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<document id="BF53AF3996D9CA668F57D374D246B570" ID="10.11646/zootaxa.4136.2.9" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.4136.2.9" ID-GBIF-Dataset="fe291cdc-ada8-4c3d-84a8-3d4b0e852f3c" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="264942" ID-ZooBank="09E7DD55-0F43-4B25-8FCB-05BD558FCB8B" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1467808014648" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Costa-Campos, Carlos Eduardo, Lima, Albertina Pimentel &amp; Amézquita, Adolfo" docDate="2016" docId="03FC403EB27F431CEB851B5838522C5D" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.4136.2.9.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 4136 (2)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Ameerega pulchripecta Silverstone 1976" docType="treatment" docVersion="7" lastPageNumber="387" masterDocId="FFC53846B27F431DEB121A313C762E12" masterDocTitle="The advertisement call of Ameerega pulchripecta (Silverstone, 1976) (Anura, Dendrobatidae)" masterLastPageNumber="389" masterPageNumber="387" pageNumber="387" updateTime="1698363781677" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:title id="30542CA1C3682D154C0EB42202690B68">The advertisement call of Ameerega pulchripecta (Silverstone, 1976) (Anura, Dendrobatidae)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="269ED537C0E16E07A1E18F7F3CCB1FC4">Costa-Campos, Carlos Eduardo</mods:namePart>
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<treatment id="03FC403EB27F431CEB851B5838522C5D" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6084221" ID-GBIF-Taxon="127627786" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6084221" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03FC403EB27F431CEB851B5838522C5D" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03FC403EB27F431CEB851B5838522C5D" lastPageId="1" lastPageNumber="387" pageId="0" pageNumber="387">
<subSubSection id="C34FA2A3B27F431DEB851B583E6E2FA5" pageId="0" pageNumber="387" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8BEAF128B27F431DEB851B583E6E2FA5" blockId="0.[151,1223,360,439]" pageId="0" pageNumber="387">
<docTitle id="CE4F0846B27F431DEB851B583E6E2FA5" pageId="0" pageNumber="387">
<emphasis id="B9212D3AB27F431DEB851B583E6E2FA5" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="387">
The advertisement call of
<taxonomicName id="4C558AABB27F431DE9211B5938B12F98" ID-CoL="CQ7B" authority="Silverstone, 1976" authorityName="Silverstone" authorityYear="1976" box="[563,1223,360,394]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Ameerega" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="0" pageNumber="387" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pulchripecta">
<emphasis id="B9212D3AB27F431DE9211B593FEF2F9B" bold="true" box="[563,921,360,393]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="387">Ameerega pulchripecta</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFC48CD9B27F431DE8BE1B5838C82F98" author="Silverstone" box="[940,1214,361,394]" pageId="0" pageNumber="387" refString="Silverstone, P. A. (1976) A revision of the poison-arrow frogs of the genus Phyllobates Bibron in Sagra (Family Dendrobatidae). Science Bulletin Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, 27, 1 - 53." type="journal article" year="1976">Silverstone, 1976</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
(
<taxonomicName id="4C558AABB27F431DEBB31BA73D7B2FA5" box="[161,269,406,439]" class="Magnoliopsida" kingdom="Animalia" order="Asterales" pageId="0" pageNumber="387" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="order">Anura</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C558AABB27F431DEA0F1BA73E7B2FA5" box="[285,525,406,439]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="0" pageNumber="387" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Dendrobatidae</taxonomicName>
)
</emphasis>
</docTitle>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C34FA2A3B27F431DEB851BD83EA52CB2" pageId="0" pageNumber="387" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BEAF128B27F431DEB851BD83CA42C53" blockId="0.[151,1388,487,672]" pageId="0" pageNumber="387">
CARLOS EDUARDO COSTA-CAMPOS1,4, ALBERTINA PIMENTEL LIMA
<docIssue id="CF368EC7B27F431DE8F71BD63F9A2FE1" box="[997,1004,487,499]" pageId="0" pageNumber="387">2</docIssue>
&amp; ADOLFO AMÉZQUITA3
<emphasis id="B9212D3AB27F431DEB85183A3CA42C53" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="387">
1Universidade Federal do Amapá, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Laboratório de Herpetologia. Macapá, AP,
<collectingCountry id="F342B1B8B27F431DEB85181A3CA42C53" box="[151,210,555,577]" name="Brazil" pageId="0" pageNumber="387">Brazil</collectingCountry>
</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEAF128B27F431DEB8518793FEF2C72" blockId="0.[151,1388,487,672]" box="[151,921,584,608]" pageId="0" pageNumber="387">
<emphasis id="B9212D3AB27F431DEB8518793FEF2C72" box="[151,921,584,608]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="387">
2Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, CEP 69060-001, Manaus,
<collectingCountry id="F342B1B8B27F431DE84C187B3FEF2C72" box="[862,921,586,608]" name="Brazil" pageId="0" pageNumber="387">Brazil</collectingCountry>
</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEAF128B27F431DEB8518593EA52CB2" blockId="0.[151,1388,487,672]" pageId="0" pageNumber="387">
<emphasis id="B9212D3AB27F431DEB8518593EA52CB2" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="387">
3Department of Biological Sciences, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, AA 4976,
<collectingCountry id="F342B1B8B27F431DE8BB185B387E2C92" box="[937,1032,618,640]" name="Colombia" pageId="0" pageNumber="387">Colombia</collectingCountry>
4Corresponding author. E-mail: eduardocampos@unifap.br
</emphasis>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C34FA2A3B27F431DEB8518DC3DBB2A4D" pageId="0" pageNumber="387" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8BEAF128B27F431DEB8518DC3DBB2A4D" blockId="0.[151,1436,749,2020]" pageId="0" pageNumber="387">
The name
<taxonomicName id="4C558AABB27F431DEA1F18DC3DC02D16" box="[269,438,749,772]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Ameerega" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="0" pageNumber="387" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="picta">
<emphasis id="B9212D3AB27F431DEA1F18DC3DC02D16" box="[269,438,749,772]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="387">Ameerega picta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was once used to denote a lineage of poison frogs (
<taxonomicName id="4C558AABB27F431DE8E818DC38EC2D16" box="[1018,1178,749,772]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="0" pageNumber="387" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Dendrobatidae</taxonomicName>
) distributed throughout most of the Amazon basin (
<bibRefCitation id="EFC48CD9B27F431DEAD219213E0C2D35" author="Silverstone" box="[448,634,784,807]" pageId="0" pageNumber="387" refString="Silverstone, P. A. (1976) A revision of the poison-arrow frogs of the genus Phyllobates Bibron in Sagra (Family Dendrobatidae). Science Bulletin Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, 27, 1 - 53." type="journal article" year="1976">Silverstone 1976</bibRefCitation>
); more recently, to describe a phenetic group involving at least 18 species,
<bibRefCitation id="EFC48CD9B27F431DEB8519023D192D58" box="[151,367,818,842]" pageId="0" pageNumber="387" refString="Lotters, S., Jungfer, K. H., Henkel, F. W. &amp; Schmidt, W. (2007) Poison frogs: biology, species &amp; captive husbandry. Chimaira, Frankfurt, 668 pp." type="book">
Lötters
<emphasis id="B9212D3AB27F431DEBF819023D6C2D58" box="[234,282,818,842]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="387">et al</emphasis>
. (2007)
</bibRefCitation>
pointed out that some of the lineages were indeed derived from the former
<taxonomicName id="4C558AABB27F431DEFB71903388F2D58" box="[1189,1273,818,842]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Ameerega" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="0" pageNumber="387" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="picta">
<emphasis id="B9212D3AB27F431DEFB71903388F2D58" box="[1189,1273,818,842]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="387">A. picta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Among them, the nominal species with the widest distribution is
<taxonomicName id="4C558AABB27F431DE9BD19643F6A2D7E" box="[687,796,852,876]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Ameerega" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="0" pageNumber="387" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hahneli">
<emphasis id="B9212D3AB27F431DE9BD19643F6A2D7E" box="[687,796,852,876]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="387">A. hahneli</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFC48CD9B27F431DE83B196438462D7E" author="Haddad" box="[809,1072,853,876]" pageId="0" pageNumber="387" refString="Haddad, C. &amp; Martins, M. (1994) Four species of Brazilian poison frogs related to Epipedobates pictus (Dendrobatidae): taxonomy and natural history observations. Herpetologica, 50 (3), 282 - 295." type="journal article" year="1994">Haddad &amp; Martins 1994</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFC48CD9B27F431DEF28196439492D7E" author="Twomey" box="[1082,1343,853,876]" pageId="0" pageNumber="387" refString="Twomey, E. &amp; Brown, J. L. (2008) A partial revision of the Ameerega hahneli complex (Anura: Dendrobatidae) and a new cryptic species from the East-Andean versant of Central Peru. Zootaxa, 1757, 49 - 65." type="journal article" year="2008">Twomey &amp; Brown 2008</bibRefCitation>
), also an alleged complex of poorly defined species (
<bibRefCitation id="EFC48CD9B27F431DE96F19493F342D9D" author="Grant" box="[637,834,887,911]" pageId="0" pageNumber="387" refString="Grant, T., Frost, D. R., Caldwell, J. P., Gagliardo, R., Haddad, C. F. B., Kok, P. J. R., Means, D. B., Noonan, B. P., Schargel, W. E. &amp; Wheeler, W. C. (2006) Phylogenetic systematics of dart-poison frogs and their relatives (Amphibia: Athesphatanura: Dendrobatidae). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 299, 1 - 262. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1206 / 0003 - 0090 (2006) 299 [1: PSODFA] 2.0. CO; 2" type="journal article" year="2006">
Grant
<emphasis id="B9212D3AB27F431DE9D419493E8E2D9D" box="[710,760,887,911]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="387">et al</emphasis>
. 2006
</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFC48CD9B27F431DE842194938582D9D" author="Fouquet" box="[848,1070,887,911]" pageId="0" pageNumber="387" refString="Fouquet, A., Gilles, A., Vences, M., Marty, C., Blanc, M. &amp; Gemmell, N. J. (2007) Underestimation of species richness in neotropical frogs revealed by mtDNA analyses. PLoS One, 2 (10), e 1109. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0001109" type="journal article" year="2007">
Fouquet
<emphasis id="B9212D3AB27F431DE8A019493F952D9D" box="[946,995,887,911]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="387">et al</emphasis>
. 2007
</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFC48CD9B27F431DEF2E194939602D9D" author="Roberts" box="[1084,1302,887,911]" pageId="0" pageNumber="387" refString="Roberts, J. L., Brown, J. L., Schulte, R., Arizabal, W. &amp; Summers, K. (2007) Rapid diversification of colouration among populations of a poison frog isolated on sky peninsulas in the central cordilleras of Peru. Journal of Biogeography, 34 (3), 417 - 426. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 2699.2006.01621. x" type="journal article" year="2007">
Roberts
<emphasis id="B9212D3AB27F431DEF8B194938BD2D9D" box="[1177,1227,887,911]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="387">et al</emphasis>
. 2007
</bibRefCitation>
). The materecognition signal, the advertisement call, was part of the evidence used to revalidate
<taxonomicName id="4C558AABB27F431DEF5219AB38D92DA0" box="[1088,1199,922,946]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Ameerega" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="0" pageNumber="387" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hahneli">
<emphasis id="B9212D3AB27F431DEF5219AB38D92DA0" box="[1088,1199,922,946]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="387">A. hahneli</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as a different species from
<emphasis id="B9212D3AB27F431DEBC3198C3D5C2DC6" box="[209,298,957,980]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="387">
<taxonomicName id="4C558AABB27F431DEBC3198C3D502DC6" box="[209,294,957,980]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Ameerega" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="0" pageNumber="387" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="picta">A. picta</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
Although the advertisement call has been described for one or few individuals of other species in the group (
<bibRefCitation id="EFC48CD9B27F431DEB8C19D13DC62DE5" author="Haddad" box="[158,432,992,1015]" pageId="0" pageNumber="387" refString="Haddad, C. &amp; Martins, M. (1994) Four species of Brazilian poison frogs related to Epipedobates pictus (Dendrobatidae): taxonomy and natural history observations. Herpetologica, 50 (3), 282 - 295." type="journal article" year="1994">Haddad &amp; Martins 1994</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFC48CD9B27F431DEAAC19D13E092DE5" author="Costa" box="[446,639,991,1015]" pageId="0" pageNumber="387" refString="Costa, R. C., Facure, K. G. &amp; Giaretta, A. A. (2006) Courthsip, vocalization, and tadpole description of Epipedobates flavopictus (Anura: Dendrobatidae) in southern Goias, Brazil. Biota Neotropica, 6 (1), 1 - 9. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1590 / S 1676 - 06032006000100006" type="journal article" year="2006">
Costa
<emphasis id="B9212D3AB27F431DE91619D13E402DE5" box="[516,566,991,1015]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="387">et al</emphasis>
. 2006
</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFC48CD9B27F431DE99F19D13FEB2DE5" author="Twomey" box="[653,925,992,1015]" pageId="0" pageNumber="387" refString="Twomey, E. &amp; Brown, J. L. (2008) A partial revision of the Ameerega hahneli complex (Anura: Dendrobatidae) and a new cryptic species from the East-Andean versant of Central Peru. Zootaxa, 1757, 49 - 65." type="journal article" year="2008">Twomey &amp; Brown 2008</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFC48CD9B27F431DE8B919D1380D2DE5" author="Lotters" box="[939,1147,991,1015]" pageId="0" pageNumber="387" refString="Lotters, S., Schmitz, A., Reichle, S., Rodder, D. &amp; Quennet, V. (2009) Another case of cryptic diversity in poison forgs (Dendrobatidae: Ameerega) - description of a new species from Bolivia. Zootaxa, 2028, 20 - 30." type="journal article" year="2009">
Lötters
<emphasis id="B9212D3AB27F431DEF1219D1384F2DE5" box="[1024,1081,991,1015]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="387">et al.</emphasis>
2009
</bibRefCitation>
), namely
<emphasis id="B9212D3AB27F431DEFFB19EE3C802A08" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="387">
<taxonomicName id="4C558AABB27F431DEFFB19EE39012DE5" box="[1257,1399,991,1015]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Ameerega" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="0" pageNumber="387" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="flavopicta">A. flavopicta</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C558AABB27F431DEE9719EE3C802A08" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Ameerega" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="0" pageNumber="387" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="braccata">A. braccata</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C558AABB27F431DEA3C1E333DDE2A08" box="[302,424,1026,1050]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Ameerega" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="0" pageNumber="387" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="boehmei">
<emphasis id="B9212D3AB27F431DEA3C1E333DDE2A08" box="[302,424,1026,1050]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="387">A. boehmei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and
<taxonomicName id="4C558AABB27F431DEAF51E333E212A08" box="[487,599,1026,1050]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Ameerega" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="0" pageNumber="387" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hahneli">
<emphasis id="B9212D3AB27F431DEAF51E333E212A08" box="[487,599,1026,1050]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="387">A. hahneli</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, we still lack a formal description for
<taxonomicName id="4C558AABB27F431DEF131E3338DE2A08" box="[1025,1192,1026,1050]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Ameerega" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="0" pageNumber="387" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pulchripecta">
<emphasis id="B9212D3AB27F431DEF131E3338DE2A08" box="[1025,1192,1026,1050]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="387">A. pulchripecta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, the sister taxon of
<taxonomicName id="4C558AABB27F431DEE971E333E7E2A2E" authority="Twomey &amp; Brown 2008" authorityName="Twomey &amp; Brown" authorityYear="2008" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Ameerega" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="0" pageNumber="387" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hahneli">
<emphasis id="B9212D3AB27F431DEE971E333C912A2E" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="387">A. hahneli</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFC48CD9B27F431DEBE41E143E762A2E" author="Twomey" box="[246,512,1061,1084]" pageId="0" pageNumber="387" refString="Twomey, E. &amp; Brown, J. L. (2008) A partial revision of the Ameerega hahneli complex (Anura: Dendrobatidae) and a new cryptic species from the East-Andean versant of Central Peru. Zootaxa, 1757, 49 - 65." type="journal article" year="2008">Twomey &amp; Brown 2008</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
. Its call has been qualitatively described as similar to
<taxonomicName id="4C558AABB27F431DEF4A1E1438B12A2E" box="[1112,1223,1060,1084]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Ameerega" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="0" pageNumber="387" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hahneli">
<emphasis id="B9212D3AB27F431DEF4A1E1438B12A2E" box="[1112,1223,1060,1084]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="387">A. hahneli</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
’s call, but “deepervoiced” (
<bibRefCitation id="EFC48CD9B27F431DEBE51E793DB72A4D" author="Lotters" box="[247,449,1095,1119]" pageId="0" pageNumber="387" refString="Lotters, S., Jungfer, K. H., Henkel, F. W. &amp; Schmidt, W. (2007) Poison frogs: biology, species &amp; captive husbandry. Chimaira, Frankfurt, 668 pp." type="book" year="2007">
Lötters
<emphasis id="B9212D3AB27F431DEA591E793DF72A4D" box="[331,385,1095,1119]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="387">et al.</emphasis>
2007
</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C34FA2A3B27F431CEBD51E5A38522C5D" lastPageId="1" lastPageNumber="388" pageId="0" pageNumber="387" type="biology_ecology">
<paragraph id="8BEAF128B27F431DEBD51E5A39712B1E" blockId="0.[151,1436,749,2020]" pageId="0" pageNumber="387">
Data on ecology and behavior of
<taxonomicName id="4C558AABB27F431DE9381E5B3EB92A90" box="[554,719,1130,1154]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Ameerega" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="0" pageNumber="387" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pulchripecta">
<emphasis id="B9212D3AB27F431DE9381E5B3EB92A90" box="[554,719,1130,1154]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="387">A. pulchripecta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in their natural habitat are scarce; the species was hard to find, and it has been heard only during less than an hour around dawn and again around twilight (personal observations by the authors). Also, its distribution appears restricted to Serra do Navio, in the state of Amapá, northeastern Brazilian Amazon. In the course of a field expedition to this area, we recorded calling males of
<taxonomicName id="4C558AABB27F431DEF341EE338BC2AF8" box="[1062,1226,1234,1258]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Ameerega" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="0" pageNumber="387" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pulchripecta">
<emphasis id="B9212D3AB27F431DEF341EE338BC2AF8" box="[1062,1226,1234,1258]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="387">A. pulchripecta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. We report here the results of our bioacoustic analyses on those recordings, as a contribution to the study of this species group.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEAF128B27F431DEBD51F293E392875" blockId="0.[151,1436,749,2020]" pageId="0" pageNumber="387">
Males were found in a forested habitat (
<geoCoordinate id="EE6197EFB27F431DE9621F293E9E2B3D" box="[624,744,1304,1327]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="0" pageNumber="387" precision="15" value="0.9008333">00°54’3”N</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="EE6197EFB27F431DE9E61F293FE52B3D" box="[756,915,1304,1327]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="0" pageNumber="387" precision="1" value="-52.013474">52°00’48.5”W</geoCoordinate>
), about
<quantity id="4CAD5CCDB27F431DE8FA1F29385A2B3D" box="[1000,1068,1304,1327]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="0" pageNumber="387" unit="m" value="400.0">400 m</quantity>
east of the Amapari River and
<quantity id="4CAD5CCDB27F431DEE681F293CCF2B40" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" pageId="0" pageNumber="387" unit="km" value="2.5">2.5 km</quantity>
NW of the village of Pedra Preta, Municipality of Serra do Navio, in the state of Amapá,
<collectingCountry id="F342B1B8B27F431DEF9B1F0A38BB2B40" box="[1161,1229,1339,1362]" name="Brazil" pageId="0" pageNumber="387">Brazil</collectingCountry>
. They were calling from ground crevices and amidst roots, always perched less than
<quantity id="4CAD5CCDB27F431DE8471F6C3FEE2B66" box="[853,920,1373,1396]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="0" pageNumber="387" unit="cm" value="40.0">40 cm</quantity>
above the forest floor. We recorded at least one minute of consecutive and spontaneous advertisement calls from each of six individuals. A Sennheiser ME67 microphone connected to a Marantz PMD670 digital (44 kHz and 16 bits) recorder was placed in front and at least
<quantity id="4CAD5CCDB27F431DEE481F9239EA2BA8" box="[1370,1436,1443,1466]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="0" pageNumber="387" unit="cm" value="50.0">50 cm</quantity>
away from each calling male. Immediately after capturing each male, we measured air temperature (0.1 ºC) at the very spot where the frog was calling. We confirmed the taxonomic status of the recorded individuals by capturing them and checking dorsolateral yellow lines (
<figureCitation id="136EEDADB27F431DE9021C3A3E382830" box="[528,590,1547,1570]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="1.[151,244,1561,1583]" captionTargetBox="[350,1236,645,1532]" captionTargetId="figure@1.[338,1248,645,1538]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="FIGURE 1. Oscillogram (lower graphs, amplitude in relative units) and spectrogram (upper graphs) of the advertisement call of Ameerega pulchripecta, recorded in Serra do Navio, Amapá, Brazil. Inset: one of the recorded individuals. Left: part of a call series of single notes; right: detail of a single note. We further overlaid the power spectrum (white line, amplitude in X axis as relative units) of a single note to better visualize the distribution of sound energy. Body size of the recorded male and air temperature were 21. 4 mm and 26.6 ºC, respectively." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/264943/files/figure.png" pageId="0" pageNumber="387">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
). Voucher specimens were fixed and deposited at the herpetology section of the zoological collections of Universidade Federal do Amapá, UNIFAP, in Macapá, Amapá state,
<collectingCountry id="F342B1B8B27F431DEF921C1C38B22856" box="[1152,1220,1581,1604]" name="Brazil" pageId="0" pageNumber="387">Brazil</collectingCountry>
, under the numbers CECCAMPOS 0 0 293, 0 0 298 and 0 0 326.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEAF128B27F431DEBD51C423CBE2906" blockId="0.[151,1436,749,2020]" pageId="0" pageNumber="387">
Temporal (note duration, silent interval between notes) and spectral (peak frequency, 5–95% frequency bandwidth) parameters of the calls were analyzed on oscillograms and power spectra (Blackman window, frequency resolution of 80 Hz, and DFT of 1024) on Raven 1.5 software (
<bibRefCitation id="EFC48CD9B27F431DE9881C893F1428DD" author="Charif" box="[666,866,1719,1743]" pageId="0" pageNumber="387" refString="Charif, R. A., Waak, A. M. &amp; Strickman, L. M. (2010) Raven Pro User's Manual. Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, New York, 379 pp." type="book" year="2010">
Charif
<emphasis id="B9212D3AB27F431DE9FB1C893F6E28DD" box="[745,792,1719,1743]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="387">et al</emphasis>
. 2010
</bibRefCitation>
). We averaged parameter values from seven calls of each male. Air temperature ranged between 22.5–26.6 ºC and snout-to-vent length (SVL) of males between 21.2–23.0 mm.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEAF128B27F431CEBD51D1138522C5D" blockId="0.[151,1436,749,2020]" lastBlockId="1.[151,1436,152,591]" lastPageId="1" lastPageNumber="388" pageId="0" pageNumber="387">
The advertisement call of
<taxonomicName id="4C558AABB27F431DEACF1D113EF42925" box="[477,642,1823,1847]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Ameerega" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="0" pageNumber="387" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pulchripecta">
<emphasis id="B9212D3AB27F431DEACF1D113EF42925" box="[477,642,1823,1847]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="387">A. pulchripecta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is best described as long series of single notes (
<figureCitation id="136EEDADB27F431DEF6C1D1138AF2925" box="[1150,1241,1824,1847]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="1.[151,244,1561,1583]" captionTargetBox="[350,1236,645,1532]" captionTargetId="figure@1.[338,1248,645,1538]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="FIGURE 1. Oscillogram (lower graphs, amplitude in relative units) and spectrogram (upper graphs) of the advertisement call of Ameerega pulchripecta, recorded in Serra do Navio, Amapá, Brazil. Inset: one of the recorded individuals. Left: part of a call series of single notes; right: detail of a single note. We further overlaid the power spectrum (white line, amplitude in X axis as relative units) of a single note to better visualize the distribution of sound energy. Body size of the recorded male and air temperature were 21. 4 mm and 26.6 ºC, respectively." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/264943/files/figure.png" pageId="0" pageNumber="387">Figure 1</figureCitation>
). Note duration is 16 ± 3, 13–20 ms (mean ± SD, min–max,
<emphasis id="B9212D3AB27F431DE9441D723E1E2948" box="[598,616,1859,1882]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="387">N</emphasis>
= 7 individuals in all cases). The call frequency peaks around 3.318 ± 0.087, 3.199–3.445 kHz and most (90%) energy was concentrated within 0.349 ± 0.010, 0.345–0.369 kHz. The upward frequency modulation within each note was negligible (
<figureCitation id="136EEDADB27F431DE9E21DB93F46298D" box="[752,816,1928,1951]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="1.[151,244,1561,1583]" captionTargetBox="[350,1236,645,1532]" captionTargetId="figure@1.[338,1248,645,1538]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="FIGURE 1. Oscillogram (lower graphs, amplitude in relative units) and spectrogram (upper graphs) of the advertisement call of Ameerega pulchripecta, recorded in Serra do Navio, Amapá, Brazil. Inset: one of the recorded individuals. Left: part of a call series of single notes; right: detail of a single note. We further overlaid the power spectrum (white line, amplitude in X axis as relative units) of a single note to better visualize the distribution of sound energy. Body size of the recorded male and air temperature were 21. 4 mm and 26.6 ºC, respectively." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/264943/files/figure.png" pageId="0" pageNumber="387">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
). We found a courting pair (the female was captured and confirmed as such) allowing us to record a single call series consisting of nine three-note calls and, in between, one twonote and one single-note call. The three-note calls lasted 292 ± 23, 270–333 ms. The introductory note was always shorter (110 ± 2 ms), than the second (160 ± 1 ms) or the third one (160 ± 2 ms). The internote interval was 120 ± 15, 107–149 ms, the average silent interval between consecutive calls was 1544 ± 563,
<date id="FFEBD7E8B27E431CEF221A8B38D12EC3" box="[1072,1191,186,209]" pageId="1" pageNumber="388" value="1123" valueMax="2422">1123–2422</date>
ms and the frequency peaked at 3.273 ± 0.0 kHz (
<emphasis id="B9212D3AB27E431CEAAF1AEC3DB92EE6" box="[445,463,221,244]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="388">N</emphasis>
= 9 calls of a single male). The only other species of diurnal frog producing similar calls in the study area was
<taxonomicName id="4C558AABB27E431CEA701ACE3E442F05" box="[354,562,255,279]" class="Amphibia" family="Aromobatidae" genus="Allobates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="1" pageNumber="388" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="femoralis">
<emphasis id="B9212D3AB27E431CEA701ACE3E442F05" box="[354,562,255,279]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="388">Allobates femoralis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, which utters long bouts of four-notes calls at much lower frequency bandwidths. The call of
<taxonomicName id="4C558AABB27E431CEA041B133DF32F2B" box="[278,389,289,313]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Ameerega" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="1" pageNumber="388" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hahneli">
<emphasis id="B9212D3AB27E431CEA041B133DF32F2B" box="[278,389,289,313]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="388">A. hahneli</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has not been described from its
<typeStatus id="54EE4F8AB27E431CE9F81B133F6E2F2B" box="[746,792,290,313]" pageId="1" pageNumber="388">type</typeStatus>
locality, in Yurimaguas,
<collectingCountry id="F342B1B8B27E431CEF3B1B13382B2F2B" box="[1065,1117,290,313]" name="Peru" pageId="1" pageNumber="388">Peru</collectingCountry>
. Calls were reported from 12 individuals of the Panguana Biological Station,
<collectingCountry id="F342B1B8B27E431CE9B51B743EAD2F4E" box="[679,731,325,348]" name="Peru" pageId="1" pageNumber="388">Peru</collectingCountry>
,
<quantity id="4CAD5CCDB27E431CE9FB1B743F4B2F4E" box="[745,829,325,348]" metricMagnitude="5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="1" pageNumber="388" unit="km" value="400.0">400 km</quantity>
south of Yurimaguas (
<bibRefCitation id="EFC48CD9B27E431CEF291B7439422F4E" author="Amezquita" box="[1083,1332,324,348]" pageId="1" pageNumber="388" refString="Amezquita, A., Flechas, S. V., Lima, A. P., Gasser, H. &amp; Hodl, W. (2011) Acoustic interference and recognition space within a complex assemblage of dendrobatid frogs. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 108 (41), 17058 - 17063. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1073 / pnas. 1104773108" type="journal article" year="2011">
Amézquita
<emphasis id="B9212D3AB27E431CEFAE1B7438832F4E" box="[1212,1269,324,348]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="388">et al.</emphasis>
2011
</bibRefCitation>
) and one individual near Iquitos (
<collectingCountry id="F342B1B8B27E431CEA881B593DA62F6D" box="[410,464,360,383]" name="Peru" pageId="1" pageNumber="388">Peru</collectingCountry>
),
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northeast of Yurimaguas (
<bibRefCitation id="EFC48CD9B27E431CE8471B5938152F6D" author="Twomey" box="[853,1123,360,383]" pageId="1" pageNumber="388" refString="Twomey, E. &amp; Brown, J. L. (2008) A partial revision of the Ameerega hahneli complex (Anura: Dendrobatidae) and a new cryptic species from the East-Andean versant of Central Peru. Zootaxa, 1757, 49 - 65." type="journal article" year="2008">Twomey &amp; Brown 2008</bibRefCitation>
). According to the Panguana data,
<taxonomicName id="4C558AABB27E431CEBC71BBB3D082FB3" box="[213,382,393,417]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Ameerega" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="1" pageNumber="388" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pulchripecta">
<emphasis id="B9212D3AB27E431CEBC71BBB3D082FB3" box="[213,382,393,417]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="388">A. pulchripecta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
calls generally resemble
<taxonomicName id="4C558AABB27E431CE98F1BBB3F792FB3" box="[669,783,393,417]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Ameerega" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="1" pageNumber="388" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hahneli">
<emphasis id="B9212D3AB27E431CE98F1BBB3F792FB3" box="[669,783,393,417]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="388">A. hahneli</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
calls, but can be easily distinguished by their lower peak frequency: 3.318 ± 0.087 kHz in the former (
<emphasis id="B9212D3AB27E431CE9821B9C3ED42FD6" box="[656,674,429,452]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="388">N</emphasis>
= 7 individuals) and 4.773 ± 0.138 kHz (
<emphasis id="B9212D3AB27E431CEF6A1B9C38FC2FD6" box="[1144,1162,429,452]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="388">N</emphasis>
= 12) in the latter. Note duration is virtually identical in both species (16 ± 4 ms in
<taxonomicName id="4C558AABB27E431CE8011BFE3FF72FF5" box="[787,897,463,487]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Ameerega" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="1" pageNumber="388" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hahneli">
<emphasis id="B9212D3AB27E431CE8011BFE3FF72FF5" box="[787,897,463,487]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="388">A. hahneli</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
). A formal comparison with the call of
<taxonomicName id="4C558AABB27E431CEE3C1BFE39EA2FF5" box="[1326,1436,463,487]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Ameerega" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="1" pageNumber="388" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hahneli">
<emphasis id="B9212D3AB27E431CEE3C1BFE39EA2FF5" box="[1326,1436,463,487]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="388">A. hahneli</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
at other localities (or with other species in the group) is precluded by the lack of replicates. As most species of
<taxonomicName id="4C558AABB27E431CEE231BC339EA2C1B" box="[1329,1436,498,521]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Ameerega" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="1" pageNumber="388" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9212D3AB27E431CEE231BC339EA2C1B" box="[1329,1436,498,521]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="388">Ameerega</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
occupy wide geographic ranges, recordings from many individuals of each species are necessary to discriminate the effect of individual, locality and evolutionary history on the variation of anuran calls.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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