]" degrees="52" direction="north" minutes="53.0" orientation="latitude" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" precision="92" value="52.883335">52°53.0ʹ N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE14F4A50B223328FC8BAA381A80FAE3" box="[879,1015,1369,1396]" degrees="160" direction="east" minutes="08.0" orientation="longitude" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" precision="92" value="160.13333">160°08.0ʹ E</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, depth
|
||
<quantity id="4CD83F870B223328FBA8AA391DE0FAE3" box="[1100,1175,1368,1395]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.76" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" unit="m" value="176.0">
|
||
<elevation id="000D75510B223328FBA8AA391DE0FAE3" box="[1100,1175,1368,1395]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.76" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" unit="m" value="176.0">176 m</elevation>
|
||
</quantity>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
, rock dredge, collector A.
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B48983F0B223328FF55AA1D1836FA06" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="4027405309" box="[177,321,1404,1430]" collectionCode="V" location="Rzhavsky" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" specimenCount="1">
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED310AA70B223328FF55AA1D19B0FA06" box="[177,199,1404,1430]" country="Canada" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:13946" name="Royal British Columbia Museum - Herbarium" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" type="Museum">V</collectionCode>
|
||
.
|
||
<location id="8EFFC4B90B223328FF35AA1D1836FA06" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:038923740B223324FF73ACC21D19FA0D:8EFFC4B90B223328FF35AA1D1836FA06" box="[209,321,1404,1430]" name="Rzhavsky" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Rzhavsky</location>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B48983F0B223328FEA8AA1D1B8DFA06" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="4027405405" box="[332,762,1404,1431]" collectionCode="ZIRAS" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" specimenCode="ZIRAS 2" specimenCount="1">
|
||
<specimenCode id="DB863A190B223328FEA8AA1D18C5FA07" box="[332,434,1404,1431]" collectionCode="ZIRAS" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">ZIRAS 2</specimenCode>
|
||
/50128, one colony fragment
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B48983F0B223328FCE2AA1C1A96FA06" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="4027405410" box="[774,993,1404,1431]" collectionCode="KIENM" location="Collection" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" specimenCount="1">
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED310AA70B223328FCE2AA1C1A15FA07" box="[774,866,1405,1431]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">KIENM</collectionCode>
|
||
<location id="8EFFC4B90B223328FC8DAA1D1A96FA06" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:038923740B223324FF73ACC21D19FA0D:8EFFC4B90B223328FC8DAA1D1A96FA06" box="[873,993,1404,1430]" name="Collection" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Collection</location>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B48983F0B223328FC08AA1C1D88FA2B" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="4027405479" collectingDate="1988-05-24" collectionCode="RV" county="Pacific Ocean" elevation="141" latitude="52.9" location="Nazarovsk" longLatPrecision="107" longitude="160.01666" municipality="eastern Kamchatka Peninsula" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" specimenCount="1">
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED310AA70B223328FC08AA1C1D67FA07" box="[1004,1040,1405,1431]" country="Italy" name="Collection of Leptospira Strains" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">RV</collectionCode>
|
||
<emphasis id="B9544E700B223328FBF3AA1D1DFBFA06" box="[1047,1164,1404,1430]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
|
||
<location id="8EFFC4B90B223328FBF3AA1D1DFBFA06" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:038923740B223324FF73ACC21D19FA0D:8EFFC4B90B223328FBF3AA1D1DFBFA06" box="[1047,1164,1404,1430]" county="Pacific Ocean" latitude="52.9" longLatPrecision="107" longitude="160.01666" municipality="eastern Kamchatka Peninsula" name="Nazarovsk" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Nazarovsk</location>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<location id="8EFFC4B90B223328FB7FAA1D1DB7FA06" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:038923740B223324FF73ACC21D19FA0D:8EFFC4B90B223328FB7FAA1D1DB7FA06" box="[1179,1216,1404,1430]" county="Pacific Ocean" latitude="52.9" longLatPrecision="107" longitude="160.01666" municipality="eastern Kamchatka Peninsula" name="Stn" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Stn</location>
|
||
119,
|
||
<date id="FF9EB4A20B223328FB1BAA1D1CEFFA06" box="[1279,1432,1404,1431]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" value="1988-05-24">
|
||
<collectingDate id="EFDA4D4A0B223328FB1BAA1D1CEFFA06" box="[1279,1432,1404,1431]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" value="1988-05-24">24 May 1988</collectingDate>
|
||
</date>
|
||
,
|
||
<location id="8EFFC4B90B223328FF73AAC1185DFA2A" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:038923740B223324FF73ACC21D19FA0D:8EFFC4B90B223328FF73AAC1185DFA2A" box="[151,298,1440,1466]" county="Pacific Ocean" latitude="52.9" longLatPrecision="107" longitude="160.01666" municipality="eastern Kamchatka Peninsula" name="Avacha Gulf" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Avacha Gulf</location>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingMunicipality id="6BFB08180B223328FEDCAAC01BFDFA2A" box="[312,650,1440,1467]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">eastern Kamchatka Peninsula</collectingMunicipality>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCounty id="62FEEAEE0B223328FD7CAAC11A4EFA2A" box="[664,825,1440,1466]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Pacific Ocean</collectingCounty>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE14F4A50B223328FCA3AAC01AB1FA2B" box="[839,966,1441,1468]" degrees="52" direction="north" minutes="54.0" orientation="latitude" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" precision="92" value="52.9">52°54.0ʹ N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE14F4A50B223328FC30AAC01D2AFA2B" box="[980,1117,1441,1468]" degrees="160" direction="east" minutes="01.0" orientation="longitude" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" precision="92" value="160.01666">160°01.0ʹ E</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, depth
|
||
<quantity id="4CD83F870B223328FB50AAC11D88FA2B" box="[1204,1279,1440,1467]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.41" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" unit="m" value="141.0">
|
||
<elevation id="000D75510B223328FB50AAC11D88FA2B" box="[1204,1279,1440,1467]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.41" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" unit="m" value="141.0">141 m</elevation>
|
||
</quantity>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
, rock dredge, collector A.
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B48983F0B223328FEFFAAA518D9FA4E" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="4027405497" box="[283,430,1476,1502]" collectionCode="V" location="Rzhavsky" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" specimenCount="1">
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED310AA70B223328FEFFAAA51846FA4E" box="[283,305,1476,1502]" country="Canada" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:13946" name="Royal British Columbia Museum - Herbarium" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" type="Museum">V</collectionCode>
|
||
.
|
||
<location id="8EFFC4B90B223328FEDAAAA518D9FA4E" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:038923740B223324FF73ACC21D19FA0D:8EFFC4B90B223328FEDAAAA518D9FA4E" box="[318,430,1476,1502]" name="Rzhavsky" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Rzhavsky</location>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B48983F0B223328FE5FAAA51868F993" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="4027405347" collectionCode="ZIRAS" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" specimenCode="ZIRAS 3" specimenCount="1">
|
||
<specimenCode id="DB863A190B223328FE5FAAA51B56FA4F" box="[443,545,1476,1503]" collectionCode="ZIRAS" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">ZIRAS 3</specimenCode>
|
||
/50129, one colony fragment detached from broken shells of bivalve mollusc
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C20E9E10B223328FF73AA891868F993" box="[151,287,1512,1539]" class="Bivalvia" family="Pectinidae" genus="Chlamys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pectinida" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9544E700B223328FF73AA89198EF992" box="[151,249,1512,1538]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Chlamys</emphasis>
|
||
sp
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
.,
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B48983F0B223328FED4AA881A5AF9B7" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="4027405339" collectingDate="1992-09-12" collectionCode="MFRT" county="Sea of Okhotsk" elevation="80" latitude="57.603333" location="Rodino" longLatPrecision="104" longitude="156.15" municipality="western Kamchatka" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" specimenCount="1">
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED310AA70B223328FED4AA88180DF993" box="[304,378,1513,1539]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">MFRT</collectionCode>
|
||
<emphasis id="B9544E700B223328FE66AA8918A4F992" box="[386,467,1512,1538]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
|
||
<location id="8EFFC4B90B223328FE66AA8918A4F992" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:038923740B223324FF73ACC21D19FA0D:8EFFC4B90B223328FE66AA8918A4F992" box="[386,467,1512,1538]" county="Sea of Okhotsk" latitude="57.603333" longLatPrecision="104" longitude="156.15" municipality="western Kamchatka" name="Rodino" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Rodino</location>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<date id="FF9EB4A20B223328FE05AA891BB7F992" box="[481,704,1512,1538]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" value="1992-09-12">
|
||
<collectingDate id="EFDA4D4A0B223328FE05AA891BB7F992" box="[481,704,1512,1538]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" value="1992-09-12">12 September 1992</collectingDate>
|
||
</date>
|
||
, about
|
||
<quantity id="4CD83F870B223328FCF6AA891A2DF992" box="[786,858,1512,1538]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.2" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" unit="km" value="32.0">32 km</quantity>
|
||
from
|
||
<location id="8EFFC4B90B223328FC7BAA891D1AF993" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:038923740B223324FF73ACC21D19FA0D:8EFFC4B90B223328FC7BAA891D1AF993" box="[927,1133,1512,1539]" county="Sea of Okhotsk" latitude="57.603333" longLatPrecision="104" longitude="156.15" municipality="western Kamchatka" name="Cape Hayryuzova" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Cape Hayryuzova</location>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingMunicipality id="6BFB08180B223328FB9DAA881C20F992" box="[1145,1367,1512,1539]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">western Kamchatka</collectingMunicipality>
|
||
shelf,
|
||
<collectingCounty id="62FEEAEE0B223328FF73A96D183BF9B6" box="[151,332,1548,1574]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Sea of Okhotsk</collectingCounty>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE14F4A50B223328FEBDA96C18AFF9B7" box="[345,472,1549,1576]" degrees="57" direction="north" minutes="36.2" orientation="latitude" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" precision="92" value="57.603333">57°36.2ʹ N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE14F4A50B223328FE02A96C1B18F9B7" box="[486,623,1549,1576]" degrees="156" direction="east" minutes="09.0" orientation="longitude" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" precision="92" value="156.15">156°09.0ʹ E</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, depth
|
||
<quantity id="4CD83F870B223328FD21A96D1A5AF9B7" box="[709,813,1548,1575]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.95" metricValueMax="8.1" metricValueMin="7.8" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" unit="m" value="79.5" valueMax="81.0" valueMin="78.0">
|
||
<elevation id="000D75510B223328FD21A96D1A5AF9B7" box="[709,813,1548,1575]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.95" metricValueMax="8.1" metricValueMin="7.8" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" unit="m" value="79.5" valueMax="81.0" valueMin="78.0">78–81 m</elevation>
|
||
</quantity>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
, crab trap, collector A.
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B48983F0B223328FBD1A96D1DABF9B6" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="4027405475" box="[1077,1244,1548,1574]" collectionCode="V" location="Grischenko" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" specimenCount="1">
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED310AA70B223328FBD1A96D1D3CF9B6" box="[1077,1099,1548,1574]" country="Canada" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:13946" name="Royal British Columbia Museum - Herbarium" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" type="Museum">V</collectionCode>
|
||
.
|
||
<location id="8EFFC4B90B223328FBB3A96D1DABF9B6" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:038923740B223324FF73ACC21D19FA0D:8EFFC4B90B223328FBB3A96D1DABF9B6" box="[1111,1244,1548,1574]" name="Grischenko" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Grischenko</location>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B48983F0B223328FB0DA96C1A1EF9DA" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="4027405470" collectionCode="MIMB" collectorName="Collection" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" specimenCode="MIMB 3" specimenCount="1">
|
||
<specimenCode id="DB863A190B223328FB0DA96C1C3BF9B7" box="[1257,1356,1548,1575]" collectionCode="MIMB" country="Russia" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/063z-3mpp" name="Museum of the Institute of Marine Biology" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">MIMB 3</specimenCode>
|
||
/50213 (recorded as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C20E9E10B223328FECDA95018E2F9DA" authorityName=": Mawatari" authorityYear="1965" box="[297,405,1584,1611]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Umbonulidae" genus="Rhamphostomella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="scabra">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9544E700B223328FECDA950184DF9DA" box="[297,314,1585,1610]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">R</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B9544E700B223328FEADA95118E2F9DA" box="[329,405,1584,1610]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">scabra</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), five colony fragments. IMB
|
||
<collectorName id="26D5F7B40B223328FD15A9511A1EF9DA" box="[753,873,1584,1610]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Collection</collectorName>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B48983F0B223328FC90A9501DF0F9FF" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="4027405427" collectingDate="1976-10-12" collectionCode="RV" country="Japan" county="Sea" elevation="120" latitude="46.233334" location="Atma" longLatPrecision="112" longitude="141.15" municipality="Moneron Island" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" specimenCount="1">
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED310AA70B223328FC90A9501AEFF9DB" box="[884,920,1585,1611]" country="Italy" name="Collection of Leptospira Strains" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">RV</collectionCode>
|
||
<emphasis id="B9544E700B223328FC44A9511AACF9DA" box="[928,987,1584,1610]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
|
||
<location id="8EFFC4B90B223328FC44A9511AACF9DA" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:038923740B223324FF73ACC21D19FA0D:8EFFC4B90B223328FC44A9511AACF9DA" box="[928,987,1584,1610]" country="Japan" county="Sea" latitude="46.233334" longLatPrecision="112" longitude="141.15" municipality="Moneron Island" name="Atma" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Atma</location>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<location id="8EFFC4B90B223328FC0EA9511D78F9DA" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:038923740B223324FF73ACC21D19FA0D:8EFFC4B90B223328FC0EA9511D78F9DA" box="[1002,1039,1584,1610]" country="Japan" county="Sea" latitude="46.233334" longLatPrecision="112" longitude="141.15" municipality="Moneron Island" name="Stn" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Stn</location>
|
||
248/697,
|
||
<date id="FF9EB4A20B223328FB66A9511C34F9DA" box="[1154,1347,1584,1610]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" value="1976-10-12">
|
||
<collectingDate id="EFDA4D4A0B223328FB66A9511C34F9DA" box="[1154,1347,1584,1610]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" value="1976-10-12">12 October 1976</collectingDate>
|
||
</date>
|
||
, coastal waters southwest of
|
||
<collectingMunicipality id="6BFB08180B223328FE9AA9341B44F9FE" box="[382,563,1620,1647]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Moneron Island</collectingMunicipality>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCounty id="62FEEAEE0B223328FDDBA9351B10F9FE" box="[575,615,1620,1646]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Sea</collectingCounty>
|
||
of
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F337D2F20B223328FD6AA9341BA6F9FF" box="[654,721,1621,1647]" name="Japan" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Japan</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE14F4A50B223328FD38A9341A2EF9FF" box="[732,857,1621,1648]" degrees="46" direction="north" minutes="14.0" orientation="latitude" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" precision="92" value="46.233334">46°14.0ʹ N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE14F4A50B223328FC81A9341A9BF9FF" box="[869,1004,1621,1648]" degrees="141" direction="east" minutes="09.0" orientation="longitude" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" precision="92" value="141.15">141°09.0ʹ E</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, depth
|
||
<quantity id="4CD83F870B223328FBDAA9351DF0F9FF" box="[1086,1159,1620,1647]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.2" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" unit="m" value="120.0">
|
||
<elevation id="000D75510B223328FBDAA9351DF0F9FF" box="[1086,1159,1620,1647]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.2" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" unit="m" value="120.0">120 m</elevation>
|
||
</quantity>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B48983F0B223328FB70A9351CEBF9FE" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="4027405335" box="[1172,1436,1620,1646]" country="Japan" location="Sigsbee" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" specimenCount="1">
|
||
<location id="8EFFC4B90B223328FB70A9351D9CF9FE" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:038923740B223324FF73ACC21D19FA0D:8EFFC4B90B223328FB70A9351D9CF9FE" box="[1172,1259,1620,1646]" country="Japan" name="Sigsbee" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Sigsbee</location>
|
||
trawl, collector
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B48983F0B223328FF73A918187AF902" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="4027405480" box="[151,269,1656,1683]" collectionCode="V" collectorName="Lukin" country="Japan" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" specimenCount="1">
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED310AA70B223328FF73A91819D9F903" box="[151,174,1657,1683]" country="Canada" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:13946" name="Royal British Columbia Museum - Herbarium" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" type="Museum">V</collectionCode>
|
||
.I.
|
||
<collectorName id="26D5F7B40B223328FF22A919187AF902" box="[198,269,1656,1682]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Lukin</collectorName>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B48983F0B223328FEF3A9181A8DF902" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="4027405378" box="[279,1018,1656,1683]" collectionCode="NHMUK" collectorName="Rusalca Expedition" country="Japan" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" specimenCode="NHMUK 2008.05" specimenCount="1">
|
||
<specimenCode id="DB863A190B223328FEF3A9181891F903" box="[279,486,1656,1683]" collectionCode="NHMUK" country="United Kingdom" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34665" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34665" name="Natural History Museum, London" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" type="Museum">NHMUK 2008.05</specimenCode>
|
||
.29.4, one colony fragment,
|
||
<collectorName id="26D5F7B40B223328FCF9A9191A8DF902" box="[797,1018,1656,1682]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Rusalca Expedition</collectorName>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B48983F0B223328FBE1A9181D01F926" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="4027405443" collectingDate="2004-08-22" collectionCode="RV" collectorName="B. Bluhm." country="Japan" county="Chukchi Sea" elevation="75" latitude="71.39167" location="Professor Khromov" longLatPrecision="96" longitude="-174.87167" municipality="Stn" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" specimenCount="1">
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED310AA70B223328FBE1A9181D5EF903" box="[1029,1065,1657,1683]" country="Italy" name="Collection of Leptospira Strains" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">RV</collectionCode>
|
||
<emphasis id="B9544E700B223328FBD4A9191C7DF902" box="[1072,1290,1656,1682]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
|
||
<location id="8EFFC4B90B223328FBD4A9191C7DF902" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:038923740B223324FF73ACC21D19FA0D:8EFFC4B90B223328FBD4A9191C7DF902" box="[1072,1290,1656,1682]" country="Japan" county="Chukchi Sea" latitude="71.39167" longLatPrecision="96" longitude="-174.87167" municipality="Stn" name="Professor Khromov" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Professor Khromov</location>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingMunicipality id="6BFB08180B223328FAFCA9191C4AF902" box="[1304,1341,1656,1682]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Stn</collectingMunicipality>
|
||
62B,
|
||
<date id="FF9EB4A20B223328FA64A919185CF926" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" value="2004-08-22">
|
||
<collectingDate id="EFDA4D4A0B223328FA64A919185CF926" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" value="2004-08-22">22 August 2004</collectingDate>
|
||
</date>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCounty id="62FEEAEE0B223328FED2A9FD18B0F926" box="[310,455,1692,1718]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Chukchi Sea</collectingCounty>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE14F4A50B223328FE37A9FC1B27F927" box="[467,592,1693,1720]" degrees="71" direction="north" minutes="23.5" orientation="latitude" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" precision="92" value="71.39167">71°23.5ʹ N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE14F4A50B223328FDB8A9FC1B9DF927" box="[604,746,1693,1720]" degrees="174" direction="west" minutes="52.3" orientation="longitude" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" precision="92" value="-174.87167">174°52.3ʹ W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, depth
|
||
<quantity id="4CD83F870B223328FCDFA9FD1AFBF927" box="[827,908,1692,1719]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.459999999999999" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" unit="m" value="74.6">
|
||
<elevation id="000D75510B223328FCDFA9FD1AFBF927" box="[827,908,1692,1719]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.459999999999999" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" unit="m" value="74.6">74.6 m</elevation>
|
||
</quantity>
|
||
, collector
|
||
<collectorName id="26D5F7B40B223328FBE5A9FC1D01F926" box="[1025,1142,1692,1719]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">B. Bluhm.</collectorName>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B48983F0B223328FB99A9FC1AE6F94B" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="4027405450" collectionCode="NHMUK" country="Japan" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" specimenCode="NHMUK 2010.2" specimenCount="1">
|
||
<specimenCode id="DB863A190B223328FB99A9FC1C36F926" box="[1149,1345,1692,1719]" collectionCode="NHMUK" country="United Kingdom" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34665" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34665" name="Natural History Museum, London" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" type="Museum">NHMUK 2010.2</specimenCode>
|
||
.9.3, one colony fragment detached from broken shell of bivalve
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C20E9E10B223328FCEEA9A11AE6F94B" box="[778,913,1728,1755]" class="Bivalvia" family="Pectinidae" genus="Chlamys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pectinida" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9544E700B223328FCEEA9A11A1BF94A" box="[778,876,1728,1754]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Chlamys</emphasis>
|
||
sp
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
.,
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B48983F0B223328FC45A9A01CE0F96F" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="4027405426" collectingDate="1992-09-12" collectionCode="MFRT" country="Japan" county="Sea of Okhotsk" elevation="80" latitude="57.603333" location="Rodino" longLatPrecision="104" longitude="156.15" municipality="western Kamchatka" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" specimenCount="1">
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED310AA70B223328FC45A9A01A9CF94B" box="[929,1003,1729,1755]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">MFRT</collectionCode>
|
||
<emphasis id="B9544E700B223328FC17A9A11D33F94A" box="[1011,1092,1728,1754]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
|
||
<location id="8EFFC4B90B223328FC17A9A11D33F94A" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:038923740B223324FF73ACC21D19FA0D:8EFFC4B90B223328FC17A9A11D33F94A" box="[1011,1092,1728,1754]" country="Japan" county="Sea of Okhotsk" latitude="57.603333" longLatPrecision="104" longitude="156.15" municipality="western Kamchatka" name="Rodino" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Rodino</location>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<date id="FF9EB4A20B223328FBB6A9A11C58F94A" box="[1106,1327,1728,1754]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" value="1992-09-12">
|
||
<collectingDate id="EFDA4D4A0B223328FBB6A9A11C58F94A" box="[1106,1327,1728,1754]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" value="1992-09-12">12 September 1992</collectingDate>
|
||
</date>
|
||
, about
|
||
<quantity id="4CD83F870B223328FA64A9A119CCF96E" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.2" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" unit="km" value="32.0">32 km</quantity>
|
||
from
|
||
<location id="8EFFC4B90B223328FEE6A98518A6F96F" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:038923740B223324FF73ACC21D19FA0D:8EFFC4B90B223328FEE6A98518A6F96F" box="[258,465,1764,1791]" country="Japan" county="Sea of Okhotsk" latitude="57.603333" longLatPrecision="104" longitude="156.15" municipality="western Kamchatka" name="Cape Hayryuzova" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Cape Hayryuzova</location>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingMunicipality id="6BFB08180B223328FE39A9841BCAF96E" box="[477,701,1764,1791]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">western Kamchatka</collectingMunicipality>
|
||
shelf,
|
||
<collectingCounty id="62FEEAEE0B223328FCEFA9851ACAF96E" box="[779,957,1764,1790]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Sea of Okhotsk</collectingCounty>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE14F4A50B223328FC2EA9841D3FF96F" box="[970,1096,1765,1792]" degrees="57" direction="north" minutes="36.2" orientation="latitude" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" precision="92" value="57.603333">57°36.2ʹ N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE14F4A50B223328FBB1A9841DABF96F" box="[1109,1244,1765,1792]" degrees="156" direction="east" minutes="09.0" orientation="longitude" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" precision="92" value="156.15">156°09.0ʹ E</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, depth
|
||
<quantity id="4CD83F870B223328FAD5A9851CE0F96F" box="[1329,1431,1764,1791]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.95" metricValueMax="8.1" metricValueMin="7.8" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" unit="m" value="79.5" valueMax="81.0" valueMin="78.0">
|
||
<elevation id="000D75510B223328FAD5A9851CE0F96F" box="[1329,1431,1764,1791]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.95" metricValueMax="8.1" metricValueMin="7.8" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" unit="m" value="79.5" valueMax="81.0" valueMin="78.0">78–81 m</elevation>
|
||
</quantity>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
, crab trap, collector A.
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B48983F0B223328FE6CA8691B5AF8B2" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="4027405376" box="[392,557,1800,1826]" collectionCode="V" country="Japan" location="Grischenko" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" specimenCount="1">
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED310AA70B223328FE6CA86918E9F8B2" box="[392,414,1800,1826]" country="Canada" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:13946" name="Royal British Columbia Museum - Herbarium" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" type="Museum">V</collectionCode>
|
||
.
|
||
<location id="8EFFC4B90B223328FE4CA8691B5AF8B2" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:038923740B223324FF73ACC21D19FA0D:8EFFC4B90B223328FE4CA8691B5AF8B2" box="[424,557,1800,1826]" country="Japan" name="Grischenko" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Grischenko</location>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B48983F0B223328FDD3A8691DD8F8D6" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="4027405368" collectingDate="1948-09-15" collectionCode="UAM" collectorName="G. E. MacGinitie." country="Japan" county="Beaufort Sea" elevation="34" location="Bry" municipality="Point Barrow" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" specimenCount="1">
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED310AA70B223328FDD3A8691B0FF8B2" box="[567,632,1800,1826]" country="USA" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/77v7-7va6" name="University of Alaska Museum" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" type="Museum">UAM</collectionCode>
|
||
<location id="8EFFC4B90B223328FD64A8691BDCF8B2" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:038923740B223324FF73ACC21D19FA0D:8EFFC4B90B223328FD64A8691BDCF8B2" box="[640,683,1800,1826]" country="Japan" county="Beaufort Sea" municipality="Point Barrow" name="Bry" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Bry</location>
|
||
–408, one colony fragment,
|
||
<location id="8EFFC4B90B223328FC07A8691CEEF8B2" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:038923740B223324FF73ACC21D19FA0D:8EFFC4B90B223328FC07A8691CEEF8B2" box="[995,1433,1800,1826]" country="Japan" county="Beaufort Sea" municipality="Point Barrow" name="Arctic Research Laboratory Collection" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Arctic Research Laboratory Collection</location>
|
||
, off
|
||
<collectingMunicipality id="6BFB08180B223328FF5AA84D1822F8D7" box="[190,341,1836,1863]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Point Barrow</collectingMunicipality>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCounty id="62FEEAEE0B223328FE84A84D1884F8D6" box="[352,499,1836,1862]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Beaufort Sea</collectingCounty>
|
||
,
|
||
<date id="FF9EB4A20B223328FE1AA84D1BACF8D6" box="[510,731,1836,1863]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" value="1948-09-15">
|
||
<collectingDate id="EFDA4D4A0B223328FE1AA84D1BACF8D6" box="[510,731,1836,1863]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" value="1948-09-15">15 September 1948</collectingDate>
|
||
</date>
|
||
, depth
|
||
<quantity id="4CD83F870B223328FCCEA84D1A0DF8D7" box="[810,890,1836,1863]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.35" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" unit="m" value="33.5">
|
||
<elevation id="000D75510B223328FCCEA84D1A0DF8D7" box="[810,890,1836,1863]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.35" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" unit="m" value="33.5">33.5 m</elevation>
|
||
</quantity>
|
||
, collector
|
||
<collectorName id="26D5F7B40B223328FC0AA84D1DD8F8D6" box="[1006,1199,1836,1862]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">G.E. MacGinitie.</collectorName>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B48983F0B223328FB51A84D1825F8FA" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="4027405414" collectionCode="UAM" country="Japan" location="Bry" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" specimenCount="1">
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED310AA70B223328FB51A84D1D81F8D6" box="[1205,1270,1836,1862]" country="USA" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/77v7-7va6" name="University of Alaska Museum" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" type="Museum">UAM</collectionCode>
|
||
<location id="8EFFC4B90B223328FB19A84C1C50F8D7" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:038923740B223324FF73ACC21D19FA0D:8EFFC4B90B223328FB19A84C1C50F8D7" box="[1277,1319,1837,1863]" country="Japan" name="Bry" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Bry</location>
|
||
77–1, one colony fragment
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B48983F0B223328FEB8A83018A0F81F" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="4027405412" collectingDate="1977-03-17" collectionCode="RV" country="Japan" county="Bering Sea" elevation="82" latitude="54.671665" location="Surveyer" longLatPrecision="106" longitude="-165.15167" municipality="Aleutian Islands" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" specimenCount="82">
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED310AA70B223328FEB8A83018F7F8FB" box="[348,384,1873,1899]" country="Italy" name="Collection of Leptospira Strains" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">RV</collectionCode>
|
||
<emphasis id="B9544E700B223328FE63A831189CF8FA" box="[391,491,1872,1898]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
|
||
<location id="8EFFC4B90B223328FE63A831189CF8FA" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:038923740B223324FF73ACC21D19FA0D:8EFFC4B90B223328FE63A831189CF8FA" box="[391,491,1872,1898]" country="Japan" county="Bering Sea" latitude="54.671665" longLatPrecision="106" longitude="-165.15167" municipality="Aleutian Islands" name="Surveyer" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Surveyer</location>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<date id="FF9EB4A20B223328FE1CA8311BD3F8FA" box="[504,676,1872,1898]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" value="1977-03-17">
|
||
<collectingDate id="EFDA4D4A0B223328FE1CA8311BD3F8FA" box="[504,676,1872,1898]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" value="1977-03-17">17 March 1977</collectingDate>
|
||
</date>
|
||
, northwest of
|
||
<location id="8EFFC4B90B223328FCA5A8311A9EF8FA" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:038923740B223324FF73ACC21D19FA0D:8EFFC4B90B223328FCA5A8311A9EF8FA" box="[833,1001,1872,1898]" country="Japan" county="Bering Sea" latitude="54.671665" longLatPrecision="106" longitude="-165.15167" municipality="Aleutian Islands" name="Unimak Island" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Unimak Island</location>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingMunicipality id="6BFB08180B223328FC16A8311DDCF8FA" box="[1010,1195,1872,1898]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Aleutian Islands</collectingMunicipality>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCounty id="62FEEAEE0B223328FB51A8311C44F8FA" box="[1205,1331,1872,1898]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Bering Sea</collectingCounty>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE14F4A50B223328FADAA83019D9F81F" degrees="54" direction="north" minutes="40.3" orientation="latitude" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" precision="92" value="54.671665">54°40.3ʹ N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE14F4A50B223328FF5DA8141830F81F" box="[185,327,1909,1936]" degrees="165" direction="west" minutes="09.1" orientation="longitude" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" precision="92" value="-165.15167">165°09.1ʹ W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, depth
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D2659EB0B223328FE73A81518A0F81F" box="[407,471,1908,1935]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" type="generic">
|
||
<quantity id="4CD83F870B223328FE73A81518A4F81F" box="[407,467,1908,1935]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.2" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" unit="m" value="82.0">
|
||
<elevation id="000D75510B223328FE73A81518A4F81F" box="[407,467,1908,1935]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.2" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" unit="m" value="82.0">82 m</elevation>
|
||
</quantity>
|
||
.
|
||
</specimenCount>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9F92620B223328FF23A8F91CF0F823" blockId="21.[151,1437,1260,2043]" box="[199,1415,1944,1971]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9544E700B223328FF23A8F918CDF822" bold="true" box="[199,442,1944,1970]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Additional material.</emphasis>
|
||
Two specimens. KamchatNIRO Collection (2013) Stn 62 (see Appendix 1 for details).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C33AC1E90B223325FF23A8DD1BCFFD32" lastPageId="24" lastPageNumber="25" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9F92620B22332AFF23A8DD1D52FF45" blockId="21.[151,1437,1260,2043]" lastBlockId="23.[151,1437,150,2013]" lastPageId="23" lastPageNumber="24" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9544E700B223328FF23A8DD1809F846" bold="true" box="[199,382,1980,2006]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Measurements.</emphasis>
|
||
ZIRAS 1/50127, Avacha Gulf, eastern
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49E45C800B223328FCD2A8DD1ACFF846" box="[822,952,1980,2006]" country="Russia" name="Kamchatka" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Kamchatka</collectingRegion>
|
||
, Pacific Ocean (
|
||
<figureCitation id="131B8EE70B223328FB8BA8DD1D9DF847" box="[1135,1258,1980,2007]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="22.[151,250,1635,1659]" captionTargetBox="[217,1370,181,1612]" captionTargetId="figure-20@22.[217,1370,181,1612]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="FIGURE 5. Rhamphostomella gigantea Osburn, 1952. A. ZIRAS 3/50129 (western Kamchatka, Sea of Okhotsk). B–J, M. MIMB 3/50213 (Moneron Island, Sea of Japan). K, L. ZIRAS 1/50127 (Avacha Gulf, eastern Kamchatka, Pacific Ocean). A. Colony margin with developing zooids (arrows, communication pores of future ooecia). B. Distal view of young part of colony with non-ovicellate zooids, showing details of the primary orifice and suboral avicularia. C. Lateral view of primary orifice with suboral avicularium. D. Non-ovicellate zooids with suboral avicularia in young part of colony. E. Group of non-ovicellate zooids with suboral and adventitious frontal avicularia in young part of colony. F, G. Ovicellate zooids with adventitious avicularia in older part of colony. H. Lateral view of ovicellate zooids in older part of colony. I. Interior of frontal shield, showing ring scar and areolae. J. Internal view of orifice, showing straight proximal margin and condyles. K. Basal colony surface. L. Frontal shield interior, showing ring scar and exterior wall microstructure of umbonuloid component. M. Lateral view of autozooids, showing suboral and adventitious avicularia, ooecium free of secondary calcification and lateral wall with mural pore chambers. Scale bars: A, D, E, G, K, 500 μm; B, F, H, 250 μm; C, I, J, 100 μm; L, 50 μm; M, 200 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6544564" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6544564/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Fig. 5K–L</figureCitation>
|
||
). ZL, 1.05–2.31 (1.45 ± 0.33). ZW, 0.57–0.96 (0.75 ± 0.08). ZD, 0.55–0.80 (
|
||
<emphasis id="B9544E700B223328FCDBA8801A3AF86A" box="[831,845,2017,2042]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">n</emphasis>
|
||
= 2). OrL, 0.29–0.38 (0.33 ± 0.02). OrW, 0.30–0.38 (0.34 ± 0.02). OeL, 0.35–0.46 (0.41 ± 0.03). OeW, 0.47–0.65 (0.58 ± 0.04). Av(s)L, 0.08–0.18 (0.13 ± 0.02). Av(ad)L, 0.17–0.28 (0.22 ± 0.02). P(m)N, 15–23 (17). P(oe)N, 5–13 (8) (
|
||
<emphasis id="B9544E700B20332AFC29AFDA1AACFF44" box="[973,987,187,212]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">n</emphasis>
|
||
= 10).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF5FC2EA0B21332BFF73A9021D43F874" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6544564" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6544564" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6544564/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" startId="22.[151,250,1635,1659]" targetBox="[217,1370,181,1612]" targetPageId="22">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9F92620B21332BFF73A9021D43F874" blockId="22.[151,1437,1635,2020]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9544E700B21332BFF73A9021861F9EC" bold="true" box="[151,278,1635,1660]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">FIGURE 5.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C20E9E10B21332BFEFBA9051BA6F9EC" authority="Osburn, 1952" authorityName="Osburn" authorityYear="1952" box="[287,721,1636,1660]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Umbonulidae" genus="Rhamphostomella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="gigantea">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9544E700B21332BFEFBA9051B4FF9EB" box="[287,568,1636,1660]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Rhamphostomella gigantea</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB1EF930B21332BFDA5A9051BA6F9EC" author="Osburn, R. C." box="[577,721,1636,1660]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" pagination="271 - 611" refId="ref93827" refString="Osburn, R. C. (1952) Bryozoa of the Pacific Coast of America. Part 2, Cheilostomata - Ascophora. Allan Hancock Pacific Expedition, 14, 271 - 611." type="journal article" year="1952">Osburn, 1952</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. A. ZIRAS 3/50129 (western Kamchatka, Sea of Okhotsk). B–J, M. MIMB 3/50213 (Moneron Island, Sea of Japan). K, L. ZIRAS 1/50127 (Avacha Gulf, eastern Kamchatka, Pacific Ocean). A. Colony margin with developing zooids (arrows, communication pores of future ooecia). B. Distal view of young part of colony with non-ovicellate zooids, showing details of the primary orifice and suboral avicularia. C. Lateral view of primary orifice with suboral avicularium. D. Non-ovicellate zooids with suboral avicularia in young part of colony. E. Group of non-ovicellate zooids with suboral and adventitious frontal avicularia in young part of colony. F, G. Ovicellate zooids with adventitious avicularia in older part of colony. H. Lateral view of ovicellate zooids in older part of colony. I. Interior of frontal shield, showing ring scar and areolae. J. Internal view of orifice, showing straight proximal margin and condyles. K. Basal colony surface. L. Frontal shield interior, showing ring scar and exterior wall microstructure of umbonuloid component. M. Lateral view of autozooids, showing suboral and adventitious avicularia, ooecium free of secondary calcification and lateral wall with mural pore chambers. Scale bars: A, D, E, G, K, 500 μm; B, F, H, 250 μm; C, I, J, 100 μm; L, 50 μm; M, 200 μm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9F92620B20332AFF23AFBE1A78FEF5" blockId="23.[151,1437,150,2013]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
|
||
ZIRAS 3/50129, western
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49E45C800B20332AFE03AFBE1B1EFF69" box="[487,617,223,249]" country="Russia" name="Kamchatka" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Kamchatka</collectingRegion>
|
||
, Sea of Okhotsk (
|
||
<figureCitation id="131B8EE70B20332AFCCBAFBE1AFBFF69" box="[815,908,222,249]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="22.[151,250,1635,1659]" captionTargetBox="[217,1370,181,1612]" captionTargetId="figure-20@22.[217,1370,181,1612]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="FIGURE 5. Rhamphostomella gigantea Osburn, 1952. A. ZIRAS 3/50129 (western Kamchatka, Sea of Okhotsk). B–J, M. MIMB 3/50213 (Moneron Island, Sea of Japan). K, L. ZIRAS 1/50127 (Avacha Gulf, eastern Kamchatka, Pacific Ocean). A. Colony margin with developing zooids (arrows, communication pores of future ooecia). B. Distal view of young part of colony with non-ovicellate zooids, showing details of the primary orifice and suboral avicularia. C. Lateral view of primary orifice with suboral avicularium. D. Non-ovicellate zooids with suboral avicularia in young part of colony. E. Group of non-ovicellate zooids with suboral and adventitious frontal avicularia in young part of colony. F, G. Ovicellate zooids with adventitious avicularia in older part of colony. H. Lateral view of ovicellate zooids in older part of colony. I. Interior of frontal shield, showing ring scar and areolae. J. Internal view of orifice, showing straight proximal margin and condyles. K. Basal colony surface. L. Frontal shield interior, showing ring scar and exterior wall microstructure of umbonuloid component. M. Lateral view of autozooids, showing suboral and adventitious avicularia, ooecium free of secondary calcification and lateral wall with mural pore chambers. Scale bars: A, D, E, G, K, 500 μm; B, F, H, 250 μm; C, I, J, 100 μm; L, 50 μm; M, 200 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6544564" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6544564/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Figs 5A</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="131B8EE70B20332AFC7CAFBE1ABAFF69" box="[920,973,223,249]" captionStart="FIGURE 30" captionStartId="90.[151,250,1204,1228]" captionTargetBox="[153,1434,181,1180]" captionTargetId="figure-20@90.[153,1434,181,1180]" captionTargetPageId="90" captionText="FIGURE 30. Basal colony surface insome Rhamphostomellaspecies.A. R. scabra, ZIRAS 93/50106 (BeringIsland, Commander Islands, Pacific Ocean), colony fragment developed above irregular substrate, showing broken protuberances and pits formed above sponge spicules. B. R. commandorica, ZIRAS 1/50125 (Medny Island, Commander Islands, Pacific Ocean), colony fragment, showing smooth surface with rare thin protuberances. C. R. cristata, ZIRAS 2/50110 (Medny Island, Commander Islands, Pacific Ocean), colony area growing above crustose coralline algae Lithothamnion sp., showing regular series of columnar protuberances with broad bases. D. R. gigantea, ZIRAS 3/50129 (western Kamchatka shelf, Sea of Okhotsk), colony detached from internal side of broken shell of bivalve mollusc Chlamys sp. E. R. pacifica, ZIRAS 1/50124 (Kronotsky Gulf, eastern Kamchatka, Pacific Ocean), colony developed above irregular substratum. F. R. curvirostrata, NHMUK 1964.1.2.7 (Pacific coast of North America), colony margin with developing zooids, supported by long tubular processes. G. R. hincksi, USNM 11130 (Point Barrow, Alaska, Beaufort Sea), basal surface with long tubular protuberances. H. R. sibirica, ZIRAS 34/50113 (Medny Island, Commander Islands, Bering Sea), basal surface with long tubular protuberances. I. R. multirostrata, ZIRAS 1/50545 (Urup Island, Kuril Islands, Sea of Okhotsk), colony detached from a sponge, showing marginal zooids with regular series of tubular protuberances. Scale bars: 500 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6544589" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6544589/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">30D</figureCitation>
|
||
). ZL, 0.87–1.73 (1.18 ± 0.20). ZW, 0.49– 0.90 (0.65 ± 0.09). ZD, 0.61–0.70 (
|
||
<emphasis id="B9544E700B20332AFDDCAE621B31FE8C" box="[568,582,259,284]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">n</emphasis>
|
||
= 2). OrL, 0.31–0.38 (0.35 ± 0.02). OrW, 0.30–0.40 (0.33 ± 0.03). OeL, 0.37–0.48 (0.42 ± 0.03). OeW, 0.48–0.63 (0.53 ± 0.03). Av(s)L, 0.09–0.18 (0.13 ± 0.02). Av(ad)L, 0.12–0.28 (0.20 ± 0.04). P(m)N, 14–22 (17). P(oe)N, 7–24 (16) (
|
||
<emphasis id="B9544E700B20332AFD53AE2A1BB2FEF4" box="[695,709,331,356]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">n</emphasis>
|
||
= 20).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9F92620B20332AFF23AE0E1BC7FE65" blockId="23.[151,1437,150,2013]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
|
||
MIMB 3/50213, Moneron Island, Sea of
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F337D2F20B20332AFD44AE0E1B97FE19" box="[672,736,367,393]" name="Japan" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Japan</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="131B8EE70B20332AFD15AE0E1AF9FE19" box="[753,910,366,393]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="22.[151,250,1635,1659]" captionTargetBox="[217,1370,181,1612]" captionTargetId="figure-20@22.[217,1370,181,1612]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="FIGURE 5. Rhamphostomella gigantea Osburn, 1952. A. ZIRAS 3/50129 (western Kamchatka, Sea of Okhotsk). B–J, M. MIMB 3/50213 (Moneron Island, Sea of Japan). K, L. ZIRAS 1/50127 (Avacha Gulf, eastern Kamchatka, Pacific Ocean). A. Colony margin with developing zooids (arrows, communication pores of future ooecia). B. Distal view of young part of colony with non-ovicellate zooids, showing details of the primary orifice and suboral avicularia. C. Lateral view of primary orifice with suboral avicularium. D. Non-ovicellate zooids with suboral avicularia in young part of colony. E. Group of non-ovicellate zooids with suboral and adventitious frontal avicularia in young part of colony. F, G. Ovicellate zooids with adventitious avicularia in older part of colony. H. Lateral view of ovicellate zooids in older part of colony. I. Interior of frontal shield, showing ring scar and areolae. J. Internal view of orifice, showing straight proximal margin and condyles. K. Basal colony surface. L. Frontal shield interior, showing ring scar and exterior wall microstructure of umbonuloid component. M. Lateral view of autozooids, showing suboral and adventitious avicularia, ooecium free of secondary calcification and lateral wall with mural pore chambers. Scale bars: A, D, E, G, K, 500 μm; B, F, H, 250 μm; C, I, J, 100 μm; L, 50 μm; M, 200 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6544564" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6544564/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Fig. 5B–J, M</figureCitation>
|
||
). ZL, 1.03–1.48 (1.21 ± 0.11). ZW, 0.52–0.73 (0.62 ± 0.05). ZD, 0.54–0.73 (
|
||
<emphasis id="B9544E700B20332AFE0FAEF2188EFE3C" box="[491,505,403,428]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">n</emphasis>
|
||
= 2). OrL, 0.30–0.37 (0.34 ± 0.02). OrW, 0.27–0.34 (0.31 ± 0.02). OeL, 0.37–0.50 (0.45 ± 0.03). OeW, 0.42–0.58 (0.49 ± 0.04). Av(s)L, 0.15–0.24 (0.20 ± 0.03). Av(ad)L, 0.19–0.31 (0.25 ± 0.04). P(m)N, 13–20 (16). P(oe)N, 9–19 (14) (
|
||
<emphasis id="B9544E700B20332AFDBCAEBA1B11FE64" box="[600,614,475,500]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">n</emphasis>
|
||
= 12).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9F92620B20332AFF23AE9F1C4DFD61" blockId="23.[151,1437,150,2013]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9544E700B20332AFF23AE9F182EFD88" bold="true" box="[199,345,510,536]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Description.</emphasis>
|
||
Colonies initially encrusting, multiserial, unilaminar (
|
||
<figureCitation id="131B8EE70B20332AFC2BAE9E1D5BFD89" box="[975,1068,510,537]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="22.[151,250,1635,1659]" captionTargetBox="[217,1370,181,1612]" captionTargetId="figure-20@22.[217,1370,181,1612]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="FIGURE 5. Rhamphostomella gigantea Osburn, 1952. A. ZIRAS 3/50129 (western Kamchatka, Sea of Okhotsk). B–J, M. MIMB 3/50213 (Moneron Island, Sea of Japan). K, L. ZIRAS 1/50127 (Avacha Gulf, eastern Kamchatka, Pacific Ocean). A. Colony margin with developing zooids (arrows, communication pores of future ooecia). B. Distal view of young part of colony with non-ovicellate zooids, showing details of the primary orifice and suboral avicularia. C. Lateral view of primary orifice with suboral avicularium. D. Non-ovicellate zooids with suboral avicularia in young part of colony. E. Group of non-ovicellate zooids with suboral and adventitious frontal avicularia in young part of colony. F, G. Ovicellate zooids with adventitious avicularia in older part of colony. H. Lateral view of ovicellate zooids in older part of colony. I. Interior of frontal shield, showing ring scar and areolae. J. Internal view of orifice, showing straight proximal margin and condyles. K. Basal colony surface. L. Frontal shield interior, showing ring scar and exterior wall microstructure of umbonuloid component. M. Lateral view of autozooids, showing suboral and adventitious avicularia, ooecium free of secondary calcification and lateral wall with mural pore chambers. Scale bars: A, D, E, G, K, 500 μm; B, F, H, 250 μm; C, I, J, 100 μm; L, 50 μm; M, 200 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6544564" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6544564/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Fig. 5A</figureCitation>
|
||
), giving rise to extensive erect, bilamellar, fan-like, ruffled expansions attaining up to 35 ×
|
||
<quantity id="4CD83F870B20332AFCAAAD421AD7FDAD" box="[846,928,547,573]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.3" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" unit="mm" value="33.0">33 mm</quantity>
|
||
in size. Dried colonies pink to pale yellow. Bilaminate parts of colony up to
|
||
<quantity id="4CD83F870B20332AFDC0AD261BFAFDF1" box="[548,653,583,609]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.82" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" unit="mm" value="1.82">1.82 mm</quantity>
|
||
thick; adjoining layers incompletely adhering, with narrow spaces occurring between them. Growth directions of zooids in adjoining layers not coinciding, with angles of up to 15° between main axes in opposing layers. Zooids very large, hexagonal to irregularly oval, arranged in regular series in checkered pattern, delineated by fine sutures between lateral walls. Zooidal boundaries clearly visible in zooids of young parts of colony (
|
||
<figureCitation id="131B8EE70B20332AFE7FADB61B4FFD61" box="[411,568,726,753]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="22.[151,250,1635,1659]" captionTargetBox="[217,1370,181,1612]" captionTargetId="figure-20@22.[217,1370,181,1612]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="FIGURE 5. Rhamphostomella gigantea Osburn, 1952. A. ZIRAS 3/50129 (western Kamchatka, Sea of Okhotsk). B–J, M. MIMB 3/50213 (Moneron Island, Sea of Japan). K, L. ZIRAS 1/50127 (Avacha Gulf, eastern Kamchatka, Pacific Ocean). A. Colony margin with developing zooids (arrows, communication pores of future ooecia). B. Distal view of young part of colony with non-ovicellate zooids, showing details of the primary orifice and suboral avicularia. C. Lateral view of primary orifice with suboral avicularium. D. Non-ovicellate zooids with suboral avicularia in young part of colony. E. Group of non-ovicellate zooids with suboral and adventitious frontal avicularia in young part of colony. F, G. Ovicellate zooids with adventitious avicularia in older part of colony. H. Lateral view of ovicellate zooids in older part of colony. I. Interior of frontal shield, showing ring scar and areolae. J. Internal view of orifice, showing straight proximal margin and condyles. K. Basal colony surface. L. Frontal shield interior, showing ring scar and exterior wall microstructure of umbonuloid component. M. Lateral view of autozooids, showing suboral and adventitious avicularia, ooecium free of secondary calcification and lateral wall with mural pore chambers. Scale bars: A, D, E, G, K, 500 μm; B, F, H, 250 μm; C, I, J, 100 μm; L, 50 μm; M, 200 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6544564" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6544564/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Fig. 5A, B, G</figureCitation>
|
||
), but obscured by secondary calcification in older parts (
|
||
<figureCitation id="131B8EE70B20332AFB57ADB61C5AFD61" box="[1203,1325,726,753]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="22.[151,250,1635,1659]" captionTargetBox="[217,1370,181,1612]" captionTargetId="figure-20@22.[217,1370,181,1612]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="FIGURE 5. Rhamphostomella gigantea Osburn, 1952. A. ZIRAS 3/50129 (western Kamchatka, Sea of Okhotsk). B–J, M. MIMB 3/50213 (Moneron Island, Sea of Japan). K, L. ZIRAS 1/50127 (Avacha Gulf, eastern Kamchatka, Pacific Ocean). A. Colony margin with developing zooids (arrows, communication pores of future ooecia). B. Distal view of young part of colony with non-ovicellate zooids, showing details of the primary orifice and suboral avicularia. C. Lateral view of primary orifice with suboral avicularium. D. Non-ovicellate zooids with suboral avicularia in young part of colony. E. Group of non-ovicellate zooids with suboral and adventitious frontal avicularia in young part of colony. F, G. Ovicellate zooids with adventitious avicularia in older part of colony. H. Lateral view of ovicellate zooids in older part of colony. I. Interior of frontal shield, showing ring scar and areolae. J. Internal view of orifice, showing straight proximal margin and condyles. K. Basal colony surface. L. Frontal shield interior, showing ring scar and exterior wall microstructure of umbonuloid component. M. Lateral view of autozooids, showing suboral and adventitious avicularia, ooecium free of secondary calcification and lateral wall with mural pore chambers. Scale bars: A, D, E, G, K, 500 μm; B, F, H, 250 μm; C, I, J, 100 μm; L, 50 μm; M, 200 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6544564" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6544564/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Fig. 5E–G</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9F92620B20332AFF23AD9A1A10FBA5" blockId="23.[151,1437,150,2013]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
|
||
Frontal shield (
|
||
<figureCitation id="131B8EE70B20332AFE9CAD9A1B2EFC85" box="[376,601,762,789]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="22.[151,250,1635,1659]" captionTargetBox="[217,1370,181,1612]" captionTargetId="figure-20@22.[217,1370,181,1612]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="FIGURE 5. Rhamphostomella gigantea Osburn, 1952. A. ZIRAS 3/50129 (western Kamchatka, Sea of Okhotsk). B–J, M. MIMB 3/50213 (Moneron Island, Sea of Japan). K, L. ZIRAS 1/50127 (Avacha Gulf, eastern Kamchatka, Pacific Ocean). A. Colony margin with developing zooids (arrows, communication pores of future ooecia). B. Distal view of young part of colony with non-ovicellate zooids, showing details of the primary orifice and suboral avicularia. C. Lateral view of primary orifice with suboral avicularium. D. Non-ovicellate zooids with suboral avicularia in young part of colony. E. Group of non-ovicellate zooids with suboral and adventitious frontal avicularia in young part of colony. F, G. Ovicellate zooids with adventitious avicularia in older part of colony. H. Lateral view of ovicellate zooids in older part of colony. I. Interior of frontal shield, showing ring scar and areolae. J. Internal view of orifice, showing straight proximal margin and condyles. K. Basal colony surface. L. Frontal shield interior, showing ring scar and exterior wall microstructure of umbonuloid component. M. Lateral view of autozooids, showing suboral and adventitious avicularia, ooecium free of secondary calcification and lateral wall with mural pore chambers. Scale bars: A, D, E, G, K, 500 μm; B, F, H, 250 μm; C, I, J, 100 μm; L, 50 μm; M, 200 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6544564" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6544564/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Fig. 5A, B, D, E, I</figureCitation>
|
||
) umbonuloid, thickened, initially convex but becoming flatter with age, covered with sharp granules except in areolar depressions along zooidal margins.Areolae large, elongated, separated by narrow, long, radially arranged ridges approaching cystid of suboral avicularium. In some cases, proximalmost ridges fusing with each other along zooid midline (
|
||
<figureCitation id="131B8EE70B20332AFD26AC061A6EFC11" box="[706,793,870,897]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="22.[151,250,1635,1659]" captionTargetBox="[217,1370,181,1612]" captionTargetId="figure-20@22.[217,1370,181,1612]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="FIGURE 5. Rhamphostomella gigantea Osburn, 1952. A. ZIRAS 3/50129 (western Kamchatka, Sea of Okhotsk). B–J, M. MIMB 3/50213 (Moneron Island, Sea of Japan). K, L. ZIRAS 1/50127 (Avacha Gulf, eastern Kamchatka, Pacific Ocean). A. Colony margin with developing zooids (arrows, communication pores of future ooecia). B. Distal view of young part of colony with non-ovicellate zooids, showing details of the primary orifice and suboral avicularia. C. Lateral view of primary orifice with suboral avicularium. D. Non-ovicellate zooids with suboral avicularia in young part of colony. E. Group of non-ovicellate zooids with suboral and adventitious frontal avicularia in young part of colony. F, G. Ovicellate zooids with adventitious avicularia in older part of colony. H. Lateral view of ovicellate zooids in older part of colony. I. Interior of frontal shield, showing ring scar and areolae. J. Internal view of orifice, showing straight proximal margin and condyles. K. Basal colony surface. L. Frontal shield interior, showing ring scar and exterior wall microstructure of umbonuloid component. M. Lateral view of autozooids, showing suboral and adventitious avicularia, ooecium free of secondary calcification and lateral wall with mural pore chambers. Scale bars: A, D, E, G, K, 500 μm; B, F, H, 250 μm; C, I, J, 100 μm; L, 50 μm; M, 200 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6544564" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6544564/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Fig. 5D</figureCitation>
|
||
). Young zooids usually have more than one row of areolae. With age, thickening of frontal shield reduces number of areolae and shortens interareolar ridges, causing a markedly changed appearance in the frontal shield (compare
|
||
<figureCitation id="131B8EE70B20332AFD35ACCE1A3EFC59" box="[721,841,942,969]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="22.[151,250,1635,1659]" captionTargetBox="[217,1370,181,1612]" captionTargetId="figure-20@22.[217,1370,181,1612]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="FIGURE 5. Rhamphostomella gigantea Osburn, 1952. A. ZIRAS 3/50129 (western Kamchatka, Sea of Okhotsk). B–J, M. MIMB 3/50213 (Moneron Island, Sea of Japan). K, L. ZIRAS 1/50127 (Avacha Gulf, eastern Kamchatka, Pacific Ocean). A. Colony margin with developing zooids (arrows, communication pores of future ooecia). B. Distal view of young part of colony with non-ovicellate zooids, showing details of the primary orifice and suboral avicularia. C. Lateral view of primary orifice with suboral avicularium. D. Non-ovicellate zooids with suboral avicularia in young part of colony. E. Group of non-ovicellate zooids with suboral and adventitious frontal avicularia in young part of colony. F, G. Ovicellate zooids with adventitious avicularia in older part of colony. H. Lateral view of ovicellate zooids in older part of colony. I. Interior of frontal shield, showing ring scar and areolae. J. Internal view of orifice, showing straight proximal margin and condyles. K. Basal colony surface. L. Frontal shield interior, showing ring scar and exterior wall microstructure of umbonuloid component. M. Lateral view of autozooids, showing suboral and adventitious avicularia, ooecium free of secondary calcification and lateral wall with mural pore chambers. Scale bars: A, D, E, G, K, 500 μm; B, F, H, 250 μm; C, I, J, 100 μm; L, 50 μm; M, 200 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6544564" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6544564/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Fig. 5A, D</figureCitation>
|
||
with
|
||
<figureCitation id="131B8EE70B20332AFC6CACCE1D76FC59" box="[904,1025,942,969]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="22.[151,250,1635,1659]" captionTargetBox="[217,1370,181,1612]" captionTargetId="figure-20@22.[217,1370,181,1612]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="FIGURE 5. Rhamphostomella gigantea Osburn, 1952. A. ZIRAS 3/50129 (western Kamchatka, Sea of Okhotsk). B–J, M. MIMB 3/50213 (Moneron Island, Sea of Japan). K, L. ZIRAS 1/50127 (Avacha Gulf, eastern Kamchatka, Pacific Ocean). A. Colony margin with developing zooids (arrows, communication pores of future ooecia). B. Distal view of young part of colony with non-ovicellate zooids, showing details of the primary orifice and suboral avicularia. C. Lateral view of primary orifice with suboral avicularium. D. Non-ovicellate zooids with suboral avicularia in young part of colony. E. Group of non-ovicellate zooids with suboral and adventitious frontal avicularia in young part of colony. F, G. Ovicellate zooids with adventitious avicularia in older part of colony. H. Lateral view of ovicellate zooids in older part of colony. I. Interior of frontal shield, showing ring scar and areolae. J. Internal view of orifice, showing straight proximal margin and condyles. K. Basal colony surface. L. Frontal shield interior, showing ring scar and exterior wall microstructure of umbonuloid component. M. Lateral view of autozooids, showing suboral and adventitious avicularia, ooecium free of secondary calcification and lateral wall with mural pore chambers. Scale bars: A, D, E, G, K, 500 μm; B, F, H, 250 μm; C, I, J, 100 μm; L, 50 μm; M, 200 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6544564" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6544564/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Fig. 5E–G</figureCitation>
|
||
). Umbonuloid component extensive, occupying about 60% of length of frontal shield (64% in one measured zooid), with fine parallel lineation and accretionary banding (
|
||
<figureCitation id="131B8EE70B20332AFE75AC961888FB81" box="[401,511,1014,1041]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="22.[151,250,1635,1659]" captionTargetBox="[217,1370,181,1612]" captionTargetId="figure-20@22.[217,1370,181,1612]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="FIGURE 5. Rhamphostomella gigantea Osburn, 1952. A. ZIRAS 3/50129 (western Kamchatka, Sea of Okhotsk). B–J, M. MIMB 3/50213 (Moneron Island, Sea of Japan). K, L. ZIRAS 1/50127 (Avacha Gulf, eastern Kamchatka, Pacific Ocean). A. Colony margin with developing zooids (arrows, communication pores of future ooecia). B. Distal view of young part of colony with non-ovicellate zooids, showing details of the primary orifice and suboral avicularia. C. Lateral view of primary orifice with suboral avicularium. D. Non-ovicellate zooids with suboral avicularia in young part of colony. E. Group of non-ovicellate zooids with suboral and adventitious frontal avicularia in young part of colony. F, G. Ovicellate zooids with adventitious avicularia in older part of colony. H. Lateral view of ovicellate zooids in older part of colony. I. Interior of frontal shield, showing ring scar and areolae. J. Internal view of orifice, showing straight proximal margin and condyles. K. Basal colony surface. L. Frontal shield interior, showing ring scar and exterior wall microstructure of umbonuloid component. M. Lateral view of autozooids, showing suboral and adventitious avicularia, ooecium free of secondary calcification and lateral wall with mural pore chambers. Scale bars: A, D, E, G, K, 500 μm; B, F, H, 250 μm; C, I, J, 100 μm; L, 50 μm; M, 200 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6544564" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6544564/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Fig. 5I, L</figureCitation>
|
||
). Ring scar discrete (
|
||
<figureCitation id="131B8EE70B20332AFD0CAC961A49FB81" box="[744,830,1014,1041]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="22.[151,250,1635,1659]" captionTargetBox="[217,1370,181,1612]" captionTargetId="figure-20@22.[217,1370,181,1612]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="FIGURE 5. Rhamphostomella gigantea Osburn, 1952. A. ZIRAS 3/50129 (western Kamchatka, Sea of Okhotsk). B–J, M. MIMB 3/50213 (Moneron Island, Sea of Japan). K, L. ZIRAS 1/50127 (Avacha Gulf, eastern Kamchatka, Pacific Ocean). A. Colony margin with developing zooids (arrows, communication pores of future ooecia). B. Distal view of young part of colony with non-ovicellate zooids, showing details of the primary orifice and suboral avicularia. C. Lateral view of primary orifice with suboral avicularium. D. Non-ovicellate zooids with suboral avicularia in young part of colony. E. Group of non-ovicellate zooids with suboral and adventitious frontal avicularia in young part of colony. F, G. Ovicellate zooids with adventitious avicularia in older part of colony. H. Lateral view of ovicellate zooids in older part of colony. I. Interior of frontal shield, showing ring scar and areolae. J. Internal view of orifice, showing straight proximal margin and condyles. K. Basal colony surface. L. Frontal shield interior, showing ring scar and exterior wall microstructure of umbonuloid component. M. Lateral view of autozooids, showing suboral and adventitious avicularia, ooecium free of secondary calcification and lateral wall with mural pore chambers. Scale bars: A, D, E, G, K, 500 μm; B, F, H, 250 μm; C, I, J, 100 μm; L, 50 μm; M, 200 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6544564" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6544564/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Fig. 5L</figureCitation>
|
||
), forming very regular boundary between umbonuloid exterior wall and extra-umbonuloid interior wall microstructure.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9F92620B20332AFF23AB5E1C2CFB55" blockId="23.[151,1437,150,2013]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
|
||
Primary orifice (
|
||
<figureCitation id="131B8EE70B20332AFE66AB5E1B27FBC9" box="[386,592,1086,1113]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="22.[151,250,1635,1659]" captionTargetBox="[217,1370,181,1612]" captionTargetId="figure-20@22.[217,1370,181,1612]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="FIGURE 5. Rhamphostomella gigantea Osburn, 1952. A. ZIRAS 3/50129 (western Kamchatka, Sea of Okhotsk). B–J, M. MIMB 3/50213 (Moneron Island, Sea of Japan). K, L. ZIRAS 1/50127 (Avacha Gulf, eastern Kamchatka, Pacific Ocean). A. Colony margin with developing zooids (arrows, communication pores of future ooecia). B. Distal view of young part of colony with non-ovicellate zooids, showing details of the primary orifice and suboral avicularia. C. Lateral view of primary orifice with suboral avicularium. D. Non-ovicellate zooids with suboral avicularia in young part of colony. E. Group of non-ovicellate zooids with suboral and adventitious frontal avicularia in young part of colony. F, G. Ovicellate zooids with adventitious avicularia in older part of colony. H. Lateral view of ovicellate zooids in older part of colony. I. Interior of frontal shield, showing ring scar and areolae. J. Internal view of orifice, showing straight proximal margin and condyles. K. Basal colony surface. L. Frontal shield interior, showing ring scar and exterior wall microstructure of umbonuloid component. M. Lateral view of autozooids, showing suboral and adventitious avicularia, ooecium free of secondary calcification and lateral wall with mural pore chambers. Scale bars: A, D, E, G, K, 500 μm; B, F, H, 250 μm; C, I, J, 100 μm; L, 50 μm; M, 200 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6544564" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6544564/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Fig. 5B, D–G, I, J</figureCitation>
|
||
) bell-shaped, longer than wide; distal and lateral margins formed by upper terminal part of distal transverse wall bearing distinct shelf distally and forming condyles laterally; condyles conspicuous, with blunt, round or pointed tips (
|
||
<figureCitation id="131B8EE70B20332AFD27ABE61A23FB31" box="[707,852,1158,1185]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="22.[151,250,1635,1659]" captionTargetBox="[217,1370,181,1612]" captionTargetId="figure-20@22.[217,1370,181,1612]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="FIGURE 5. Rhamphostomella gigantea Osburn, 1952. A. ZIRAS 3/50129 (western Kamchatka, Sea of Okhotsk). B–J, M. MIMB 3/50213 (Moneron Island, Sea of Japan). K, L. ZIRAS 1/50127 (Avacha Gulf, eastern Kamchatka, Pacific Ocean). A. Colony margin with developing zooids (arrows, communication pores of future ooecia). B. Distal view of young part of colony with non-ovicellate zooids, showing details of the primary orifice and suboral avicularia. C. Lateral view of primary orifice with suboral avicularium. D. Non-ovicellate zooids with suboral avicularia in young part of colony. E. Group of non-ovicellate zooids with suboral and adventitious frontal avicularia in young part of colony. F, G. Ovicellate zooids with adventitious avicularia in older part of colony. H. Lateral view of ovicellate zooids in older part of colony. I. Interior of frontal shield, showing ring scar and areolae. J. Internal view of orifice, showing straight proximal margin and condyles. K. Basal colony surface. L. Frontal shield interior, showing ring scar and exterior wall microstructure of umbonuloid component. M. Lateral view of autozooids, showing suboral and adventitious avicularia, ooecium free of secondary calcification and lateral wall with mural pore chambers. Scale bars: A, D, E, G, K, 500 μm; B, F, H, 250 μm; C, I, J, 100 μm; L, 50 μm; M, 200 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6544564" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6544564/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Fig. 5B–F, I</figureCitation>
|
||
). Distal margin of orifice round, proximal margin straight, devoid of lyrula or median prominence, with proximolateral corners gently rounded. No oral spines.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9F92620B20332AFF23ABAE1B14FAA1" blockId="23.[151,1437,150,2013]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
|
||
Secondary orifice (
|
||
<figureCitation id="131B8EE70B20332AFE4DABAE1B5DFB79" box="[425,554,1230,1257]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="22.[151,250,1635,1659]" captionTargetBox="[217,1370,181,1612]" captionTargetId="figure-20@22.[217,1370,181,1612]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="FIGURE 5. Rhamphostomella gigantea Osburn, 1952. A. ZIRAS 3/50129 (western Kamchatka, Sea of Okhotsk). B–J, M. MIMB 3/50213 (Moneron Island, Sea of Japan). K, L. ZIRAS 1/50127 (Avacha Gulf, eastern Kamchatka, Pacific Ocean). A. Colony margin with developing zooids (arrows, communication pores of future ooecia). B. Distal view of young part of colony with non-ovicellate zooids, showing details of the primary orifice and suboral avicularia. C. Lateral view of primary orifice with suboral avicularium. D. Non-ovicellate zooids with suboral avicularia in young part of colony. E. Group of non-ovicellate zooids with suboral and adventitious frontal avicularia in young part of colony. F, G. Ovicellate zooids with adventitious avicularia in older part of colony. H. Lateral view of ovicellate zooids in older part of colony. I. Interior of frontal shield, showing ring scar and areolae. J. Internal view of orifice, showing straight proximal margin and condyles. K. Basal colony surface. L. Frontal shield interior, showing ring scar and exterior wall microstructure of umbonuloid component. M. Lateral view of autozooids, showing suboral and adventitious avicularia, ooecium free of secondary calcification and lateral wall with mural pore chambers. Scale bars: A, D, E, G, K, 500 μm; B, F, H, 250 μm; C, I, J, 100 μm; L, 50 μm; M, 200 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6544564" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6544564/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Fig. 5D–H</figureCitation>
|
||
) bell-shaped (longer than wide) to irregularly oval, cormidial, proximally coinciding with proximal margin of primary orifice. Distal and distolateral parts of secondary orifice restricted by vertical walls of distal and lateral zooids.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9F92620B20332AFF23AA5A1B70F999" blockId="23.[151,1437,150,2013]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
|
||
Suboral avicularium (
|
||
<figureCitation id="131B8EE70B20332AFE51AA5A1B5CFAC5" box="[437,555,1338,1365]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="22.[151,250,1635,1659]" captionTargetBox="[217,1370,181,1612]" captionTargetId="figure-20@22.[217,1370,181,1612]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="FIGURE 5. Rhamphostomella gigantea Osburn, 1952. A. ZIRAS 3/50129 (western Kamchatka, Sea of Okhotsk). B–J, M. MIMB 3/50213 (Moneron Island, Sea of Japan). K, L. ZIRAS 1/50127 (Avacha Gulf, eastern Kamchatka, Pacific Ocean). A. Colony margin with developing zooids (arrows, communication pores of future ooecia). B. Distal view of young part of colony with non-ovicellate zooids, showing details of the primary orifice and suboral avicularia. C. Lateral view of primary orifice with suboral avicularium. D. Non-ovicellate zooids with suboral avicularia in young part of colony. E. Group of non-ovicellate zooids with suboral and adventitious frontal avicularia in young part of colony. F, G. Ovicellate zooids with adventitious avicularia in older part of colony. H. Lateral view of ovicellate zooids in older part of colony. I. Interior of frontal shield, showing ring scar and areolae. J. Internal view of orifice, showing straight proximal margin and condyles. K. Basal colony surface. L. Frontal shield interior, showing ring scar and exterior wall microstructure of umbonuloid component. M. Lateral view of autozooids, showing suboral and adventitious avicularia, ooecium free of secondary calcification and lateral wall with mural pore chambers. Scale bars: A, D, E, G, K, 500 μm; B, F, H, 250 μm; C, I, J, 100 μm; L, 50 μm; M, 200 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6544564" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6544564/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Fig. 5B–D</figureCitation>
|
||
) with cystid occupying from one-quarter to one-third of frontal shield, inflated to moderately elevated as low cone, with finely granular surface and 2–6 communication pores connecting avicularian and hypostegal coelomic cavities. Frontal surface of suboral avicularium (rostral/postmandibular areas) situated on left or right slope of cystid, usually out of zooidal midline, facing laterally. Rostrum semioval or rounded- triangular, blunt, directed medially to distomedially. Palatal foramen occupying entire internal area of rostrum, opesia oval or semicircular. Crossbar complete.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9F92620B20332AFF23A9721AD1F971" blockId="23.[151,1437,150,2013]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
|
||
Larger adventitious avicularium (
|
||
<figureCitation id="131B8EE70B20332AFDDAA9721BC2F9BD" box="[574,693,1554,1581]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="22.[151,250,1635,1659]" captionTargetBox="[217,1370,181,1612]" captionTargetId="figure-20@22.[217,1370,181,1612]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="FIGURE 5. Rhamphostomella gigantea Osburn, 1952. A. ZIRAS 3/50129 (western Kamchatka, Sea of Okhotsk). B–J, M. MIMB 3/50213 (Moneron Island, Sea of Japan). K, L. ZIRAS 1/50127 (Avacha Gulf, eastern Kamchatka, Pacific Ocean). A. Colony margin with developing zooids (arrows, communication pores of future ooecia). B. Distal view of young part of colony with non-ovicellate zooids, showing details of the primary orifice and suboral avicularia. C. Lateral view of primary orifice with suboral avicularium. D. Non-ovicellate zooids with suboral avicularia in young part of colony. E. Group of non-ovicellate zooids with suboral and adventitious frontal avicularia in young part of colony. F, G. Ovicellate zooids with adventitious avicularia in older part of colony. H. Lateral view of ovicellate zooids in older part of colony. I. Interior of frontal shield, showing ring scar and areolae. J. Internal view of orifice, showing straight proximal margin and condyles. K. Basal colony surface. L. Frontal shield interior, showing ring scar and exterior wall microstructure of umbonuloid component. M. Lateral view of autozooids, showing suboral and adventitious avicularia, ooecium free of secondary calcification and lateral wall with mural pore chambers. Scale bars: A, D, E, G, K, 500 μm; B, F, H, 250 μm; C, I, J, 100 μm; L, 50 μm; M, 200 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6544564" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6544564/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Fig. 5E–H</figureCitation>
|
||
) oval, shallow, situated proximal to suboral avicularium in central to proximal area of frontal shield on most zooids in older parts of colony; cystid relatively narrow, only slightly elevated, with finely granulated surface.Frontal surface of larger avicularium facing obliquely frontalwards. Rostrum broadly oval, blunt, directed laterally to proximally; palatal foramen shorter than rostrum, with narrowly arcuate distal cryptocystal shelf, opesia semicircular. Crossbar complete. Avicularian cystid acquiring roughly tuberculate appearance with development of secondary calcification (
|
||
<figureCitation id="131B8EE70B20332AFCF9A9A61AEDF971" box="[797,922,1734,1761]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="22.[151,250,1635,1659]" captionTargetBox="[217,1370,181,1612]" captionTargetId="figure-20@22.[217,1370,181,1612]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="FIGURE 5. Rhamphostomella gigantea Osburn, 1952. A. ZIRAS 3/50129 (western Kamchatka, Sea of Okhotsk). B–J, M. MIMB 3/50213 (Moneron Island, Sea of Japan). K, L. ZIRAS 1/50127 (Avacha Gulf, eastern Kamchatka, Pacific Ocean). A. Colony margin with developing zooids (arrows, communication pores of future ooecia). B. Distal view of young part of colony with non-ovicellate zooids, showing details of the primary orifice and suboral avicularia. C. Lateral view of primary orifice with suboral avicularium. D. Non-ovicellate zooids with suboral avicularia in young part of colony. E. Group of non-ovicellate zooids with suboral and adventitious frontal avicularia in young part of colony. F, G. Ovicellate zooids with adventitious avicularia in older part of colony. H. Lateral view of ovicellate zooids in older part of colony. I. Interior of frontal shield, showing ring scar and areolae. J. Internal view of orifice, showing straight proximal margin and condyles. K. Basal colony surface. L. Frontal shield interior, showing ring scar and exterior wall microstructure of umbonuloid component. M. Lateral view of autozooids, showing suboral and adventitious avicularia, ooecium free of secondary calcification and lateral wall with mural pore chambers. Scale bars: A, D, E, G, K, 500 μm; B, F, H, 250 μm; C, I, J, 100 μm; L, 50 μm; M, 200 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6544564" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6544564/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Fig. 5G, H</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9F92620B203325FF23A98A1B65FEAF" blockId="23.[151,1437,150,2013]" lastBlockId="24.[151,1437,151,2033]" lastPageId="24" lastPageNumber="25" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
|
||
Ovicells prominent in young zooids, rapidly becoming subimmersed and even appearing endozooidal as secondary calcification spreads from distal and distolateral zooids to cover most of ooecium except central pseudoporous part (
|
||
<figureCitation id="131B8EE70B20332AFE9DA8521884F8DD" box="[377,499,1842,1869]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="22.[151,250,1635,1659]" captionTargetBox="[217,1370,181,1612]" captionTargetId="figure-20@22.[217,1370,181,1612]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="FIGURE 5. Rhamphostomella gigantea Osburn, 1952. A. ZIRAS 3/50129 (western Kamchatka, Sea of Okhotsk). B–J, M. MIMB 3/50213 (Moneron Island, Sea of Japan). K, L. ZIRAS 1/50127 (Avacha Gulf, eastern Kamchatka, Pacific Ocean). A. Colony margin with developing zooids (arrows, communication pores of future ooecia). B. Distal view of young part of colony with non-ovicellate zooids, showing details of the primary orifice and suboral avicularia. C. Lateral view of primary orifice with suboral avicularium. D. Non-ovicellate zooids with suboral avicularia in young part of colony. E. Group of non-ovicellate zooids with suboral and adventitious frontal avicularia in young part of colony. F, G. Ovicellate zooids with adventitious avicularia in older part of colony. H. Lateral view of ovicellate zooids in older part of colony. I. Interior of frontal shield, showing ring scar and areolae. J. Internal view of orifice, showing straight proximal margin and condyles. K. Basal colony surface. L. Frontal shield interior, showing ring scar and exterior wall microstructure of umbonuloid component. M. Lateral view of autozooids, showing suboral and adventitious avicularia, ooecium free of secondary calcification and lateral wall with mural pore chambers. Scale bars: A, D, E, G, K, 500 μm; B, F, H, 250 μm; C, I, J, 100 μm; L, 50 μm; M, 200 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6544564" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6544564/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Fig. 5F–H</figureCitation>
|
||
). Secondary calcification finely granulated or pustulose, with sutures demarcating lobes formed by different zooids (
|
||
<figureCitation id="131B8EE70B20332AFDF1A8361B18F8E1" box="[533,623,1878,1905]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="22.[151,250,1635,1659]" captionTargetBox="[217,1370,181,1612]" captionTargetId="figure-20@22.[217,1370,181,1612]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="FIGURE 5. Rhamphostomella gigantea Osburn, 1952. A. ZIRAS 3/50129 (western Kamchatka, Sea of Okhotsk). B–J, M. MIMB 3/50213 (Moneron Island, Sea of Japan). K, L. ZIRAS 1/50127 (Avacha Gulf, eastern Kamchatka, Pacific Ocean). A. Colony margin with developing zooids (arrows, communication pores of future ooecia). B. Distal view of young part of colony with non-ovicellate zooids, showing details of the primary orifice and suboral avicularia. C. Lateral view of primary orifice with suboral avicularium. D. Non-ovicellate zooids with suboral avicularia in young part of colony. E. Group of non-ovicellate zooids with suboral and adventitious frontal avicularia in young part of colony. F, G. Ovicellate zooids with adventitious avicularia in older part of colony. H. Lateral view of ovicellate zooids in older part of colony. I. Interior of frontal shield, showing ring scar and areolae. J. Internal view of orifice, showing straight proximal margin and condyles. K. Basal colony surface. L. Frontal shield interior, showing ring scar and exterior wall microstructure of umbonuloid component. M. Lateral view of autozooids, showing suboral and adventitious avicularia, ooecium free of secondary calcification and lateral wall with mural pore chambers. Scale bars: A, D, E, G, K, 500 μm; B, F, H, 250 μm; C, I, J, 100 μm; L, 50 μm; M, 200 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6544564" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6544564/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Fig. 5H</figureCitation>
|
||
), additionally forming tongue-like lobes over proximal edge of ooecium to left and right and continuing around primary orifice. Ooecium formed by distal autozooid around narrow shallow concavity with communication pore at bottom, situated in proximalmost part of frontal shield just distal to distal margin of maternal primary orifice (
|
||
<figureCitation id="131B8EE70B20332AFDDCA8A21B8AF84D" box="[568,765,1986,2013]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="22.[151,250,1635,1659]" captionTargetBox="[217,1370,181,1612]" captionTargetId="figure-20@22.[217,1370,181,1612]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="FIGURE 5. Rhamphostomella gigantea Osburn, 1952. A. ZIRAS 3/50129 (western Kamchatka, Sea of Okhotsk). B–J, M. MIMB 3/50213 (Moneron Island, Sea of Japan). K, L. ZIRAS 1/50127 (Avacha Gulf, eastern Kamchatka, Pacific Ocean). A. Colony margin with developing zooids (arrows, communication pores of future ooecia). B. Distal view of young part of colony with non-ovicellate zooids, showing details of the primary orifice and suboral avicularia. C. Lateral view of primary orifice with suboral avicularium. D. Non-ovicellate zooids with suboral avicularia in young part of colony. E. Group of non-ovicellate zooids with suboral and adventitious frontal avicularia in young part of colony. F, G. Ovicellate zooids with adventitious avicularia in older part of colony. H. Lateral view of ovicellate zooids in older part of colony. I. Interior of frontal shield, showing ring scar and areolae. J. Internal view of orifice, showing straight proximal margin and condyles. K. Basal colony surface. L. Frontal shield interior, showing ring scar and exterior wall microstructure of umbonuloid component. M. Lateral view of autozooids, showing suboral and adventitious avicularia, ooecium free of secondary calcification and lateral wall with mural pore chambers. Scale bars: A, D, E, G, K, 500 μm; B, F, H, 250 μm; C, I, J, 100 μm; L, 50 μm; M, 200 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6544564" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6544564/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Fig. 5A, B, D, E</figureCitation>
|
||
); communication pore leading to canal connecting ooecial and visceral coeloms, opening on underside of frontal shield of distal zooid as straight, slit-like communication pore very close to transverse wall. In bleached material, upper part of ectooecium formed by flat, coalesced costalike projections (often with slightly elevated margins), with radially arranged or scattered irregular pseudopores of various sizes between them (
|
||
<figureCitation id="131B8EE70B2F3325FE31AE631B34FE8D" box="[469,579,258,285]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="22.[151,250,1635,1659]" captionTargetBox="[217,1370,181,1612]" captionTargetId="figure-20@22.[217,1370,181,1612]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="FIGURE 5. Rhamphostomella gigantea Osburn, 1952. A. ZIRAS 3/50129 (western Kamchatka, Sea of Okhotsk). B–J, M. MIMB 3/50213 (Moneron Island, Sea of Japan). K, L. ZIRAS 1/50127 (Avacha Gulf, eastern Kamchatka, Pacific Ocean). A. Colony margin with developing zooids (arrows, communication pores of future ooecia). B. Distal view of young part of colony with non-ovicellate zooids, showing details of the primary orifice and suboral avicularia. C. Lateral view of primary orifice with suboral avicularium. D. Non-ovicellate zooids with suboral avicularia in young part of colony. E. Group of non-ovicellate zooids with suboral and adventitious frontal avicularia in young part of colony. F, G. Ovicellate zooids with adventitious avicularia in older part of colony. H. Lateral view of ovicellate zooids in older part of colony. I. Interior of frontal shield, showing ring scar and areolae. J. Internal view of orifice, showing straight proximal margin and condyles. K. Basal colony surface. L. Frontal shield interior, showing ring scar and exterior wall microstructure of umbonuloid component. M. Lateral view of autozooids, showing suboral and adventitious avicularia, ooecium free of secondary calcification and lateral wall with mural pore chambers. Scale bars: A, D, E, G, K, 500 μm; B, F, H, 250 μm; C, I, J, 100 μm; L, 50 μm; M, 200 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6544564" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6544564/files/figure.png" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Fig. 5F–J</figureCitation>
|
||
). Some pseudopores later occluded by secondary calcification. Each ooecium flanked by three larger avicularia.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9F92620B2F3325FF23AE2B1A96FE3B" blockId="24.[151,1437,151,2033]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
|
||
Two mural pore chambers in each distolateral wall (
|
||
<figureCitation id="131B8EE70B2F3325FCCAAE281AE5FEF4" box="[814,914,329,356]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="22.[151,250,1635,1659]" captionTargetBox="[217,1370,181,1612]" captionTargetId="figure-20@22.[217,1370,181,1612]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="FIGURE 5. Rhamphostomella gigantea Osburn, 1952. A. ZIRAS 3/50129 (western Kamchatka, Sea of Okhotsk). B–J, M. MIMB 3/50213 (Moneron Island, Sea of Japan). K, L. ZIRAS 1/50127 (Avacha Gulf, eastern Kamchatka, Pacific Ocean). A. Colony margin with developing zooids (arrows, communication pores of future ooecia). B. Distal view of young part of colony with non-ovicellate zooids, showing details of the primary orifice and suboral avicularia. C. Lateral view of primary orifice with suboral avicularium. D. Non-ovicellate zooids with suboral avicularia in young part of colony. E. Group of non-ovicellate zooids with suboral and adventitious frontal avicularia in young part of colony. F, G. Ovicellate zooids with adventitious avicularia in older part of colony. H. Lateral view of ovicellate zooids in older part of colony. I. Interior of frontal shield, showing ring scar and areolae. J. Internal view of orifice, showing straight proximal margin and condyles. K. Basal colony surface. L. Frontal shield interior, showing ring scar and exterior wall microstructure of umbonuloid component. M. Lateral view of autozooids, showing suboral and adventitious avicularia, ooecium free of secondary calcification and lateral wall with mural pore chambers. Scale bars: A, D, E, G, K, 500 μm; B, F, H, 250 μm; C, I, J, 100 μm; L, 50 μm; M, 200 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6544564" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6544564/files/figure.png" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Fig. 5M</figureCitation>
|
||
). Communication pores usually forming two multiporous septula in basal half of transverse walls. In some zooids septulum single, central, or as horizontal “band”. Multiporous septula sometimes added by random individual pores.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9F92620B2F3325FF23AED21997FDEF" blockId="24.[151,1437,151,2033]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
|
||
Basal surface of zooids (
|
||
<figureCitation id="131B8EE70B2F3325FE3CAED21B42FE5E" box="[472,565,435,462]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="22.[151,250,1635,1659]" captionTargetBox="[217,1370,181,1612]" captionTargetId="figure-20@22.[217,1370,181,1612]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="FIGURE 5. Rhamphostomella gigantea Osburn, 1952. A. ZIRAS 3/50129 (western Kamchatka, Sea of Okhotsk). B–J, M. MIMB 3/50213 (Moneron Island, Sea of Japan). K, L. ZIRAS 1/50127 (Avacha Gulf, eastern Kamchatka, Pacific Ocean). A. Colony margin with developing zooids (arrows, communication pores of future ooecia). B. Distal view of young part of colony with non-ovicellate zooids, showing details of the primary orifice and suboral avicularia. C. Lateral view of primary orifice with suboral avicularium. D. Non-ovicellate zooids with suboral avicularia in young part of colony. E. Group of non-ovicellate zooids with suboral and adventitious frontal avicularia in young part of colony. F, G. Ovicellate zooids with adventitious avicularia in older part of colony. H. Lateral view of ovicellate zooids in older part of colony. I. Interior of frontal shield, showing ring scar and areolae. J. Internal view of orifice, showing straight proximal margin and condyles. K. Basal colony surface. L. Frontal shield interior, showing ring scar and exterior wall microstructure of umbonuloid component. M. Lateral view of autozooids, showing suboral and adventitious avicularia, ooecium free of secondary calcification and lateral wall with mural pore chambers. Scale bars: A, D, E, G, K, 500 μm; B, F, H, 250 μm; C, I, J, 100 μm; L, 50 μm; M, 200 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6544564" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6544564/files/figure.png" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Figs 5K</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="131B8EE70B2F3325FDA4AED51B05FE5E" box="[576,626,436,462]" captionStart="FIGURE 30" captionStartId="90.[151,250,1204,1228]" captionTargetBox="[153,1434,181,1180]" captionTargetId="figure-20@90.[153,1434,181,1180]" captionTargetPageId="90" captionText="FIGURE 30. Basal colony surface insome Rhamphostomellaspecies.A. R. scabra, ZIRAS 93/50106 (BeringIsland, Commander Islands, Pacific Ocean), colony fragment developed above irregular substrate, showing broken protuberances and pits formed above sponge spicules. B. R. commandorica, ZIRAS 1/50125 (Medny Island, Commander Islands, Pacific Ocean), colony fragment, showing smooth surface with rare thin protuberances. C. R. cristata, ZIRAS 2/50110 (Medny Island, Commander Islands, Pacific Ocean), colony area growing above crustose coralline algae Lithothamnion sp., showing regular series of columnar protuberances with broad bases. D. R. gigantea, ZIRAS 3/50129 (western Kamchatka shelf, Sea of Okhotsk), colony detached from internal side of broken shell of bivalve mollusc Chlamys sp. E. R. pacifica, ZIRAS 1/50124 (Kronotsky Gulf, eastern Kamchatka, Pacific Ocean), colony developed above irregular substratum. F. R. curvirostrata, NHMUK 1964.1.2.7 (Pacific coast of North America), colony margin with developing zooids, supported by long tubular processes. G. R. hincksi, USNM 11130 (Point Barrow, Alaska, Beaufort Sea), basal surface with long tubular protuberances. H. R. sibirica, ZIRAS 34/50113 (Medny Island, Commander Islands, Bering Sea), basal surface with long tubular protuberances. I. R. multirostrata, ZIRAS 1/50545 (Urup Island, Kuril Islands, Sea of Okhotsk), colony detached from a sponge, showing marginal zooids with regular series of tubular protuberances. Scale bars: 500 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6544589" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6544589/files/figure.png" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">30D</figureCitation>
|
||
) fully calcified, roughly lineated, with rare, small bulges (
|
||
<quantity id="4CD83F870B2F3325FB1CAED51CEAFE5E" box="[1272,1437,436,462]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" metricValueMax="4.2" metricValueMin="1.7999999999999998" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" unit="mm" value="0.3" valueMax="0.42" valueMin="0.18">0.18–0.42 mm</quantity>
|
||
in diameter). Boundaries between zooids recognizable basally by deep meandering incisions. Basal areas of large, erect, bilamellar colonies often fully occupied with heavily calcified kenozooids; kenozooids large, rhomboidal to oval or irregular in form, positioned randomly, sometimes united in clusters with indistinguishable boundaries. Older regions of colony also frequently with numerous frontally budded zooids, orifices partly sealed by closure plates.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9F92620B2F3325FF23ADE91BCFFD32" blockId="24.[151,1437,151,2033]" box="[199,696,648,675]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Ancestrula and early astogeny not observed.</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C33AC1E90B2F3324FF23ADCD1B84FBA6" lastPageId="25" lastPageNumber="26" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9F92620B2F3325FF23ADCD1A09FBFF" blockId="24.[151,1437,151,2033]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9544E700B2F3325FF23ADCD184CFD56" bold="true" box="[199,315,684,710]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Remarks.</emphasis>
|
||
In the original description,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB1EF930B2F3325FD9DADCD1A6FFD56" author="Osburn, R. C." box="[633,792,683,710]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" pagination="271 - 611" refId="ref93827" refString="Osburn, R. C. (1952) Bryozoa of the Pacific Coast of America. Part 2, Cheilostomata - Ascophora. Allan Hancock Pacific Expedition, 14, 271 - 611." type="journal article" year="1952">Osburn (1952</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, p. 433) noted that “the primary aperture is only slightly asymmetrical on its proximal border, rounded distally and somewhat straighter on the sides, the length and breadth nearly equal” and “no cardelles”. Osburn’s illustration (1952, pl. 50, fig. 5) shows two zooids having primary orifices with a gently convex proximal margin. Our SEM examination of the unbleached
|
||
<typeStatus id="549B2CC00B2F3325FB69AC771D98FCA0" box="[1165,1263,790,816]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
colony USNM 11033 (
|
||
<figureCitation id="131B8EE70B2F3325FF09AC581802FCC4" box="[237,373,825,852]" captionStart="FIGURE 32" captionStartId="92.[151,250,1756,1780]" captionTargetBox="[225,1362,181,1732]" captionTargetId="figure-20@92.[225,1362,181,1732]" captionTargetPageId="92" captionText="FIGURE 32. Type specimens of Rhamphostomella species. A, B. Rhamphostomella gigantea Osburn, 1952. Holotype, USNM 11033 (Point Barrow, Alaska, Beaufort Sea). C–E. Rhamphostomella alutacea Gontar, 1993. Holotype, ZIRAS 1/44569 (Krabovaya Bight, Shikotan Island, Lesser Kuril Ridge, Pacific Ocean). F, G. Rhamphostomella bilaminata (Hincks, 1877). Neotype, NHMUK 1911.10.1.1580A (Gaspe, Gulf of St Lawrence, Atlantic Ocean). H, I. Rhamphostomella hincksi Nordgaard, 1906. Neotype, NHMUK 1976.8.6.39pt (about 22 km westwards from Medvezhii Island, western Barents Sea). J, K. Rhamphostomella plicata (Smitt, 1868). Lectotype, SMNH-Type-1696 (Waygat Islands, Hinlopen Strait, Svalbard and Jan Mayen). L, M. Rhamphostomella radiatula (Hincks, 1877). Neotype, NHMUK 1911.10.1.1592 (Iceland). Scale bars: A, B, D–G, K, M, 250 µm; C, H, I, J, L, 500 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6544593" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6544593/files/figure.png" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Fig. 32A, B</figureCitation>
|
||
) showed mostly a bell-shaped primary orifice, longer than wide (
|
||
<figureCitation id="131B8EE70B2F3325FBBAAC581DB0FCC4" box="[1118,1223,825,852]" captionStart="FIGURE 32" captionStartId="92.[151,250,1756,1780]" captionTargetBox="[225,1362,181,1732]" captionTargetId="figure-20@92.[225,1362,181,1732]" captionTargetPageId="92" captionText="FIGURE 32. Type specimens of Rhamphostomella species. A, B. Rhamphostomella gigantea Osburn, 1952. Holotype, USNM 11033 (Point Barrow, Alaska, Beaufort Sea). C–E. Rhamphostomella alutacea Gontar, 1993. Holotype, ZIRAS 1/44569 (Krabovaya Bight, Shikotan Island, Lesser Kuril Ridge, Pacific Ocean). F, G. Rhamphostomella bilaminata (Hincks, 1877). Neotype, NHMUK 1911.10.1.1580A (Gaspe, Gulf of St Lawrence, Atlantic Ocean). H, I. Rhamphostomella hincksi Nordgaard, 1906. Neotype, NHMUK 1976.8.6.39pt (about 22 km westwards from Medvezhii Island, western Barents Sea). J, K. Rhamphostomella plicata (Smitt, 1868). Lectotype, SMNH-Type-1696 (Waygat Islands, Hinlopen Strait, Svalbard and Jan Mayen). L, M. Rhamphostomella radiatula (Hincks, 1877). Neotype, NHMUK 1911.10.1.1592 (Iceland). Scale bars: A, B, D–G, K, M, 250 µm; C, H, I, J, L, 500 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6544593" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6544593/files/figure.png" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Fig. 32A</figureCitation>
|
||
), with a straight to insignificantly concave proximal margin and gently rounded proximolateral corners. Dry zooids have opercula with a flattened anter, with a distinctive inflexion of the poster down to the ascus (
|
||
<figureCitation id="131B8EE70B2F3325FC19ACE11D14FC0B" box="[1021,1123,896,923]" captionStart="FIGURE 32" captionStartId="92.[151,250,1756,1780]" captionTargetBox="[225,1362,181,1732]" captionTargetId="figure-20@92.[225,1362,181,1732]" captionTargetPageId="92" captionText="FIGURE 32. Type specimens of Rhamphostomella species. A, B. Rhamphostomella gigantea Osburn, 1952. Holotype, USNM 11033 (Point Barrow, Alaska, Beaufort Sea). C–E. Rhamphostomella alutacea Gontar, 1993. Holotype, ZIRAS 1/44569 (Krabovaya Bight, Shikotan Island, Lesser Kuril Ridge, Pacific Ocean). F, G. Rhamphostomella bilaminata (Hincks, 1877). Neotype, NHMUK 1911.10.1.1580A (Gaspe, Gulf of St Lawrence, Atlantic Ocean). H, I. Rhamphostomella hincksi Nordgaard, 1906. Neotype, NHMUK 1976.8.6.39pt (about 22 km westwards from Medvezhii Island, western Barents Sea). J, K. Rhamphostomella plicata (Smitt, 1868). Lectotype, SMNH-Type-1696 (Waygat Islands, Hinlopen Strait, Svalbard and Jan Mayen). L, M. Rhamphostomella radiatula (Hincks, 1877). Neotype, NHMUK 1911.10.1.1592 (Iceland). Scale bars: A, B, D–G, K, M, 250 µm; C, H, I, J, L, 500 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6544593" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6544593/files/figure.png" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Fig. 32A</figureCitation>
|
||
) at about the proximal onequarter to one-fifth of operculum length, indicating the presence of condyles, which are obscured by the opercum in the unbleached specimen. The bell-shaped form of the primary orifice with a straight proximal margin, and the inferred presence of condyles in the
|
||
<typeStatus id="549B2CC00B2F3325FD84AC8A1BB5FB95" box="[608,706,1003,1029]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
specimen, is consistent with our material from the northwestern Pacific. Also, the non-ovicelled zooid in the illustration of
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB1EF930B2F3325FCC3AB6F1ABCFBB9" author="Osburn, R. C." box="[807,971,1038,1065]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" pagination="271 - 611" refId="ref93827" refString="Osburn, R. C. (1952) Bryozoa of the Pacific Coast of America. Part 2, Cheilostomata - Ascophora. Allan Hancock Pacific Expedition, 14, 271 - 611." type="journal article" year="1952">Osburn (1952)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
shows an orifice with a shape (except for the proximal margin) generally corresponding to that in our material. We suggest that Osburn either overlooked the small condyles or was unable to see them because of the opercula.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9F92620B2F3325FF23AB18199BFA21" blockId="24.[151,1437,151,2033]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
|
||
Furthermore,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB1EF930B2F3325FE85AB181888FB04" author="Osburn, R. C." box="[353,511,1145,1172]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" pagination="271 - 611" refId="ref93827" refString="Osburn, R. C. (1952) Bryozoa of the Pacific Coast of America. Part 2, Cheilostomata - Ascophora. Allan Hancock Pacific Expedition, 14, 271 - 611." type="journal article" year="1952">Osburn (1952</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, p. 433) noticed that “the ovicells are … smooth and imperforate, prominent when young but with complete calcification almost entirely immersed”. His illustration (pl. 50, fig. 5) shows a single ooecium with radially arranged slit-like pseudopores, giving a “costate” appearance to at least the distal part of the ectooecium. SEM images of the
|
||
<typeStatus id="549B2CC00B2F3325FDDFAB821BEAFB6D" box="[571,669,1251,1277]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
colony (
|
||
<figureCitation id="131B8EE70B2F3325FCE0AB821A1DFB6D" box="[772,874,1251,1277]" captionStart="FIGURE 32" captionStartId="92.[151,250,1756,1780]" captionTargetBox="[225,1362,181,1732]" captionTargetId="figure-20@92.[225,1362,181,1732]" captionTargetPageId="92" captionText="FIGURE 32. Type specimens of Rhamphostomella species. A, B. Rhamphostomella gigantea Osburn, 1952. Holotype, USNM 11033 (Point Barrow, Alaska, Beaufort Sea). C–E. Rhamphostomella alutacea Gontar, 1993. Holotype, ZIRAS 1/44569 (Krabovaya Bight, Shikotan Island, Lesser Kuril Ridge, Pacific Ocean). F, G. Rhamphostomella bilaminata (Hincks, 1877). Neotype, NHMUK 1911.10.1.1580A (Gaspe, Gulf of St Lawrence, Atlantic Ocean). H, I. Rhamphostomella hincksi Nordgaard, 1906. Neotype, NHMUK 1976.8.6.39pt (about 22 km westwards from Medvezhii Island, western Barents Sea). J, K. Rhamphostomella plicata (Smitt, 1868). Lectotype, SMNH-Type-1696 (Waygat Islands, Hinlopen Strait, Svalbard and Jan Mayen). L, M. Rhamphostomella radiatula (Hincks, 1877). Neotype, NHMUK 1911.10.1.1592 (Iceland). Scale bars: A, B, D–G, K, M, 250 µm; C, H, I, J, L, 500 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6544593" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6544593/files/figure.png" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Fig. 32B</figureCitation>
|
||
) suggest that the ooecia have numerous, circular to (less frequently) slit-like pseudopores scattered over the entire surface of the ectooecium except in the most proximal region. Also, the secondary calcification surrounds only the distolateral periphery of ooecia, leaving most of the central and proximal parts not covered. Thus, the general structure of the ooecia and the variable form and arrangement of pseudopores in the
|
||
<typeStatus id="549B2CC00B2F3325FDC7AA131BF2FA1C" box="[547,645,1394,1420]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
colony is identical to the condition in most of our specimens (see also below).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9F92620B2F3325FF23AADB1B4FF940" blockId="24.[151,1437,151,2033]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
|
||
The position, orientation, and size of the suboral avicularium vary considerably in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C20E9E10B2F3325FB98AADA1C77FA44" authorityName="Osburn" authorityYear="1952" box="[1148,1280,1467,1493]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Umbonulidae" genus="Rhamphostomella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="gigantea">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9544E700B2F3325FB98AADA1DFAFA44" box="[1148,1165,1467,1492]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">R</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B9544E700B2F3325FB7AAADA1C77FA44" box="[1182,1280,1467,1492]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">gigantea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Whereas the majority of specimens examined shows the palatal surface situated laterally on the avicularian cystid near the apex and tilted in the frontal direction (
|
||
<figureCitation id="131B8EE70B2F3325FD86A9631B96F98D" box="[610,737,1538,1565]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="22.[151,250,1635,1659]" captionTargetBox="[217,1370,181,1612]" captionTargetId="figure-20@22.[217,1370,181,1612]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="FIGURE 5. Rhamphostomella gigantea Osburn, 1952. A. ZIRAS 3/50129 (western Kamchatka, Sea of Okhotsk). B–J, M. MIMB 3/50213 (Moneron Island, Sea of Japan). K, L. ZIRAS 1/50127 (Avacha Gulf, eastern Kamchatka, Pacific Ocean). A. Colony margin with developing zooids (arrows, communication pores of future ooecia). B. Distal view of young part of colony with non-ovicellate zooids, showing details of the primary orifice and suboral avicularia. C. Lateral view of primary orifice with suboral avicularium. D. Non-ovicellate zooids with suboral avicularia in young part of colony. E. Group of non-ovicellate zooids with suboral and adventitious frontal avicularia in young part of colony. F, G. Ovicellate zooids with adventitious avicularia in older part of colony. H. Lateral view of ovicellate zooids in older part of colony. I. Interior of frontal shield, showing ring scar and areolae. J. Internal view of orifice, showing straight proximal margin and condyles. K. Basal colony surface. L. Frontal shield interior, showing ring scar and exterior wall microstructure of umbonuloid component. M. Lateral view of autozooids, showing suboral and adventitious avicularia, ooecium free of secondary calcification and lateral wall with mural pore chambers. Scale bars: A, D, E, G, K, 500 μm; B, F, H, 250 μm; C, I, J, 100 μm; L, 50 μm; M, 200 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6544564" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6544564/files/figure.png" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Fig. 5B, D</figureCitation>
|
||
), colonies collected on the western
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49E45C800B2F3325FB66A9631C75F98C" box="[1154,1282,1538,1564]" country="Russia" name="Kamchatka" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Kamchatka</collectingRegion>
|
||
shelf, Sea of Okhotsk (ZIRAS 3/50129), have some zooids with the palatal surface situated on the distal slope of the cystid and facing strictly distally, or situated near the apex, facing frontally. In contrast, specimens from Avacha Gulf, eastern
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49E45C800B2F3325FF73A90F1860F918" box="[151,279,1646,1672]" country="Russia" name="Kamchatka" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Kamchatka</collectingRegion>
|
||
(ZIRAS 1/50127 and 2/50128), have zooids with the palatal face on the proximal slope of the cystid, facing proximolaterally to proximally. Occasionally, the suboral avicularium is entirely immersed in the frontal shield due to secondary calcification.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9F92620B2F3324FF23A9BB1C24FF21" blockId="24.[151,1437,151,2033]" lastBlockId="25.[151,1437,151,1437]" lastPageId="25" lastPageNumber="26" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
|
||
The form of the ooecial pseudopores, their pattern of distribution and the amount of secondary calcification on the ooecium are also highly variable in this species. Whereas specimens from the eastern Kamchatka shelf, Bering Sea (ZIRAS 1/50127 and 2/50128) and from Moneron Island, Sea of
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F337D2F20B2F3325FC1EA8421D4DF8AD" box="[1018,1082,1827,1853]" name="Japan" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Japan</collectingCountry>
|
||
(MIMB 3/50213), mostly have large, elongate, slit-like pseudopores with a random or radial arrangement, conferring a “costate” appearance to the ooecia, some colonies from the western Kamchatka shelf, Sea of Okhotsk (ZIRAS 3/50129), have ooecia with smaller, scattered, circular pseudopores. In addition, whereas most of the colonies studied have ovicells with the ooecium covered by secondary calcification only on the periphery (i.e. they have a large central pseudoporous area free of secondary calcification), colonies from the Alaska shelf, Bering Sea (UAM Bry 77–1, Bry–408) show heavily calcified ooecia almost entirely covered by secondary calcification except for a narrow, lunar proximal area.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9F92620B2E3324FF23AFDA1AF2FE8D" blockId="25.[151,1437,151,1437]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">In bleached material, the ooecial pseudopores look like slits or holes in the ooecial roof. Since the endooecium is not visible through them, we suggest that it was destroyed during bleaching, being either cuticular or very weakly calcified. Histological sectioning should help answer this question.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9F92620B2E3324FF23AE461BA3FDAD" blockId="25.[151,1437,151,1437]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">
|
||
In general,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C20E9E10B2E3324FEA7AE4618B4FED0" authorityName="Osburn" authorityYear="1952" box="[323,451,295,321]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Umbonulidae" genus="Rhamphostomella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="gigantea">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9544E700B2E3324FEA7AE461823FED0" box="[323,340,295,320]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">R</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B9544E700B2E3324FE85AE4618B4FED0" box="[353,451,295,320]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">gigantea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
resembles
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C20E9E10B2E3324FDDBAE461BDEFED1" authorityName=": Mawatari" authorityYear="1965" box="[575,681,295,321]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Umbonulidae" genus="Rhamphostomella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="scabra">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9544E700B2E3324FDDBAE461B27FED0" box="[575,592,295,320]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">R</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B9544E700B2E3324FDB9AE461BDEFED1" box="[605,681,295,321]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">scabra</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in appearance, and this has resulted in misidentifications in the past. For example, some material that we examined (MIMB 3/50213) was previously identified by A.A. Kubanin as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C20E9E10B2E3324FA60AE2A1994FE19" authorityName=": Mawatari" authorityYear="1965" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Umbonulidae" genus="Rhamphostomella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="scabra">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9544E700B2E3324FA60AE2A1CE2FEF4" box="[1412,1429,331,356]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">R</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B9544E700B2E3324FF73AE0E1994FE19" box="[151,227,367,393]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">scabra</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. It is also obvious that the species identified and illustrated by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB1EF930B2E3324FC4DAE0E1D11FE19" author="Mawatari, S." box="[937,1126,366,393]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" pagination="113 - 135" refId="ref92569" refString="Mawatari, S. (1956) Cheilostomatous Bryozoa from the Kuril Islands and neighbouring district. Pacific Science, 10, 113 - 135." type="journal article" year="1956">Mawatari (1956)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C20E9E10B2E3324FB68AE0E1C5AFE19" box="[1164,1325,367,393]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Petraliidae" genus="Petraliella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9544E700B2E3324FB68AE0E1C73FE19" box="[1164,1284,367,393]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Petraliella</emphasis>
|
||
sp.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, based on material collected near Alaid Island, northern Kuril Islands, and afterwards cited and figured by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB1EF930B2E3324FB26AEF21C09FE3D" author="Mawatari, S." box="[1218,1406,402,429]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" pagination="582 - 633" refId="ref92633" refString="Mawatari, S. (1965) Phylum Tentaculata. In: Okada, Y., Uchida, S. & Uchida, T. (Eds.), New Illustrated Encyclopedia of the Fauna of Japan. Hokuryu-Kan, Tokyo, pp. 582 - 633. [in Japanese]" type="book chapter" year="1965">Mawatari (1965)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C20E9E10B2E3324FF73AED618C2FE41" authorityName=": Mawatari" authorityYear="1965" box="[151,437,439,465]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Umbonulidae" genus="Rhamphostomella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="scabra">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9544E700B2E3324FF73AED618C2FE41" box="[151,437,439,465]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Rhamphostomella scabra</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, is
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C20E9E10B2E3324FE39AED61B29FE40" authorityName="Osburn" authorityYear="1952" box="[477,606,439,465]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Umbonulidae" genus="Rhamphostomella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="gigantea">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9544E700B2E3324FE39AED61899FE40" box="[477,494,439,464]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">R</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B9544E700B2E3324FE18AED61B29FE40" box="[508,606,439,464]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">gigantea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. In both papers, Mawatari noted a very distinctive “arch-shaped” primary orifice with straight lateral and proximal margins, and condyles. In the latter paper he also illustrated ovicells with the characteristic “radial” arrangement of slit-like pseudopores in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C20E9E10B2E3324FC5EAE9E1D4BFD88" authorityName="Osburn" authorityYear="1952" box="[954,1084,511,537]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Umbonulidae" genus="Rhamphostomella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="gigantea">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9544E700B2E3324FC5EAE9E1ABCFD88" box="[954,971,511,536]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">R</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B9544E700B2E3324FC3EAE9E1D4BFD88" box="[986,1084,511,536]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">gigantea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. For these reasons we attribute
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB1EF930B2E3324FF73AD421817FDAD" author="Mawatari, S." box="[151,352,546,573]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" pagination="113 - 135" refId="ref92569" refString="Mawatari, S. (1956) Cheilostomatous Bryozoa from the Kuril Islands and neighbouring district. Pacific Science, 10, 113 - 135." type="journal article" year="1956">Mawatari’s (1956</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB1EF930B2E3324FE8FAD4318D3FDAD" author="Mawatari, S." box="[363,420,546,573]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" pagination="582 - 633" refId="ref92633" refString="Mawatari, S. (1965) Phylum Tentaculata. In: Okada, Y., Uchida, S. & Uchida, T. (Eds.), New Illustrated Encyclopedia of the Fauna of Japan. Hokuryu-Kan, Tokyo, pp. 582 - 633. [in Japanese]" type="book chapter" year="1965">1965</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) specimens to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C20E9E10B2E3324FDA8AD421BBAFDAC" authorityName="Osburn" authorityYear="1952" box="[588,717,547,573]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Umbonulidae" genus="Rhamphostomella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="gigantea">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9544E700B2E3324FDA8AD421B2AFDAC" box="[588,605,547,572]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">R</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B9544E700B2E3324FD8FAD421BBAFDAC" box="[619,717,547,572]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">gigantea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9F92620B2E3324FF23AD261B84FBA6" blockId="25.[151,1437,151,1437]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">
|
||
Despite the overall similarity between
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C20E9E10B2E3324FD6CAD261A7BFDF0" authorityName="Osburn" authorityYear="1952" box="[648,780,583,609]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Umbonulidae" genus="Rhamphostomella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="gigantea">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9544E700B2E3324FD6CAD261BEEFDF0" box="[648,665,583,608]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">R</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B9544E700B2E3324FD4EAD261A7BFDF0" box="[682,780,583,608]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">gigantea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C20E9E10B2E3324FCADAD261AC0FDF1" authorityName=": Mawatari" authorityYear="1965" box="[841,951,583,609]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Umbonulidae" genus="Rhamphostomella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="scabra">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9544E700B2E3324FCADAD261A2DFDF0" box="[841,858,583,608]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">R</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B9544E700B2E3324FC8FAD261AC0FDF1" box="[875,951,583,609]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">scabra</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, these two species differ in the following characters: 1) colonies only initially encrusting but rapidly forming extensive erect, bilamellar, fan-like expansions in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C20E9E10B2E3324FF57ADEE1845FD38" authorityName="Osburn" authorityYear="1952" box="[179,306,655,681]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Umbonulidae" genus="Rhamphostomella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="gigantea">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9544E700B2E3324FF57ADEE19B3FD38" box="[179,196,655,680]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">R</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B9544E700B2E3324FF34ADEE1845FD38" box="[208,306,655,680]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">gigantea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, but nearly always encrusting and only occasionally forming small, erect bilamellar frills in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C20E9E10B2E3324FACFADEE1CE3FD39" authorityName=": Mawatari" authorityYear="1965" box="[1323,1428,655,681]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Umbonulidae" genus="Rhamphostomella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="scabra">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9544E700B2E3324FACFADEE1C4BFD38" box="[1323,1340,655,680]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">R</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B9544E700B2E3324FAACADEE1CE3FD39" box="[1352,1428,655,681]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">scabra</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
; 2) orifice bell-shaped with straight proximal margin in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C20E9E10B2E3324FD13ADD21A00FD5C" authorityName="Osburn" authorityYear="1952" box="[759,887,691,717]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Umbonulidae" genus="Rhamphostomella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="gigantea">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9544E700B2E3324FD13ADD21A7FFD5C" box="[759,776,691,716]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">R</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B9544E700B2E3324FCF1ADD21A00FD5C" box="[789,887,691,716]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">gigantea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, but irregularly oval, with weak proximal median prominence in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C20E9E10B2E3324FEDAADB618DEFD61" authorityName=": Mawatari" authorityYear="1965" box="[318,425,727,753]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Umbonulidae" genus="Rhamphostomella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="scabra">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9544E700B2E3324FEDAADB61838FD60" box="[318,335,727,752]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">R</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B9544E700B2E3324FEB9ADB618DEFD61" box="[349,425,727,753]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">scabra</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
; 3) condyles well developed in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C20E9E10B2E3324FCE8ADB61AFAFD60" authorityName="Osburn" authorityYear="1952" box="[780,909,727,753]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Umbonulidae" genus="Rhamphostomella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="gigantea">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9544E700B2E3324FCE8ADB61A6AFD60" box="[780,797,727,752]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">R</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B9544E700B2E3324FCCFADB61AFAFD60" box="[811,909,727,752]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">gigantea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, but absent in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C20E9E10B2E3324FBD4ADB61DEDFD61" authorityName=": Mawatari" authorityYear="1965" box="[1072,1178,727,753]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Umbonulidae" genus="Rhamphostomella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="scabra">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9544E700B2E3324FBD4ADB61D36FD60" box="[1072,1089,727,752]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">R</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B9544E700B2E3324FBAAADB61DEDFD61" box="[1102,1178,727,753]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">scabra</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
; 4) suboral avicularian cystid relatively low and inflated in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C20E9E10B2E3324FDC8AD9A1BDAFC84" authorityName="Osburn" authorityYear="1952" box="[556,685,763,789]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Umbonulidae" genus="Rhamphostomella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="gigantea">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9544E700B2E3324FDC8AD9A1B4AFC84" box="[556,573,763,788]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">R</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B9544E700B2E3324FDAFAD9A1BDAFC84" box="[587,685,763,788]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">gigantea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, but cone-shaped and protruding in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C20E9E10B2E3324FBA7AD9A1DD8FC85" authorityName=": Mawatari" authorityYear="1965" box="[1091,1199,763,789]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Umbonulidae" genus="Rhamphostomella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="scabra">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9544E700B2E3324FBA7AD9A1D23FC84" box="[1091,1108,763,788]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">R</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B9544E700B2E3324FB87AD9A1DD8FC85" box="[1123,1199,763,789]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">scabra</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
; 5) frontal avicularia tending to be nearly the same size or slightly larger than suboral avicularia in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C20E9E10B2E3324FC12AC7E1D01FCA8" authorityName="Osburn" authorityYear="1952" box="[1014,1142,799,825]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Umbonulidae" genus="Rhamphostomella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="gigantea">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9544E700B2E3324FC12AC7E1D70FCA8" box="[1014,1031,799,824]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">R</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B9544E700B2E3324FBF0AC7E1D01FCA8" box="[1044,1142,799,824]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">gigantea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, but these are consistently larger than the suboral avicularia in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C20E9E10B2E3324FDCBAC221BECFCCD" authorityName=": Mawatari" authorityYear="1965" box="[559,667,835,861]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Umbonulidae" genus="Rhamphostomella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="scabra">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9544E700B2E3324FDCBAC221B37FCCC" box="[559,576,835,860]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">R</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B9544E700B2E3324FDABAC221BECFCCD" box="[591,667,835,861]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">scabra</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(based on both our own measurements and published data, the ratio Av(ad)/Av(s) is 1.0–1.6 (usually 1.1–1.3) in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C20E9E10B2E3324FD7EAC061A69FC10" authorityName="Osburn" authorityYear="1952" box="[666,798,871,897]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Umbonulidae" genus="Rhamphostomella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="gigantea">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9544E700B2E3324FD7EAC061BDCFC10" box="[666,683,871,896]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">R</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B9544E700B2E3324FD58AC061A69FC10" box="[700,798,871,896]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">gigantea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
vs
|
||
<quantity id="4CD83F870B2E3324FCAFAC071AC8FC11" box="[843,959,870,897]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.937" metricValueMax="4.064" metricValueMin="3.81" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" unit="in" value="1.55" valueMax="1.6" valueMin="1.5">1.5–1.6 in</quantity>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C20E9E10B2E3324FC2DAC061D40FC11" authorityName=": Mawatari" authorityYear="1965" box="[969,1079,871,897]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Umbonulidae" genus="Rhamphostomella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="scabra">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9544E700B2E3324FC2DAC061AADFC10" box="[969,986,871,896]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">R</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B9544E700B2E3324FC0FAC061D40FC11" box="[1003,1079,871,897]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">scabra</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
); 6) ooecial pseudopores in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C20E9E10B2E3324FA60AC06198EFC34" authorityName="Osburn" authorityYear="1952" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Umbonulidae" genus="Rhamphostomella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="gigantea">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9544E700B2E3324FA60AC061CE2FC10" box="[1412,1429,871,896]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">R</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B9544E700B2E3324FF73ACEA198EFC34" box="[151,249,907,932]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">gigantea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are mostly numerous, large, strongly elongate to slit-like, and arranged randomly or radially, giving an overall “costate” appearance to the ooecia, but less numerous and relatively small in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C20E9E10B2E3324FB89ACCE1DACFC59" authorityName=": Mawatari" authorityYear="1965" box="[1133,1243,943,969]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Umbonulidae" genus="Rhamphostomella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="scabra">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9544E700B2E3324FB89ACCE1D09FC58" box="[1133,1150,943,968]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">R</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B9544E700B2E3324FB6BACCE1DACFC59" box="[1167,1243,943,969]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">scabra</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
; 7) fully-formed ooecia leave more than half the primary orifice length uncovered in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C20E9E10B2E3324FC7EACB21D6BFC7C" authorityName="Osburn" authorityYear="1952" box="[922,1052,979,1005]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Umbonulidae" genus="Rhamphostomella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="gigantea">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9544E700B2E3324FC7EACB21ADCFC7C" box="[922,939,979,1004]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">R</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B9544E700B2E3324FC5EACB21D6BFC7C" box="[954,1052,979,1004]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">gigantea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="131B8EE70B2E3324FBC8ACB21DD5FC7D" box="[1068,1186,978,1005]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="22.[151,250,1635,1659]" captionTargetBox="[217,1370,181,1612]" captionTargetId="figure-20@22.[217,1370,181,1612]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="FIGURE 5. Rhamphostomella gigantea Osburn, 1952. A. ZIRAS 3/50129 (western Kamchatka, Sea of Okhotsk). B–J, M. MIMB 3/50213 (Moneron Island, Sea of Japan). K, L. ZIRAS 1/50127 (Avacha Gulf, eastern Kamchatka, Pacific Ocean). A. Colony margin with developing zooids (arrows, communication pores of future ooecia). B. Distal view of young part of colony with non-ovicellate zooids, showing details of the primary orifice and suboral avicularia. C. Lateral view of primary orifice with suboral avicularium. D. Non-ovicellate zooids with suboral avicularia in young part of colony. E. Group of non-ovicellate zooids with suboral and adventitious frontal avicularia in young part of colony. F, G. Ovicellate zooids with adventitious avicularia in older part of colony. H. Lateral view of ovicellate zooids in older part of colony. I. Interior of frontal shield, showing ring scar and areolae. J. Internal view of orifice, showing straight proximal margin and condyles. K. Basal colony surface. L. Frontal shield interior, showing ring scar and exterior wall microstructure of umbonuloid component. M. Lateral view of autozooids, showing suboral and adventitious avicularia, ooecium free of secondary calcification and lateral wall with mural pore chambers. Scale bars: A, D, E, G, K, 500 μm; B, F, H, 250 μm; C, I, J, 100 μm; L, 50 μm; M, 200 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6544564" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6544564/files/figure.png" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Fig. 5F, G</figureCitation>
|
||
), but overhang half to two-thirds of the length in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C20E9E10B2E3324FE24AC961B5DFB81" authorityName=": Mawatari" authorityYear="1965" box="[448,554,1015,1041]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Umbonulidae" genus="Rhamphostomella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="scabra">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9544E700B2E3324FE24AC9618A6FB80" box="[448,465,1015,1040]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">R</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B9544E700B2E3324FE3AAC961B5DFB81" box="[478,554,1015,1041]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">scabra</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="131B8EE70B2E3324FDDDAC961BC5FB81" box="[569,690,1015,1041]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1609,1633]" captionTargetBox="[228,1360,181,1586]" captionTargetId="figure-17@7.[228,1360,181,1586]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 1. Rhamphostomella scabra (Fabricius, 1824). A. ZIRAS 94/50107 (Lesser Kuril Ridge, Pacific Ocean). B, E–G, I, K, M. ZIRAS 93/50106 (Bering Island, Commander Islands, Pacific Ocean). C. ZIRAS 95/50108 (western Kamchatka, Sea of Okhotsk). D. MIMB 2/50395 (Moneron Island, Sea of Japan). H, J, L. USNM 208837 (Beaufort Sea). A. Colony margin with developing zooids. B. Distolateral view of marginal zooids, showing form of orifice and suboral avicularia. C. Nonovicellate zooids in young part of colony (arrows, early stages of ooecial development). D. Group of non-ovicellate zooids from older part of colony with suboral and adventitious avicularia. E. Old autozooids with ovicells and avicularia. F. Close-up of ooecium overgrown by secondary calcification. G. Group of ovicellate zooids in older part of colony. H. Proximolateral view of ovicellate zooid, showing position of suboral and adventitious avicularium. I. Interior of the frontal shield with ring scar, areolae, communication pore of adventitious avicularium and ooecial communication pore (arrow). J. Internal view of primary orifice. K. Basal surface of colony. L. Interior of frontal shield, showing ring scar and umbonuloid exterior wall microstructure. M. Lateral view of autozooid, showing suboral avicularium with communication pores and lateral wall with mural pore chambers. Scale bars: A, D, G, K, 500 μm; B, E, H, M, 200 μm; C, 250 μm; F, I, J, 100 μm; L, 50 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6521125" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6521125/files/figure.png" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Fig. 1E–G</figureCitation>
|
||
); 8) mean zooid length is considerably larger in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C20E9E10B2E3324FB2DAC961C3EFB80" authorityName="Osburn" authorityYear="1952" box="[1225,1353,1015,1041]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Umbonulidae" genus="Rhamphostomella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="gigantea">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9544E700B2E3324FB2DAC961DADFB80" box="[1225,1242,1015,1040]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">R</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B9544E700B2E3324FB03AC961C3EFB80" box="[1255,1353,1015,1040]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">gigantea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
than in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C20E9E10B2E3324FF73AB7A1875FBA5" authorityName=": Mawatari" authorityYear="1965" box="[151,258,1051,1077]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Umbonulidae" genus="Rhamphostomella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="scabra">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9544E700B2E3324FF73AB7A19DFFBA4" box="[151,168,1051,1076]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">R</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B9544E700B2E3324FF52AB7A1875FBA5" box="[182,258,1051,1077]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">scabra</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(1.18–1.45 vs
|
||
<quantity id="4CD83F870B2E3324FE4EAB7B1B38FBA5" box="[426,591,1050,1077]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.849999999999998" metricValueMax="11.5" metricValueMin="8.2" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" unit="mm" value="0.9849999999999999" valueMax="1.15" valueMin="0.82">0.82–1.15 mm</quantity>
|
||
, respectively).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C33AC1E90B2E3324FF23AB5E182DFB31" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9F92620B2E3324FF23AB5E182DFB31" blockId="25.[151,1437,151,1437]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9544E700B2E3324FF23AB5E185BFBC9" bold="true" box="[199,300,1087,1113]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Ecology.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C20E9E10B2E3324FED7AB5E1B11FBC8" authorityName="Osburn" authorityYear="1952" box="[307,614,1087,1113]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Umbonulidae" genus="Rhamphostomella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="gigantea">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9544E700B2E3324FED7AB5E1B11FBC8" box="[307,614,1087,1113]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Rhamphostomella gigantea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is known from a depth range of
|
||
<quantity id="4CD83F870B2E3324FC31AB5F1D2CFBC9" box="[981,1115,1086,1113]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0474999999999999" metricValueMax="1.76" metricValueMin="0.335" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" unit="m" value="104.75" valueMax="176.0" valueMin="33.5">33.5–176 m</quantity>
|
||
on hard and mixed bottoms, including rocks and gravel overlying sand and silt. Colonies have been found on pebbles, mollusc shells and polychaete tubes.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C33AC1E90B2E3324FF23ABCB1D19FA0D" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9F92620B2E3324FF23ABCB1D19FA0D" blockId="25.[151,1437,151,1437]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9544E700B2E3324FF23ABCB1816FB54" bold="true" box="[199,353,1194,1220]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Distribution.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C20E9E10B2E3324FE81ABCA1892FB54" authorityName="Osburn" authorityYear="1952" box="[357,485,1195,1221]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Umbonulidae" genus="Rhamphostomella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="gigantea">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9544E700B2E3324FE81ABCA1801FB54" box="[357,374,1195,1220]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">R</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B9544E700B2E3324FE67ABCA1892FB54" box="[387,485,1195,1220]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">gigantea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is a rarely reported species, previously known from the Arctic at Point Barrow,Alaska, Beaufort Sea (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB1EF930B2E3324FEDFABAE18A3FB79" author="Osburn, R. C." box="[315,468,1230,1257]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" pagination="271 - 611" refId="ref93827" refString="Osburn, R. C. (1952) Bryozoa of the Pacific Coast of America. Part 2, Cheilostomata - Ascophora. Allan Hancock Pacific Expedition, 14, 271 - 611." type="journal article" year="1952">Osburn 1952</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB1EF930B2E3324FE05ABAE1BD4FB79" author="MacGinitie, G. E." box="[481,675,1230,1257]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" pagination="1 - 201" refId="ref92729" refString="MacGinitie, G. E. (1955) Distribution and ecology of the marine invertebrates of Point Barrow, Alaska. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections, 128, 1 - 201." type="journal article" year="1955">MacGinitie 1955</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and Chukchi Sea (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB1EF930B2E3324FC63ABAE1D6CFB79" author="Gontar, V. I." box="[903,1051,1231,1257]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" pagination="139 - 155" refId="ref88624" refString="Gontar, V. I. (2010) Benthic fauna of the Bryozoa in Chukchi Sea. Vestnik Ecologii, Lesovedeniya i Landschaftovedeniya, 10, 139 - 155. [in Russian with English summary]" type="journal article" year="2010">Gontar 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; our data); from the northwestern Pacific near Alaid Island, North Kuril Islands (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB1EF930B2E3324FD4AAB921A28FA9D" author="Mawatari, S." box="[686,863,1266,1293]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" pagination="113 - 135" refId="ref92569" refString="Mawatari, S. (1956) Cheilostomatous Bryozoa from the Kuril Islands and neighbouring district. Pacific Science, 10, 113 - 135." type="journal article" year="1956">Mawatari 1956</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB1EF930B2E3324FC88AB931AD0FA9D" author="Mawatari, S." box="[876,935,1266,1293]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" pagination="582 - 633" refId="ref92633" refString="Mawatari, S. (1965) Phylum Tentaculata. In: Okada, Y., Uchida, S. & Uchida, T. (Eds.), New Illustrated Encyclopedia of the Fauna of Japan. Hokuryu-Kan, Tokyo, pp. 582 - 633. [in Japanese]" type="book chapter" year="1965">1965</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), and from the northeastern Pacific at Cook Inlet, Gulf of Alaska (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB1EF930B2E3324FE63AA761B65FAA1" author="Foster, N. R." box="[391,530,1303,1329]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" refId="ref87948" refString="Foster, N. R. (2010) Evaluating a Potential Relict Arctic Invertebrate and Algal Community on the West Side of Cook Inlet. University of Alaska, Fairbanks, 75 pp." type="book" year="2010">Foster 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The northern Pacific material described above was collected on the Alaska shelf, northwest of Unimak Island, Bering Sea; in Avacha Gulf, eastern Kamchatka Peninsula; near Cape Hayryuzova on western Kamchatka shelf, Sea of Okhotsk; and in the coastal waters off Moneron Island, Sea of
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F337D2F20B2E3324FB00AA3E1C50FAE9" box="[1252,1319,1375,1401]" name="Japan" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Japan</collectingCountry>
|
||
. Based on these records,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C20E9E10B2E3324FEDCAAE218CEFA0C" authorityName="Osburn" authorityYear="1952" box="[312,441,1411,1437]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Umbonulidae" genus="Rhamphostomella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="gigantea">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9544E700B2E3324FEDCAAE2183EFA0C" box="[312,329,1411,1436]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">R</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B9544E700B2E3324FEB3AAE218CEFA0C" box="[343,441,1411,1436]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">gigantea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is a Pacific boreal sublittoral species, extending to the Arctic.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |