740 lines
101 KiB
XML
740 lines
101 KiB
XML
<document id="67F6868C6BE32E6B33797A02E67663B1" ID-DOI="10.1016/j.ijppaw.2017.12.003" ID-ISSN="2213-2244" ID-PMC="PMC6032026" ID-PubMed="29988814" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10933879" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="carolina" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="carolina" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_approvedBy="carolina" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="carolina" IM.treatments_approvedBy="carolina" checkinTime="1712342209027" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Yam, Jerald, Gestier, Sarah, Bryant, Benn, Campbell-Ward, Michelle, Bogema, Daniel & Jenkins, Cheryl" docDate="2018" docId="03E61C42FFB7B862FF9F901B63F0FB29" docLanguage="en" docName="IntJParasitolParasitesWildlife.7.1.85-89.pdf" docOrigin="International Journal for Parasitology: Parasites and Wildlife 7 (1)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijppaw.2017.12.003" docStyle="DocumentStyle:77CC2CF2FBA7BCD129DD16D0D4F96931.2:IntJParasitolParasitesWildlife.2012-.journal_article" docStyleId="77CC2CF2FBA7BCD129DD16D0D4F96931" docStyleName="IntJParasitolParasitesWildlife.2012-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="2" docTitle="Piroplasmida Wenyon" docType="treatment" docVersion="1" lastPageNumber="88" masterDocId="FFDF643AFFB6B861FFFB95306665FF9C" masterDocTitle="The identification of Theileria bicornis in captive rhinoceros in Australia" masterLastPageNumber="89" masterPageNumber="85" pageNumber="86" updateTime="1713812189478" updateUser="carolina" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-NC-ND-4.0">
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<mods:title id="D2300DB0EC64C5F31BC1F1937A49BC5E">The identification of Theileria bicornis in captive rhinoceros in Australia</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="5F704751B6A1F37ED5BE6A5273A1062F">Yam, Jerald</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="A079544622EE33045B5214DBF25BEFEB">The Ithree Institute, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="70994AA742EA902CF0EEF685C68332F2">Gestier, Sarah</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="05BA203A19DB18A3E0C4007437FA48F4">NSW Department of Primary Industries, Elizabeth Macarthur Agricultural Institute, Menangle, NSW 2568, Australia</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="733B9EDD56EBB8A228C0C2C08994007C">Bryant, Benn</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="711BA1CD35291A11E69D20200BFAE5C9">Taronga Western Plains Zoo, Dubbo, NSW 2830, Australia</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="42B9CE74893E5089446DE22C80C65891">Campbell-Ward, Michelle</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="C37E25D0872F94CAFDF0F75DA484398E">Taronga Western Plains Zoo, Dubbo, NSW 2830, Australia</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="9A6318060FD60161F8DAF558ED4C063C">Bogema, Daniel</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="87B7F67BE2113BAA52A7BC71A606430D">NSW Department of Primary Industries, Elizabeth Macarthur Agricultural Institute, Menangle, NSW 2568, Australia</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="E816D0892E4D8DA1BE813FDC4FB63C6C">Jenkins, Cheryl</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="23594033E50B0B3A5DFC4C28FA6E4042">NSW Department of Primary Industries, Elizabeth Macarthur Agricultural Institute, Menangle, NSW 2568, Australia</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:title id="3DB7C63C238EADEE584935DC3C5DF0A1">International Journal for Parasitology: Parasites and Wildlife</mods:title>
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<mods:number id="F33D3FB207C41A171D9193EC6BB3DD4E">2018-04-30</mods:number>
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<mods:identifier id="6F30F823CB1E887EB29A0C2B587321DB" type="DOI">10.1016/j.ijppaw.2017.12.003</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="8A0AEDDD7892DEA455E920A0976C8597" type="ISSN">2213-2244</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="03E61C42FFB7B862FF9F901B63F0FB29" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03E61C42FFB7B862FF9F901B63F0FB29" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03E61C42FFB7B862FF9F901B63F0FB29" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="88" pageId="1" pageNumber="86">
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<subSubSection id="C355FEDFFFB7B860FF9F901B6759FAA2" box="[100,316,1323,1342]" pageId="1" pageNumber="86" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BF0AD54FFB7B860FF9F901B6759FAA2" blockId="1.[100,316,1323,1342]" box="[100,316,1323,1342]" pageId="1" pageNumber="86">
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<heading id="D0B81A38FFB7B860FF9F901B6759FAA2" box="[100,316,1323,1342]" fontSize="36" level="2" pageId="1" pageNumber="86" reason="3">
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<emphasis id="B93B7146FFB7B860FF9F901B6759FAA2" bold="true" box="[100,316,1323,1342]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="86">
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2.3.
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<taxonomicName id="4C4FD6D7FFB7B860FF68901B6762FAA2" ID-CoL="623FH" ID-ENA="5863" authority="Wenyon, 1926" authorityName="Wenyon" box="[147,263,1323,1342]" kingdom="Chromista" order="Piroplasmida" pageId="1" pageNumber="86" phylum="Miozoa" rank="order">Piroplasmida</taxonomicName>
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PCRs
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C355FEDFFFB7B862FF7D90536298FC82" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="88" pageId="1" pageNumber="86" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8BF0AD54FFB7B860FF7D90536348FD9D" blockId="1.[100,770,1379,1621]" lastBlockId="1.[818,1488,159,513]" pageId="1" pageNumber="86">
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DNA extractions were conducted using the DNeasy blood and tissue DNA extraction kit according to manufacturer's protocol (Qiagen).
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<taxonomicName id="4C4FD6D7FFB7B860FD14904F66D0FA32" family="Theileriidae" genus="Theileria" kingdom="Chromista" order="Piroplasmida" pageId="1" pageNumber="86" phylum="Miozoa" rank="species" species="orientalis">
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<emphasis id="B93B7146FFB7B860FD14904F66D0FA32" bold="true" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="86">T. orientalis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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qPCR was conducted according to a previously described multiplex hydrolysis probe qPCR assay (Bogema et al., 2015). A generic PCR assay targeting the 18S rRNA gene of the
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<taxonomicName id="4C4FD6D7FFB7B860FDD690E264CDFA79" box="[557,680,1490,1509]" kingdom="Chromista" order="Piroplasmida" pageId="1" pageNumber="86" phylum="Miozoa" rank="order">Piroplasmida</taxonomicName>
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was also conducted using previously described primers Piroplasmid-F: 5′-
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<collectionCode id="ED5E3591FFB7B860FD3390DE6564F99D" box="[712,769,1518,1537]" pageId="1" pageNumber="86">CCAG</collectionCode>
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CAGCCGCGGTAATT-3′ and Piroplasmid-R: 5′-CTTTCGCAGTAGTTYG- TCTTTAACAAATCT-3’ (
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<bibRefCitation id="EFDED0A5FFB7B860FEB293166799F9A5" author="Tabar, M. D. & Altet, L. & Francino, O. & Sanchez, A. & Ferrer, L. & Roura, X." box="[329,508,1574,1593]" pageId="1" pageNumber="86" pagination="332 - 336" refId="ref7133" refString="Tabar, M. D., Altet, L., Francino, O., Sanchez, A., Ferrer, L., Roura, X., 2008. Vector-borne infections in cats: molecular study in Barcelona area (Spain). Vet. Parasitol. 151, 332 - 336." type="journal article" year="2008">Tabar et al., 2008</bibRefCitation>
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; Baneth et al., 2013). Amplification was carried out with the BIOTAQ™ DNA Polymerase kit (Bioline) to make up a 25 μL PCR cocktail containing: 1 X BIOTAQ buffer, 1.5 mM MgCl
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<subScript id="17CBAF11FFB7B860FC0F95F46598FF4D" attach="left" box="[1012,1021,196,209]" fontSize="5" pageId="1" pageNumber="86">2</subScript>
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, 0.2 mM dNTPs, 0.4 μM of each primer, 1 unit of BIOTAQ DNA polymerase and molecular grade water. PCR was carried out with the following thermal cycling parameters: Initial denaturation 94 ̊C for 3 min followed by 35 cycles at 94 ̊C for 30 s, 64 ̊C for 45 s, 72 ̊C for 30 s with a final extension of 72 ̊C for 7 min. Full length
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<taxonomicName id="4C4FD6D7FFB7B860FCC9947765ABFEC6" box="[818,974,327,346]" family="Theileriidae" genus="Theileria" kingdom="Chromista" order="Piroplasmida" pageId="1" pageNumber="86" phylum="Miozoa" rank="species" species="bicornis">
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||
<emphasis id="B93B7146FFB7B860FCC9947765ABFEC6" bold="true" box="[818,974,327,346]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="86">Theileria bicornis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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18S rRNA gene was amplified with primers 18
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<collectionCode id="ED5E3591FFB7B860FA66947763A9FEC6" box="[1437,1484,327,346]" country="Malaysia" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15310" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15310" name="Forest Research Centre" pageId="1" pageNumber="86" type="Herbarium">SAN</collectionCode>
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, 18SBN (
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<bibRefCitation id="EFDED0A5FFB7B860FC7994536253FEEA" author="Nijhof, A. M. & Penzhorn, B. L. & Lynen, G. & Mollel, J. O. & Morkel, P. & Bekker, C. P. J. & Jongejan, F." box="[898,1078,355,374]" pageId="1" pageNumber="86" pagination="2249 - 2254" refId="ref6350" refString="Nijhof, A. M., Penzhorn, B. L., Lynen, G., Mollel, J. O., Morkel, P., Bekker, C. P. J., Jongejan, F., 2003. Babesia bicornis sp. nov. and Theileria bicornis sp. nov.: tick-borne parasites associated with mortality in the black rhinoceros (Diceros bicornis). J. Clin. Microbiol. 41, 2249 - 2254." type="journal article" year="2003">Nijhof et al., 2003</bibRefCitation>
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) and another pair of internal primers designed for this study, 18S-F1: 5′-GATCCTGCCAGTAGTCATATG-3′ and 18S-R1: 5′-TACTCCCCCCAGAACCCA-3’. PCR products were viewed on a 1.5% agarose 0.5 × TBE gel stained with GelRed (Biotium,
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<collectingCountry id="F358EDC4FFB7B860FA62948663A3FE55" box="[1433,1478,438,457]" name="United States of America" pageId="1" pageNumber="86">USA</collectingCountry>
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), purified with QIAquick PCR purification kit (Qiagen) and subjected to Sanger sequencing with the primers described above.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BF0AD54FFB7B860FCC9971D627CFDDC" blockId="1.[818,1049,557,576]" box="[818,1049,557,576]" pageId="1" pageNumber="86">
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<heading id="D0B81A38FFB7B860FCC9971D627CFDDC" box="[818,1049,557,576]" fontSize="36" level="2" pageId="1" pageNumber="86" reason="3">
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<emphasis id="B93B7146FFB7B860FCC9971D627CFDDC" bold="true" box="[818,1049,557,576]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="86">2.4. Molecular phylogeny</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BF0AD54FFB7B860FCA89754626EFCA7" blockId="1.[818,1488,612,827]" pageId="1" pageNumber="86">
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<taxonomicName id="4C4FD6D7FFB7B860FCA8975465D5FDEB" box="[851,944,612,631]" family="Theileriidae" genus="Theileria" kingdom="Chromista" order="Piroplasmida" pageId="1" pageNumber="86" phylum="Miozoa" rank="species" species="bicornis">
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<emphasis id="B93B7146FFB7B860FCA8975465D5FDEB" bold="true" box="[851,944,612,631]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="86">T. bicornis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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18S rRNA sequences were aligned using Geneious version (7.1.9) (Kearse et al., 2012) and subjected to a nucleotide BLAST comparison with the Genbank database. Phylogenetic analysis was conducted using DNAdist within the PHYLIP package (Felsenstein, 2005) and a neighbour-joining tree was generated with 1000 bootstrap replicates to estimate phylogenies (
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<figureCitation id="1374B1D1FFB7B860FB7797C062A1FC9F" box="[1164,1220,752,771]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="2.[1038,1065,1380,1395]" captionTargetBox="[101,1006,1382,1968]" captionTargetId="figure-679@2.[100,1007,1380,1969]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Fig. 2. Molecular phylogenetic analysis of the piroplasm 18S rRNA gene, including the three rhinoceros samples (Aluka, Umfana and Siabuwa) used in this study. The 18S rRNA sequences were extracted from Genbank during BLAST analysis. The rooted phylogenetic tree was constructed using the neighbour-joining method with T. gondii forming the outgroup. Bootstrap percentages are represented on each node based on 1000 replicates. Phylogenetic analyses were conducted using the PHYLIP packages (Felsenstein, 2005). The haplotypes of the three T. bicornis sequences from this study are indicated at the end of the sequence label." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10933883" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10933883/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="86">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
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). The analysis included 19
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<taxonomicName id="4C4FD6D7FFB7B860FCC9963C65D1FC83" box="[818,948,780,799]" family="Theileriidae" genus="Theileria" kingdom="Chromista" order="Piroplasmida" pageId="1" pageNumber="86" phylum="Miozoa" rank="species" species="undetermined">
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<emphasis id="B93B7146FFB7B860FCC9963C65E5FC83" bold="true" box="[818,896,780,799]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="86">Theileria</emphasis>
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spp.
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</taxonomicName>
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, six
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<taxonomicName id="4C4FD6D7FFB7B860FC1C963C623AFC83" box="[999,1119,780,799]" family="Babesiidae" genus="Babesia" kingdom="Chromista" order="Piroplasmida" pageId="1" pageNumber="86" phylum="Miozoa" rank="species" species="undetermined">
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<emphasis id="B93B7146FFB7B860FC1C963C624EFC83" bold="true" box="[999,1067,780,799]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="86">Babesia</emphasis>
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spp.
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</taxonomicName>
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, one
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<taxonomicName id="4C4FD6D7FFB7B860FB60963C634EFC83" box="[1179,1323,780,799]" family="Theileriidae" genus="Cytauxzoon" kingdom="Chromista" order="Piroplasmida" pageId="1" pageNumber="86" phylum="Miozoa" rank="species" species="undetermined">
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<emphasis id="B93B7146FFB7B860FB60963C6360FC83" bold="true" box="[1179,1285,780,799]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="86">Cytauxzoon</emphasis>
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||
sp.
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</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="4C4FD6D7FFB7B860FA98963C650DFCA7" baseAuthorityName="Nicolle & Manceaux" baseAuthorityYear="1908" family="Sarcocystidae" genus="Toxoplasma" kingdom="Chromista" order="Eucoccidiida" pageId="1" pageNumber="86" phylum="Miozoa" rank="species" species="gondii">
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<emphasis id="B93B7146FFB7B860FA98963C650DFCA7" bold="true" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="86">Toxoplasma gondii</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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as the outgroup.
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</paragraph>
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<subSection id="E2C0B4BFFFB7B860FCC9965665FCFCE5" box="[818,921,870,889]" pageId="1" pageNumber="86" type="multiple">
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<paragraph id="8BF0AD54FFB7B860FCC9965665FCFCE5" blockId="1.[818,921,870,889]" box="[818,921,870,889]" pageId="1" pageNumber="86">
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<heading id="D0B81A38FFB7B860FCC9965665FCFCE5" bold="true" box="[818,921,870,889]" fontSize="36" level="1" pageId="1" pageNumber="86" reason="1">
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<emphasis id="B93B7146FFB7B860FCC9965665FCFCE5" bold="true" box="[818,921,870,889]" pageId="1" pageNumber="86">3. Results</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSection>
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<paragraph id="8BF0AD54FFB7B860FCC996AE6229FC2D" blockId="1.[818,1100,926,945]" box="[818,1100,926,945]" pageId="1" pageNumber="86">
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<heading id="D0B81A38FFB7B860FCC996AE6229FC2D" box="[818,1100,926,945]" fontSize="36" level="2" pageId="1" pageNumber="86" reason="3">
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<emphasis id="B93B7146FFB7B860FCC996AE6229FC2D" bold="true" box="[818,1100,926,945]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="86">3.1. Blood smear examinations</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF0AD54FFB7B860FCA896E663B5FBC4" blockId="1.[818,1488,982,1419]" pageId="1" pageNumber="86">Piroplasms were observed on blood smears from Aluka, but in Umfana, there were observations of red cell inclusions reflected by dot forms, signet ring forms and also rod forms on Giemsa-stained smears, but not Diff- Quik-stained smears. Given that Umfana was an asymptomatic animal, the clinical significance of these inclusions was doubtful.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF0AD54FFB7B860FCA891516262FA17" blockId="1.[818,1488,982,1419]" pageId="1" pageNumber="86">
|
||
Serum biochemistry results from the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4FD6D7FFB7B860FB4491516344FBE8" box="[1215,1313,1121,1140]" family="Theileriidae" genus="Theileria" kingdom="Chromista" order="Piroplasmida" pageId="1" pageNumber="86" phylum="Miozoa" rank="species" species="bicornis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93B7146FFB7B860FB4491516344FBE8" bold="true" box="[1215,1313,1121,1140]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="86">D. bicornis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
cohort were generally unremarkable, with minor elevations in alkaline phosphatase and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) in some animals. Siabuwa additionally displayed elevated creatine kinase (CK; 1154 U/L, reference range 142–742 U/L) and blood urea nitrogen (BUN; 9.0 mmol/L, reference range 2.5–8.1 mmol/L). Siabuwa was positive for piroplasms on blood smear (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1374B1D1FFB7B860FC4290386597FA87" box="[953,1010,1288,1307]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="2.[100,127,710,725]" captionTargetBox="[133,738,151,688]" captionTargetId="figure-619@2.[133,738,151,688]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Fig. 1. Photomicrograph of Diff-Quik stained blood smear from black rhinoceros, Siabuwa infected with T. bicornis. The morphology of T. bicornis is not well-described in the literature. We observed comma-shaped piroplasms approximately 1.5 μm in length closely resembling T. orientalis. Ring forms were also occasionally observed (not shown). Bar = 5 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10933881" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10933881/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="86">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
), while all other
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4FD6D7FFB7B860FB5990386361FA87" box="[1186,1284,1288,1307]" family="Theileriidae" genus="Theileria" kingdom="Chromista" order="Piroplasmida" pageId="1" pageNumber="86" phylum="Miozoa" rank="species" species="bicornis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93B7146FFB7B860FB5990386361FA87" bold="true" box="[1186,1284,1288,1307]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="86">D. bicornis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
tested negative. Piroplasm morphology resembled and was in the size range (1.5 μm) of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4FD6D7FFB7B860FCC9907065C2FACF" box="[818,935,1344,1363]" family="Theileriidae" genus="Theileria" kingdom="Chromista" order="Piroplasmida" pageId="1" pageNumber="86" phylum="Miozoa" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93B7146FFB7B860FCC9907065E5FACF" bold="true" box="[818,896,1344,1363]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="86">Theileria</emphasis>
|
||
spp
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Izzo et al., 2010). rather than
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4FD6D7FFB7B860FB239070632EFACF" box="[1240,1355,1344,1363]" family="Babesiidae" genus="Babesia" kingdom="Chromista" order="Piroplasmida" pageId="1" pageNumber="86" phylum="Miozoa" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93B7146FFB7B860FB2390706379FACF" bold="true" box="[1240,1308,1344,1363]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="86">Babesia</emphasis>
|
||
spp.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and was generally of the comma-shaped form (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1374B1D1FFB7B860FB89906C62C3FAF3" box="[1138,1190,1372,1391]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="2.[100,127,710,725]" captionTargetBox="[133,738,151,688]" captionTargetId="figure-619@2.[133,738,151,688]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Fig. 1. Photomicrograph of Diff-Quik stained blood smear from black rhinoceros, Siabuwa infected with T. bicornis. The morphology of T. bicornis is not well-described in the literature. We observed comma-shaped piroplasms approximately 1.5 μm in length closely resembling T. orientalis. Ring forms were also occasionally observed (not shown). Bar = 5 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10933881" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10933881/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="86">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
), although ring forms were also occasionally observed.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF0AD54FFB7B860FCC9908762F4FA56" blockId="1.[818,1169,1462,1482]" box="[818,1169,1462,1482]" pageId="1" pageNumber="86">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93B7146FFB7B860FCC9908762F4FA56" box="[818,1169,1462,1482]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="86">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93B7146FFB7B860FCC9908765DAFA56" bold="true" box="[818,959,1463,1482]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="86">
|
||
3.2. PCR
|
||
<emphasis id="B93B7146FFB7B860FC37908762F4FA56" bold="true" box="[972,1169,1463,1482]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="86">amplification and sequencing</emphasis>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF0AD54FFB7B863FCA890DE673CFBA7" blockId="1.[818,1487,1518,1621]" lastBlockId="2.[100,770,868,1083]" lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="87" pageId="1" pageNumber="86">
|
||
All animals tested negative for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4FD6D7FFB7B860FB8F90DE637DF99D" box="[1140,1304,1518,1537]" family="Theileriidae" genus="Theileria" kingdom="Chromista" order="Piroplasmida" pageId="1" pageNumber="86" phylum="Miozoa" rank="species" species="orientalis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93B7146FFB7B860FB8F90DE637DF99D" bold="true" box="[1140,1304,1518,1537]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="86">Theileria orientalis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Despite a negative blood smear, Aluka tested positive for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4FD6D7FFB7B860FB58933A637BF981" box="[1187,1310,1546,1565]" kingdom="Chromista" order="Piroplasmida" pageId="1" pageNumber="86" phylum="Miozoa" rank="order">Piroplasmida</taxonomicName>
|
||
18S rRNA using a generic piroplasmid PCR. Umfana, the asymptomatic male
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4FD6D7FFB7B860FA83931663AAF9A5" baseAuthorityName="Burchell" baseAuthorityYear="1817" box="[1400,1487,1574,1593]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinocerotidae" genus="Ceratotherium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="1" pageNumber="86" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="simum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93B7146FFB7B860FA83931663AAF9A5" bold="true" box="[1400,1487,1574,1593]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="86">C. simum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
which returned a positive blood smear, also tested positive for piroplasmids. Of the seven
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4FD6D7FFB4B863FE8B965467B7FCEB" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[368,466,868,887]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinocerotidae" genus="Diceros" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="2" pageNumber="87" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bicornis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93B7146FFB4B863FE8B965467B7FCEB" bold="true" box="[368,466,868,887]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="87">D. bicornis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
tested, only one (Siabuwa) returned a positive PCR result for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4FD6D7FFB4B863FE7796B0646FFC0F" box="[396,522,896,915]" kingdom="Chromista" order="Piroplasmida" pageId="2" pageNumber="87" phylum="Miozoa" rank="order">Piroplasmida</taxonomicName>
|
||
, which was also consistent with the blood smear results. Sequencing of the 18S rRNA amplicons revealed the presence of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4FD6D7FFB4B863FEB6968867CFFC57" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[333,426,952,971]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinocerotidae" genus="Diceros" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="2" pageNumber="87" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bicornis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93B7146FFB4B863FEB6968867CFFC57" bold="true" box="[333,426,952,971]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="87">T. bicornis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in all three samples. Additional PCR amplification of the 18S rRNA gene resulted in 1729 bp, 1691 bp and 1616 bp of sequence from the samples of white rhinoceros Umfana (MF536661), Aluka (MF536660) and black rhinoceros Siabuwa (MF536659) respectively.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF30FDDCFFB7B860FF9F934D67B2F93E" ID-Table-UUID="DF30FDDCFFB7B860FF9F934D67B2F93E" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF30FDDCFFB7B860FF9F934D67B2F93E" pageId="1" pageNumber="86" startId="1.[100,145,1661,1676]" targetBox="[116,1471,1729,1971]" targetIsTable="true" targetPageId="1" targetType="table">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF0AD54FFB7B860FF9F934D66C4F910" blockId="1.[100,471,1661,1698]" box="[100,161,1661,1676]" pageId="1" pageNumber="86">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93B7146FFB7B860FF9F934D66C4F910" bold="true" box="[100,161,1661,1676]" pageId="1" pageNumber="86">Table 1</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF0AD54FFB7B860FF9F93A367B2F93E" blockId="1.[100,471,1661,1698]" box="[100,471,1683,1698]" pageId="1" pageNumber="86">Summary of the nine animals used in this study.</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF0AD54FFB7B860FF8F93F163C9F82F" pageId="1" pageNumber="86">
|
||
<table id="F94F5FF4FFB7479EFF8F93F163DAF82F" box="[116,1471,1729,1971]" gridcols="6" gridrows="10" pageId="1" pageNumber="86">
|
||
<tr id="357FAF16FFB7479EFF8F93F163DAF94C" box="[116,1471,1729,1744]" gridrow="0" pageId="1" pageNumber="86">
|
||
<th id="76AEC66AFFB7479EFF8F93F16692F94C" box="[116,247,1729,1744]" gridcol="0" gridrow="0" pageId="1" pageNumber="86">Rhinoceros name</th>
|
||
<th id="76AEC66AFFB7479EFEA193F167D9F94C" box="[346,444,1729,1744]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="1" pageNumber="86">Year of birth</th>
|
||
<th id="76AEC66AFFB7479EFDE493F1653DF94C" box="[543,856,1729,1744]" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="1" pageNumber="86">Origin (year of introduction to Australia)</th>
|
||
<th id="76AEC66AFFB7479EFC4093F16239F94C" box="[955,1116,1729,1744]" gridcol="3" gridrow="0" pageId="1" pageNumber="86">Species</th>
|
||
<th id="76AEC66AFFB7479EFB4493F16290F94C" box="[1215,1269,1729,1744]" gridcol="4" gridrow="0" pageId="1" pageNumber="86">Gender</th>
|
||
<th id="76AEC66AFFB7479EFAA393F163DAF94C" box="[1368,1471,1729,1744]" gridcol="5" gridrow="0" pageId="1" pageNumber="86">Date sampled</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="357FAF16FFB7479EFF8F93DD63DAF960" box="[116,1471,1773,1788]" gridrow="1" pageId="1" pageNumber="86">
|
||
<th id="76AEC66AFFB7479EFF8F93DD6692F960" box="[116,247,1773,1788]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="1" pageNumber="86">Aluka</th>
|
||
<td id="76AEC66AFFB7479EFEA193DD67D9F960" box="[346,444,1773,1788]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="1" pageNumber="86">1996</td>
|
||
<td id="76AEC66AFFB7479EFDE493DD653DF960" box="[543,856,1773,1788]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="1" pageNumber="86">Ex-wild, Africa (2002)</td>
|
||
<td id="76AEC66AFFB7479EFC4093DD6239F960" box="[955,1116,1773,1788]" gridcol="3" gridrow="1" pageId="1" pageNumber="86">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4FD6D7FFB7B860FC4093DD6231F960" baseAuthorityName="Burchell" baseAuthorityYear="1817" box="[955,1108,1773,1788]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinocerotidae" genus="Ceratotherium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="1" pageNumber="86" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="simum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93B7146FFB7B860FC4093DD6231F960" bold="true" box="[955,1108,1773,1788]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="86">Ceratotherium simum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="76AEC66AFFB7479EFB4493DD6290F960" box="[1215,1269,1773,1788]" gridcol="4" gridrow="1" pageId="1" pageNumber="86">Female</td>
|
||
<td id="76AEC66AFFB7479EFAA393DD63DAF960" box="[1368,1471,1773,1788]" gridcol="5" gridrow="1" pageId="1" pageNumber="86">18/3/2012</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="357FAF16FFB7479EFF8F923463DAF88F" box="[116,1471,1796,1811]" gridrow="2" pageId="1" pageNumber="86">
|
||
<th id="76AEC66AFFB7479EFF8F92346692F88F" box="[116,247,1796,1811]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="1" pageNumber="86">Umfana</th>
|
||
<td id="76AEC66AFFB7479EFEA1923467D9F88F" box="[346,444,1796,1811]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="1" pageNumber="86">1995</td>
|
||
<td id="76AEC66AFFB7479EFDE49234653DF88F" box="[543,856,1796,1811]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="1" pageNumber="86">Ex-wild, Africa (2002)</td>
|
||
<td id="76AEC66AFFB7479EFC4092346239F88F" box="[955,1116,1796,1811]" gridcol="3" gridrow="2" pageId="1" pageNumber="86">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4FD6D7FFB7B860FC4092346231F88F" baseAuthorityName="Burchell" baseAuthorityYear="1817" box="[955,1108,1796,1811]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinocerotidae" genus="Ceratotherium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="1" pageNumber="86" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="simum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93B7146FFB7B860FC4092346231F88F" bold="true" box="[955,1108,1796,1811]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="86">Ceratotherium simum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="76AEC66AFFB7479EFB4492346290F88F" box="[1215,1269,1796,1811]" gridcol="4" gridrow="2" pageId="1" pageNumber="86">Male</td>
|
||
<td id="76AEC66AFFB7479EFAA3923463DAF88F" box="[1368,1471,1796,1811]" gridcol="5" gridrow="2" pageId="1" pageNumber="86">20/3/2012</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="357FAF16FFB7479EFF8F922B63DAF8B6" box="[116,1471,1819,1834]" gridrow="3" pageId="1" pageNumber="86">
|
||
<th id="76AEC66AFFB7479EFF8F922B6692F8B6" box="[116,247,1819,1834]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="1" pageNumber="86">Bakhita</th>
|
||
<td id="76AEC66AFFB7479EFEA1922B67D9F8B6" box="[346,444,1819,1834]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="1" pageNumber="86">2002</td>
|
||
<td id="76AEC66AFFB7479EFDE4922B653DF8B6" box="[543,856,1819,1834]" gridcol="2" gridrow="3" pageId="1" pageNumber="86">Captive-born, Australia</td>
|
||
<td id="76AEC66AFFB7479EFC40922B6239F8B6" box="[955,1116,1819,1834]" gridcol="3" gridrow="3" pageId="1" pageNumber="86">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4FD6D7FFB7B860FC40922B6239F8B6" baseAuthorityName="Drummond" baseAuthorityYear="1876" box="[955,1116,1819,1834]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinocerotidae" genus="Diceros" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="1" pageNumber="86" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="bicornis" subSpecies="minor">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93B7146FFB7B860FC40922B6239F8B6" bold="true" box="[955,1116,1819,1834]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="86">Diceros bicornis minor</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="76AEC66AFFB7479EFB44922B6290F8B6" box="[1215,1269,1819,1834]" gridcol="4" gridrow="3" pageId="1" pageNumber="86">Female</td>
|
||
<td id="76AEC66AFFB7479EFAA3922B63DAF8B6" box="[1368,1471,1819,1834]" gridcol="5" gridrow="3" pageId="1" pageNumber="86">16/5/2016</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="357FAF16FFB7479EFF8F920163DAF8DC" box="[116,1471,1841,1856]" gridrow="4" pageId="1" pageNumber="86">
|
||
<th id="76AEC66AFFB7479EFF8F92016692F8DC" box="[116,247,1841,1856]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="1" pageNumber="86">Chikundo</th>
|
||
<td id="76AEC66AFFB7479EFEA1920167D9F8DC" box="[346,444,1841,1856]" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="1" pageNumber="86">2000</td>
|
||
<td id="76AEC66AFFB7479EFDE49201653DF8DC" box="[543,856,1841,1856]" gridcol="2" gridrow="4" pageId="1" pageNumber="86">Captive-born, Australia</td>
|
||
<td id="76AEC66AFFB7479EFC4092016239F8DC" box="[955,1116,1841,1856]" gridcol="3" gridrow="4" pageId="1" pageNumber="86">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4FD6D7FFB7B860FC4092016239F8DC" baseAuthorityName="Drummond" baseAuthorityYear="1876" box="[955,1116,1841,1856]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinocerotidae" genus="Diceros" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="1" pageNumber="86" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="bicornis" subSpecies="minor">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93B7146FFB7B860FC4092016239F8DC" bold="true" box="[955,1116,1841,1856]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="86">Diceros bicornis minor</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="76AEC66AFFB7479EFB4492016290F8DC" box="[1215,1269,1841,1856]" gridcol="4" gridrow="4" pageId="1" pageNumber="86">Male</td>
|
||
<td id="76AEC66AFFB7479EFAA3920163DAF8DC" box="[1368,1471,1841,1856]" gridcol="5" gridrow="4" pageId="1" pageNumber="86">16/5/2016</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="357FAF16FFB7479EFF8F927863DAF8CB" box="[116,1471,1864,1879]" gridrow="5" pageId="1" pageNumber="86">
|
||
<th id="76AEC66AFFB7479EFF8F92786692F8CB" box="[116,247,1864,1879]" gridcol="0" gridrow="5" pageId="1" pageNumber="86">Dafari</th>
|
||
<td id="76AEC66AFFB7479EFEA1927867D9F8CB" box="[346,444,1864,1879]" gridcol="1" gridrow="5" pageId="1" pageNumber="86">2015</td>
|
||
<td id="76AEC66AFFB7479EFDE49278653DF8CB" box="[543,856,1864,1879]" gridcol="2" gridrow="5" pageId="1" pageNumber="86">Captive-born, Australia</td>
|
||
<td id="76AEC66AFFB7479EFC4092786239F8CB" box="[955,1116,1864,1879]" gridcol="3" gridrow="5" pageId="1" pageNumber="86">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4FD6D7FFB7B860FC4092786239F8CB" baseAuthorityName="Drummond" baseAuthorityYear="1876" box="[955,1116,1864,1879]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinocerotidae" genus="Diceros" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="1" pageNumber="86" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="bicornis" subSpecies="minor">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93B7146FFB7B860FC4092786239F8CB" bold="true" box="[955,1116,1864,1879]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="86">Diceros bicornis minor</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="76AEC66AFFB7479EFB4492786290F8CB" box="[1215,1269,1864,1879]" gridcol="4" gridrow="5" pageId="1" pageNumber="86">Male</td>
|
||
<td id="76AEC66AFFB7479EFAA3927863DAF8CB" box="[1368,1471,1864,1879]" gridcol="5" gridrow="5" pageId="1" pageNumber="86">16/5/2016</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="357FAF16FFB7479EFF8F926F63DAF8F2" box="[116,1471,1887,1902]" gridrow="6" pageId="1" pageNumber="86">
|
||
<th id="76AEC66AFFB7479EFF8F926F6692F8F2" box="[116,247,1887,1902]" gridcol="0" gridrow="6" pageId="1" pageNumber="86">Kufara</th>
|
||
<td id="76AEC66AFFB7479EFEA1926F67D9F8F2" box="[346,444,1887,1902]" gridcol="1" gridrow="6" pageId="1" pageNumber="86">2010</td>
|
||
<td id="76AEC66AFFB7479EFDE4926F653DF8F2" box="[543,856,1887,1902]" gridcol="2" gridrow="6" pageId="1" pageNumber="86">Captive-born, Australia</td>
|
||
<td id="76AEC66AFFB7479EFC40926F6239F8F2" box="[955,1116,1887,1902]" gridcol="3" gridrow="6" pageId="1" pageNumber="86">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4FD6D7FFB7B860FC40926F6239F8F2" baseAuthorityName="Drummond" baseAuthorityYear="1876" box="[955,1116,1887,1902]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinocerotidae" genus="Diceros" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="1" pageNumber="86" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="bicornis" subSpecies="minor">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93B7146FFB7B860FC40926F6239F8F2" bold="true" box="[955,1116,1887,1902]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="86">Diceros bicornis minor</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="76AEC66AFFB7479EFB44926F6290F8F2" box="[1215,1269,1887,1902]" gridcol="4" gridrow="6" pageId="1" pageNumber="86">Female</td>
|
||
<td id="76AEC66AFFB7479EFAA3926F63DAF8F2" box="[1368,1471,1887,1902]" gridcol="5" gridrow="6" pageId="1" pageNumber="86">16/5/2016</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="357FAF16FFB7479EFF8F924663DAF819" box="[116,1471,1910,1925]" gridrow="7" pageId="1" pageNumber="86">
|
||
<th id="76AEC66AFFB7479EFF8F92466692F819" box="[116,247,1910,1925]" gridcol="0" gridrow="7" pageId="1" pageNumber="86">Kwanzaa</th>
|
||
<td id="76AEC66AFFB7479EFEA1924667D9F819" box="[346,444,1910,1925]" gridcol="1" gridrow="7" pageId="1" pageNumber="86">1992</td>
|
||
<td id="76AEC66AFFB7479EFDE49246653DF819" box="[543,856,1910,1925]" gridcol="2" gridrow="7" pageId="1" pageNumber="86">Captive-born, Australia</td>
|
||
<td id="76AEC66AFFB7479EFC4092466239F819" box="[955,1116,1910,1925]" gridcol="3" gridrow="7" pageId="1" pageNumber="86">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4FD6D7FFB7B860FC4092466239F819" baseAuthorityName="Drummond" baseAuthorityYear="1876" box="[955,1116,1910,1925]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinocerotidae" genus="Diceros" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="1" pageNumber="86" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="bicornis" subSpecies="minor">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93B7146FFB7B860FC4092466239F819" bold="true" box="[955,1116,1910,1925]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="86">Diceros bicornis minor</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="76AEC66AFFB7479EFB4492466290F819" box="[1215,1269,1910,1925]" gridcol="4" gridrow="7" pageId="1" pageNumber="86">Male</td>
|
||
<td id="76AEC66AFFB7479EFAA3924663DAF819" box="[1368,1471,1910,1925]" gridcol="5" gridrow="7" pageId="1" pageNumber="86">16/5/2016</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="357FAF16FFB7479EFF8F92BD63DAF800" box="[116,1471,1933,1948]" gridrow="8" pageId="1" pageNumber="86">
|
||
<th id="76AEC66AFFB7479EFF8F92BD6692F800" box="[116,247,1933,1948]" gridcol="0" gridrow="8" pageId="1" pageNumber="86">Mpenzi</th>
|
||
<td id="76AEC66AFFB7479EFEA192BD67D9F800" box="[346,444,1933,1948]" gridcol="1" gridrow="8" pageId="1" pageNumber="86">2005</td>
|
||
<td id="76AEC66AFFB7479EFDE492BD653DF800" box="[543,856,1933,1948]" gridcol="2" gridrow="8" pageId="1" pageNumber="86">Captive-born, Australia</td>
|
||
<td id="76AEC66AFFB7479EFC4092BD6239F800" box="[955,1116,1933,1948]" gridcol="3" gridrow="8" pageId="1" pageNumber="86">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4FD6D7FFB7B860FC4092BD6239F800" baseAuthorityName="Drummond" baseAuthorityYear="1876" box="[955,1116,1933,1948]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinocerotidae" genus="Diceros" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="1" pageNumber="86" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="bicornis" subSpecies="minor">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93B7146FFB7B860FC4092BD6239F800" bold="true" box="[955,1116,1933,1948]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="86">Diceros bicornis minor</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="76AEC66AFFB7479EFB4492BD6290F800" box="[1215,1269,1933,1948]" gridcol="4" gridrow="8" pageId="1" pageNumber="86">Male</td>
|
||
<td id="76AEC66AFFB7479EFAA392BD63DAF800" box="[1368,1471,1933,1948]" gridcol="5" gridrow="8" pageId="1" pageNumber="86">16/5/2016</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="357FAF16FFB7479EFF8F929463DAF82F" box="[116,1471,1956,1971]" gridrow="9" pageId="1" pageNumber="86">
|
||
<th id="76AEC66AFFB7479EFF8F92946692F82F" box="[116,247,1956,1971]" gridcol="0" gridrow="9" pageId="1" pageNumber="86">Siabuwa</th>
|
||
<td id="76AEC66AFFB7479EFEA1929467D9F82F" box="[346,444,1956,1971]" gridcol="1" gridrow="9" pageId="1" pageNumber="86">1992</td>
|
||
<td id="76AEC66AFFB7479EFDE49294653DF82F" box="[543,856,1956,1971]" gridcol="2" gridrow="9" pageId="1" pageNumber="86">Ex-wild, Africa (1993)</td>
|
||
<td id="76AEC66AFFB7479EFC4092946239F82F" box="[955,1116,1956,1971]" gridcol="3" gridrow="9" pageId="1" pageNumber="86">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4FD6D7FFB7B860FC4092946239F82F" baseAuthorityName="Drummond" baseAuthorityYear="1876" box="[955,1116,1956,1971]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinocerotidae" genus="Diceros" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="1" pageNumber="86" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="bicornis" subSpecies="minor">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93B7146FFB7B860FC4092946239F82F" bold="true" box="[955,1116,1956,1971]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="86">Diceros bicornis minor</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="76AEC66AFFB7479EFB4492946290F82F" box="[1215,1269,1956,1971]" gridcol="4" gridrow="9" pageId="1" pageNumber="86">Male</td>
|
||
<td id="76AEC66AFFB7479EFAA3929463DAF82F" box="[1368,1471,1956,1971]" gridcol="5" gridrow="9" pageId="1" pageNumber="86">17/5/2016</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</table>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF30FDDCFFB4B863FF9F97F666A1FCA9" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10933881" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10933881" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10933881/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="87" startId="2.[100,127,710,725]" targetBox="[133,738,151,688]" targetPageId="2" targetType="figure">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF0AD54FFB4B863FF9F97F666A1FCA9" blockId="2.[100,771,710,822]" pageId="2" pageNumber="87">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93B7146FFB4B863FF9F97F666F8FD49" bold="true" box="[100,157,710,725]" pageId="2" pageNumber="87">Fig. 1.</emphasis>
|
||
Photomicrograph of Diff- Quik stained blood smear from black rhinoceros, Siabuwa infected with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4FD6D7FFB4B863FEE897EF673BFD71" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[275,350,734,749]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinocerotidae" genus="Diceros" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="2" pageNumber="87" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bicornis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93B7146FFB4B863FEE897EF673BFD71" bold="true" box="[275,350,734,749]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="87">T. bicornis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The morphology of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4FD6D7FFB4B863FDFB97EF642EFD71" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[512,587,734,749]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinocerotidae" genus="Diceros" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="2" pageNumber="87" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bicornis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93B7146FFB4B863FDFB97EF642EFD71" bold="true" box="[512,587,734,749]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="87">T. bicornis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is not well-described in the literature. We observed comma-shaped piroplasms approximately 1.5 μm in length closely resembling
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4FD6D7FFB4B863FF0E963F672FFC81" box="[245,330,782,797]" family="Theileriidae" genus="Theileria" kingdom="Chromista" order="Piroplasmida" pageId="2" pageNumber="87" phylum="Miozoa" rank="species" species="orientalis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93B7146FFB4B863FF0E963F672FFC81" bold="true" box="[245,330,782,797]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="87">T. orientalis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Ring forms were also occasionally observed (not shown). Bar = 5 μm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF0AD54FFB4B863FF9F9141672EFB18" blockId="2.[100,331,1137,1156]" box="[100,331,1137,1156]" pageId="2" pageNumber="87">
|
||
<heading id="D0B81A38FFB4B863FF9F9141672EFB18" box="[100,331,1137,1156]" fontSize="36" level="2" pageId="2" pageNumber="87" reason="3">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93B7146FFB4B863FF9F9141672EFB18" bold="true" box="[100,331,1137,1156]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="87">3.3. Molecular phylogeny</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF0AD54FFB4B863FF7E9199623FFE0E" blockId="2.[100,770,1193,1351]" lastBlockId="2.[818,1487,159,402]" pageId="2" pageNumber="87">
|
||
Phylogenetic analysis of 1474 bp of the 18S rRNA gene of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4FD6D7FFB4B863FD15919966FBFB44" baseAuthorityName="Burchell" baseAuthorityYear="1817" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinocerotidae" genus="Ceratotherium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="2" pageNumber="87" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="simum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93B7146FFB4B863FD15919966FBFB44" bold="true" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="87">C. simum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4FD6D7FFB4B863FF2F91F56752FB44" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[212,311,1221,1240]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinocerotidae" genus="Diceros" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="2" pageNumber="87" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bicornis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93B7146FFB4B863FF2F91F56752FB44" bold="true" box="[212,311,1221,1240]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="87">D. bicornis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
piroplasmid strains demonstrates the close relationship to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4FD6D7FFB4B863FF2491D16759FB68" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[223,316,1249,1268]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinocerotidae" genus="Diceros" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="2" pageNumber="87" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bicornis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93B7146FFB4B863FF2491D16759FB68" bold="true" box="[223,316,1249,1268]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="87">T. bicornis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="1374B1D1FFB4B863FEB291D16718FB68" box="[329,381,1249,1268]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="2.[1038,1065,1380,1395]" captionTargetBox="[101,1006,1382,1968]" captionTargetId="figure-679@2.[100,1007,1380,1969]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Fig. 2. Molecular phylogenetic analysis of the piroplasm 18S rRNA gene, including the three rhinoceros samples (Aluka, Umfana and Siabuwa) used in this study. The 18S rRNA sequences were extracted from Genbank during BLAST analysis. The rooted phylogenetic tree was constructed using the neighbour-joining method with T. gondii forming the outgroup. Bootstrap percentages are represented on each node based on 1000 replicates. Phylogenetic analyses were conducted using the PHYLIP packages (Felsenstein, 2005). The haplotypes of the three T. bicornis sequences from this study are indicated at the end of the sequence label." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10933883" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10933883/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="87">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
). Furthermore, the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4FD6D7FFB4B863FDCE91D164F7FB68" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[565,658,1249,1268]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinocerotidae" genus="Diceros" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="2" pageNumber="87" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bicornis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93B7146FFB4B863FDCE91D164F7FB68" bold="true" box="[565,658,1249,1268]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="87">T. bicornis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
cluster falls outside the non-transforming and transforming
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4FD6D7FFB4B863FDCB91CD641BFA8C" authorityName="Bettencourt, Franca & Borges" authorityYear="1907" box="[560,638,1277,1296]" family="Theileriidae" genus="Theileria" kingdom="Chromista" order="Piroplasmida" pageId="2" pageNumber="87" phylum="Miozoa" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93B7146FFB4B863FDCB91CD641BFA8C" bold="true" box="[560,638,1277,1296]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="87">Theileria</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
groups along with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4FD6D7FFB4B863FF6F90296743FAB0" box="[148,294,1305,1324]" family="Theileriidae" genus="Cytauxzoon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Chromista" order="Piroplasmida" pageId="2" pageNumber="87" phylum="Miozoa" rank="species" species="felis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93B7146FFB4B863FF6F90296743FAB0" bold="true" box="[148,294,1305,1324]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="87">Cytauxzoon felis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4FD6D7FFB4B863FEAF902967A9FAB0" box="[340,460,1305,1324]" family="Theileriidae" genus="Theileria" kingdom="Chromista" order="Piroplasmida" pageId="2" pageNumber="87" phylum="Miozoa" rank="species" species="equi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93B7146FFB4B863FEAF902967A9FAB0" bold="true" box="[340,460,1305,1324]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="87">Theileria equi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="1374B1D1FFB4B863FE219029646BFAB0" box="[474,526,1305,1324]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="2.[1038,1065,1380,1395]" captionTargetBox="[101,1006,1382,1968]" captionTargetId="figure-679@2.[100,1007,1380,1969]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Fig. 2. Molecular phylogenetic analysis of the piroplasm 18S rRNA gene, including the three rhinoceros samples (Aluka, Umfana and Siabuwa) used in this study. The 18S rRNA sequences were extracted from Genbank during BLAST analysis. The rooted phylogenetic tree was constructed using the neighbour-joining method with T. gondii forming the outgroup. Bootstrap percentages are represented on each node based on 1000 replicates. Phylogenetic analyses were conducted using the PHYLIP packages (Felsenstein, 2005). The haplotypes of the three T. bicornis sequences from this study are indicated at the end of the sequence label." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10933883" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10933883/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="87">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
), which is consistent with prior studies (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDED0A5FFB4B863FF1D900467F4FADB" author="Nijhof, A. M. & Penzhorn, B. L. & Lynen, G. & Mollel, J. O. & Morkel, P. & Bekker, C. P. J. & Jongejan, F." box="[230,401,1332,1351]" pageId="2" pageNumber="87" pagination="2249 - 2254" refId="ref6350" refString="Nijhof, A. M., Penzhorn, B. L., Lynen, G., Mollel, J. O., Morkel, P., Bekker, C. P. J., Jongejan, F., 2003. Babesia bicornis sp. nov. and Theileria bicornis sp. nov.: tick-borne parasites associated with mortality in the black rhinoceros (Diceros bicornis). J. Clin. Microbiol. 41, 2249 - 2254." type="journal article" year="2003">Nijhof et al., 2003</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDED0A5FFB4B863FE6190046437FADB" author="Schreeg, M. E. & Marr, H. S. & Tarigo, J. L. & Cohn, L. A. & Bird, D. M. & Scholl, E. H. & Levy, M. G. & Wiegmann, B. M. & Birkenheuer, A. J." box="[410,594,1332,1351]" pageId="2" pageNumber="87" pagination="0165702" refId="ref6830" refString="Schreeg, M. E., Marr, H. S., Tarigo, J. L., Cohn, L. A., Bird, D. M., Scholl, E. H., Levy, M. G., Wiegmann, B. M., Birkenheuer, A. J., 2016. Mitochondrial genome sequences and structures aid in the resolution of piroplasmida phylogeny. PLoS One 11, e 0165702." type="journal article" year="2016">Schreeg et al., 2016</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Alignment of the 18S rRNA genes also revealed the presence of two haplotypes of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4FD6D7FFB4B863FA6495AF6502FF52" family="Theileriidae" genus="Theileria" kingdom="Chromista" order="Piroplasmida" pageId="2" pageNumber="87" phylum="Miozoa" rank="species" species="bicornis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93B7146FFB4B863FA6495AF6502FF52" bold="true" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="87">T. bicornis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
H2, which was previously described (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDED0A5FFB4B863FB20958B63F9FF52" author="Otiende, M. Y. & Kivata, M. W. & Jowers, M. J. & Makumi, J. N. & Runo, S. & Obanda, V. & Gakuya, F. & Mutinda, M. & Kariuki, L. & Alasaad, S." box="[1243,1436,187,206]" pageId="2" pageNumber="87" pagination="144 - 150" refId="ref6514" refString="Otiende, M. Y., Kivata, M. W., Jowers, M. J., Makumi, J. N., Runo, S., Obanda, V., Gakuya, F., Mutinda, M., Kariuki, L., Alasaad, S., 2016. Three novel haplotypes of Theileria bicornis in black and white rhinoceros in Kenya. Transbound. Emerg. Dis 63, e 144 - 150." type="journal article" year="2016">Otiende et al., 2016</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and alignment of the 396 bp
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4FD6D7FFB4B863FBEE95E76217FF76" box="[1045,1138,215,234]" family="Theileriidae" genus="Theileria" kingdom="Chromista" order="Piroplasmida" pageId="2" pageNumber="87" phylum="Miozoa" rank="species" species="bicornis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93B7146FFB4B863FBEE95E76217FF76" bold="true" box="[1045,1138,215,234]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="87">T. bicornis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
haplotypes revealed a new
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4FD6D7FFB4B863FA8895E763AAFF76" box="[1395,1487,215,234]" family="Theileriidae" genus="Theileria" kingdom="Chromista" order="Piroplasmida" pageId="2" pageNumber="87" phylum="Miozoa" rank="species" species="bicornis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93B7146FFB4B863FA8895E763AAFF76" bold="true" box="[1395,1487,215,234]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="87">T. bicornis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
haplotype, H4, identified in this study (see
|
||
<figureCitation id="1374B1D1FFB4B863FB3995C3629BFE9A" box="[1218,1278,243,262]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="2.[1038,1065,1380,1395]" captionTargetBox="[101,1006,1382,1968]" captionTargetId="figure-679@2.[100,1007,1380,1969]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Fig. 2. Molecular phylogenetic analysis of the piroplasm 18S rRNA gene, including the three rhinoceros samples (Aluka, Umfana and Siabuwa) used in this study. The 18S rRNA sequences were extracted from Genbank during BLAST analysis. The rooted phylogenetic tree was constructed using the neighbour-joining method with T. gondii forming the outgroup. Bootstrap percentages are represented on each node based on 1000 replicates. Phylogenetic analyses were conducted using the PHYLIP packages (Felsenstein, 2005). The haplotypes of the three T. bicornis sequences from this study are indicated at the end of the sequence label." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10933883" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10933883/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="87">Figs. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<figureCitation id="1374B1D1FFB4B863FAD095C36352FE9A" box="[1323,1335,243,262]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="3.[1038,1065,151,166]" captionTargetBox="[102,1006,152,635]" captionTargetId="figure-816@3.[100,1007,151,636]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Fig. 3. Truncated alignment of the 18S rRNA T. bicornis haplotypes including the new haplotype H4 identified in this study. Geneious version (7.1.9) (Kearse et al., 2012) was used to generate alignments to highlight the differences between the four T. bicornis haplotypes. 18S rRNA sequences of the three previously described T. bicornis haplotypes H1 to H3 (accession numbers KC771140 to KC771142 respectively) were extracted from Genbank for this analysis. The new T. bicornis haplotype H4 was submitted to Genbank and assigned accession number MF567493." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10933885" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10933885/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="87">3</figureCitation>
|
||
). The
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4FD6D7FFB4B863FA8895C363AAFE9A" box="[1395,1487,243,262]" family="Theileriidae" genus="Theileria" kingdom="Chromista" order="Piroplasmida" pageId="2" pageNumber="87" phylum="Miozoa" rank="species" species="bicornis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93B7146FFB4B863FA8895C363AAFE9A" bold="true" box="[1395,1487,243,262]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="87">T. bicornis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
haplotype in the two infected white rhinoceros, Aluka and Umfana was 100% homologous to haplotype H2; however, a new haplotype, H4, was identified in
|
||
<emphasis id="B93B7146FFB4B863FC2294776225FEC6" bold="true" box="[985,1088,327,346]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="87">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4FD6D7FFB4B863FC2294776259FEC6" box="[985,1084,327,346]" family="Theileriidae" genus="Theileria" kingdom="Chromista" order="Piroplasmida" pageId="2" pageNumber="87" phylum="Miozoa" rank="species" species="bicornis">D. bicornis</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
H4 (accession number MF567493) in the infected black rhinoceros (Siabuwa) is 99% homologous to the H2 (accession number KC771141).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF0AD54FFB4B863FCC9948865DEFE57" blockId="2.[818,955,440,459]" box="[818,955,440,459]" pageId="2" pageNumber="87">
|
||
<heading id="D0B81A38FFB4B863FCC9948865DEFE57" bold="true" box="[818,955,440,459]" fontSize="36" level="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="87" reason="1">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93B7146FFB4B863FCC9948865DEFE57" bold="true" box="[818,955,440,459]" pageId="2" pageNumber="87">4. Discussion</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF0AD54FFB4B863FCA894C06275FC65" blockId="2.[818,1488,496,1351]" pageId="2" pageNumber="87">
|
||
In this study, we examined blood samples from captive
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4FD6D7FFB4B863FAAE94C063CDFD9F" baseAuthorityName="Burchell" baseAuthorityYear="1817" box="[1365,1448,496,515]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinocerotidae" genus="Ceratotherium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="2" pageNumber="87" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="simum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93B7146FFB4B863FAAE94C063CDFD9F" bold="true" box="[1365,1448,496,515]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="87">C. simum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4FD6D7FFB4B863FCC9973B65F0FD82" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[818,917,523,542]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinocerotidae" genus="Diceros" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="2" pageNumber="87" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bicornis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93B7146FFB4B863FCC9973B65F0FD82" bold="true" box="[818,917,523,542]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="87">D. bicornis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
housed at Taronga Western Plains Zoo,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F358EDC4FFB4B863FAD1973B631AFD82" box="[1322,1407,523,542]" name="Australia" pageId="2" pageNumber="87">Australia</collectingCountry>
|
||
for piroplasmid parasites. Haemoparasites such as trypanosomes (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDED0A5FFB4B863FA90971765BAFDCA" author="McCulloch, B. & Achard, P. L." pageId="2" pageNumber="87" pagination="184 - 191" refId="ref5959" refString="McCulloch, B., Achard, P. L., 1969. Mortalities associated with the capture, translocation, trade and exhibition of black rhinoceroses Diceros bicornis. Int. Zoo Yearbk. 9, 184 - 191." type="journal article" year="1969">McCulloch and Achard, 1969</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDED0A5FFB4B863FC10977362CFFDCA" author="Mihok, S. & Munyoki, E. L. I. & Brett, R. A. & Jonyo, J. F. & ROTtcher, D. & Majiwa, P. A. O. & Kang'Ethe, E. K. & Kaburia, H. F. A. & Zweygarth, E." box="[1003,1194,579,598]" pageId="2" pageNumber="87" pagination="103 - 115" refId="ref6146" refString="Mihok, S., Munyoki, E. L. I., Brett, R. A., Jonyo, J. F., ROTtcher, D., Majiwa, P. A. O., Kang'Ethe, E. K., Kaburia, H. F. A., Zweygarth, E., 1992 a. Trypanosomiasis and the conservation of black rhinoceros (Diceros bicornis) at the ngulia rhino sanctuary, tsavo west national park, Kenya. Afr. J. Ecol. 30, 103 - 115." type="journal article" year="1992">Mihok et al., 1992a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,b) and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4FD6D7FFB4B863FB0F977365C0FDEE" authority="(Nijhof et al., 2003)" baseAuthorityName="Nijhof" baseAuthorityYear="2003" family="Babesiidae" genus="Babesia" kingdom="Chromista" order="Piroplasmida" pageId="2" pageNumber="87" phylum="Miozoa" rank="species" species="bicornis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93B7146FFB4B863FB0F977363E0FDCA" bold="true" box="[1268,1413,579,598]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="87">Babesia bicornis</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDED0A5FFB4B863FA6F977365F8FDEE" author="Nijhof, A. M. & Penzhorn, B. L. & Lynen, G. & Mollel, J. O. & Morkel, P. & Bekker, C. P. J. & Jongejan, F." pageId="2" pageNumber="87" pagination="2249 - 2254" refId="ref6350" refString="Nijhof, A. M., Penzhorn, B. L., Lynen, G., Mollel, J. O., Morkel, P., Bekker, C. P. J., Jongejan, F., 2003. Babesia bicornis sp. nov. and Theileria bicornis sp. nov.: tick-borne parasites associated with mortality in the black rhinoceros (Diceros bicornis). J. Clin. Microbiol. 41, 2249 - 2254." type="journal article" year="2003">Nijhof et al., 2003</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
have been associated with rhinoceros mortalities in Africa and were considered in the differential diagnosis of a 16 yr old female
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4FD6D7FFB4B863FCC997A765EDFD36" baseAuthorityName="Burchell" baseAuthorityYear="1817" box="[818,904,663,682]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinocerotidae" genus="Ceratotherium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="2" pageNumber="87" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="simum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93B7146FFB4B863FCC997A765EDFD36" bold="true" box="[818,904,663,682]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="87">C. simum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
; however, neither of these parasites was detected.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4FD6D7FFB4B863FA7A97A76512FD5A" family="Theileriidae" genus="Theileria" kingdom="Chromista" order="Piroplasmida" pageId="2" pageNumber="87" phylum="Miozoa" rank="species" species="bicornis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93B7146FFB4B863FA7A97A76512FD5A" bold="true" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="87">Theileria bicornis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was detected in blood samples from both dead (Aluka) and asymptomatic (Umfana)
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4FD6D7FFB4B863FBE497FF6211FD7E" baseAuthorityName="Burchell" baseAuthorityYear="1817" box="[1055,1140,719,738]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinocerotidae" genus="Ceratotherium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="2" pageNumber="87" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="simum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93B7146FFB4B863FBE497FF6211FD7E" bold="true" box="[1055,1140,719,738]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="87">C. simum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
via PCR; however, piroplasms were only observed in blood films from Umfana, suggesting that the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4FD6D7FFB4B863FA6697DB6502FC86" family="Theileriidae" genus="Theileria" kingdom="Chromista" order="Piroplasmida" pageId="2" pageNumber="87" phylum="Miozoa" rank="species" species="bicornis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93B7146FFB4B863FA6697DB6502FC86" bold="true" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="87">T. bicornis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
infection in Aluka was of a low intensity. The pathogenic potential of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4FD6D7FFB4B863FC6B9613658AFCAA" box="[912,1007,803,822]" family="Theileriidae" genus="Theileria" kingdom="Chromista" order="Piroplasmida" pageId="2" pageNumber="87" phylum="Miozoa" rank="species" species="bicornis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93B7146FFB4B863FC6B9613658AFCAA" bold="true" box="[912,1007,803,822]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="87">T. bicornis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is not fully understood as this organism has been poorly studied; however asymptomatic infections are common in both black and white rhinoceroses in Africa (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDED0A5FFB4B863FB4C966A631CFCF1" author="Otiende, M. Y. & Kivata, M. W. & Makumi, J. N. & Mutinda, M. N. & Okun, D. & Kariuki, L. & Obanda, V. & Gakuya, F. & Mijele, D. & Soriguer, R. C. & Alasaad, S." box="[1207,1401,858,877]" pageId="2" pageNumber="87" pagination="4" refId="ref6600" refString="Otiende, M. Y., Kivata, M. W., Makumi, J. N., Mutinda, M. N., Okun, D., Kariuki, L., Obanda, V., Gakuya, F., Mijele, D., Soriguer, R. C., Alasaad, S., 2015. Epidemiology of Theileria bicornis among black and white rhinoceros metapopulation in Kenya. BMC Vet. Res. 11, 4." type="journal article" year="2015">Otiende et al., 2015</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Only a single case of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4FD6D7FFB4B863FC4F96466274FC15" box="[948,1041,886,905]" family="Theileriidae" genus="Theileria" kingdom="Chromista" order="Piroplasmida" pageId="2" pageNumber="87" phylum="Miozoa" rank="species" species="bicornis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93B7146FFB4B863FC4F96466274FC15" bold="true" box="[948,1041,886,905]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="87">T. bicornis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
infection has been recorded in association with rhinoceros deaths although it presented as a coinfection with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4FD6D7FFB4B863FA8996A263AAFC39" box="[1394,1487,914,933]" family="Theileriidae" genus="Theileria" kingdom="Chromista" order="Piroplasmida" pageId="2" pageNumber="87" phylum="Miozoa" rank="species" species="bicornis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93B7146FFB4B863FA8996A263AAFC39" bold="true" box="[1394,1487,914,933]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="87">B. bicornis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDED0A5FFB4B863FCC1969E658EFC5D" author="Nijhof, A. M. & Penzhorn, B. L. & Lynen, G. & Mollel, J. O. & Morkel, P. & Bekker, C. P. J. & Jongejan, F." box="[826,1003,942,961]" pageId="2" pageNumber="87" pagination="2249 - 2254" refId="ref6350" refString="Nijhof, A. M., Penzhorn, B. L., Lynen, G., Mollel, J. O., Morkel, P., Bekker, C. P. J., Jongejan, F., 2003. Babesia bicornis sp. nov. and Theileria bicornis sp. nov.: tick-borne parasites associated with mortality in the black rhinoceros (Diceros bicornis). J. Clin. Microbiol. 41, 2249 - 2254." type="journal article" year="2003">Nijhof et al., 2003</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDED0A5FFB4B863FC0C969E62D3FC5D" author="Otiende, M. Y. & Kivata, M. W. & Makumi, J. N. & Mutinda, M. N. & Okun, D. & Kariuki, L. & Obanda, V. & Gakuya, F. & Mijele, D. & Soriguer, R. C. & Alasaad, S." box="[1015,1206,942,961]" pageId="2" pageNumber="87" pagination="4" refId="ref6600" refString="Otiende, M. Y., Kivata, M. W., Makumi, J. N., Mutinda, M. N., Okun, D., Kariuki, L., Obanda, V., Gakuya, F., Mijele, D., Soriguer, R. C., Alasaad, S., 2015. Epidemiology of Theileria bicornis among black and white rhinoceros metapopulation in Kenya. BMC Vet. Res. 11, 4." type="journal article" year="2015">Otiende et al., 2015</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Thus, the presence of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4FD6D7FFB4B863FA65969E6502FC41" family="Theileriidae" genus="Theileria" kingdom="Chromista" order="Piroplasmida" pageId="2" pageNumber="87" phylum="Miozoa" rank="species" species="bicornis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93B7146FFB4B863FA65969E6502FC41" bold="true" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="87">T. bicornis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was considered an incidental finding unlikely to be involved in the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4FD6D7FFB4B863FCAD96D665CEFC65" baseAuthorityName="Burchell" baseAuthorityYear="1817" box="[854,939,998,1017]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinocerotidae" genus="Ceratotherium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="2" pageNumber="87" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="simum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93B7146FFB4B863FCAD96D665CEFC65" bold="true" box="[854,939,998,1017]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="87">C. simum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
mortality.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF0AD54FFB4B862FCA8913267DBFBA9" blockId="2.[818,1488,496,1351]" lastBlockId="3.[100,771,695,1970]" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="88" pageId="2" pageNumber="87">
|
||
PCR screening of the captive population of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4FD6D7FFB4B863FAEE9132631EFB89" box="[1301,1403,1026,1045]" family="Theileriidae" genus="Theileria" kingdom="Chromista" order="Piroplasmida" pageId="2" pageNumber="87" phylum="Miozoa" rank="species" species="bicornis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93B7146FFB4B863FAEE9132631EFB89" bold="true" box="[1301,1403,1026,1045]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="87">D. bicornis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
for piroplasmids revealed only a single
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4FD6D7FFB4B863FB96912E62AEFBAD" box="[1133,1227,1054,1073]" family="Theileriidae" genus="Theileria" kingdom="Chromista" order="Piroplasmida" pageId="2" pageNumber="87" phylum="Miozoa" rank="species" species="bicornis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93B7146FFB4B863FB96912E62AEFBAD" bold="true" box="[1133,1227,1054,1073]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="87">T. bicornis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
-positive animal (Siabuwa), which was also confirmed by blood smear. This animal had elevated AST and CK levels that were potentially linked to tissue damage, but blood parameters were otherwise normal. The blood profile of Siabuwa was similar to a piroplasm prevalence study in white rhinoceroses by Govender et al. (2011) where blood parameters of the animals had no significant changes as well. Siabuwa was translocated from Africa as were the two
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4FD6D7FFB4B863FC4D91D16270FB68" box="[950,1045,1249,1268]" family="Theileriidae" genus="Theileria" kingdom="Chromista" order="Piroplasmida" pageId="2" pageNumber="87" phylum="Miozoa" rank="species" species="bicornis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93B7146FFB4B863FC4D91D16270FB68" bold="true" box="[950,1045,1249,1268]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="87">T. bicornis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
-positive
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4FD6D7FFB4B863FB9791D162A4FB68" baseAuthorityName="Burchell" baseAuthorityYear="1817" box="[1132,1217,1249,1268]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinocerotidae" genus="Ceratotherium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="2" pageNumber="87" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="simum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93B7146FFB4B863FB9791D162A4FB68" bold="true" box="[1132,1217,1249,1268]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="87">C. simum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, while the remaining 6 captive-bred
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4FD6D7FFB4B863FC7591CD658BFA8C" box="[910,1006,1277,1296]" family="Theileriidae" genus="Theileria" kingdom="Chromista" order="Piroplasmida" pageId="2" pageNumber="87" phylum="Miozoa" rank="species" species="bicornis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93B7146FFB4B863FC7591CD658BFA8C" bold="true" box="[910,1006,1277,1296]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="87">D. bicornis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
were
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4FD6D7FFB4B863FBD091CD62ECFA8C" box="[1067,1161,1277,1296]" family="Theileriidae" genus="Theileria" kingdom="Chromista" order="Piroplasmida" pageId="2" pageNumber="87" phylum="Miozoa" rank="species" species="bicornis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93B7146FFB4B863FBD091CD62ECFA8C" bold="true" box="[1067,1161,1277,1296]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="87">T. bicornis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
negative. This suggests that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4FD6D7FFB4B863FA6591CD6502FAB0" family="Theileriidae" genus="Theileria" kingdom="Chromista" order="Piroplasmida" pageId="2" pageNumber="87" phylum="Miozoa" rank="species" species="bicornis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93B7146FFB4B863FA6591CD6502FAB0" bold="true" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="87">T. bicornis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was introduced to
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F358EDC4FFB4B863FBE29029620BFAB0" box="[1049,1134,1305,1324]" name="Australia" pageId="2" pageNumber="87">Australia</collectingCountry>
|
||
with wild-caught rhinoceros and that transmission amongst the Australian captive population did not occur. Currently, the vectors identified to be capable of transmitting
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4FD6D7FFB5B862FD5E97886567FD57" box="[677,770,696,715]" family="Theileriidae" genus="Theileria" kingdom="Chromista" order="Piroplasmida" pageId="3" pageNumber="88" phylum="Miozoa" rank="species" species="bicornis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93B7146FFB5B862FD5E97886567FD57" bold="true" box="[677,770,696,715]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="88">T. bicornis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4FD6D7FFB5B862FF7397E46708FD7B" box="[136,365,724,743]" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Dermacentor" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" pageId="3" pageNumber="88" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rhinocerinus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93B7146FFB5B862FF7397E46708FD7B" bold="true" box="[136,365,724,743]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="88">Dermacentor rhinocerinus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4FD6D7FFB5B862FE6697E46419FD7B" box="[413,636,724,743]" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Amblyomma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" pageId="3" pageNumber="88" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rhinocerotis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93B7146FFB5B862FE6697E46419FD7B" bold="true" box="[413,636,724,743]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="88">Amblyomma rhinocerotis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Knapp et al., 1997;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDED0A5FFB5B862FF5A97C0673BFC9F" author="Otiende, M. Y. & Kivata, M. W. & Jowers, M. J. & Makumi, J. N. & Runo, S. & Obanda, V. & Gakuya, F. & Mutinda, M. & Kariuki, L. & Alasaad, S." box="[161,350,752,771]" pageId="3" pageNumber="88" pagination="144 - 150" refId="ref6514" refString="Otiende, M. Y., Kivata, M. W., Jowers, M. J., Makumi, J. N., Runo, S., Obanda, V., Gakuya, F., Mutinda, M., Kariuki, L., Alasaad, S., 2016. Three novel haplotypes of Theileria bicornis in black and white rhinoceros in Kenya. Transbound. Emerg. Dis 63, e 144 - 150." type="journal article" year="2016">Otiende et al., 2016</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). These ticks are present in Africa, have not been identified in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F358EDC4FFB5B862FED8963B671DFC82" box="[291,376,779,798]" name="Australia" pageId="3" pageNumber="88">Australia</collectingCountry>
|
||
and are characterized by long, sturdy mouthparts capable of penetrating the thick rhinoceros hide (Horak et al., 2017). Whether endemic Australian tick species are competent vectors of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4FD6D7FFB5B862FF3F966F6745FCEE" box="[196,288,863,882]" family="Theileriidae" genus="Theileria" kingdom="Chromista" order="Piroplasmida" pageId="3" pageNumber="88" phylum="Miozoa" rank="species" species="bicornis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93B7146FFB5B862FF3F966F6745FCEE" bold="true" box="[196,288,863,882]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="88">T. bicornis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and other rhinoceros blood parasites is unclear, but they may lack the necessary mouthparts to achieve transmission. Transplacental transmission has been demonstrated for several piroplasmid species (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDED0A5FFB5B862FEE79683646FFC5A" author="Phipps, L. P. & Otter, A." box="[284,522,947,966]" pageId="3" pageNumber="88" pagination="406 - 408" refId="ref6790" refString="Phipps, L. P., Otter, A., 2004. Transplacental transmission of Theileria equi in two foals born and reared in the United Kingdom. Vet. Rec. 154, 406 - 408." type="journal article" year="2004">Phipps and Otter, 2004</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Fukumoto et al., 2005;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDED0A5FFB5B862FF9F96FF6700FC7E" author="Mierzejewska, E. J. & Welc-Faleciak, R. & Bednarska, M. & Rodo, A. & Bajer, A." box="[100,357,975,994]" pageId="3" pageNumber="88" pagination="500 - 503" refId="ref6085" refString="Mierzejewska, E. J., Welc-Faleciak, R., Bednarska, M., Rodo, A., Bajer, A., 2014. The first evidence for vertical transmission of Babesia canis in a litter of Central Asian Shepherd dogs. Ann. Agric. Environ. Med. 21, 500 - 503." type="journal article" year="2014">Mierzejewska et al., 2014</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDED0A5FFB5B862FE8F96FF6451FC7E" author="Zakian, A. & Nouri, M. & Barati, F. & Kahroba, H. & Jolodar, A. & Rashidi, F." box="[372,564,975,994]" pageId="3" pageNumber="88" pagination="322 - 325" refId="ref7338" refString="Zakian, A., Nouri, M., Barati, F., Kahroba, H., Jolodar, A., Rashidi, F., 2014. Vertical transmission of Theileria lestoquardi in sheep. Vet. Parasitol. 203, 322 - 325." type="journal article" year="2014">Zakian et al., 2014</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDED0A5FFB5B862FDB896FF649BFC7E" author="Sudan, V. & Singh, S. K. & Jaiswal, A. K. & Parashar, R. & Shanker, D." box="[579,766,975,994]" pageId="3" pageNumber="88" pagination="1213 - 1215" refId="ref6956" refString="Sudan, V., Singh, S. K., Jaiswal, A. K., Parashar, R., Shanker, D., 2015. First molecular evidence of the transplacental transmission of Theileria annulata. Trop. Anim. Health Prod. 47, 1213 - 1215." type="journal article" year="2015">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F358EDC4FFB5B862FDB896FF6418FC7E" box="[579,637,975,994]" name="Sudan" pageId="3" pageNumber="88">Sudan</collectingCountry>
|
||
et al., 2015
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDED0A5FFB5B862FF9F96DB6775FC62" author="Swilks, E. & Fell, S. A. & Hammer, J. F. & Sales, N. & Krebs, G. L. & Jenkins, C." box="[100,272,1003,1022]" pageId="3" pageNumber="88" pagination="227" refId="ref7061" refString="Swilks, E., Fell, S. A., Hammer, J. F., Sales, N., Krebs, G. L., Jenkins, C., 2017. Transplacental transmission of Theileria orientalis occurs at a low rate in field-affected cattle: infection in utero does not appear to be a major cause of abortion. Parasites Vectors 10, 227." type="journal article" year="2017">Swilks et al., 2017</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) but tends to occur only at low frequencies and there was no evidence from this study that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4FD6D7FFB5B862FE3B91376478FB86" box="[448,541,1031,1050]" family="Theileriidae" genus="Theileria" kingdom="Chromista" order="Piroplasmida" pageId="3" pageNumber="88" phylum="Miozoa" rank="species" species="bicornis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93B7146FFB5B862FE3B91376478FB86" bold="true" box="[448,541,1031,1050]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="88">T. bicornis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was transmitted via this route within the captive population.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF30FDDCFFB4B863FBF5905462C5F9E0" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10933883" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10933883" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10933883/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="87" startId="2.[1038,1065,1380,1395]" targetBox="[101,1006,1382,1968]" targetPageId="2" targetType="figure">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF0AD54FFB4B863FBF5905462C5F9E0" blockId="2.[1038,1489,1380,1660]" pageId="2" pageNumber="87">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93B7146FFB4B863FBF590546221FAEF" bold="true" box="[1038,1092,1380,1395]" pageId="2" pageNumber="87">Fig. 2.</emphasis>
|
||
Molecular phylogenetic analysis of the piroplasm 18S rRNA gene, including the three rhinoceros samples (Aluka, Umfana and Siabuwa) used in this study. The 18S rRNA sequences were extracted from Genbank during BLAST analysis. The rooted phylogenetic tree was constructed using the neighbour-joining method with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4FD6D7FFB4B863FA7490EE63AAFA70" baseAuthorityName="Nicolle & Manceaux" baseAuthorityYear="1908" box="[1423,1487,1501,1516]" family="Sarcocystidae" genus="Toxoplasma" kingdom="Chromista" order="Eucoccidiida" pageId="2" pageNumber="87" phylum="Miozoa" rank="species" species="gondii">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93B7146FFB4B863FA7490EE63AAFA70" bold="true" box="[1423,1487,1501,1516]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="87">T. gondii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
forming the outgroup. Bootstrap percentages are represented on each node based on 1000 replicates. Phylogenetic analyses were conducted using the PHYLIP packages (Felsenstein, 2005). The haplotypes of the three
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4FD6D7FFB4B863FA3B930E6220F9F8" family="Theileriidae" genus="Theileria" kingdom="Chromista" order="Piroplasmida" pageId="2" pageNumber="87" phylum="Miozoa" rank="species" species="bicornis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93B7146FFB4B863FA3B930E6220F9F8" bold="true" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="87">T. bicornis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sequences from this study are indicated at the end of the sequence label.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="DF30FDDCFFB5B862FBF595A76203FE0B" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10933885" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10933885" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10933885/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="88" startId="3.[1038,1065,151,166]" targetBox="[102,1006,152,635]" targetPageId="3" targetType="figure">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF0AD54FFB5B862FBF595A76203FE0B" blockId="3.[1038,1488,151,407]" pageId="3" pageNumber="88">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93B7146FFB5B862FBF595A76226FF3A" bold="true" box="[1038,1091,151,166]" pageId="3" pageNumber="88">Fig. 3.</emphasis>
|
||
Truncated alignment of the 18S rRNA
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4FD6D7FFB5B862FA7A95A863AAFF3A" box="[1409,1487,151,166]" family="Theileriidae" genus="Theileria" kingdom="Chromista" order="Piroplasmida" pageId="3" pageNumber="88" phylum="Miozoa" rank="species" species="bicornis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93B7146FFB5B862FA7A95A863AAFF3A" bold="true" box="[1409,1487,151,166]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="88">T. bicornis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
haplotypes including the new haplotype H4 identified in this study. Geneious version (7.1.9) (Kearse et al., 2012) was used to generate alignments to highlight the differences between the four
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4FD6D7FFB5B862FB5F95C96291FE9B" box="[1188,1268,248,263]" family="Theileriidae" genus="Theileria" kingdom="Chromista" order="Piroplasmida" pageId="3" pageNumber="88" phylum="Miozoa" rank="species" species="bicornis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93B7146FFB5B862FB5F95C96291FE9B" bold="true" box="[1188,1268,248,263]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="88">T. bicornis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
haplotypes. 18S rRNA sequences of the three previously described
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4FD6D7FFB5B862FAA2942163C3FE83" box="[1369,1446,272,287]" family="Theileriidae" genus="Theileria" kingdom="Chromista" order="Piroplasmida" pageId="3" pageNumber="88" phylum="Miozoa" rank="species" species="bicornis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93B7146FFB5B862FAA2942163C3FE83" bold="true" box="[1369,1446,272,287]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="88">T. bicornis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
haplotypes H1 to H3 (accession numbers KC771140 to KC771142 respectively) were extracted from Genbank for this analysis. The new
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4FD6D7FFB5B862FB3E94696377FEFB" box="[1221,1298,344,359]" family="Theileriidae" genus="Theileria" kingdom="Chromista" order="Piroplasmida" pageId="3" pageNumber="88" phylum="Miozoa" rank="species" species="bicornis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93B7146FFB5B862FB3E94696377FEFB" bold="true" box="[1221,1298,344,359]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="88">T. bicornis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
haplotype H4 was submitted to Genbank and assigned accession number MF567493.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF0AD54FFB5B862FF7E910E66C7F9E3" blockId="3.[100,771,695,1970]" pageId="3" pageNumber="88">
|
||
Sequence alignments of H2 and H4 revealed a difference of a single nucleotide substitution and a single thymine nucleotide insertion. Current literature of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4FD6D7FFB5B862FED0914667ECFB15" box="[299,393,1142,1161]" family="Theileriidae" genus="Theileria" kingdom="Chromista" order="Piroplasmida" pageId="3" pageNumber="88" phylum="Miozoa" rank="species" species="bicornis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93B7146FFB5B862FED0914667ECFB15" bold="true" box="[299,393,1142,1161]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="88">T. bicornis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
haplotype indicates H1 and H3 to only occur in black rhinoceros and H
|
||
<quantity id="4CB700B1FFB5B862FE5691A267B0FB39" box="[429,469,1170,1189]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.08" pageId="3" pageNumber="88" unit="in" value="2.0">2 in</quantity>
|
||
white rhinoceros (
|
||
<tableCitation id="C6CD98EFFFB5B862FD6391A26481FB39" box="[664,740,1170,1189]" captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="1.[100,145,1661,1676]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="Table 1 Summary of the nine animals used in this study." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF30FDDCFFB7B860FF9F934D67B2F93E" pageId="3" pageNumber="88" tableUuid="DF30FDDCFFB7B860FF9F934D67B2F93E">
|
||
Table
|
||
<quantity id="4CB700B1FFB5B862FD2391A26564FB39" box="[728,769,1170,1189]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.54" pageId="3" pageNumber="88" unit="in" value="1.0">1 in</quantity>
|
||
</tableCitation>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDED0A5FFB5B862FF9F919E6746FB5D" author="Otiende, M. Y. & Kivata, M. W. & Jowers, M. J. & Makumi, J. N. & Runo, S. & Obanda, V. & Gakuya, F. & Mutinda, M. & Kariuki, L. & Alasaad, S." box="[100,291,1198,1217]" pageId="3" pageNumber="88" pagination="144 - 150" refId="ref6514" refString="Otiende, M. Y., Kivata, M. W., Jowers, M. J., Makumi, J. N., Runo, S., Obanda, V., Gakuya, F., Mutinda, M., Kariuki, L., Alasaad, S., 2016. Three novel haplotypes of Theileria bicornis in black and white rhinoceros in Kenya. Transbound. Emerg. Dis 63, e 144 - 150." type="journal article" year="2016">Otiende et al., 2016</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Whether haplotype H4 only occurs in black rhinoceros or any of these haplotypes contributes to disease remains unknown, but further studies could be done to determine haplotype specificity for a particular host or if the haplotypes play a pathogenic role in infected animals. Phylogenetic analysis placed the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4FD6D7FFB5B862FDAD902D64D6FAAC" box="[598,691,1309,1328]" family="Theileriidae" genus="Theileria" kingdom="Chromista" order="Piroplasmida" pageId="3" pageNumber="88" phylum="Miozoa" rank="species" species="bicornis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93B7146FFB5B862FDAD902D64D6FAAC" bold="true" box="[598,691,1309,1328]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="88">T. bicornis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
clade in this study outside the transforming and non-transforming clades of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4FD6D7FFB5B862FF9F906566D7FAF4" authorityName="Bettencourt, Franca & Borges" authorityYear="1907" box="[100,178,1365,1384]" family="Theileriidae" genus="Theileria" kingdom="Chromista" order="Piroplasmida" pageId="3" pageNumber="88" phylum="Miozoa" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93B7146FFB5B862FF9F906566D7FAF4" bold="true" box="[100,178,1365,1384]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="88">Theileria</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
group (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1374B1D1FFB5B862FEF99065675FFAF4" box="[258,314,1365,1384]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="2.[1038,1065,1380,1395]" captionTargetBox="[101,1006,1382,1968]" captionTargetId="figure-679@2.[100,1007,1380,1969]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Fig. 2. Molecular phylogenetic analysis of the piroplasm 18S rRNA gene, including the three rhinoceros samples (Aluka, Umfana and Siabuwa) used in this study. The 18S rRNA sequences were extracted from Genbank during BLAST analysis. The rooted phylogenetic tree was constructed using the neighbour-joining method with T. gondii forming the outgroup. Bootstrap percentages are represented on each node based on 1000 replicates. Phylogenetic analyses were conducted using the PHYLIP packages (Felsenstein, 2005). The haplotypes of the three T. bicornis sequences from this study are indicated at the end of the sequence label." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10933883" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10933883/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="88">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4FD6D7FFB5B862FEAB906567D5FAF4" box="[336,432,1365,1384]" family="Theileriidae" genus="Theileria" kingdom="Chromista" order="Piroplasmida" pageId="3" pageNumber="88" phylum="Miozoa" rank="species" species="bicornis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93B7146FFB5B862FEAB906567D5FAF4" bold="true" box="[336,432,1365,1384]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="88">T. bicornis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
appears to be close relatives of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4FD6D7FFB5B862FD15906566E2FA18" family="Theileriidae" genus="Cytauxzoon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Chromista" order="Piroplasmida" pageId="3" pageNumber="88" phylum="Miozoa" rank="species" species="felis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93B7146FFB5B862FD15906566E2FA18" bold="true" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="88">C. felis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4FD6D7FFB5B862FF6E9041668CFA18" box="[149,233,1393,1412]" family="Theileriidae" genus="Theileria" kingdom="Chromista" order="Piroplasmida" pageId="3" pageNumber="88" phylum="Miozoa" rank="species" species="youngi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93B7146FFB5B862FF6E9041668CFA18" bold="true" box="[149,233,1393,1412]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="88">T. youngi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4FD6D7FFB5B862FF0D90416730FA18" box="[246,341,1393,1412]" family="Theileriidae" genus="Theileria" kingdom="Chromista" order="Piroplasmida" pageId="3" pageNumber="88" phylum="Miozoa" rank="species" species="bicornis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93B7146FFB5B862FF0D90416730FA18" bold="true" box="[246,341,1393,1412]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="88">B. bicornis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4FD6D7FFB5B862FE7C904167A0FA18" box="[391,453,1393,1412]" family="Theileriidae" genus="Theileria" kingdom="Chromista" order="Piroplasmida" pageId="3" pageNumber="88" phylum="Miozoa" rank="species" species="equi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93B7146FFB5B862FE7C904167A0FA18" bold="true" box="[391,453,1393,1412]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="88">T. equi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
which are consistent to previous studies (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDED0A5FFB5B862FF4990BD6738FA3C" author="Nijhof, A. M. & Penzhorn, B. L. & Lynen, G. & Mollel, J. O. & Morkel, P. & Bekker, C. P. J. & Jongejan, F." box="[178,349,1421,1440]" pageId="3" pageNumber="88" pagination="2249 - 2254" refId="ref6350" refString="Nijhof, A. M., Penzhorn, B. L., Lynen, G., Mollel, J. O., Morkel, P., Bekker, C. P. J., Jongejan, F., 2003. Babesia bicornis sp. nov. and Theileria bicornis sp. nov.: tick-borne parasites associated with mortality in the black rhinoceros (Diceros bicornis). J. Clin. Microbiol. 41, 2249 - 2254." type="journal article" year="2003">Nijhof et al., 2003</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDED0A5FFB5B862FE9D90BD647BFA3C" author="Otiende, M. Y. & Kivata, M. W. & Jowers, M. J. & Makumi, J. N. & Runo, S. & Obanda, V. & Gakuya, F. & Mutinda, M. & Kariuki, L. & Alasaad, S." box="[358,542,1421,1440]" pageId="3" pageNumber="88" pagination="144 - 150" refId="ref6514" refString="Otiende, M. Y., Kivata, M. W., Jowers, M. J., Makumi, J. N., Runo, S., Obanda, V., Gakuya, F., Mutinda, M., Kariuki, L., Alasaad, S., 2016. Three novel haplotypes of Theileria bicornis in black and white rhinoceros in Kenya. Transbound. Emerg. Dis 63, e 144 - 150." type="journal article" year="2016">Otiende et al., 2016</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The complete lifecycle of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4FD6D7FFB5B862FF85909966B9FA20" box="[126,220,1449,1468]" family="Theileriidae" genus="Theileria" kingdom="Chromista" order="Piroplasmida" pageId="3" pageNumber="88" phylum="Miozoa" rank="species" species="bicornis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93B7146FFB5B862FF85909966B9FA20" bold="true" box="[126,220,1449,1468]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="88">T. bicornis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has not been established but it has similar characteristics to the non-transforming
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4FD6D7FFB5B862FEB490F567F8FA44" authorityName="Bettencourt, Franca & Borges" authorityYear="1907" box="[335,413,1477,1496]" family="Theileriidae" genus="Theileria" kingdom="Chromista" order="Piroplasmida" pageId="3" pageNumber="88" phylum="Miozoa" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93B7146FFB5B862FEB490F567F8FA44" bold="true" box="[335,413,1477,1496]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="88">Theileria</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
group suggesting it may be a largely benign parasite (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDED0A5FFB5B862FEFE90D167D0FA68" author="Nijhof, A. M. & Penzhorn, B. L. & Lynen, G. & Mollel, J. O. & Morkel, P. & Bekker, C. P. J. & Jongejan, F." box="[261,437,1505,1524]" pageId="3" pageNumber="88" pagination="2249 - 2254" refId="ref6350" refString="Nijhof, A. M., Penzhorn, B. L., Lynen, G., Mollel, J. O., Morkel, P., Bekker, C. P. J., Jongejan, F., 2003. Babesia bicornis sp. nov. and Theileria bicornis sp. nov.: tick-borne parasites associated with mortality in the black rhinoceros (Diceros bicornis). J. Clin. Microbiol. 41, 2249 - 2254." type="journal article" year="2003">Nijhof et al., 2003</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). However as both horses and rhinoceros are odd-toed ungulates classified under the order
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4FD6D7FFB5B862FD4290CD66CEF9B7" authorityName="Owen" authorityYear="1848" class="Mammalia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="3" pageNumber="88" phylum="Chordata" rank="order">Perissodactyla</taxonomicName>
|
||
, it is worth to noting that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4FD6D7FFB5B862FE439328679DF9B7" box="[440,504,1560,1579]" family="Theileriidae" genus="Theileria" kingdom="Chromista" order="Piroplasmida" pageId="3" pageNumber="88" phylum="Miozoa" rank="species" species="equi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93B7146FFB5B862FE439328679DF9B7" bold="true" box="[440,504,1560,1579]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="88">T. equi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
that causes clinical equine piroplasmosis (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDED0A5FFB5B862FF0C930467D5F9DB" author="Nijhof, A. M. & Penzhorn, B. L. & Lynen, G. & Mollel, J. O. & Morkel, P. & Bekker, C. P. J. & Jongejan, F." box="[247,432,1588,1607]" pageId="3" pageNumber="88" pagination="2249 - 2254" refId="ref6350" refString="Nijhof, A. M., Penzhorn, B. L., Lynen, G., Mollel, J. O., Morkel, P., Bekker, C. P. J., Jongejan, F., 2003. Babesia bicornis sp. nov. and Theileria bicornis sp. nov.: tick-borne parasites associated with mortality in the black rhinoceros (Diceros bicornis). J. Clin. Microbiol. 41, 2249 - 2254." type="journal article" year="2003">Nijhof et al., 2003</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDED0A5FFB5B862FE4593046402F9DB" author="Laus, F. & Spaterna, A. & Faillace, V. & Veronesi, F. & Ravagnan, S. & Beribe, F. & Cerquetella, M. & Meligrana, M. & Tesei, B." box="[446,615,1588,1607]" pageId="3" pageNumber="88" pagination="100" refId="ref5813" refString="Laus, F., Spaterna, A., Faillace, V., Veronesi, F., Ravagnan, S., Beribe, F., Cerquetella, M., Meligrana, M., Tesei, B., 2015. Clinical investigation on Theileria equi and Babesia caballi infections in Italian donkeys. BMC Vet. Res. 11, 100." type="journal article" year="2015">Laus et al., 2015</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDED0A5FFB5B862FD8E930466F3F9FF" author="Otiende, M. Y. & Kivata, M. W. & Makumi, J. N. & Mutinda, M. N. & Okun, D. & Kariuki, L. & Obanda, V. & Gakuya, F. & Mijele, D. & Soriguer, R. C. & Alasaad, S." pageId="3" pageNumber="88" pagination="4" refId="ref6600" refString="Otiende, M. Y., Kivata, M. W., Makumi, J. N., Mutinda, M. N., Okun, D., Kariuki, L., Obanda, V., Gakuya, F., Mijele, D., Soriguer, R. C., Alasaad, S., 2015. Epidemiology of Theileria bicornis among black and white rhinoceros metapopulation in Kenya. BMC Vet. Res. 11, 4." type="journal article" year="2015">Otiende et al., 2015</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDED0A5FFB5B862FF5E936066B0F9FF" author="Otiende, M. Y. & Kivata, M. W. & Jowers, M. J. & Makumi, J. N. & Runo, S. & Obanda, V. & Gakuya, F. & Mutinda, M. & Kariuki, L. & Alasaad, S." box="[165,213,1616,1635]" pageId="3" pageNumber="88" pagination="144 - 150" refId="ref6514" refString="Otiende, M. Y., Kivata, M. W., Jowers, M. J., Makumi, J. N., Runo, S., Obanda, V., Gakuya, F., Mutinda, M., Kariuki, L., Alasaad, S., 2016. Three novel haplotypes of Theileria bicornis in black and white rhinoceros in Kenya. Transbound. Emerg. Dis 63, e 144 - 150." type="journal article" year="2016">2016</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), was recently detected in rhinoceros (Govender et al., 2011).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF0AD54FFB5B862FF7E93B86298FC82" blockId="3.[100,771,695,1970]" lastBlockId="3.[818,1487,696,798]" pageId="3" pageNumber="88">
|
||
Piroplasmids have coevolved with their hosts (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDED0A5FFB5B862FDC193B86491F907" author="Otiende, M. Y. & Kivata, M. W. & Makumi, J. N. & Mutinda, M. N. & Okun, D. & Kariuki, L. & Obanda, V. & Gakuya, F. & Mijele, D. & Soriguer, R. C. & Alasaad, S." box="[570,756,1672,1691]" pageId="3" pageNumber="88" pagination="4" refId="ref6600" refString="Otiende, M. Y., Kivata, M. W., Makumi, J. N., Mutinda, M. N., Okun, D., Kariuki, L., Obanda, V., Gakuya, F., Mijele, D., Soriguer, R. C., Alasaad, S., 2015. Epidemiology of Theileria bicornis among black and white rhinoceros metapopulation in Kenya. BMC Vet. Res. 11, 4." type="journal article" year="2015">Otiende et al., 2015</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Benign infections are common in non-transforming
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4FD6D7FFB5B862FDBD939464BBF92B" box="[582,734,1700,1719]" pageId="3" pageNumber="88">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93B7146FFB5B862FDBD939464F1F92B" bold="true" box="[582,660,1700,1719]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="88">Theileria</emphasis>
|
||
species
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, for example
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4FD6D7FFB5B862FF4293F06747F94F" box="[185,290,1728,1747]" family="Theileriidae" genus="Theileria" kingdom="Chromista" order="Piroplasmida" pageId="3" pageNumber="88" phylum="Miozoa" rank="species" species="orientalis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93B7146FFB5B862FF4293F06747F94F" bold="true" box="[185,290,1728,1747]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="88">T. orientalis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
genotype Buffeli in cattle (Kamau et al., 2011) and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4FD6D7FFB5B862FF9F93EC66DAF973" box="[100,191,1756,1775]" family="Theileriidae" genus="Theileria" kingdom="Chromista" order="Piroplasmida" pageId="3" pageNumber="88" phylum="Miozoa" rank="species" species="velifera">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93B7146FFB5B862FF9F93EC66DAF973" bold="true" box="[100,191,1756,1775]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="88">T. velifera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDED0A5FFB5B862FF3493EC670FF973" author="Uilenberg, G." box="[207,362,1756,1775]" pageId="3" pageNumber="88" pagination="4 - 37" refId="ref7230" refString="Uilenberg, G., 1981. Theilerial species of domestic livestock. In: Irvin, A. D., Cunningham, M. P., Young, A. S. (Eds.), Advances in the Control of Theileriosis: Proceedings of an International Conference Held at the International Laboratory for Research on Animal Diseases in Nairobi, 9 - 13 th February, 1981. Springer, Netherlands, Dordrecht, pp. 4 - 37." type="book chapter" year="1981">Uilenberg, 1981</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDED0A5FFB5B862FE8E93EC647EF973" author="Mans, B. J. & Pienaar, R. & Latif, A. A." box="[373,539,1756,1775]" pageId="3" pageNumber="88" pagination="104 - 118" refId="ref5882" refString="Mans, B. J., Pienaar, R., Latif, A. A., 2015. A review of Theileria diagnostics and epidemiology. Int. J. Parasitol. Parasites. Wildl. 4, 104 - 118." type="journal article" year="2015">Mans et al., 2015</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Some of these haemoparasites can persist as lifelong infections in the host, only causing clinical signs when the animals are immunosuppressed or undergo stress from translocation, rearing conditions or pregnancy (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDED0A5FFB5B862FD5292006774F8C2" author="Sugimoto, C. & Fujisaki, K." pageId="3" pageNumber="88" pagination="93 - 106" refId="ref7011" refString="Sugimoto, C., Fujisaki, K., 2002. Non-transforming Theileria parasite of ruminants. In: McKeever, D., Dobbelaere, D. (Eds.), Theileria. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Boston, London, pp. 93 - 106." type="book chapter" year="2002">Sugimoto and Fujisaki, 2002</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Translocation of the rhinoceros in Africa to suitable and safe environments is integral for the conservation of these magnificent animals. However, translocation stress has been reported to decrease PCV levels (Kock et al., 1999) and is also linked to immune suppression in the animals which can lead to morbidity and/or fatality (Glaser and Kiecolt-Glaser, 2005;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDED0A5FFB5B862FB8D97E46290FD7B" author="Martin, L. B." box="[1142,1269,724,743]" pageId="3" pageNumber="88" pagination="70 - 76" refId="ref5927" refString="Martin, L. B., 2009. Stress and immunity in wild vertebrates: timing is everything. Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. 163, 70 - 76." type="journal article" year="2009">Martin, 2009</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDED0A5FFB5B862FAFA97E463A4FD7B" author="Otiende, M. Y. & Kivata, M. W. & Makumi, J. N. & Mutinda, M. N. & Okun, D. & Kariuki, L. & Obanda, V. & Gakuya, F. & Mijele, D. & Soriguer, R. C. & Alasaad, S." box="[1281,1473,724,743]" pageId="3" pageNumber="88" pagination="4" refId="ref6600" refString="Otiende, M. Y., Kivata, M. W., Makumi, J. N., Mutinda, M. N., Okun, D., Kariuki, L., Obanda, V., Gakuya, F., Mijele, D., Soriguer, R. C., Alasaad, S., 2015. Epidemiology of Theileria bicornis among black and white rhinoceros metapopulation in Kenya. BMC Vet. Res. 11, 4." type="journal article" year="2015">Otiende et al., 2015</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Thus screening of animals for haemoparasites prior to translocation would be prudent for future breeding programs.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C355FEDFFFB5B862FCC9966363F0FB29" pageId="3" pageNumber="88" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF0AD54FFB5B862FCC9966365A5FCFA" blockId="3.[818,960,851,870]" box="[818,960,851,870]" pageId="3" pageNumber="88">
|
||
<heading id="D0B81A38FFB5B862FCC9966365A5FCFA" bold="true" box="[818,960,851,870]" fontSize="36" level="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="88" reason="1">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93B7146FFB5B862FCC9966365A5FCFA" bold="true" box="[818,960,851,870]" pageId="3" pageNumber="88">5. Conclusion</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF0AD54FFB5B862FCA896BA63F0FB29" blockId="3.[818,1487,906,1205]" pageId="3" pageNumber="88">
|
||
We revealed for the first time in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F358EDC4FFB5B862FB7F96BA62BCFC01" box="[1156,1241,906,925]" name="Australia" pageId="3" pageNumber="88">Australia</collectingCountry>
|
||
the presence of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4FD6D7FFB5B862FA8996BA63AAFC01" box="[1394,1487,906,925]" family="Theileriidae" genus="Theileria" kingdom="Chromista" order="Piroplasmida" pageId="3" pageNumber="88" phylum="Miozoa" rank="species" species="bicornis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93B7146FFB5B862FA8996BA63AAFC01" bold="true" box="[1394,1487,906,925]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="88">T. bicornis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in both white and black rhinoceros. Evidence from this study suggests that the parasite was acquired in Africa and was not transmitted within the captive rhinoceros population within
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F358EDC4FFB5B862FB3E96EE6378FC6D" box="[1221,1309,990,1009]" name="Australia" pageId="3" pageNumber="88">Australia</collectingCountry>
|
||
. A new
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4FD6D7FFB5B862FA9496EE63AAFC6D" box="[1391,1487,990,1009]" family="Theileriidae" genus="Theileria" kingdom="Chromista" order="Piroplasmida" pageId="3" pageNumber="88" phylum="Miozoa" rank="species" species="bicornis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93B7146FFB5B862FA9496EE63AAFC6D" bold="true" box="[1391,1487,990,1009]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="88">T. bicornis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
haplotype, H4, has been identified.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4FD6D7FFB5B862FB7696CA6288FB91" box="[1165,1261,1018,1037]" family="Theileriidae" genus="Theileria" kingdom="Chromista" order="Piroplasmida" pageId="3" pageNumber="88" phylum="Miozoa" rank="species" species="bicornis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93B7146FFB5B862FB7696CA6288FB91" bold="true" box="[1165,1261,1018,1037]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="88">T. bicornis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
infection intensity was low and haematological parameters within infected rhinoceros were unremarkable suggesting that infection with this parasite was likely incidental rather than the cause of the 2012 white rhinoceros mortality event. However, given that translocation-induced stress is a major trigger factor for theileriosis; future screening of translocated rhinoceros would be prudent to ensure successful breeding programs.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |