243 lines
31 KiB
XML
243 lines
31 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="CFBDB860786E96AC31F2090D6C5B4918">Notes on the biology and distribution of the tribe Agallissini in North America (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae: Cerambycinae)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="F4CC1F5E82A6E73259940A2C29DDBBD8">Heffern, Daniel</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="BB144542547DFEE4CA8CF6EF3E942ACB">Gemmill, Robert</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="D38ECF466CBC7F26301C452B666B6D57">Raber, Brian</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="3ACC4984AE71C153F38A42A001CBF989">Quinn, Mike</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="78868201F359DCD3EB453F90653FDF97">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="A950B4AA9518458297367190C4576492">2018</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="9F7EBB5126D9BF912F73097F6A15B77D">2018-08-09</mods:number>
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<treatment id="038887EA4008CE3FFF24BB0FFE09FF0E" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6485052" ID-GBIF-Taxon="148692281" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6485052" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:038887EA4008CE3FFF24BB0FFE09FF0E" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/038887EA4008CE3FFF24BB0FFE09FF0E" lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="446" pageId="0" pageNumber="444">
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<subSubSection id="C33B65774008CE3DFF24BB0FFEB3F885" pageId="0" pageNumber="444" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8B9E36FC4008CE3DFF24BB0FFCB5F8A4" blockId="0.[151,814,1848,1907]" box="[151,814,1848,1874]" pageId="0" pageNumber="444">
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<heading id="D0D681904008CE3DFF24BB0FFCB5F8A4" bold="true" box="[151,814,1848,1874]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="444" reason="1">
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<taxonomicName id="4C214D7F4008CE3DFF24BB0FFCB5F8A4" ID-CoL="65JVZ" authority="(Duponchel & Chevrolat, 1841)" baseAuthorityName="Duponchel & Chevrolat" baseAuthorityYear="1841" box="[151,814,1848,1874]" class="Insecta" family="Cerambycidae" genus="Agallissus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="444" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lepturoides">
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<emphasis id="B955EAEE4008CE3DFF24BB0FFCB5F8A4" bold="true" box="[151,814,1848,1874]" pageId="0" pageNumber="444">
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<emphasis id="B955EAEE4008CE3DFF24BB0FFE04F8A4" bold="true" box="[151,415,1848,1874]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="444">Agallissus lepturoides</emphasis>
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(Duponchel & Chevrolat, 1841)
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B9E36FC4008CE3DFF24BB6DFEB3F885" blockId="0.[151,814,1848,1907]" box="[151,296,1882,1907]" pageId="0" pageNumber="444">
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[
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<figureCitation id="131A2A794008CE3DFF2DBB6DFEBBF885" box="[158,288,1882,1907]" captionStart="FIGURES 1–4. 1" captionStartId="3.[151,264,1968,1991]" captionTargetBox="[276,1345,217,1940]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[200,1396,195,1953]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURES 1–4. 1. Agallissus lepturoides (typical pattern), female. 2. Agallissus lepturoides (melanistic form), male. 3. Osmopleura chamaeropis (typical color), female. 4. Osmopleura chamaeropis (atypical dark color), male." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1457931/files/figure.png" pageId="0" pageNumber="444">Figs. 1 & 2</figureCitation>
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]
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C33B65774008CE3CFF24BB95FB65F82B" lastPageId="1" lastPageNumber="445" pageId="0" pageNumber="444" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8B9E36FC4008CE3CFF24BB95FCB3FE39" blockId="0.[151,1436,1954,2015]" lastBlockId="1.[151,1437,151,2013]" lastPageId="1" lastPageNumber="445" pageId="0" pageNumber="444">
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<emphasis id="B955EAEE4008CE3DFF24BB95FF6CF84D" bold="true" box="[151,247,1954,1979]" pageId="0" pageNumber="444">History.</emphasis>
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This species was first reported from Texas, without further data, by
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB04B0D4008CE3DFB91BB94FB43F84D" box="[1058,1240,1955,1979]" pageId="0" pageNumber="444" refId="ref4951" refString="LeConte, J. L. (1873) Classification of the Coleoptera of North America. Prepared for the Smithsonian Institution. Part II. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections, Washington, D. C., 11 (265), 279 - 348." type="journal article">LeConte (1873)</bibRefCitation>
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as
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<taxonomicName id="4C214D7F4008CE3DFAB6BB94FE06F829" authority="Haldeman, 1854" authorityName="Haldeman" authorityYear="1854" class="Insecta" family="Cerambycidae" genus="Cryptopleura" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="444" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="grata">
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<emphasis id="B955EAEE4008CE3DFAB6BB94FF4FF829" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="444">Cryptopleura grata</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB04B0D4008CE3DFF6EBBF1FE06F829" box="[221,413,1990,2015]" pageId="0" pageNumber="444" refId="ref4737" refString="Haldeman, S. S. (1854) Descriptions of some new species of insects, with observations on described species. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 6 [1853], 361 - 365." type="journal article">Haldeman, 1854</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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, and subsequently listed thereafter as occurring from Texas to Honduras in catalogs and other works (i.e.
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB04B0D4009CE3CFED3BCA0FE61FF46" box="[352,506,151,176]" pageId="1" pageNumber="445" refId="ref4997" refString="Linsley, E. G. (1964) The Cerambycidae of North America. Pt. 5. Taxonomy and classification of the subfamily Cerambycinae, tribes Callichromini through Ancylocerini. University of California Publications in Entomology, 22, 1 - 197, 1 pl, 60 figs." type="book chapter">Linsley 1964</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB04B0D4009CE3CFDB9BCAFFD71FF46" box="[522,746,152,176]" pageId="1" pageNumber="445" refId="ref4809" refString="Hovore, F. T., Penrose, R. L. & Neck, R. W. (1987) The Cerambycidae or longhorned beetles of Southern Texas: a faunal survey (Coleoptera). Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences, 44 (13), 283 - 334, 20 figs." type="book chapter">
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Hovore
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<emphasis id="B955EAEE4009CE3CFDDBBCAEFD06FF46" box="[616,669,152,176]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="445">et al</emphasis>
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. 1987
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</bibRefCitation>
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||
). The first collecting record from Texas known to us since LeConte’s time was by R. M. Brattain,
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<date id="FF9F103C4009CE3CFDECBC8BFD48FF22" box="[607,723,188,212]" pageId="1" pageNumber="445" value="1999-04-02">2-IV-1999</date>
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and was taken by beating on
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<taxonomicName id="4C214D7F4009CE3CFB9DBC8BFAB1FF22" authority="Mart." authorityName="Mart." box="[1070,1322,188,212]" class="Liliopsida" family="Arecaceae" genus="Sabal" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" order="Arecales" pageId="1" pageNumber="445" phylum="Liliopsida" rank="species" species="mexicana">
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<emphasis id="B955EAEE4009CE3CFB9DBC8BFB79FF22" box="[1070,1250,188,212]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="445">Sabal mexicana</emphasis>
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Mart.
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</taxonomicName>
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along the edge of the
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<taxonomicName id="4C214D7F4009CE3CFE9FBCE8FDB6FF0E" authority="Palm Sanctuary" authorityName="Palm Sanctuary" box="[300,557,223,248]" class="Liliopsida" family="Arecaceae" genus="Sabal" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" order="Arecales" pageId="1" pageNumber="445" phylum="Liliopsida" rank="genus">Sabal Palm Sanctuary</taxonomicName>
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(SPS), Cameron County, Texas. (R. M. Brattain, pers. comm.). The next specimen was collected in the SPS by one of the authors (Raber),
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<date id="FF9F103C4009CE3CFC21BD33FB8BFEEA" box="[914,1040,260,284]" pageId="1" pageNumber="445" value="2008-10-18">18-X-2008</date>
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, while beating on a leaf of a short
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<taxonomicName id="4C214D7F4009CE3CFF24BD1FFE83FEB6" authority="palm" authorityName="Palm" box="[151,280,295,320]" class="Liliopsida" family="Arecaceae" genus="Sabal" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" order="Arecales" pageId="1" pageNumber="450" phylum="Liliopsida" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B955EAEE4009CE3CFF24BD1FFF4CFEB6" box="[151,215,296,320]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="445">Sabal</emphasis>
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palm
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</taxonomicName>
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tree. The subsequent search for additional specimens was centered in the SPS, which is a relatively small preserve containing a tiny fraction of the original
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<taxonomicName id="4C214D7F4009CE3CFCB0BD7BFCE0FE93" authority="palm" authorityName="Palm" box="[771,891,332,357]" class="Liliopsida" family="Arecaceae" genus="Sabal" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" order="Arecales" pageId="1" pageNumber="450" phylum="Liliopsida" rank="genus">sabal palm</taxonomicName>
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forest biotic community that was once dominant in the Lower Rio Grande Valley (LRGV) in Cameron and Hidalgo counties of Texas and adjacent parts of Mexico (
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB04B0D4009CE3CFF2DBDA3FE45FE5A" box="[158,478,404,429]" pageId="1" pageNumber="445" refId="ref4897" refString="Jahrsdoerfer, S. E. & Leslie, D. E. (1988) Tamaulipan brushland of the lower Rio Grande Valley of south Texas: Description, human impacts, and management options. USDI Fish & Wildlife Service Biological Report, 88 (36), 1 - 63." type="journal article">Jahrsdoerfer & Leslie 1988</bibRefCitation>
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).
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB04B0D4009CE3CFE47BDA2FD7AFE5A" box="[500,737,404,428]" pageId="1" pageNumber="445" refId="ref4809" refString="Hovore, F. T., Penrose, R. L. & Neck, R. W. (1987) The Cerambycidae or longhorned beetles of Southern Texas: a faunal survey (Coleoptera). Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences, 44 (13), 283 - 334, 20 figs." type="book chapter">
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Hovore
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<emphasis id="B955EAEE4009CE3CFDE1BDA2FD16FE5A" box="[594,653,404,428]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="445">et al.</emphasis>
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(1987)
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</bibRefCitation>
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speculated that this species would be associated with palms similarly to its close relatives,
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<taxonomicName id="4C214D7F4009CE3CFE5EBD8EFDFBFE26" authorityName="LeConte" authorityYear="1873" box="[493,608,441,464]" class="Insecta" family="Cerambycidae" genus="Zagymnus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="445" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B955EAEE4009CE3CFE5EBD8EFDFBFE26" box="[493,608,441,464]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="445">Zagymnus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="4C214D7F4009CE3CFD25BD8FFCBAFE26" authorityName="Linsley" authorityYear="1964" box="[662,801,440,464]" class="Insecta" family="Cerambycidae" genus="Osmopleura" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="445" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B955EAEE4009CE3CFD25BD8FFCBAFE26" box="[662,801,440,464]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="445">Osmopleura</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B9E36FC4009CE3CFF74BDEBFAECFCCE" blockId="1.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="1" pageNumber="445">
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<emphasis id="B955EAEE4009CE3CFF74BDEBFE0BFE03" bold="true" box="[199,400,476,501]" pageId="1" pageNumber="445">Biological notes.</emphasis>
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Three of the authors (Heffern, Raber, and Quinn) and Edward Riley (TAMU), made concerted efforts in
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<date id="FF9F103C4009CE3CFEC4BE37FD86FDEE" box="[375,541,511,536]" pageId="1" pageNumber="445" value="2009" valueMax="2010">2009 and 2010</date>
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to find larvae and adult specimens and to record observations as part of a larger study to document rare
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<taxonomicName id="4C214D7F4009CE3CFE2DBE13FD82FDCB" authorityName="" authorityYear="1758" box="[414,537,548,573]" class="Insecta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="445" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Coleoptera</taxonomicName>
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in the LRGV. During February, March, and April of those years, numerous dead petioles of
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<taxonomicName id="4C214D7F4009CE3CFEA4BE7FFE50FDA9" box="[279,459,584,608]" class="Liliopsida" family="Arecaceae" genus="Sabal" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" order="Arecales" pageId="1" pageNumber="445" phylum="Liliopsida" rank="species" species="mexicana">
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<emphasis id="B955EAEE4009CE3CFEA4BE7FFE50FDA9" box="[279,459,584,608]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="445">Sabal mexicana</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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were found that contained larvae, pupae, and teneral adults (
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<emphasis id="B955EAEE4009CE3CFB3BBE70FAD7FD96" bold="true" box="[1160,1356,583,608]" pageId="1" pageNumber="445">first host record</emphasis>
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). Sites discovered within Cameron County with
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<taxonomicName id="4C214D7F4009CE3CFDDEBE5BFD7BFD72" authorityName="Dalman" authorityYear="1823" box="[621,736,620,644]" class="Insecta" family="Cerambycidae" genus="Agallissus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="445" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B955EAEE4009CE3CFDDEBE5BFD7BFD72" box="[621,736,620,644]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="445">Agallissus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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included: the SPS, the Southmost Unit and the Boscaje de la Palma Unit of the LRGV National Wildlife Refuge, and along an irrigation ditch by Paloma Blanca Road about
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<quantity id="4CD99B194009CE3CFA3DBEA7FF20FD3B" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="1" pageNumber="445" unit="km" value="2.0">2 km</quantity>
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northwest of the SPS. The Boscaje de la Palma Unit, with re-vegetation in progress, is of comparable size to the SPS and borders it on the west side. Due to the healthy population of
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<taxonomicName id="4C214D7F4009CE3CFC60BEEFFBDDFD06" authorityName="Dalman" authorityYear="1823" box="[979,1094,728,752]" class="Insecta" family="Cerambycidae" genus="Agallissus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="445" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B955EAEE4009CE3CFC60BEEFFBDDFD06" box="[979,1094,728,752]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="445">Agallissus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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encountered at the SPS, it is probable that it occurs widely around Brownsville where remnant
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C214D7F4009CE3CFC31BECBFC59FCE2" box="[898,962,764,788]" class="Liliopsida" family="Arecaceae" genus="Sabal" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" order="Arecales" pageId="1" pageNumber="445" phylum="Liliopsida" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B955EAEE4009CE3CFC31BECBFC59FCE2" box="[898,962,764,788]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="445">Sabal</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
palms naturally occur or where they have been re-introduced. Non-native palms in Cameron County were not examined for evidence of adult emergence.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9E36FC4009CE3CFF74BF73FD4EFBE6" blockId="1.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="1" pageNumber="445">
|
||
Leaf stalks of mature
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C214D7F4009CE3CFE79BF73FDCEFCAA" box="[458,597,836,860]" class="Liliopsida" family="Arecaceae" genus="Sabal" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" order="Arecales" pageId="1" pageNumber="445" phylum="Liliopsida" rank="species" species="mexicana">
|
||
<emphasis id="B955EAEE4009CE3CFE79BF73FDCEFCAA" box="[458,597,836,860]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="445">S. mexicana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
vary in length from approximately 1 to 3 meters, in width from 2 to 6 centimeters, and in thickness from about 1.5 to 3 centimeters. Larvae, pupae, and adults were found by carefully cutting a dry, dead leaf stalk lengthwise or cutting across it perpendicularly and looking for frass. Infested leaf stalks were usually found still attached to a palm immediately below healthy upper leaves. Occasionally they were found lying on the ground below tall healthy palms. Leaf stalks trimmed along walking trails through the SPS were piled up, and even within those, larvae were found.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9E36FC4009CE3CFF74B82BFD4FF9FF" blockId="1.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="1" pageNumber="445">
|
||
Larval frass trails are rather straight (
|
||
<figureCitation id="131A2A794009CE3CFDC5B82BFD57FBC2" box="[630,716,1052,1077]" captionStart="FIGURES 9–11. 9" captionStartId="7.[151,264,1961,1984]" captionTargetBox="[200,1387,195,1940]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[200,1387,195,1940]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURES 9–11. 9. Zagymnus clerinus (rare black form), female. 10. Larval workings of Agallissus lepturoides in petiole. 11. Zagymnus clerinus ovipositing." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1457935/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="445">Fig. 10</figureCitation>
|
||
), as would be expected in the narrow petiole of a palm frond. Trails were moderately to very tightly packed with frass, typically about 0.3 to over
|
||
<quantity id="4CD99B194009CE3CFBE0B877FBE4FBA1" box="[1107,1151,1088,1112]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="1" pageNumber="445" unit="m" value="1.0">1 m</quantity>
|
||
in length after full larval development. Larvae appear to orient their feeding in a downwards direction with gravity. Whether the leaf stalk is still firmly attached horizontally, or broken and dangling vertically, affects which direction larvae feed and form pupal cells. Rarely, larvae would develop in or near the base (boot) of the stalk after the frond had been broken or cut off. This resulted in the larva being confined to a stub on the palm tree which would force it to feed in a restricted space. Thus, pupation may occur anywhere from the base to the extreme distal end of the leaf stalk. Infested leaf stalks may break due to weakness caused by larval feeding in conjunction with the weight of the dead frond or wind. Old emergence holes were observed on both the upper and lower surfaces of leaf stalks and were elliptical in shape, approximately
|
||
<quantity id="4CD99B194009CE3CFDA5B956FDC3FA8E" box="[534,600,1377,1400]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.0" pageId="1" pageNumber="445" unit="mm" value="7.0">7 mm</quantity>
|
||
by
|
||
<quantity id="4CD99B194009CE3CFD30B968FD46FA8E" box="[643,733,1375,1400]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.5" pageId="1" pageNumber="445" unit="mm" value="4.5">4.5 mm</quantity>
|
||
. A larva does not create an opening and plug it with frass, but simply positions its body so that it must only chew through a thin layer of stalk in order to emerge. There was no evidence to indicate that living fronds are used for larval development. Occasionally, one large and one small larvae were found in the same leaf stalk, which suggests that a female may be attracted to a leaf stalk that has been dead for a few months or perhaps as long as a year.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9E36FC4009CE3CFF74BA23FA1CF8F3" blockId="1.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="1" pageNumber="445">
|
||
Dead leaf stalks found to contain larvae or pupae were cut into short sizes (<
|
||
<quantity id="4CD99B194009CE3CFB80BA23FBEDF9DA" box="[1075,1142,1556,1581]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="1" pageNumber="445" unit="m" value="0.5">0.5 m</quantity>
|
||
) and stored in containers. They were occasionally sprayed with water to simulate rainfall and were allowed to dry before closing the container.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C214D7F4009CE3CFEBFBA6BFEE4F982" authorityName="Dalman" authorityYear="1823" box="[268,383,1628,1652]" class="Insecta" family="Cerambycidae" genus="Agallissus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="445" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B955EAEE4009CE3CFEBFBA6BFEE4F982" box="[268,383,1628,1652]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="445">Agallissus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
adults emerged from March to July when frond segments were stored in outside containers in the Houston area, suggesting that adults are active much of the year, excluding winter, and stayed alive in captivity for as long as 4–5 weeks. Adults rest with their antennae held straight forward, parallel to the body.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C214D7F4009CE3CFA9ABA93FA07F94A" authorityName="Dalman" authorityYear="1823" box="[1321,1436,1700,1724]" class="Insecta" family="Cerambycidae" genus="Agallissus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="445" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B955EAEE4009CE3CFA9ABA93FA07F94A" box="[1321,1436,1700,1724]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="445">Agallissus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
specimens ranged in size from
|
||
<quantity id="4CD99B194009CE3CFE46BAF0FD07F916" box="[501,668,1735,1760]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.575" metricValueMax="2.0" metricValueMin="1.15" pageId="1" pageNumber="445" unit="mm" value="15.75" valueMax="20.0" valueMin="11.5">11.5 to 20 mm</quantity>
|
||
. In general, females tend to be slightly larger than males. Two small males had reduced yellow markings, (
|
||
<figureCitation id="131A2A794009CE3CFDF3BADBFD1FF8F2" box="[576,644,1772,1797]" captionStart="FIGURES 1–4. 1" captionStartId="3.[151,264,1968,1991]" captionTargetBox="[276,1345,217,1940]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[200,1396,195,1953]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURES 1–4. 1. Agallissus lepturoides (typical pattern), female. 2. Agallissus lepturoides (melanistic form), male. 3. Osmopleura chamaeropis (typical color), female. 4. Osmopleura chamaeropis (atypical dark color), male." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1457931/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="445">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
), otherwise there was little variation in the maculations of the elytra.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9E36FC4009CE3CFF74BB38FB65F82B" blockId="1.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="1" pageNumber="445">
|
||
Other arthropods were found in abandoned larval tunnels in leaf stalks, including ants, caterpillars, and spiders. Other exit holes, smaller and nearly round, were observed on some stalks, generally in the distal half, and were apparently created by the emergence of an anthribid beetle,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C214D7F4009CE3CFC9DBB6FFA97F886" authority="(Schaeffer, 1906)" baseAuthorityName="Schaeffer" baseAuthorityYear="1906" box="[814,1292,1879,1904]" class="Insecta" family="Anthribidae" genus="Phoenicobiella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="445" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="schwarzii">
|
||
<emphasis id="B955EAEE4009CE3CFC9DBB6FFBDEF886" box="[814,1093,1880,1904]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="445">Phoenicobiella schwarzii</emphasis>
|
||
(Schaeffer, 1906)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C214D7F4009CE3CFAA8BB60FA02F886" authorityName="" authorityYear="1758" box="[1307,1433,1879,1904]" class="Insecta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="445" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Coleoptera</taxonomicName>
|
||
:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C214D7F4009CE3CFF24BB4BFE85F863" authorityName="Billberg" authorityYear="1820" box="[151,286,1916,1941]" class="Insecta" family="Anthribidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="445" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Anthribidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
), which was also reared on occasion. Numerous traps in the SPS, including Lindgren funnel traps, UV light traps, flight intercept traps, and ethanol-baited traps only produced a single specimen of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C214D7F4009CE3CFB26BB97FA9EF84E" authorityName="Dalman" authorityYear="1823" box="[1173,1285,1952,1976]" class="Insecta" family="Cerambycidae" genus="Agallissus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="445" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B955EAEE4009CE3CFB26BB97FA9EF84E" box="[1173,1285,1952,1976]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="445">Agallissus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Thus, nearly all specimens were collected as teneral adults, pupae, or larvae from the dead stalks of the palm fronds.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C33B6577400ACE3FFF74BCA0FE09FF0E" pageId="2" pageNumber="446" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9E36FC400ACE3FFF74BCA0FE09FF0E" blockId="2.[151,1436,151,248]" pageId="2" pageNumber="446">
|
||
<emphasis id="B955EAEE400ACE3FFF74BCA0FEFBFF46" bold="true" box="[199,352,151,176]" pageId="2" pageNumber="446">Distribution.</emphasis>
|
||
A distribution map (
|
||
<figureCitation id="131A2A79400ACE3FFDE9BCA0FD34FF46" box="[602,687,151,176]" captionStart="FIGURE 12–14. 12" captionStartId="8.[151,250,1952,1974]" captionTargetBox="[203,1390,196,1916]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[203,1390,196,1941]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 12–14. 12. Zagymnus clerinus exit hole in a Sabal palmetto boot. 13. A transplanted Sabal palmetto showing several Z. clerinus exit holes. 14. Known distribution of Agallissus lepturoides (circles: specific locations, triangle: state record, square: country record)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1457937/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="446">Fig. 14</figureCitation>
|
||
) for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C214D7F400ACE3FFD5EBCAFFC72FF46" baseAuthorityName="Duponchel & Chevrolat" baseAuthorityYear="1841" box="[749,1001,152,176]" class="Insecta" family="Cerambycidae" genus="Agallissus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="446" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lepturoides">
|
||
<emphasis id="B955EAEE400ACE3FFD5EBCAFFC72FF46" box="[749,1001,152,176]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="446">Agallissus lepturoides</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was prepared based on records from DJHC, TAMU, FSCA, RMBC,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB04B0D400ACE3FFE4CBC8BFCDFFF23" box="[511,836,188,213]" pageId="2" pageNumber="446" refId="ref4687" refString="Gutierrez, N. & Noguera, F. A. (2015) New distributional records of Cerambycidae (Coleoptera) from Mexico. The Pan-Pacific Entomologist, 91 (2), 135 - 147. https: // doi. org / 10.3956 / 2015 - 91.2.135" type="journal article">Gutiérrez & Noguera (2015)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB04B0D400ACE3FFCE2BC8AFB0FFF23" box="[849,1172,188,213]" pageId="2" pageNumber="446" refId="ref5151" refString="Noguera, F. A. & Chemsak, J. A. (1996) Cerambycidae (Coleoptera). In: Biodiversidad, Taxonomia y Biogeografia de Artropodos de Mexico: Hacia una Sintesis de su conocimiento. Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, 1996, pp. 381 - 409." type="journal article">Noguera & Chemsak (1996)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB04B0D400ACE3FFB13BC8BFA07FF22" box="[1184,1436,188,213]" pageId="2" pageNumber="446" refId="ref4570" refString="Chemsak, J. A., Linsley, E. G. & Mankins, J. V. (1980) Records of some Cerambycidae from Honduras. The Pan-Pacific Entomologist, 56 (1), 26 - 37." type="journal article">
|
||
Chemsak
|
||
<emphasis id="B955EAEE400ACE3FFAA3BC8AFAD1FF22" box="[1296,1354,188,212]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="446">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(1980)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB04B0D400ACE3FFF75BCE8FE15FF0E" box="[198,398,223,248]" pageId="2" pageNumber="446" refId="ref4737" refString="Haldeman, S. S. (1854) Descriptions of some new species of insects, with observations on described species. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 6 [1853], 361 - 365." type="journal article">Haldeman (1854)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |