treatments-xml/data/03/D8/87/03D887CCFFF1FFAA24FBFAB4FE1DF939.xml

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<mods:title id="192704FF1F6EE4AE97C24CB9125E9E99">The nomenclatural status of the nomina of amphibians and reptiles created by Garsault (1764), with a parsimonious solution to an old nomenclatural problem regarding the genus Bufo (Amphibia, Anura), comments on the taxonomy of this genus, and comments on some nomina created by Laurenti (1768)</mods:title>
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<subSubSection id="C36B6551FFF1FFB924FBFAB4FF23F98B" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8BCE36DAFFF1FFB924FBFAB4FE69FAD2" blockId="11.[151,403,1314,1341]" box="[151,403,1314,1341]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<heading id="D08681B6FFF1FFB924FBFAB4FE69FAD2" bold="true" box="[151,403,1314,1341]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" reason="1">
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFF1FFB924FBFAB4FE69FAD2" ID-CoL="62GTW" authority="Garsault, 1764" authorityName="Garsault" authorityYear="1764" box="[151,403,1314,1341]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Bufo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFF1FFB924FBFAB4FE69FAD2" bold="true" box="[151,403,1314,1341]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFF1FFB924FBFAB4FF2EFAD3" bold="true" box="[151,212,1315,1341]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Bufo</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B2BFFF1FFB924B6FAB5FE69FAD2" author="Garsault" box="[218,403,1314,1340]" pageId="11" pageNumber="40" refString="Garsault, F. A. P. de (1764) Les Figures des plantes et animaux d'usage en medecine, decrits dans la Matiere Medicale de Mr. Geoffroy Medecin. Paris, [i - v] + 1 - 20, pl. 644 - 729." type="book chapter" year="1764">Garsault, 1764</bibRefCitation>
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BCE36DAFFF1FFB924FBFAFCFF23F98B" blockId="11.[151,1437,1387,2010]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
The nominal genus 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFF1FFB925EBFAFCFE3AFA6A" box="[391,448,1387,1412]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Bufo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFF1FFB925EBFAFCFE3AFA6A" box="[391,448,1387,1412]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Bufo</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was created by 
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B2BFFF1FFB926E9FAFCFCBEFA6B" author="Garsault" box="[645,836,1387,1413]" pageId="11" pageNumber="40" refString="Garsault, F. A. P. de (1764) Les Figures des plantes et animaux d'usage en medecine, decrits dans la Matiere Medicale de Mr. Geoffroy Medecin. Paris, [i - v] + 1 - 20, pl. 644 - 729." type="book chapter" year="1764">Garsault (1764)</bibRefCitation>
in the lower half of his plate 672, which shows a specimen of toad (“ 
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFF1FFB925E0FA06FE02FA44" box="[396,504,1425,1450]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Crapaud</emphasis>
”) clearly resembling the “common toad” 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFF1FFB9206FFA06FAA3FA44" authority="Linnaeus, 1758" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[1027,1369,1424,1450]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Bufo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bufo">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFF1FFB9206FFA06FB86FA44" box="[1027,1148,1425,1450]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Bufo bufo</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B2BFFF1FFB920E1FA07FAAAFA44" author="Linnaeus" box="[1165,1360,1424,1450]" pageId="11" pageNumber="42" refString="Linnaeus, C. (1758) Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Editio decima, reformata. Tomus I. Holmiae, Laurentii Salvii, [i - iv] + 1 - 824." type="book chapter" year="1758">Linnaeus, 1758</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
from 
<collectingCountry id="F366764AFFF1FFB924FBFA21FF11FA3E" box="[151,235,1462,1488]" name="France" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">France</collectingCountry>
. No origin was given for this specimen in the text of 
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B2BFFF1FFB92708FA21FBECFA3E" author="Garsault" box="[868,1046,1462,1488]" pageId="11" pageNumber="40" refString="Garsault, F. A. P. de (1765) Explication abregee de 719 plantes, tant etrangeres que de nos climats; &amp; de 134 animaux, en 730 planches … suivant l'ordre du livre intitule Matiere Medicale de M. Geoffroy. Paris, i - xvi + 1 - 472." type="journal article" year="1765">Garsault (1765</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B2BFFF1FFB92048FA21FB99FA3E" author="Garsault" box="[1060,1123,1462,1488]" pageId="11" pageNumber="40" refString="Garsault, F. A. P. de (1767) Description, vertus et usages de sept cents dix-neuf plantes, tant etrangeres que de nos climats; et de cent trente-quatre animaux, en sept cent trente planches … et rangees suivant l'ordre du livre intitule Matiere Medicale de M. Geoffroy. Paris, P. Fr. Didot, i - xvi + 1 - 472 + 1 - 20, pl. 1 - 729." type="book chapter" year="1767">1767</bibRefCitation>
). The generic nomen 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFF1FFB92108FA21FA61FA21" box="[1380,1435,1462,1487]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Bufo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFF1FFB92108FA21FA61FA21" box="[1380,1435,1462,1487]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Bufo</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
may have been derived from the specific nomen 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFF1FFB926BEFA4CFBF2FA1B" authority="Linnaeus, 1758" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[722,1032,1499,1525]" class="Amphibia" family="Ranidae" genus="Rana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bufo">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFF1FFB926BEFA4CFCB1FA1A" box="[722,843,1499,1524]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Rana bufo</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B2BFFF1FFB9273FFA4CFBF2FA1B" author="Linnaeus" box="[851,1032,1499,1525]" pageId="11" pageNumber="42" refString="Linnaeus, C. (1758) Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Editio decima, reformata. Tomus I. Holmiae, Laurentii Salvii, [i - iv] + 1 - 824." type="book chapter" year="1758">Linnaeus, 1758</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
or from any of the numerous non- Linnaean uses of the same term as uninomen. In agreement with the figure in his plate 672, we hereby designate the nominal species 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFF1FFB9266AF9B1FCBFF9AE" authority="Linnaeus, 1758" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[518,837,1574,1600]" class="Amphibia" family="Ranidae" genus="Rana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bufo">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFF1FFB9266AF9B1FD79F9D1" box="[518,643,1574,1599]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Rana bufo</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B2BFFF1FFB926E7F9B1FCBFF9AE" author="Linnaeus" box="[651,837,1574,1600]" pageId="11" pageNumber="42" refString="Linnaeus, C. (1758) Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Editio decima, reformata. Tomus I. Holmiae, Laurentii Salvii, [i - iv] + 1 - 824." type="book chapter" year="1758">Linnaeus, 1758</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
as nucleospecies (type-species) of 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFF1FFB92082F9B1FF2FF98B" authority="Garsault, 1764" authorityName="Garsault" authorityYear="1764" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Bufo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFF1FFB92082F9B1FADDF9D1" box="[1262,1319,1574,1599]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Bufo</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B2BFFF1FFB92143F9B1FF2FF98B" author="Garsault" pageId="11" pageNumber="40" refString="Garsault, F. A. P. de (1764) Les Figures des plantes et animaux d'usage en medecine, decrits dans la Matiere Medicale de Mr. Geoffroy Medecin. Paris, [i - v] + 1 - 20, pl. 644 - 729." type="book chapter" year="1764">Garsault, 1764</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
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<paragraph id="8BCE36DAFFF1FFB924AAF9E7FAA6F884" blockId="11.[151,1437,1387,2010]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
This finding has an important, unexpected and happy consequence: it allows solving for the best the problem of the nucleospecies of the genus 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFF1FFB926FAF901FD34F941" box="[662,718,1686,1711]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Bufo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFF1FFB926FAF901FD34F941" box="[662,718,1686,1711]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Bufo</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. This genus has been universally considered a valid generic nomen of anurans since its “second creation” by 
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B2BFFF1FFB926A3F92CFC73F93B" author="Laurenti" box="[719,905,1723,1749]" pageId="11" pageNumber="42" refString="Laurenti, J. N. (1768) Specimen medicum, exhibens synopsin Reptilium emendatam cum experimentis circa venena et antidota Reptilium austriacorum. Viennae, Joan. Thom. Nob. de Trattnern, i - ii + 1 - 215, pl. 1 - 5." type="book chapter" year="1768">Laurenti (1768)</bibRefCitation>
, who clearly had used the same etymology as Garsault. For the reason explained above, the nomen 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFF1FFB9275CF976FBD3F914" authority="Laurenti, 1768" authorityName="Laurenti" authorityYear="1768" box="[816,1065,1760,1786]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Bufo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFF1FFB9275CF976FC90F914" box="[816,874,1761,1786]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Bufo</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B2BFFF1FFB9271EF977FBD3F914" author="Laurenti" box="[882,1065,1760,1786]" pageId="11" pageNumber="42" refString="Laurenti, J. N. (1768) Specimen medicum, exhibens synopsin Reptilium emendatam cum experimentis circa venena et antidota Reptilium austriacorum. Viennae, Joan. Thom. Nob. de Trattnern, i - ii + 1 - 215, pl. 1 - 5." type="book chapter" year="1768">Laurenti, 1768</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
must be considered a distinct nomen, invalid junior homonym of 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFF1FFB9263DF891FCB7F8CE" authority="Garsault, 1764" authorityName="Garsault" authorityYear="1764" box="[593,845,1798,1824]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Bufo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFF1FFB9263DF891FD71F8F1" box="[593,651,1798,1823]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Bufo</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B2BFFF1FFB926F8F891FCB7F8CE" author="Garsault" box="[660,845,1798,1824]" pageId="11" pageNumber="40" refString="Garsault, F. A. P. de (1764) Les Figures des plantes et animaux d'usage en medecine, decrits dans la Matiere Medicale de Mr. Geoffroy Medecin. Paris, [i - v] + 1 - 20, pl. 644 - 729." type="book chapter" year="1764">Garsault, 1764</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, and the nomenclatural status of which must be established independently. In particular, its nucleospecies must be clarified, a point that has been controversial until now, and that we therefore examine in detail here, in the light of the discovery of Garsault’s works.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BCE36DAFFF1FFB924AAF8E1FA66F834" blockId="11.[151,1437,1387,2010]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
In his new genus 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFF1FFB925F1F8E1FD5BF87E" authority="Laurenti (1768)" authorityName="Laurenti" authorityYear="1768" box="[413,673,1910,1936]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Bufo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFF1FFB925F1F8E1FE2EF861" box="[413,468,1910,1935]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Bufo</emphasis>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B2BFFF1FFB92589F8E1FD5BF87E" author="Laurenti" box="[485,673,1910,1936]" pageId="11" pageNumber="42" refString="Laurenti, J. N. (1768) Specimen medicum, exhibens synopsin Reptilium emendatam cum experimentis circa venena et antidota Reptilium austriacorum. Viennae, Joan. Thom. Nob. de Trattnern, i - ii + 1 - 215, pl. 1 - 5." type="book chapter" year="1768">Laurenti (1768)</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
included 13 nominal species, none of which was designated as “ 
<typeStatus id="54CA8878FFF1FFB924CFF80CFF1AF85B" box="[163,224,1947,1973]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">type</typeStatus>
”. Presumably because he did not accept tautonymy, he did not mention anywhere in his book the nominal species 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFF1FFB92533F856FD64F834" authority="Linnaeus, 1758" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[351,670,1984,2010]" class="Amphibia" family="Ranidae" genus="Rana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bufo">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFF1FFB92533F856FE21F834" box="[351,475,1985,2010]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Rana bufo</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B2BFFF1FFB9258FF857FD64F834" author="Linnaeus" box="[483,670,1984,2010]" pageId="11" pageNumber="42" refString="Linnaeus, C. (1758) Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Editio decima, reformata. Tomus I. Holmiae, Laurentii Salvii, [i - iv] + 1 - 824." type="book chapter" year="1758">Linnaeus, 1758</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, but he redescribed this species under the nomen 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFF1FFB9209FF856FA6FF834" box="[1267,1429,1985,2010]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Bufo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="vulgaris">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFF1FFB9209FF856FA6FF834" box="[1267,1429,1985,2010]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Bufo vulgaris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BCE36DAFFF6FFBE24FBFF0FFED1FE32" blockId="12.[151,1437,152,2007]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
Had he mentioned the nomen 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFF6FFBE267DFF0FFD68FF5F" box="[529,658,152,177]" class="Amphibia" family="Ranidae" genus="Rana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bufo">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFF6FFBE267DFF0FFD68FF5F" box="[529,658,152,177]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Rana bufo</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as its senior synonym, this latter nomen would have been the nucleospecies of 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFF6FFBE250BFF2AFDA3FF39" authority="Laurenti, 1768" authorityName="Laurenti" authorityYear="1768" box="[359,601,189,215]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Bufo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFF6FFBE250BFF2AFE5AFF38" box="[359,416,189,214]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Bufo</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B2BFFF6FFBE25CBFF2AFDA3FF39" author="Laurenti" box="[423,601,189,215]" pageId="12" pageNumber="42" refString="Laurenti, J. N. (1768) Specimen medicum, exhibens synopsin Reptilium emendatam cum experimentis circa venena et antidota Reptilium austriacorum. Viennae, Joan. Thom. Nob. de Trattnern, i - ii + 1 - 215, pl. 1 - 5." type="book chapter" year="1768">Laurenti, 1768</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
by absolute tautonymy (Article 68.4 of the 
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFF6FFBE2000FF2AFB51FF38" box="[1132,1195,189,214]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Code</emphasis>
). 
<collectingCountry id="F366764AFFF6FFBE20A9FF2AFB1CFF39" box="[1221,1254,189,215]" name="American Samoa" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">As</collectingCountry>
he did not, the nucleospecies must have been fixed by subsequent designation, and only the 13 species originally listed in this genus are eligible for this designation, which excludes the nominal species 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFF6FFBE2071FE9FFB62FECF" box="[1053,1176,264,289]" class="Amphibia" family="Ranidae" genus="Rana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bufo">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFF6FFBE2071FE9FFB62FECF" box="[1053,1176,264,289]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Rana bufo</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Therefore, 
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B2BFFF6FFBE2140FE9FFED8FEA9" author="Stejneger" pageId="12" pageNumber="45" refString="Stejneger, L. (1936) Types of the amphibian and reptilian genera proposed by Laurenti in 1768. Copeia, 1936 (3), 133 - 141." type="journal article" year="1936">Stejneger (1936: 134)</bibRefCitation>
was in error when he stated that the latter species was the “type-species” of 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFF6FFBE20C3FEBAFA66FEA9" authority="Laurenti, 1768" authorityName="Laurenti" authorityYear="1768" box="[1199,1436,301,327]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Bufo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFF6FFBE20C3FEBAFB1CFEA8" box="[1199,1254,301,326]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Bufo</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B2BFFF6FFBE2082FEBAFA66FEA9" author="Laurenti" box="[1262,1436,301,327]" pageId="12" pageNumber="42" refString="Laurenti, J. N. (1768) Specimen medicum, exhibens synopsin Reptilium emendatam cum experimentis circa venena et antidota Reptilium austriacorum. Viennae, Joan. Thom. Nob. de Trattnern, i - ii + 1 - 215, pl. 1 - 5." type="book chapter" year="1768">Laurenti, 1768</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
by absolute tautonymy simply because 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFF6FFBE260AFEC5FCFFFE85" box="[614,773,338,363]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Bufo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="vulgaris">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFF6FFBE260AFEC5FCFFFE85" box="[614,773,338,363]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Bufo vulgaris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was a synonym of it. This error was first pointed out by 
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B2BFFF6FFBE24FBFEEFFDD0FE7C" author="Leviton" box="[151,554,376,402]" pageId="12" pageNumber="42" refString="Leviton, A. E. &amp; Anderson, S. C. (1970) The amphibians and reptiles of Afghanistan, a checklist and key to the herpetofauna. Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences, (4), 38, 163 - 206." type="journal article" year="1970">Leviton &amp; Anderson (1970: 38)</bibRefCitation>
and recognized as such by Dubois (1984: 14, 19). The nucleospecies designation for this genus must therefore be traced in the literature subsequent to 
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B2BFFF6FFBE2007FE0AFAD0FE59" author="Laurenti" box="[1131,1322,413,439]" pageId="12" pageNumber="42" refString="Laurenti, J. N. (1768) Specimen medicum, exhibens synopsin Reptilium emendatam cum experimentis circa venena et antidota Reptilium austriacorum. Viennae, Joan. Thom. Nob. de Trattnern, i - ii + 1 - 215, pl. 1 - 5." type="book chapter" year="1768">Laurenti (1768)</bibRefCitation>
, which is problematic.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BCE36DAFFF6FFBE24AAFE7FFDACFD52" blockId="12.[151,1437,152,2007]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B2BFFF6FFBE24AAFE7FFE43FDEC" author="Fleming" box="[198,441,488,514]" pageId="12" pageNumber="40" refString="Fleming, J. (1822) The philosophy of zoology, or a general view of the structure, functions and classification of animals. Vol. 2. Edinburgh, Constable, 1 - 618." type="book chapter" year="1822">Fleming (1822: 305)</bibRefCitation>
wrote: “ 
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFF6FFBE264CFE7FFDD0FDC8" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
The common toad (which the ignorant and the prejudiced persecute, though harmless), is the 
<typeStatus id="54CA8878FFF6FFBE250EFD9AFE69FDC8" box="[354,403,525,550]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">type</typeStatus>
of the genus
</emphasis>
.” Unfortunately, 
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B2BFFF6FFBE2695FD9AFC4BFDC9" author="Fleming" box="[761,945,525,551]" pageId="12" pageNumber="40" refString="Fleming, J. (1822) The philosophy of zoology, or a general view of the structure, functions and classification of animals. Vol. 2. Edinburgh, Constable, 1 - 618." type="book chapter" year="1822">Fleming (1822)</bibRefCitation>
used only vernacular nomina in his book and nowhere mentioned the nomen 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFF6FFBE2626FDA5FC57FDA2" authority="Laurenti, 1768" authorityName="Laurenti" authorityYear="1768" box="[586,941,562,588]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Bufo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="vulgaris">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFF6FFBE2626FDA5FD14FDA5" box="[586,750,562,587]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Bufo vulgaris</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B2BFFF6FFBE269BFDA5FC57FDA2" author="Laurenti" box="[759,941,562,588]" pageId="12" pageNumber="42" refString="Laurenti, J. N. (1768) Specimen medicum, exhibens synopsin Reptilium emendatam cum experimentis circa venena et antidota Reptilium austriacorum. Viennae, Joan. Thom. Nob. de Trattnern, i - ii + 1 - 215, pl. 1 - 5." type="book chapter" year="1768">Laurenti, 1768</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
. Throughout his work, he referred to the book of 
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B2BFFF6FFBE2495FDCFFE4AFD9C" author="Pennant" box="[249,432,600,626]" pageId="12" pageNumber="43" refString="Pennant, T. (1769) British zoology. Vol. 3. London, Chester, i - xii + 1 - 358, pl. 1 - 17." type="book chapter" year="1769">Pennant (1769)</bibRefCitation>
, who mentioned Latin nomina, but used for this species the nomen 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFF6FFBE20A0FDCFFABFFD9F" box="[1228,1349,600,625]" class="Amphibia" family="Ranidae" genus="Rana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bufo">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFF6FFBE20A0FDCFFABFFD9F" box="[1228,1349,600,625]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Rana bufo</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, which is not eligible for nucleospecies fixation of 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFF6FFBE26DBFDEAFC4EFD79" authority="Laurenti, 1768" authorityName="Laurenti" authorityYear="1768" box="[695,948,637,663]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Bufo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFF6FFBE26DBFDEAFD0BFD78" box="[695,753,637,662]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Bufo</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B2BFFF6FFBE2696FDEAFC4EFD79" author="Laurenti" box="[762,948,637,663]" pageId="12" pageNumber="42" refString="Laurenti, J. N. (1768) Specimen medicum, exhibens synopsin Reptilium emendatam cum experimentis circa venena et antidota Reptilium austriacorum. Viennae, Joan. Thom. Nob. de Trattnern, i - ii + 1 - 215, pl. 1 - 5." type="book chapter" year="1768">Laurenti, 1768</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
. For these reasons, 
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B2BFFF6FFBE20C6FDEAFA67FD79" author="Dubois" box="[1194,1437,637,663]" pageId="12" pageNumber="38" refString="Dubois, A. (1992) Notes sur la classification des Ranidae (Amphibiens, Anoures). Bulletin mensuel de la Societe linneenne de Lyon, 61 (10), 305 - 352." type="journal article" year="1992">Dubois (1992: 342)</bibRefCitation>
considered this designation as invalid.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BCE36DAFFF6FFBE24AAFD5FFC2EFA6C" blockId="12.[151,1437,152,2007]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
The next author to consider here is 
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B2BFFF6FFBE26EEFD5FFC96FD0C" author="Tschudi" box="[642,876,712,738]" pageId="12" pageNumber="46" refString="Tschudi, J. J. von (1838) Classification der Batrachier, mit Berucksichtigung der fossilen Thiere dieser Abtheilung der Reptilien. Neuchatel, Petitpierre, i - ii + 1 - 98, pl. 1 - 6." type="book chapter" year="1838">Tschudi (1838: 50)</bibRefCitation>
, who wrote: “ 
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFF6FFBE2072FD5FFB61FD0F" box="[1054,1179,712,737]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Von ältern</emphasis>
[sic] 
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFF6FFBE208BFD5FFEF4FCE8" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Naturforschern immer mit</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFF6FFBE2579FD7AFEABFCE9" box="[277,337,749,775]" class="Amphibia" family="Ranidae" genus="Rana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Rana</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFF6FFBE2535FD7AFCD8FCE8" box="[345,802,749,774]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">verbunden, trennte Laurenti das Genus</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFF6FFBE2745FD7AFC9EFCE9" box="[809,868,749,775]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Bufo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Bufo</taxonomicName>
, 
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFF6FFBE271FFD7AFB75FCE8" box="[883,1167,749,774]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
dessen 
<typeStatus id="54CA8878FFF6FFBE27A4FD7AFBF6FCE8" box="[968,1036,749,774]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Typus</typeStatus>
in Europa,
</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFF6FFBE20FAFD7AFACCFCE9" box="[1174,1334,749,775]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Bufo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="vulgaris">Bufo vulgaris</taxonomicName>
, 
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFF6FFBE2129FD7AFBD3FCC5" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
auch in 
<collectingCountry id="F366764AFFF6FFBE24FBFC85FF25FCC5" box="[151,223,786,811]" name="Japan" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Japan</collectingCountry>
vorkömmt, und von der europäischen nur in der Schädelform abweicht
</emphasis>
” [“Still referred to 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFF6FFBE2162FC85FAB6FCC5" box="[1294,1356,786,811]" class="Amphibia" family="Ranidae" genus="Rana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFF6FFBE2162FC85FAB6FCC5" box="[1294,1356,786,811]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Rana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by the older naturalists, it is Laurenti who separated the genus 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFF6FFBE2755FCAFFC8BFCBF" box="[825,881,824,849]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Bufo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFF6FFBE2755FCAFFC8BFCBF" box="[825,881,824,849]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Bufo</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, whose 
<typeStatus id="54CA8878FFF6FFBE27BAFCAFFBF3FCBC" box="[982,1033,824,850]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">type</typeStatus>
in Europe 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFF6FFBE20E3FCAFFAC8FCBF" box="[1167,1330,824,849]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Bufo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="vulgaris">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFF6FFBE20E3FCAFFAC8FCBF" box="[1167,1330,824,849]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Bufo vulgaris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is found also in 
<collectingCountry id="F366764AFFF6FFBE2487FCCAFECBFC99" box="[235,305,861,887]" name="Japan" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Japan</collectingCountry>
, and which differs from the European only by the shape of the skull”]. The mention of a “ 
<typeStatus id="54CA8878FFF6FFBE2125FCCAFA84FC99" box="[1353,1406,861,887]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">type</typeStatus>
in Europe” cannot qualify as a valid nucleospecies designation under the 
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFF6FFBE2070FC15FBA4FC75" box="[1052,1118,898,923]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Code</emphasis>
, which states: “ 
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFF6FFBE2140FC15FB3DFC08" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
The term ‘designation’ in relation to fixation of a 
<typeStatus id="54CA8878FFF6FFBE26E8FC3FFD4CFC2F" box="[644,694,936,961]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">type</typeStatus>
species (…) must be rigidly construed; the following are not designations under the Code: (…) 67.5.3. one made in an ambiguous or conditional manner
</emphasis>
” (Article 67.5). A nucleospecies for a genus only makes sense if it applies fully to the whole genus. It cannot be restrictive. It is not acceptable to have a single genus with several nucleospecies, one in Europe, one in Africa, one in 
<collectingCountry id="F366764AFFF6FFBE24FBFBAAFF05FBB9" box="[151,255,1085,1111]" name="United States of America" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">America</collectingCountry>
, or one in ponds, one in rivers, or one in spring, one in summer, etc. A survey of the whole volume of 
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B2BFFF6FFBE24FBFBF5FEA9FB92" author="Tschudi" box="[151,339,1122,1148]" pageId="12" pageNumber="46" refString="Tschudi, J. J. von (1838) Classification der Batrachier, mit Berucksichtigung der fossilen Thiere dieser Abtheilung der Reptilien. Neuchatel, Petitpierre, i - ii + 1 - 98, pl. 1 - 6." type="book chapter" year="1838">Tschudi (1838)</bibRefCitation>
shows that the term “ 
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFF6FFBE260AFBF4FD57FB92" box="[614,685,1123,1148]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
<typeStatus id="54CA8878FFF6FFBE260AFBF4FD57FB92" box="[614,685,1123,1148]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Typus</typeStatus>
</emphasis>
” does not appear anywhere else than in the sentence above, suggesting that his author did not have a concept of “type-species”. In our opinion, “ 
<typeStatus id="54CA8878FFF6FFBE2019FB1FFB50FB4C" box="[1141,1194,1160,1186]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">type</typeStatus>
in Europe” does not refer to the concept of “type-species” of a genus, but means “typical form among the European species”, leaving open the possibility that other species may be considered “typical” of the genus in other parts of the world. Tschudi’s (1838) statement is unclear and ambiguous, and as such does not qualify as a valid nucleospecies designation. Nevertheless, it has been accepted as valid by a few authors (
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B2BFFF6FFBE20B1FA8AFA93FAD9" author="Frost" box="[1245,1385,1309,1335]" pageId="12" pageNumber="40" refString="Frost, D. R. (1985) Amphibian species of the world. A taxonomic and geographical reference. Lawrence, Kansas, USA, Allen Press, Inc. &amp; The Association of Systematics Collections, i - v + 1 - 732." type="book chapter" year="1985">Frost 1985</bibRefCitation>
: 34; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B2BFFF6FFBE24FBFAD5FEC8FAB2" author="Dubois" box="[151,306,1346,1372]" pageId="12" pageNumber="38" refString="Dubois, A. (1992) Notes sur la classification des Ranidae (Amphibiens, Anoures). Bulletin mensuel de la Societe linneenne de Lyon, 61 (10), 305 - 352." type="journal article" year="1992">Dubois 1992</bibRefCitation>
: 342). The reason why they did so is that if this was not accepted as valid, one had to accept the next designation, which is formally correct but raises another problem.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BCE36DAFFF6FFBE24AAFA1AFB03F919" blockId="12.[151,1437,152,2007]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
<collectingCountry id="F366764AFFF6FFBE24AAFA1AFF1DFA49" box="[198,231,1421,1447]" name="American Samoa" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">As</collectingCountry>
a matter of fact, in a work which contains hundreds of valid formal nucleospecies designations (using the term “ 
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFF6FFBE257DFA24FEADFA22" box="[273,343,1459,1484]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
<typeStatus id="54CA8878FFF6FFBE257DFA24FEADFA22" box="[273,343,1459,1484]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Typus</typeStatus>
</emphasis>
”) for new or older generic nomina, 
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B2BFFF6FFBE277DFA25FBFCFA22" author="Fitzinger" box="[785,1030,1458,1484]" pageId="12" pageNumber="40" refString="Fitzinger, L. J. F. J. (1843) Systema Reptilium. Fasciculus primus. Amblyglossae. Vindobonae, Braumuller &amp; Seidel, 1 - 106 + i - ix." type="book chapter" year="1843">Fitzinger (1843: 32)</bibRefCitation>
designated 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFF6FFBE20F4FA24FADCFA22" box="[1176,1318,1459,1484]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Bufo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="viridis">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFF6FFBE20F4FA24FADCFA22" box="[1176,1318,1459,1484]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Bufo viridis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as “typespecies” of 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFF6FFBE254CFA4FFEADFA1F" box="[288,343,1496,1521]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Bufo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFF6FFBE254CFA4FFEADFA1F" box="[288,343,1496,1521]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Bufo</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. 
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B2BFFF6FFBE250AFA4FFDDCFA1C" author="Fitzinger" box="[358,550,1496,1522]" pageId="12" pageNumber="40" refString="Fitzinger, L. J. F. J. (1843) Systema Reptilium. Fasciculus primus. Amblyglossae. Vindobonae, Braumuller &amp; Seidel, 1 - 106 + i - ix." type="book chapter" year="1843">Fitzinger (1843)</bibRefCitation>
was one of the first authors (after Oken 1816) to place the nominal species 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFF6FFBE24FBFA6AFED6F9F8" box="[151,300,1533,1558]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Bufo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="viridis">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFF6FFBE24FBFA6AFED6F9F8" box="[151,300,1533,1558]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Bufo viridis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFF6FFBE2507FA6AFDECF9F8" box="[363,534,1533,1558]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Bufo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="vulgaris">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFF6FFBE2507FA6AFDECF9F8" box="[363,534,1533,1558]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Bufo vulgaris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in different genera, restraining the use of the nomen 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFF6FFBE20D3FA6AFB00F9F8" box="[1215,1274,1533,1558]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Bufo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFF6FFBE20D3FA6AFB00F9F8" box="[1215,1274,1533,1558]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Bufo</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
to the group containing the former and using Oken’s (1816) nomen 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFF6FFBE2748F9B4FC83F9D2" box="[804,889,1571,1596]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Phryne" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFF6FFBE2748F9B4FC83F9D2" box="[804,889,1571,1596]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Phryne</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
for the group including the latter. The species 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFF6FFBE24FBF9DFFEDAF98F" box="[151,288,1608,1633]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Bufo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="viridis">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFF6FFBE24FBF9DFFEDAF98F" box="[151,288,1608,1633]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Bufo viridis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
being part of those originally included by 
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B2BFFF6FFBE2779F9DFFC34F98C" author="Laurenti" box="[789,974,1608,1634]" pageId="12" pageNumber="42" refString="Laurenti, J. N. (1768) Specimen medicum, exhibens synopsin Reptilium emendatam cum experimentis circa venena et antidota Reptilium austriacorum. Viennae, Joan. Thom. Nob. de Trattnern, i - ii + 1 - 215, pl. 1 - 5." type="book chapter" year="1768">Laurenti (1768)</bibRefCitation>
in his new genus 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFF6FFBE20CDF9DFFB22F98F" box="[1185,1240,1608,1633]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Bufo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFF6FFBE20CDF9DFFB22F98F" box="[1185,1240,1608,1633]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Bufo</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, it is eligible for nucleospecies fixation in this genus, as accepted by 
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B2BFFF6FFBE2765F9FAFB7DF969" author="Leviton" box="[777,1159,1645,1671]" pageId="12" pageNumber="42" refString="Leviton, A. E. &amp; Anderson, S. C. (1970) The amphibians and reptiles of Afghanistan, a checklist and key to the herpetofauna. Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences, (4), 38, 163 - 206." type="journal article" year="1970">Leviton &amp; Anderson (1970: 38)</bibRefCitation>
and Dubois (1984: 14, 19), although not by 
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B2BFFF6FFBE25E1F905FDAEF942" author="Mertens" box="[397,596,1682,1708]" pageId="12" pageNumber="43" refString="Mertens, R. (1971 b) Die Typisierung der Krotengattung Bufo. Senckenbergiana biologica, 52 (6), 425 - 427." type="journal article" year="1971" yearSuffix="b">
Mertens (1971 
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFF6FFBE2655F904FDB2F942" box="[569,584,1683,1708]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">b</emphasis>
)
</bibRefCitation>
. For 163 years, this designation did not create any problem, as both the species 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFF6FFBE2494F92FFDC4F93C" authority="Linnaeus, 1758" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[248,574,1720,1746]" class="Amphibia" family="Ranidae" genus="Rana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bufo">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFF6FFBE2494F92FFE82F93F" box="[248,376,1720,1745]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Rana bufo</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B2BFFF6FFBE25ECF92FFDC4F93C" author="Linnaeus" box="[384,574,1720,1746]" pageId="12" pageNumber="42" refString="Linnaeus, C. (1758) Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Editio decima, reformata. Tomus I. Holmiae, Laurentii Salvii, [i - iv] + 1 - 824." type="book chapter" year="1758">Linnaeus, 1758</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFF6FFBE2617F92FFC31F93C" authority="Laurenti, 1768" authorityName="Laurenti" authorityYear="1768" box="[635,971,1720,1746]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Bufo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="viridis">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFF6FFBE2617F92FFCF7F93F" box="[635,781,1720,1745]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Bufo viridis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B2BFFF6FFBE2779F92FFC31F93C" author="Laurenti" box="[789,971,1720,1746]" pageId="12" pageNumber="42" refString="Laurenti, J. N. (1768) Specimen medicum, exhibens synopsin Reptilium emendatam cum experimentis circa venena et antidota Reptilium austriacorum. Viennae, Joan. Thom. Nob. de Trattnern, i - ii + 1 - 215, pl. 1 - 5." type="book chapter" year="1768">Laurenti, 1768</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
were referred to a single genus 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFF6FFBE2137F92FFA6FF93F" box="[1371,1429,1720,1745]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Bufo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFF6FFBE2137F92FFA6FF93F" box="[1371,1429,1720,1745]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Bufo</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, without subgenera. But this situation changed with the publication of 
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B2BFFF6FFBE27ABF94AFB54F919" box="[967,1198,1757,1783]" pageId="12" pageNumber="40" refString="Frost D. R., Grant, T., Faivovich, J., Bazin, R. H., Haas, A., Haddad, C. F. B., de Sa, R. O., Channing, A., Wilkinson, M., Donnellan, S. C., Raxworthy, C. J., Campbell, J. A., Blotto, B. L., Moler, P., Drewes, R. C., Nussbaum, R. A., Lynch, J. D., Green, D. M. &amp; Wheeler, W. C. (2006) The amphibian tree of life. Bulletin of the American Museum of natural History, 297, 1 - 370." type="journal article">
Frost 
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFF6FFBE2067F94AFBBFF918" box="[1035,1093,1757,1782]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">et al.</emphasis>
’s (2006)
</bibRefCitation>
work.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BCE36DAFFF6FFBF24AAF895FD70FEA9" blockId="12.[151,1437,152,2007]" lastBlockId="13.[151,1437,152,2007]" lastPageId="13" lastPageNumber="14" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
From 
<date id="FFCF101AFFF6FFBE2579F895FE38F8F2" box="[277,450,1794,1820]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" value="1768" valueMax="2006">1768 to 2006</date>
, the genus 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFF6FFBE2637F894FD69F8F2" box="[603,659,1795,1820]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Bufo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFF6FFBE2637F894FD69F8F2" box="[603,659,1795,1820]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Bufo</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has been considered a world-distributed genus of the family 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFF6FFBE24FBF8BFFE51F8AC" authority="Gray, 1825" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1825" box="[151,427,1832,1858]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFF6FFBE24FBF8BFFEE4F8AF" box="[151,286,1832,1857]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">BUFONIDAE</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B2BFFF6FFBE254AF8BFFE51F8AC" author="Gray" box="[294,427,1832,1858]" pageId="12" pageNumber="41" refString="Gray, J. E. (1825) A synopsis of the genera of Reptiles and Amphibia, with a description of some new species. Annals of Philosophy, (2), 10, 193 - 217." type="journal article" year="1825">Gray, 1825</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, with about 250 species (
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B2BFFF6FFBE26B9F8BFFC86F8AF" author="Dubois" box="[725,892,1832,1858]" pageId="12" pageNumber="38" refString="Dubois, A. (2004 b) Developmental pathway, speciation and supraspecific taxonomy in amphibians. 1. Why are there so many frog species in Sri Lanka? Alytes, 22 (1 - 2), 19 - 37." type="journal article" year="2004" yearSuffix="b">
Dubois 2004 
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFF6FFBE2702F8BFFC86F8AF" box="[878,892,1832,1857]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">b</emphasis>
</bibRefCitation>
). This genus, although long known to include various subunits or “species groups” (
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B2BFFF6FFBE2608F8DAFD11F889" author="Blair" box="[612,747,1869,1895]" pageId="12" pageNumber="36" refString="Blair, W. F., (Ed.) (1972) Evolution in the genus Bufo. Austin &amp; London, Univ. Texas Press, i - viii + 1 - 459, pl. 1 - 6." type="book chapter" year="1972">Blair 1972</bibRefCitation>
), had only very rarely been divided into formally named subgenera, let alone split into several taxa. 
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B2BFFF6FFBE26CAF8E5FC7CF862" box="[678,902,1906,1932]" pageId="12" pageNumber="40" refString="Frost D. R., Grant, T., Faivovich, J., Bazin, R. H., Haas, A., Haddad, C. F. B., de Sa, R. O., Channing, A., Wilkinson, M., Donnellan, S. C., Raxworthy, C. J., Campbell, J. A., Blotto, B. L., Moler, P., Drewes, R. C., Nussbaum, R. A., Lynch, J. D., Green, D. M. &amp; Wheeler, W. C. (2006) The amphibian tree of life. Bulletin of the American Museum of natural History, 297, 1 - 370." type="journal article">
Frost 
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFF6FFBE2680F8E4FCD0F862" box="[748,810,1907,1932]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">et al.</emphasis>
(2006)
</bibRefCitation>
, on the basis of preliminary molecular data, decided to split this genus into no less than 14 genera, while leaving 27 species unallocated to genera. Given the highly incomplete coverage of their taxonomic sampling and the preliminary nature of their molecular data, this action appeared premature to some (e.g., 
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B2BFFF7FFBF269FFF0FFC76FF5C" author="Vences" box="[755,908,152,178]" pageId="13" pageNumber="46" refString="Vences, M. (2007) The Amphibian Tree of Life: Ideologie, Chaos oder biologische Realitat? Zeitschrift fur Feldherpetologie, 14, 153 - 162." type="journal article" year="2007">Vences 2007</bibRefCitation>
; Lescure 2008; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B2BFFF7FFBF2025FF0FFAEDFF5C" author="Pauly" box="[1097,1303,152,178]" pageId="13" pageNumber="43" refString="Pauly, G. B., Hillis, D. M. &amp; Cannatella, D. C. (2009) Taxonomic freedom and the role of official lists of species names. Herpetologica, 65 (2), 115 - 128." type="journal article" year="2009">
Pauly 
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFF7FFBF20F8FF0FFB2AFF5F" box="[1172,1232,152,177]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">et al.</emphasis>
2009
</bibRefCitation>
), inasmuch as some of these species had been known for about 200 years or more under the generic nomen 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFF7FFBF2136FF2AFA6FFF38" box="[1370,1429,189,214]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Bufo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFF7FFBF2136FF2AFA6FFF38" box="[1370,1429,189,214]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Bufo</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. However, this reason alone is not sufficient to reject this proposal: taxonomy is a science in permanent progress, and it is normal to implement changes in the nomina of taxa when new data are obtained (
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B2BFFF7FFBF2129FE9FFF2CFEA9" author="Dubois" pageId="13" pageNumber="38" refString="Dubois, A. (1998) List of European species of amphibians and reptiles: will we soon be reaching &quot; stability &quot;? Amphibia- Reptilia, 19 (1), 1 - 28." type="journal article" year="1998">Dubois 1998</bibRefCitation>
). But this must be done with caution.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BCE36DAFFF7FFBF24AAFEC5FAACFD0C" blockId="13.[151,1437,152,2007]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
Changing the generic allocation of well-known species may of course be fully justified if based on robust phylogenetic and solid biological information, but is premature if there is a strong possibility that a reversal to the original situation might result from further analyses. This indeed happened in the case of 
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B2BFFF7FFBF2168FE0AFF1FFE32" pageId="13" pageNumber="40" refString="Frost D. R., Grant, T., Faivovich, J., Bazin, R. H., Haas, A., Haddad, C. F. B., de Sa, R. O., Channing, A., Wilkinson, M., Donnellan, S. C., Raxworthy, C. J., Campbell, J. A., Blotto, B. L., Moler, P., Drewes, R. C., Nussbaum, R. A., Lynch, J. D., Green, D. M. &amp; Wheeler, W. C. (2006) The amphibian tree of life. Bulletin of the American Museum of natural History, 297, 1 - 370." type="journal article">
Frost 
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFF7FFBF2127FE0AFA72FE58" box="[1355,1416,413,438]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">et al.</emphasis>
’s (2006)
</bibRefCitation>
work, as emphasized by the quasi-immediate lumping by 
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B2BFFF7FFBF27E1FE55FB75FE32" box="[909,1167,450,476]" pageId="13" pageNumber="37" refString="Chaparro, J. C., Pramuk, J. B. &amp; Gluesenkamp, A. G. (2007) A new species of arboreal Rhinella (Anura: Bufonidae) from cloud forest of southeastern Peru. Herpetologica, 63 (2), 203 - 212." type="journal article">
Chaparro 
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFF7FFBF206DFE55FBC1FE35" box="[1025,1083,450,475]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">et al.</emphasis>
(2007)
</bibRefCitation>
of 
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B2BFFF7FFBF20DAFE55FA66FE32" box="[1206,1436,450,476]" pageId="13" pageNumber="40" refString="Frost D. R., Grant, T., Faivovich, J., Bazin, R. H., Haas, A., Haddad, C. F. B., de Sa, R. O., Channing, A., Wilkinson, M., Donnellan, S. C., Raxworthy, C. J., Campbell, J. A., Blotto, B. L., Moler, P., Drewes, R. C., Nussbaum, R. A., Lynch, J. D., Green, D. M. &amp; Wheeler, W. C. (2006) The amphibian tree of life. Bulletin of the American Museum of natural History, 297, 1 - 370." type="journal article">
Frost 
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFF7FFBF2095FE55FAD6FE35" box="[1273,1324,450,475]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">et al</emphasis>
.’s (2006)
</bibRefCitation>
bufonid genera 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFF7FFBF253CFE7FFDA5FDEC" authority="Wagler, 1828" authorityName="Wagler" authorityYear="1828" box="[336,607,488,514]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Chaunus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFF7FFBF253CFE7FFE42FDEF" box="[336,440,488,513]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Chaunus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B2BFFF7FFBF25ACFE7FFDA5FDEC" author="Wagler" box="[448,607,488,514]" pageId="13" pageNumber="46" refString="Wagler, J. (1828) Aufzuge aus seinem Systema Amphibiorum. Isis von Oken, 21 (7), 740 - 744." type="journal article" year="1828">Wagler, 1828</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFF7FFBF2607FE7FFC3EFDEC" authority="Trueb, 1971" authorityName="Trueb" authorityYear="1971" box="[619,964,488,514]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhamphophryne" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFF7FFBF2607FE7FFCD7FDEF" box="[619,813,488,513]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Rhamphophryne</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B2BFFF7FFBF2759FE7FFC3EFDEC" author="Trueb" box="[821,964,488,514]" pageId="13" pageNumber="46" refString="Trueb, L. (1971) Phylogenetic relationships of certain neotropical toads with the description of a new genus (Anura: Bufonidae). Los Angeles County Museum Contributions in Science, 213, 1 - 40." type="journal article" year="1971">Trueb, 1971</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFF7FFBF2791FE7FFAE1FDEC" authority="Fitzinger, 1826" authorityName="Fitzinger" authorityYear="1826" box="[1021,1307,488,514]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFF7FFBF2791FE7FFB9BFDEF" box="[1021,1121,488,513]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Rhinella</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B2BFFF7FFBF2004FE7FFAE1FDEC" author="Fitzinger" box="[1128,1307,488,514]" pageId="13" pageNumber="40" refString="Fitzinger, L. I. (1826) Neue Classification der Reptilien. Wien, Heubner, i - viii + 1 - 66, 1 tab." type="book chapter" year="1826">
Fitzinger, 
<quantity id="4C899B3FFFF7FFBF208CFE7FFAE1FDEC" box="[1248,1307,488,514]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.638039999999999" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" unit="in" value="1826.0">1826</quantity>
</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
in a single genus 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFF7FFBF2488FD9AFEB2FDC8" box="[228,328,525,550]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFF7FFBF2488FD9AFEB2FDC8" box="[228,328,525,550]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Rhinella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
: in this case, some of the many new combinations in the genus 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFF7FFBF202FFD9AFB56FDC8" box="[1091,1196,525,550]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Chaunus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFF7FFBF202FFD9AFB56FDC8" box="[1091,1196,525,550]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Chaunus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
listed in 
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B2BFFF7FFBF2177FD9AFF19FDA2" author="Frost" pageId="13" pageNumber="40" refString="Frost D. R., Grant, T., Faivovich, J., Bazin, R. H., Haas, A., Haddad, C. F. B., de Sa, R. O., Channing, A., Wilkinson, M., Donnellan, S. C., Raxworthy, C. J., Campbell, J. A., Blotto, B. L., Moler, P., Drewes, R. C., Nussbaum, R. A., Lynch, J. D., Green, D. M. &amp; Wheeler, W. C. (2006) The amphibian tree of life. Bulletin of the American Museum of natural History, 297, 1 - 370." type="journal article" year="2006">
Frost 
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFF7FFBF210CFD9AFA66FDC8" box="[1376,1436,525,550]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">et al.</emphasis>
(2006
</bibRefCitation>
: 364) had a life span of one year only. Other instabilities resulted from an incomplete or incorrect nomenclatural survey prior to creating new combinations, as exemplified by the saga of the generic nomina 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFF7FFBF24FBFDEAFE58FD79" authority="Cope, 1876" authorityName="Cope" authorityYear="1876" box="[151,418,637,663]" class="Gastropoda" family="Fissurellidae" genus="Cranopsis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepetellida" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFF7FFBF24FBFDEAFEEAFD78" box="[151,272,637,662]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Cranopsis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B2BFFF7FFBF257BFDEAFE58FD79" author="Cope" box="[279,418,637,663]" pageId="13" pageNumber="37" refString="Cope, E. D. (1876) On the Batrachia and Reptilia of Costa Rica. Journal of the Academy of natural Sciences of Philadelphia, (2), 8, 93 - 154." type="journal article" year="1876">Cope, 1876</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFF7FFBF25C2FDEAFD74FD79" authority="Cope, 1876" authorityName="Cope" authorityYear="1876" box="[430,654,637,663]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Ollotis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFF7FFBF25C2FDEAFE04FD78" box="[430,510,637,662]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Ollotis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B2BFFF7FFBF266AFDEAFD74FD79" author="Cope" box="[518,654,637,663]" pageId="13" pageNumber="37" refString="Cope, E. D. (1876) On the Batrachia and Reptilia of Costa Rica. Journal of the Academy of natural Sciences of Philadelphia, (2), 8, 93 - 154." type="journal article" year="1876">Cope, 1876</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFF7FFBF26A4FDEAFC49FD79" authority="Cope, 1863" authorityName="Cope" authorityYear="1863" box="[712,947,637,663]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Incilius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFF7FFBF26A4FDEAFCDAFD78" box="[712,800,637,662]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Incilius</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B2BFFF7FFBF2744FDEAFC49FD79" author="Cope" box="[808,947,637,663]" pageId="13" pageNumber="37" refString="Cope, E. D. (1863) On Trachycephalus, Scaphiopus and other American Batrachia. Proceedings of the Academy of natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 15, 43 - 54." type="journal article" year="1863">Cope, 1863</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, all used successively for the same genus in no more than 3 years by the same research team (see 
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B2BFFF7FFBF274EFD35FC0DFD55" author="Frost" box="[802,1015,674,700]" pageId="13" pageNumber="40" refString="Frost, D. F., McDiarmid, R. W. &amp; Mendelson, J. R., III (2009 a) Further notes on the nomenclature of Middle American toads (Bufonidae). Copeia, 2009 (2), 418." type="journal article" year="2009" yearSuffix="a">
Frost 
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFF7FFBF2709FD35FC65FD55" box="[869,927,674,699]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">et al.</emphasis>
, 2009 
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFF7FFBF2784FD35FC0DFD55" box="[1000,1015,674,699]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">a</emphasis>
</bibRefCitation>
). But other, more serious, problems are also met if 
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B2BFFF7FFBF2529FD5FFDD6FD0C" box="[325,556,712,738]" pageId="13" pageNumber="40" refString="Frost D. R., Grant, T., Faivovich, J., Bazin, R. H., Haas, A., Haddad, C. F. B., de Sa, R. O., Channing, A., Wilkinson, M., Donnellan, S. C., Raxworthy, C. J., Campbell, J. A., Blotto, B. L., Moler, P., Drewes, R. C., Nussbaum, R. A., Lynch, J. D., Green, D. M. &amp; Wheeler, W. C. (2006) The amphibian tree of life. Bulletin of the American Museum of natural History, 297, 1 - 370." type="journal article">
Frost 
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFF7FFBF25E4FD5FFE46FD0F" box="[392,444,712,737]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">et al</emphasis>
.’s (2006)
</bibRefCitation>
purely “cladistic” generic concept is considered, as discussed below.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BCE36DAFFF7FFBF24AAFD7AFE0AFBB9" blockId="13.[151,1437,152,2007]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
There are many reasons why cladistic trees should be considered with caution when it comes to using them to build supraspecific taxonomies. 
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B2BFFF7FFBF261AFC85FC10FCC2" author="Dubois" box="[630,1002,786,812]" pageId="13" pageNumber="39" refString="Dubois, A. &amp; Raffaelli, J. (2009) A new ergotaxonomy of the family Salamandridae Goldfuss, 1820 (Amphibia, Urodela). Alytes, 26 (1 - 4), 1 - 85." type="journal article" year="2009">Dubois &amp; Raffaëlli (2009: 8–9)</bibRefCitation>
listed some of them, and 
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B2BFFF7FFBF2170FC85FF11FCBF" author="Frost" pageId="13" pageNumber="40" refString="Frost, D. F., McDiarmid, R. W. &amp; Mendelson, J. R., III (2009 b) Response to the Point of view of Gregory B. Pauly, David M. Hillis, and David C. Cannatella, by the Anuran Subcommittee of the SSAR / HL / ASIH Scientific and Standard English Names List. Herpetologica, 65 (2), 136 - 153." type="journal article" year="2009" yearSuffix="b">
Frost 
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFF7FFBF210CFC85FA61FCC5" box="[1376,1435,786,811]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">et al.</emphasis>
(2009 
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFF7FFBF24B0FCAFFF11FCBF" box="[220,235,824,849]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">b</emphasis>
</bibRefCitation>
: 141) stressed another one, the incompleteness of our inventory of species, a problem which will not be solved soon (
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B2BFFF7FFBF2533FCCAFD95FC99" author="Gonzalez-Oreja" box="[351,623,861,887]" pageId="13" pageNumber="41" refString="Gonzalez-Oreja, J. A. (2008) The Encyclopedia of Life vs. The Brochure of Life: exploring the relationships between the extinction of species and the inventory of life on earth. Zootaxa, 1965, 61 - 68." type="journal article" year="2008">Gónzalez-Oreja 2008</bibRefCitation>
). This 
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFF7FFBF26AFFCCAFC82FC98" box="[707,888,861,886]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">taxonomic gap</emphasis>
(Dubois 2010 
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFF7FFBF2046FCCAFBABFC98" box="[1066,1105,861,886]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">b-c</emphasis>
) is particularly relevant in amphibians: “ 
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFF7FFBF2556FC15FB05FC75" box="[314,1279,898,923]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">in the 1970’s (…) the number of species known was less that half that known today</emphasis>
” (
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B2BFFF7FFBF2170FC15FF1BFC2F" author="Frost" pageId="13" pageNumber="40" refString="Frost, D. F., McDiarmid, R. W. &amp; Mendelson, J. R., III (2009 b) Response to the Point of view of Gregory B. Pauly, David M. Hillis, and David C. Cannatella, by the Anuran Subcommittee of the SSAR / HL / ASIH Scientific and Standard English Names List. Herpetologica, 65 (2), 136 - 153." type="journal article" year="2009" yearSuffix="b">
Frost 
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFF7FFBF210DFC15FA66FC75" box="[1377,1436,898,923]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">et al.</emphasis>
2009 
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFF7FFBF24BEFC3FFF1BFC2F" box="[210,225,936,961]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">b</emphasis>
</bibRefCitation>
: 141). For these reasons, when basing a taxonomy on a tree, 
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B2BFFF7FFBF27AFFC3FFAE4FC2C" author="Dubois" box="[963,1310,936,962]" pageId="13" pageNumber="39" refString="Dubois, A. &amp; Raffaelli, J. (2009) A new ergotaxonomy of the family Salamandridae Goldfuss, 1820 (Amphibia, Urodela). Alytes, 26 (1 - 4), 1 - 85." type="journal article" year="2009">Dubois &amp; Raffaëlli (2009: 9)</bibRefCitation>
suggested “ 
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFF7FFBF24C8FC5AFD64FBE5" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">recognizing taxonomically all the robust specific clusters, but some only of the nodes of the trees obtained, those that appear constant in all analyses</emphasis>
”. This is particularly relevant if these different analyses used different sets of characters and different methods of analyses for the building of the trees, and if the support values for the nodes are high.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BCE36DAFFF7FFBF24AAFBF5FC76FA6C" blockId="13.[151,1437,152,2007]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
Furthermore, even if some of the taxa erected after their analysis appear warranted in view of the data presented, a basic question arises concerning the “genus concept” used by 
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B2BFFF7FFBF2062FB1FFB10FB4C" box="[1038,1258,1160,1186]" pageId="13" pageNumber="40" refString="Frost D. R., Grant, T., Faivovich, J., Bazin, R. H., Haas, A., Haddad, C. F. B., de Sa, R. O., Channing, A., Wilkinson, M., Donnellan, S. C., Raxworthy, C. J., Campbell, J. A., Blotto, B. L., Moler, P., Drewes, R. C., Nussbaum, R. A., Lynch, J. D., Green, D. M. &amp; Wheeler, W. C. (2006) The amphibian tree of life. Bulletin of the American Museum of natural History, 297, 1 - 370." type="journal article">
Frost 
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFF7FFBF203FFB1FFB75FB4F" box="[1107,1167,1160,1185]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">et al.</emphasis>
(2006)
</bibRefCitation>
. Not all sets of species supposed or shown to be holophyletic (monophyletic 
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFF7FFBF2717FB3AFC44FB28" box="[891,958,1197,1222]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">sensu</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B2BFFF7FFBF27AAFB3AFB99FB29" author="Hennig" box="[966,1123,1197,1223]" pageId="13" pageNumber="41" refString="Hennig, W. (1950) Grundzuge einer Theorie der phylogenetischen Systematik. Deutscher Zentralverlag, Berlin, i - vii + 1 - 370." type="book chapter" year="1950">Hennig 1950</bibRefCitation>
) should be given the rank genus, otherwise any two pair of sister-species should be given the rank genus, adding a third external species would require erecting a new genus for it, etc. 
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFF7FFBF26B8FB6FFA6FFAFF" box="[724,1429,1272,1297]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">The topology of a tree alone does not provide a taxonomy</emphasis>
. Some criteria, or at least guidelines, are needed to decide which “clades” should be given the rank genus instead of species-group, subgenus, subtribe, tribe, subfamily, etc. This problem is complex (
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B2BFFF7FFBF2086FAD5FA6EFAB2" author="Dubois" box="[1258,1428,1346,1372]" pageId="13" pageNumber="39" refString="Dubois, A. (2007 b) Naming taxa from cladograms: some confusions, misleading statements, and necessary clarifications. Cladistics, 23, 390 - 402." type="journal article" year="2007" yearSuffix="b">
Dubois 2007 
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFF7FFBF21E9FAD4FA6EFAB2" box="[1413,1428,1347,1372]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">b</emphasis>
</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B2BFFF7FFBF24FBFAFFFE40FA6C" author="Dubois" box="[151,442,1384,1410]" pageId="13" pageNumber="39" refString="Dubois, A. &amp; Raffaelli, J. (2009) A new ergotaxonomy of the family Salamandridae Goldfuss, 1820 (Amphibia, Urodela). Alytes, 26 (1 - 4), 1 - 85." type="journal article" year="2009">Dubois &amp; Raffaëlli 2009</bibRefCitation>
) and cannot be discussed in detail here.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BCE36DAFFF7FFBF24AAFA1AFC9BF969" blockId="13.[151,1437,152,2007]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
In our opinion, the proposal by Dubois (1981 
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFF7FFBF268DFA1AFCF2FA48" box="[737,776,1421,1446]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">a-b</emphasis>
, 1982, 1983, 1988 
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFF7FFBF278BFA1AFBF4FA48" box="[999,1038,1421,1446]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">a-b</emphasis>
, 2004 
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFF7FFBF2034FA1AFB9FFA48" box="[1112,1125,1421,1446]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">c</emphasis>
) to use hybridization data as a help for the recognition of genera, although it until now rose interest only from few authors (e.g., 
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B2BFFF7FFBF212BFA25FEB5FA1C" author="Bohme" pageId="13" pageNumber="36" refString="Bohme, W. &amp; Kohler, J. (2005) Do endings of adjective flecticle species names affect stability? A final note on the gender of Podarcis Wagler, 1830 (Reptilia, Lacertidae). Bonner zoologische Beitrage, 53 (3 - 4), 293 - 295." type="journal article" year="2005">Böhme &amp; Köhler 2005</bibRefCitation>
), should be considered seriously. This proposal is simple: whenever two species are liable to produce, either in natural or in artificial conditions, viable adult hybrids (either fertile or sterile), these should never be included in different genera, although they can be placed in different subgenera of the same genus. The reverse is not true of course, for reasons explained in detail by Dubois (1988 
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFF7FFBF2029F9DFFB96F98F" box="[1093,1132,1608,1633]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">a-b</emphasis>
): two species may belong in the same genus even if they cannot hybridize successfully.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BCE36DAFFF7FFBC24AAF905FC3EFE7C" blockId="13.[151,1437,152,2007]" lastBlockId="14.[151,1437,152,1860]" lastPageId="14" lastPageNumber="15" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
Applying this criterion to the traditional genus 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFF7FFBF2695F904FCCAF942" box="[761,816,1683,1708]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Bufo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFF7FFBF2695F904FCCAF942" box="[761,816,1683,1708]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Bufo</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
definitely precludes to split it in as many genera as suggested by 
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B2BFFF7FFBF2555F92FFDEEF93C" box="[313,532,1720,1746]" pageId="13" pageNumber="40" refString="Frost D. R., Grant, T., Faivovich, J., Bazin, R. H., Haas, A., Haddad, C. F. B., de Sa, R. O., Channing, A., Wilkinson, M., Donnellan, S. C., Raxworthy, C. J., Campbell, J. A., Blotto, B. L., Moler, P., Drewes, R. C., Nussbaum, R. A., Lynch, J. D., Green, D. M. &amp; Wheeler, W. C. (2006) The amphibian tree of life. Bulletin of the American Museum of natural History, 297, 1 - 370." type="journal article">
Frost 
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFF7FFBF2512F92FFE40F93F" box="[382,442,1720,1745]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">et al.</emphasis>
(2006)
</bibRefCitation>
, as fully viable hybrid adults are known to be sometimes produced between species placed by these authors in different genera. 
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B2BFFF7FFBF2764F94AFBCEF919" author="Dubois" box="[776,1076,1757,1783]" pageId="13" pageNumber="39" refString="Dubois, A. &amp; Dinesh, K. P. (2007) The status of the nomen Rana (Paa) dhakuriensis Ray, 1997 (Anura, Ranidae), and comments on the Amphibia reported from the Nanda Devi Biosphere Reserve (Uttar Pradesh, India). Alytes, 25 (1 - 2), 75 - 82." type="journal article" year="2007">Dubois &amp; Dinesh (2007)</bibRefCitation>
provided references to works where such successful hybridization has been reported between 
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B2BFFF7FFBF27ABF895FB44F8F2" author="Frost" box="[967,1214,1794,1820]" pageId="13" pageNumber="40" refString="Frost D. R., Grant, T., Faivovich, J., Bazin, R. H., Haas, A., Haddad, C. F. B., de Sa, R. O., Channing, A., Wilkinson, M., Donnellan, S. C., Raxworthy, C. J., Campbell, J. A., Blotto, B. L., Moler, P., Drewes, R. C., Nussbaum, R. A., Lynch, J. D., Green, D. M. &amp; Wheeler, W. C. (2006) The amphibian tree of life. Bulletin of the American Museum of natural History, 297, 1 - 370." type="journal article" year="2006">
Frost 
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFF7FFBF207DF894FBB0F8F2" box="[1041,1098,1795,1820]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">et al</emphasis>
.’s (2006
</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B2BFFF7FFBF20A7F895FAE3F8F2" author="Frost" box="[1227,1305,1794,1820]" pageId="13" pageNumber="40" refString="Frost, D. F., McDiarmid, R. W. &amp; Mendelson, J. R., III (2009 b) Response to the Point of view of Gregory B. Pauly, David M. Hillis, and David C. Cannatella, by the Anuran Subcommittee of the SSAR / HL / ASIH Scientific and Standard English Names List. Herpetologica, 65 (2), 136 - 153." type="journal article" year="2009" yearSuffix="b">
2009 
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFF7FFBF2166F894FAE3F8F2" box="[1290,1305,1795,1820]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">b</emphasis>
</bibRefCitation>
) “genera” 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFF7FFBF24FBF8BFFE47F8AC" authority="Tschudi, 1845" authorityName="Tschudi" authorityYear="1845" box="[151,445,1832,1858]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Anaxyrus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFF7FFBF24FBF8BFFEF3F8AF" box="[151,265,1832,1857]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Anaxyrus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B2BFFF7FFBF257EF8BFFE47F8AC" author="Tschudi" box="[274,445,1832,1858]" pageId="13" pageNumber="46" refString="Tschudi, J. J. de (1845) Reptilium conspectus quae in Republica Peruana reperiuntur et pleraque observata vel collecta sunt in itinerere. Archiv fur Naturgeschichte, 11 (1), 150 - 170." type="journal article" year="1845">Tschudi, 1845</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFF7FFBF2596F8BFFDC9F8AF" box="[506,563,1832,1857]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Bufo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFF7FFBF2596F8BFFDC9F8AF" box="[506,563,1832,1857]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Bufo</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFF7FFBF2628F8BFFD4CF8AF" box="[580,694,1832,1857]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Anaxyrus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFF7FFBF2628F8BFFD4CF8AF" box="[580,694,1832,1857]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Anaxyrus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFF7FFBF269FF8BFFCB4F8AF" box="[755,846,1832,1857]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Incilius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFF7FFBF269FF8BFFCB4F8AF" box="[755,846,1832,1857]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Incilius</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFF7FFBF2732F8BFFC6DF8AF" box="[862,919,1832,1857]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Bufo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFF7FFBF2732F8BFFC6DF8AF" box="[862,919,1832,1857]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Bufo</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFF7FFBF27B8F8BFFA9EF8AC" authority="Frost et al., 2006" authorityName="Frost et al." authorityYear="2006" box="[980,1380,1832,1858]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Pseudepidalea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFF7FFBF27B8F8BFFB7CF8AF" box="[980,1158,1832,1857]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Pseudepidalea</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B2BFFF7FFBF20E3F8BFFA9EF8AC" author="Frost" box="[1167,1380,1832,1858]" pageId="13" pageNumber="40" refString="Frost D. R., Grant, T., Faivovich, J., Bazin, R. H., Haas, A., Haddad, C. F. B., de Sa, R. O., Channing, A., Wilkinson, M., Donnellan, S. C., Raxworthy, C. J., Campbell, J. A., Blotto, B. L., Moler, P., Drewes, R. C., Nussbaum, R. A., Lynch, J. D., Green, D. M. &amp; Wheeler, W. C. (2006) The amphibian tree of life. Bulletin of the American Museum of natural History, 297, 1 - 370." type="journal article" year="2006">
Frost 
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFF7FFBF20BAF8BFFAF6F8AF" box="[1238,1292,1832,1857]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">et al</emphasis>
., 2006
</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, and 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFF7FFBF24FBF8DAFE64F889" authority="Cope, 1864" authorityName="Cope" authorityYear="1864" box="[151,414,1869,1895]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Epidalea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFF7FFBF24FBF8DAFEFDF888" box="[151,263,1869,1894]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Epidalea</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B2BFFF7FFBF2563F8DAFE64F889" author="Cope" box="[271,414,1869,1895]" pageId="13" pageNumber="37" refString="Cope, E. D. (1864) Contributions to the herpetology of tropical America. Proceedings of the Academy of natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 16, 166 - 181." type="journal article" year="1864">Cope, 1864</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFF7FFBF25B0F8DAFD68F888" box="[476,658,1869,1894]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Pseudepidalea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFF7FFBF25B0F8DAFD68F888" box="[476,658,1869,1894]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Pseudepidalea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(for details, see the legends of our figures 4–6). According to Dubois’s (2004 
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFF7FFBF2535F8E4FE9CF862" box="[345,358,1907,1932]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">c</emphasis>
) guidelines, in order to apply the crossability criterion and in order not to recognize paraphyletic genera, the two species of any hybridizable pair must be included in a single genus, and this genus must be expanded so as to include all the other species necessary to make this genus holophyletic. This may in some cases require to include in the genus several “subclades” that may show rather strong phenotypic differentiation. It is however possible, if one wishes to recognize taxonomically these “subclades” as taxa, to give them the status of subgenera. Strangely enough, although this rank is widely used in the taxonomy of many animal groups, e.g. in entomology, it has been little used in the amphibians and reptiles, presumably as a result of Dunn’ (1943) personal opinion on this matter (see also 
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B2BFFF4FFBC27C9FEBAFB90FEA8" author="Duellman" box="[933,1130,301,327]" pageId="14" pageNumber="39" refString="Duellman, W. E. (1977 b) Nepalese frogs: the subgenus in herpetological classification. Herpetological Review, 8, 11 - 12." type="journal article" year="1977" yearSuffix="b">
Duellman 1977 
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFF4FFBC2037FEBAFB90FEA8" box="[1115,1130,301,326]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">b</emphasis>
</bibRefCitation>
), but this point of view is fully questionable: for example, recently, 
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B2BFFF4FFBC26CEFEC5FC34FE82" author="Smith" box="[674,974,338,364]" pageId="14" pageNumber="45" refString="Smith, H. M. &amp; Chiszar, D. (2006) Dilemma of name-recognition: why and when to use new combinations of scientific names. Herpetological Conservation &amp; Biology, 1 (1), 6 - 8." type="journal article" year="2006">Smith &amp; Chiszar (2006)</bibRefCitation>
and 
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B2BFFF4FFBC2060FEC5FAEEFE82" box="[1036,1300,338,364]" pageId="14" pageNumber="46" refString="Wallach, V., Wuster, W. &amp; Broadley, D. G. (2009) In praise of subgenera: taxonomic status of cobras of the genus Naja Laurenti (Serpentes: Elapidae). Zootaxa, 2236, 26 - 36." type="journal article">
Wallach 
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFF4FFBC2015FEC5FB42FE85" box="[1145,1208,338,363]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">et al.</emphasis>
(2009)
</bibRefCitation>
gave good arguments for a more frequent use of the rank subgenus in taxonomy.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BCE36DAFFF4FFBC24AAFE0AFD26FCC2" blockId="14.[151,1437,152,1860]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
In the case of the genus 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFF4FFBC2591FE0AFDCEFE58" box="[509,564,413,438]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Bufo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFF4FFBC2591FE0AFDCEFE58" box="[509,564,413,438]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Bufo</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, despite the multiplication of recent molecular phylogenetic works, no consensus exists among them (e.g., 
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B2BFFF4FFBC2626FE55FC52FE32" author="Graybeal" box="[586,936,450,476]" pageId="14" pageNumber="41" refString="Graybeal, A. &amp; Cannatella, D. C. (1995) A new taxon of Bufonidae from Peru, with descriptions of two new species and a review of the phylogenetic status of supraspecific bufonid taxa. Herpetologica, 51 (2), 105 - 131." type="journal article" year="1995">Graybeal &amp; Cannatella 1995</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B2BFFF4FFBC27DAFE55FB96FE32" author="Graybeal" box="[950,1132,450,476]" pageId="14" pageNumber="41" refString="Graybeal, A. (1997) Phylogenetic relationships of bufonid frogs and tests of alternate macroevolutionary hypotheses characterizing their radiation. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 119, 297 - 338." type="journal article" year="1997">Graybeal 1997</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B2BFFF4FFBC2015FE55FAB1FE32" author="Pauly" box="[1145,1355,450,476]" pageId="14" pageNumber="43" refString="Pauly, G. B., Hillis, D. M. &amp; Cannatella, D. C. (2004) The history of Nearctic colonization: molecular phylogenetics and biogeography of the Nearctic toads (Bufo). Evolution, 58 (11), 2517 - 2535." type="journal article" year="2004">
Pauly 
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFF4FFBC20AAFE55FAFEFE35" box="[1222,1284,450,475]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">et al.</emphasis>
2004
</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B2BFFF4FFBC213BFE55FA6DFE32" author="Pauly" box="[1367,1431,450,476]" pageId="14" pageNumber="43" refString="Pauly, G. B., Hillis, D. M. &amp; Cannatella, D. C. (2009) Taxonomic freedom and the role of official lists of species names. Herpetologica, 65 (2), 115 - 128." type="journal article" year="2009">2009</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B2BFFF4FFBC24FBFE7FFEA7FDEC" author="Frost" box="[151,349,488,514]" pageId="14" pageNumber="40" refString="Frost D. R., Grant, T., Faivovich, J., Bazin, R. H., Haas, A., Haddad, C. F. B., de Sa, R. O., Channing, A., Wilkinson, M., Donnellan, S. C., Raxworthy, C. J., Campbell, J. A., Blotto, B. L., Moler, P., Drewes, R. C., Nussbaum, R. A., Lynch, J. D., Green, D. M. &amp; Wheeler, W. C. (2006) The amphibian tree of life. Bulletin of the American Museum of natural History, 297, 1 - 370." type="journal article" year="2006">
Frost 
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFF4FFBC24B7FE7FFEECFDEF" box="[219,278,488,513]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">et al.</emphasis>
2006
</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B2BFFF4FFBC2505FE7FFE48FDEF" author="Frost" box="[361,434,488,514]" pageId="14" pageNumber="40" refString="Frost, D. F., McDiarmid, R. W. &amp; Mendelson, J. R., III (2009 b) Response to the Point of view of Gregory B. Pauly, David M. Hillis, and David C. Cannatella, by the Anuran Subcommittee of the SSAR / HL / ASIH Scientific and Standard English Names List. Herpetologica, 65 (2), 136 - 153." type="journal article" year="2009" yearSuffix="b">
2009 
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFF4FFBC25CFFE7FFE48FDEF" box="[419,434,488,513]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">b</emphasis>
</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B2BFFF4FFBC25AEFE7FFD9EFDEC" author="Pramuk" box="[450,612,488,514]" pageId="14" pageNumber="44" refString="Pramuk, J. B. (2006) Phylogeny of South American Bufo (Anura: Bufonidae) inferred from combined evidence. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 146, 407 - 452." type="journal article" year="2006">Pramuk 2006</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B2BFFF4FFBC261CFE7FFC9DFDEC" author="Chaparro" box="[624,871,488,514]" pageId="14" pageNumber="37" refString="Chaparro, J. C., Pramuk, J. B. &amp; Gluesenkamp, A. G. (2007) A new species of arboreal Rhinella (Anura: Bufonidae) from cloud forest of southeastern Peru. Herpetologica, 63 (2), 203 - 212." type="journal article" year="2007">
Chaparro 
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFF4FFBC2689FE7FFCDBFDEF" box="[741,801,488,513]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">et al.</emphasis>
2007
</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B2BFFF4FFBC2718FE7FFBA2FDEC" author="Pramuk" box="[884,1112,488,514]" pageId="14" pageNumber="44" refString="Pramuk, J. B., Robertson, T., Sites, J. W., Jr. &amp; Noonan, B. P. (2008) Around the world in 10 million years: biogeography of the nearly cosmopolitan true toads (Anura: Bufonidae). Global Ecology &amp; Biogeography, 17, 72 - 83." type="journal article" year="2008">
Pramuk 
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFF4FFBC27BBFE7FFBE8FDEF" box="[983,1042,488,513]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">et al.</emphasis>
2008
</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B2BFFF4FFBC2009FE7FFA6AFDEC" author="Van" box="[1125,1424,488,514]" pageId="14" pageNumber="46" refString="Van Bocxlaer, I., Biju, S. D., Loader, S. P. &amp; Bossuyt, F. (2009) Toad radiation reveals into-India dispersal as a source of endemism in the Western Ghats-Sri Lanka biodiversity hotspot. BMC evolutionary Biology, 9, 131 [doi: 10.1186 / 1471 - 2148 - 9 - 131]." type="journal article" year="2009">
Van Bocxlaer 
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFF4FFBC2161FE7FFAB2FDEF" box="[1293,1352,488,513]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">et al.</emphasis>
2009
</bibRefCitation>
). The most recent of these studies (
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B2BFFF4FFBC2677FD9AFCC5FDC9" author="Van" box="[539,831,525,551]" pageId="14" pageNumber="46" refString="Van Bocxlaer, I., Biju, S. D., Loader, S. P. &amp; Bossuyt, F. (2009) Toad radiation reveals into-India dispersal as a source of endemism in the Western Ghats-Sri Lanka biodiversity hotspot. BMC evolutionary Biology, 9, 131 [doi: 10.1186 / 1471 - 2148 - 9 - 131]." type="journal article" year="2009">
Van Bocxlaer 
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFF4FFBC26AEFD9AFD06FDC8" box="[706,764,525,550]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">et al.</emphasis>
2009
</bibRefCitation>
) no doubt presents a much better set of data than all of the previous ones in this group: the tree presented by these authors (see our figure 6) is well resolved and based on a comprehensive set of nuclear and mitochondrial genes, equivalent to data sets that have recently produced well-supported phylogenies in many other amphibian groups. However, the sample of species sequenced is small, compared to the whole family, and many groups are not represented. It is predictable that when more species and nuclear genes are added, the topology of this tree will change, at least in some of its “details”, but these “details” may have important taxonomic consequences, for example if sister-taxa relationships between species and groups change.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BCE36DAFFF4FFBC24AAFCAFFE9EFAD4" blockId="14.[151,1437,152,1860]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
In such a situation, a prudent, conservative attitude is warranted, and it is not warranted to recognize as many genera as in 
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B2BFFF4FFBC2517FCCAFDA1FC99" box="[379,603,861,887]" pageId="14" pageNumber="40" refString="Frost D. R., Grant, T., Faivovich, J., Bazin, R. H., Haas, A., Haddad, C. F. B., de Sa, R. O., Channing, A., Wilkinson, M., Donnellan, S. C., Raxworthy, C. J., Campbell, J. A., Blotto, B. L., Moler, P., Drewes, R. C., Nussbaum, R. A., Lynch, J. D., Green, D. M. &amp; Wheeler, W. C. (2006) The amphibian tree of life. Bulletin of the American Museum of natural History, 297, 1 - 370." type="journal article">
Frost 
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFF4FFBC25AEFCCAFE05FC98" box="[450,511,861,886]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">et al.</emphasis>
(2006)
</bibRefCitation>
. Several clusters of “genera”, as recognized by 
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B2BFFF4FFBC20F2FCCAFA80FC99" box="[1182,1402,861,887]" pageId="14" pageNumber="40" refString="Frost D. R., Grant, T., Faivovich, J., Bazin, R. H., Haas, A., Haddad, C. F. B., de Sa, R. O., Channing, A., Wilkinson, M., Donnellan, S. C., Raxworthy, C. J., Campbell, J. A., Blotto, B. L., Moler, P., Drewes, R. C., Nussbaum, R. A., Lynch, J. D., Green, D. M. &amp; Wheeler, W. C. (2006) The amphibian tree of life. Bulletin of the American Museum of natural History, 297, 1 - 370." type="journal article">
Frost 
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFF4FFBC2089FCCAFAD8FC98" box="[1253,1314,861,886]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">et al.</emphasis>
(2006)
</bibRefCitation>
or other recent authors, seem well established as they appear to constitute exclusive holophyletic groups according to all the recent analyses that dealt with them. A first step at this stage, which would not result in the recognition of any paraphyletic group, might be to recognize them as provisional taxa, e.g. genera (here presented by alphabetic, not phylogenetic, order), including two or more subgenera: (1) 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFF4FFBC20D6FC65FAD0FBE5" box="[1210,1322,1010,1035]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Anaxyrus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFF4FFBC20D6FC65FAD0FBE5" box="[1210,1322,1010,1035]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Anaxyrus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, with the subgenera 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFF4FFBC2578FB8FFE79FBDF" box="[276,387,1048,1073]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Anaxyrus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFF4FFBC2578FB8FFE79FBDF" box="[276,387,1048,1073]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Anaxyrus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFF4FFBC25D0FB8FFDEEFBDF" box="[444,532,1048,1073]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Incilius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFF4FFBC25D0FB8FFDEEFBDF" box="[444,532,1048,1073]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Incilius</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; (2) 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFF4FFBC2620FB8FFCC3FBDC" authority="Garsault, 1764" authorityName="Garsault" authorityYear="1764" box="[588,825,1048,1074]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Bufo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFF4FFBC2620FB8FFD79FBDF" box="[588,643,1048,1073]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Bufo</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B2BFFF4FFBC26E6FB8FFCC3FBDC" author="Garsault" box="[650,825,1048,1074]" pageId="14" pageNumber="40" refString="Garsault, F. A. P. de (1764) Les Figures des plantes et animaux d'usage en medecine, decrits dans la Matiere Medicale de Mr. Geoffroy Medecin. Paris, [i - v] + 1 - 20, pl. 644 - 729." type="book chapter" year="1764">Garsault, 1764</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, with the subgenera 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFF4FFBC2044FB8FFBA5FBDF" box="[1064,1119,1048,1073]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Bufo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFF4FFBC2044FB8FFBA5FBDF" box="[1064,1119,1048,1073]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Bufo</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(including 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFF4FFBC208AFB8FFF2BFBB9" authority="Yang" authorityName="Yang" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Torrentophryne" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFF4FFBC208AFB8FFA66FBDF" box="[1254,1436,1048,1073]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Torrentophryne</emphasis>
Yang
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFF4FFBC24B7FBAAFF08FBB8" box="[219,242,1085,1110]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">in</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B2BFFF4FFBC2496FBAAFE3FFBB9" author="Yang" box="[250,453,1085,1111]" pageId="14" pageNumber="47" refString="Yang, D., Liu, W. &amp; Rao, D. (1996) A new toad genus of Bufonidae - Torrentophryne from transhimalaya mountain of Yunnan of China with its biology. Zoological Research, 17 (4), 353 - 359." type="journal article" year="1996">
Yang 
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFF4FFBC2552FBAAFE88FBB8" box="[318,370,1085,1110]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">et al</emphasis>
., 1996
</bibRefCitation>
) and 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFF4FFBC2664FBAAFD88FBB8" box="[520,626,1085,1110]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Epidalea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFF4FFBC2664FBAAFD88FBB8" box="[520,626,1085,1110]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Epidalea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; (3) 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFF4FFBC26C0FBAAFC07FBB9" authority="Fitzinger, 1843" authorityName="Fitzinger" authorityYear="1843" box="[684,1021,1085,1111]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Leptophryne" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFF4FFBC26C0FBAAFCBAFBB8" box="[684,832,1085,1110]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Leptophryne</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B2BFFF4FFBC2724FBAAFC07FBB9" author="Fitzinger" box="[840,1021,1085,1111]" pageId="14" pageNumber="40" refString="Fitzinger, L. J. F. J. (1843) Systema Reptilium. Fasciculus primus. Amblyglossae. Vindobonae, Braumuller &amp; Seidel, 1 - 106 + i - ix." type="book chapter" year="1843">Fitzinger, 1843</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, with the subgenera 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFF4FFBC209CFBAAFE8EFB91" authority="Frost et al., 2006" authorityName="Frost et al." authorityYear="2006" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Ingerophrynus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFF4FFBC209CFBAAFA61FBB8" box="[1264,1435,1085,1110]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Ingerophrynus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B2BFFF4FFBC24FBFBF2FE8EFB91" author="Frost" box="[151,372,1125,1151]" pageId="14" pageNumber="40" refString="Frost D. R., Grant, T., Faivovich, J., Bazin, R. H., Haas, A., Haddad, C. F. B., de Sa, R. O., Channing, A., Wilkinson, M., Donnellan, S. C., Raxworthy, C. J., Campbell, J. A., Blotto, B. L., Moler, P., Drewes, R. C., Nussbaum, R. A., Lynch, J. D., Green, D. M. &amp; Wheeler, W. C. (2006) The amphibian tree of life. Bulletin of the American Museum of natural History, 297, 1 - 370." type="journal article" year="2006">
Frost 
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFF4FFBC248DFBF1FEE1FB91" box="[225,283,1126,1151]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">et al</emphasis>
., 2006
</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFF4FFBC25DFFBF1FDA9FB91" box="[435,595,1126,1151]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Leptophryne" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFF4FFBC25DFFBF1FDA9FB91" box="[435,595,1126,1151]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Leptophryne</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; (4) 
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFF4FFBC26F8FBF1FCD0FB91" box="[660,810,1126,1151]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Sclerophrys</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B2BFFF4FFBC2758FBF2FC12FB91" author="Tschudi" box="[820,1000,1125,1151]" pageId="14" pageNumber="46" refString="Tschudi, J. J. von (1838) Classification der Batrachier, mit Berucksichtigung der fossilen Thiere dieser Abtheilung der Reptilien. Neuchatel, Petitpierre, i - ii + 1 - 98, pl. 1 - 6." type="book chapter" year="1838">Tschudi, 1838</bibRefCitation>
1, with the subgenera 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFF4FFBC2091FBF1FEA6FB4A" authority="Grandison, 1980" authorityName="Grandison" authorityYear="1980" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Capensibufo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFF4FFBC2091FBF1FA67FB91" box="[1277,1437,1126,1151]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Capensibufo</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B2BFFF4FFBC24FBFB1DFEA6FB4A" author="Grandison" box="[151,348,1162,1188]" pageId="14" pageNumber="41" refString="Grandison, A. G. C. (1980) A new genus of toad (Anura: Bufonidae) from the Republic of South Africa with remarks on its relationships. Bulletin of the British Museum natural History, (Zoology), 39 (5), 293 - 298." type="journal article" year="1980">Grandison, 1980</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFF4FFBC25FAFB1CFDDBFB4A" box="[406,545,1163,1188]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Sclerophrys</emphasis>
(including 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFF4FFBC26C6FB1CFBC8FB4A" authority="Frost et al., 2006" authorityName="Frost et al." authorityYear="2006" box="[682,1074,1162,1188]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Amietophrynus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFF4FFBC26C6FB1CFCA6FB4A" box="[682,860,1163,1188]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Amietophrynus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B2BFFF4FFBC2708FB1DFBC8FB4A" author="Frost" box="[868,1074,1162,1188]" pageId="14" pageNumber="40" refString="Frost D. R., Grant, T., Faivovich, J., Bazin, R. H., Haas, A., Haddad, C. F. B., de Sa, R. O., Channing, A., Wilkinson, M., Donnellan, S. C., Raxworthy, C. J., Campbell, J. A., Blotto, B. L., Moler, P., Drewes, R. C., Nussbaum, R. A., Lynch, J. D., Green, D. M. &amp; Wheeler, W. C. (2006) The amphibian tree of life. Bulletin of the American Museum of natural History, 297, 1 - 370." type="journal article" year="2006">
Frost 
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFF4FFBC27C5FB1CFC27FB4A" box="[937,989,1163,1188]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">et al</emphasis>
., 2006
</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFF4FFBC2052FB1CFA6DFB4A" authority="Tihen, 1960" authorityName="Tihen" authorityYear="1960" box="[1086,1431,1162,1188]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Mertensophryne" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFF4FFBC2052FB1CFB05FB4A" box="[1086,1279,1163,1188]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Mertensophryne</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B2BFFF4FFBC216BFB1DFA6DFB4A" author="Tihen" box="[1287,1431,1162,1188]" pageId="14" pageNumber="46" refString="Tihen, J. A. (1960) Two new genera of African bufonids, with remarks on the phylogeny of related genera. Copeia, 1960 (3), 225 - 233." type="journal article" year="1960">Tihen, 1960</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFF4FFBC24FBFB27FE03FB24" authority="Channing, 1979" authorityName="Channing" authorityYear="1979" box="[151,505,1200,1226]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Stephopaedes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFF4FFBC24FBFB27FECDFB27" box="[151,311,1200,1225]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Stephopaedes</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B2BFFF4FFBC2551FB27FE03FB24" author="Channing" box="[317,505,1200,1226]" pageId="14" pageNumber="37" refString="Channing, A. (1979) A new bufonid genus (Amphibia: Anura) from Rhodesia. Herpetologica, 34, 394 - 397." type="journal article" year="1979">Channing, 1979</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFF4FFBC265DFB27FC3DFB24" authority="Frost et al., 2006" authorityName="Frost et al." authorityYear="2006" box="[561,967,1200,1226]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Vandijkophrynus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFF4FFBC265DFB27FD0CFB27" box="[561,758,1200,1225]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Vandijkophrynus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B2BFFF4FFBC2691FB27FC3DFB24" author="Frost" box="[765,967,1200,1226]" pageId="14" pageNumber="40" refString="Frost D. R., Grant, T., Faivovich, J., Bazin, R. H., Haas, A., Haddad, C. F. B., de Sa, R. O., Channing, A., Wilkinson, M., Donnellan, S. C., Raxworthy, C. J., Campbell, J. A., Blotto, B. L., Moler, P., Drewes, R. C., Nussbaum, R. A., Lynch, J. D., Green, D. M. &amp; Wheeler, W. C. (2006) The amphibian tree of life. Bulletin of the American Museum of natural History, 297, 1 - 370." type="journal article" year="2006">
Frost 
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFF4FFBC272CFB27FC89FB27" box="[832,883,1200,1225]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">et al</emphasis>
., 2006
</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
); (5) 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFF4FFBC2069FB27FA84FB24" authority="Buchholz &amp; Peters" authorityName="Buchholz &amp; Peters" box="[1029,1406,1200,1226]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Nectophryne" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFF4FFBC2069FB27FB61FB27" box="[1029,1179,1200,1225]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Nectophryne</emphasis>
Buchholz &amp; Peters
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFF4FFBC21E9FB27FA61FB27" box="[1413,1435,1200,1225]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">in</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B2BFFF4FFBC24FBFB42FED3FB01" author="Peters" box="[151,297,1237,1263]" pageId="14" pageNumber="44" refString="Peters, W. (1875) Uber die von Hrn. Professor Dr. R. Buchholz in Westafrika gesammelten Amphibien. Monatsberichte der koniglichen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin 1875, 196 - 212, pl. 1 - 3." type="journal article" year="1875">Peters, 1875</bibRefCitation>
with the subgenera 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFF4FFBC2674FB41FD54FB01" box="[536,686,1238,1263]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Nectophryne" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFF4FFBC2674FB41FD54FB01" box="[536,686,1238,1263]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Nectophryne</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFF4FFBC26D1FB41FC3EFB01" authority="Poche, 1903" authorityName="Poche" authorityYear="1903" box="[701,964,1237,1263]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Werneria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFF4FFBC26D1FB41FCDDFB01" box="[701,807,1238,1263]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Werneria</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B2BFFF4FFBC275EFB42FC3EFB01" author="Poche" box="[818,964,1237,1263]" pageId="14" pageNumber="44" refString="Poche, F. (1903) Einige notwendige Anderungen in der herpetologischen Literatur. Zoologischer Anzeiger, 26, 698 - 703." type="journal article" year="1903">Poche, 1903</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFF4FFBC2792FB41FA9FFB01" authority="Mertens, 1939" authorityName="Mertens" authorityYear="1939" box="[1022,1381,1237,1263]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Wolterstorffina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFF4FFBC2792FB41FB55FB01" box="[1022,1199,1238,1263]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Wolterstorffina</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B2BFFF4FFBC20DBFB42FA9FFB01" author="Mertens" box="[1207,1381,1237,1263]" lastPageId="14" lastPageNumber="43" pageId="14" pageNumber="42" refString="Mertens, R. (1939) Uber das Hohenvorkommen der Froschlurche am Grossen Kamerun-Berge. Abhandlungen und Berichte des Museums fur Naturkunde, Magdeburg, 7, 121 - 128." type="journal article" year="1939">Mertens, 1939</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
; and (6) 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFF4FFBC24A4FB6CFDA0FAFA" authority="Noble, 1926" authorityName="Noble" authorityYear="1926" box="[200,602,1274,1300]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Nectophrynoides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFF4FFBC24A4FB6CFE52FAFA" box="[200,424,1275,1300]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Nectophrynoides</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B2BFFF4FFBC25DEFB6DFDA0FAFA" author="Noble" box="[434,602,1274,1300]" pageId="14" pageNumber="43" refString="Noble, G. K. (1926) An analysis of the remarkable cases of distribution among the Amphibia, with descriptions of new genera. American Museum Novitates, 212, 1 - 24." type="journal article" year="1926">Noble, 1926</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, with the subgenera 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFF4FFBC271DFB6CFA9FFAFA" authority="Channing &amp; Stanley, 2002" authorityName="Channing &amp; Stanley" authorityYear="2002" box="[881,1381,1274,1300]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Churamiti" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFF4FFBC271DFB6CFC03FAFA" box="[881,1017,1275,1300]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Churamiti</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B2BFFF4FFBC206FFB6DFA9FFAFA" author="Channing" box="[1027,1381,1274,1300]" pageId="14" pageNumber="37" refString="Channing, A. &amp; Stanley, W. T. (2002) A new tree toad from the Ukaguru mountains, Tanzania. African Journal of Herpetology, 51 (2), 121 - 128." type="journal article" year="2002">Channing &amp; Stanley, 2002</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFF4FFBC24FBFAB7FEA4FAD7" box="[151,350,1312,1337]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Nectophrynoides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFF4FFBC24FBFAB7FEA4FAD7" box="[151,350,1312,1337]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Nectophrynoides</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BCE36DAFFF4FFBC24AAFAD2FCF6FA44" blockId="14.[151,1437,152,1860]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">But this is not enough. If we consider the data from successful hybridization until the adult stage, we realize, first, that they are on the whole very congruent with the phylogenetic data, but, second, that they suggest recognition of slightly more inclusive genera.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BCE36DAFFF4FFBC24AAFA22FF05F8AA" blockId="14.[151,1437,152,1860]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
First of all, 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFF4FFBC2523FA21FE7CFA21" box="[335,390,1462,1487]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Bufo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFF4FFBC2523FA21FE7CFA21" box="[335,390,1462,1487]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Bufo</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFF4FFBC25D3FA21FD91FA21" box="[447,619,1462,1487]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Pseudepidalea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFF4FFBC25D3FA21FD91FA21" box="[447,619,1462,1487]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Pseudepidalea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, between which successful hybridizations have been reported, should be kept as subgenera of a single genus 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFF4FFBC2630FA4CFD69FA1A" box="[604,659,1499,1524]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Bufo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFF4FFBC2630FA4CFD69FA1A" box="[604,659,1499,1524]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Bufo</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The same applies to 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFF4FFBC27FEFA4CFC06FA1A" box="[914,1020,1499,1524]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Epidalea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFF4FFBC27FEFA4CFC06FA1A" box="[914,1020,1499,1524]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Epidalea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFF4FFBC2058FA4CFB1AFA1A" box="[1076,1248,1499,1524]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Pseudepidalea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFF4FFBC2058FA4CFB1AFA1A" box="[1076,1248,1499,1524]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Pseudepidalea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, which requires to include also 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFF4FFBC253FF997FE3BF9F7" box="[339,449,1536,1561]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Epidalea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFF4FFBC253FF997FE3BF9F7" box="[339,449,1536,1561]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Epidalea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFF4FFBC2586F997FDD9F9F7" box="[490,547,1536,1561]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Bufo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFF4FFBC2586F997FDD9F9F7" box="[490,547,1536,1561]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Bufo</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and to 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFF4FFBC26E5F997FD06F9F7" box="[649,764,1536,1561]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Anaxyrus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFF4FFBC26E5F997FD06F9F7" box="[649,764,1536,1561]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Anaxyrus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFF4FFBC2754F997FC6EF9F7" box="[824,916,1536,1561]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Incilius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFF4FFBC2754F997FC6EF9F7" box="[824,916,1536,1561]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Incilius</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, which implementation of the crossability criterion demands to place in a single genus 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFF4FFBC26D6F9B1FCD6F9D1" box="[698,812,1574,1599]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Anaxyrus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFF4FFBC26D6F9B1FCD6F9D1" box="[698,812,1574,1599]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Anaxyrus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. However, as explained and illustrated in detail by 
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B2BFFF4FFBC24FBF9DDFEA0F98A" author="Dubois" box="[151,346,1610,1636]" pageId="14" pageNumber="38" refString="Dubois, A. (2004 c) Developmental pathway, speciation and supraspecific taxonomy in amphibians. 2. Developmental pathway, hybridizability and generic taxonomy. Alytes, 22 (1 - 2), 38 - 52." type="journal article" year="2004" yearSuffix="c">
Dubois (2004 
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFF4FFBC252DF9DCFEB4F98A" box="[321,334,1611,1636]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">c</emphasis>
)
</bibRefCitation>
, this is not enough, as use of this criterion must remain compatible with cladistic data. Whenever two groups are united in a genus because of this criterion, in order for this genus to remain holophyletic it often needs to be expanded to include several other groups as well. In the case of the genus 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFF4FFBC24FBF92CFF35F93A" box="[151,207,1723,1748]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Bufo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFF4FFBC24FBF92CFF35F93A" box="[151,207,1723,1748]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Bufo</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, the final extension of this genus will depend on the phylogeny finally considered robust for the whole bufonids. Several incompatible cladistic hypotheses have been published in the recent years, and the last published one is still liable to change. On the basis of such provisional data, no straightforward decision is possible.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BCE36DAFFF4FFBC24FBF80EFCBCF81E" blockId="14.[151,1436,1945,2032]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
1. Reexamination of the holophoront (
<typeStatus id="54CA8878FFF4FFBC2624F80EFD53F85E" box="[584,681,1945,1968]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
) of 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFF4FFBC26BFF80DFBA9F85E" authority="Tschudi, 1838" authorityName="Tschudi" authorityYear="1838" box="[723,1107,1945,1969]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Sclerophrys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="capensis">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFF4FFBC26BFF80DFC49F85F" box="[723,947,1946,1969]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Sclerophrys capensis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B2BFFF4FFBC27D6F80EFBA9F85E" author="Tschudi" box="[954,1107,1945,1968]" pageId="14" pageNumber="46" refString="Tschudi, J. J. von (1838) Classification der Batrachier, mit Berucksichtigung der fossilen Thiere dieser Abtheilung der Reptilien. Neuchatel, Petitpierre, i - ii + 1 - 98, pl. 1 - 6." type="book chapter" year="1838">Tschudi, 1838</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, still kept in the Paris Museum collection (MNHN 742; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B2BFFF4FFBC25C8F82EFDD2F83E" author="Guibe" box="[420,552,1977,2000]" pageId="14" pageNumber="41" refString="Guibe, J. (1950) Catalogue des types d'Amphibiens du Museum national d'Histoire naturelle. Paris, Imprimerie nationale, 1 - 71." type="book chapter" year="1950">Guibé 1950</bibRefCitation>
), shows that it is a young male (
<quantity id="4C899B3FFFF4FFBC27E7F82EFC23F83E" box="[907,985,1977,2000]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.3" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" unit="mm" value="43.0">43 mm</quantity>
in snout-vent length) that belongs in this group. More details on this question will be provided elsewhere.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF0E6652FFF5FFBD24FBF825FE01F805" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/195116/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" targetBox="[245,1338,192,1930]" targetPageId="15">
<paragraph id="8BCE36DAFFF5FFBD24FBF825FE01F805" blockId="15.[151,1436,1970,2027]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFF5FFBD24FBF825FEE0F824" bold="true" box="[151,282,1970,1994]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">FIGURE 3.</emphasis>
Reproductions of extracts from the works of Garsault (1764, 1767): plates 673–675 (1764); text page 414 (1767). See text for explanations.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="DF0E6652FFEAFFA224FBF940FC13F821" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/195117/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" targetBox="[271,1296,198,1710]" targetPageId="16">
<paragraph id="8BCE36DAFFEAFFA224FBF940FC13F821" blockId="16.[151,1436,1751,1999]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFEAFFA224FBF940FEE2F901" bold="true" box="[151,280,1751,1775]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">FIGURE 4.</emphasis>
Reproduction of part of the general tree of amphibians in Frost 
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFEAFFA227D1F94FFC11F901" box="[957,1003,1752,1775]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">et al</emphasis>
. (2006: 129; 2009 
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFEAFFA220C2F94FFB41F901" box="[1198,1211,1752,1775]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">b</emphasis>
: 144) including their 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFEAFFA224FBF96FFEE8F8E1" box="[151,274,1784,1807]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFEAFFA224FBF96FFEE8F8E1" box="[151,274,1784,1807]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">BUFONIDAE</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The specific nomina are those used by these authors, whereas the generic nomina in the column on the right are those supported here, either for genera or subgenera (see text for details). Bidirectional arrows point to reported cases of successful hybridization resulting in adult specimens: (1) between 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFEAFFA227F9F8AFFBF8F8A1" box="[917,1026,1848,1871]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Bufo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bufo">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFEAFFA227F9F8AFFBF8F8A1" box="[917,1026,1848,1871]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Bufo bufo</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFEAFFA22054F8AFFB43F8A1" box="[1080,1209,1848,1871]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Bufo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="viridis">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFEAFFA22054F8AFFB43F8A1" box="[1080,1209,1848,1871]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Bufo viridis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Hemmer &amp; Böhme 1974; Duda 2008); (2) between 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFEAFFA2259FF8CFFD75F881" box="[499,655,1880,1903]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Bufo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="terrestris">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFEAFFA2259FF8CFFD75F881" box="[499,655,1880,1903]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Bufo terrestris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFEAFFA226A8F8CFFCA5F881" box="[708,863,1880,1903]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Bufo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="valliceps">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFEAFFA226A8F8CFFCA5F881" box="[708,863,1880,1903]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Bufo valliceps</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Blair 1941; Moore 1955) and between 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFEAFFA22179F8CFFA66F881" box="[1301,1436,1880,1903]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Bufo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fowleri">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFEAFFA22179F8CFFA66F881" box="[1301,1436,1880,1903]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Bufo fowleri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFEAFFA224AAF8EFFE9FF861" box="[198,357,1912,1935]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Bufo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="valliceps">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFEAFFA224AAF8EFFE9FF861" box="[198,357,1912,1935]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Bufo valliceps</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Blair 
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFEAFFA225D9F8EFFE31F861" box="[437,459,1912,1935]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">in</emphasis>
Moore 1955); (3) between 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFEAFFA2276CF8EFFC97F861" box="[768,877,1912,1935]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Bufo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bufo">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFEAFFA2276CF8EFFC97F861" box="[768,877,1912,1935]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Bufo bufo</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFEAFFA227C8F8EFFAD7F861" authority="Blair 1972: 420" authorityName="Blair" authorityPageNumber="420" authorityYear="1972" box="[932,1325,1912,1935]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Bufo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="woodhousii">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFEAFFA227C8F8EFFBA5F861" box="[932,1119,1912,1935]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Bufo woodhousii</emphasis>
(Blair 1972: 420)
</taxonomicName>
. The grey rectangle includes all the species that must be maintained in the genus 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFEAFFA227F3F80FFC28F841" box="[927,978,1944,1967]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Bufo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFEAFFA227F3F80FFC28F841" box="[927,978,1944,1967]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Bufo</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
according to these data if the crossability criterion of Dubois (1988 
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFEAFFA225CAF82FFE30F821" box="[422,458,1976,1999]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">a-b</emphasis>
, 2004 
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFEAFFA22660F82FFDE2F821" box="[524,536,1976,1999]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">c</emphasis>
) is implemented. See text for explanations.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="DF0E6652FFEBFFA324FBFA69FCF5F8F8" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/195118/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" targetBox="[154,1410,205,1488]" targetPageId="17">
<paragraph id="8BCE36DAFFEBFFA324FBFA69FCF5F8F8" blockId="17.[151,1437,1534,1814]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFEBFFA324FBFA69FEE3F9F8" bold="true" box="[151,281,1534,1558]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">FIGURE 5.</emphasis>
Reproduction of part of the tree of vertebrates in Pramuk 
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFEBFFA327E3FA68FC3CF9F8" box="[911,966,1535,1558]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">et al.</emphasis>
(2008: 76) including their 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFEBFFA32085FA68FA9EF9F8" box="[1257,1380,1535,1558]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFEBFFA32085FA68FA9EF9F8" box="[1257,1380,1535,1558]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">BUFONIDAE</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The specific nomina are those used by these authors, whereas the generic nomina in the column on the right are those supported here, either for genera or subgenera (see text for details). Bidirectional arrows point to reported cases of successful hybridization resulting in adult specimens: (1) between 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFEBFFA327EFF9C8FBF4F998" box="[899,1038,1631,1654]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Bufo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fowleri">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFEBFFA327EFF9C8FBF4F998" box="[899,1038,1631,1654]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Bufo fowleri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFEBFFA32029F9C8FB1FF998" box="[1093,1253,1631,1654]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Bufo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="valliceps">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFEBFFA32029F9C8FB1FF998" box="[1093,1253,1631,1654]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Bufo valliceps</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Blair 
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFEBFFA32159F9C8FAB0F998" box="[1333,1354,1631,1654]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">in</emphasis>
Moore 1955); (2) between 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFEBFFA3251AF9E8FDE0F978" box="[374,538,1663,1686]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Bufo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="terrestris">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFEBFFA3251AF9E8FDE0F978" box="[374,538,1663,1686]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Bufo terrestris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFEBFFA3263FF9E8FD0FF978" box="[595,757,1663,1686]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Bufo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="valliceps">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFEBFFA3263FF9E8FD0FF978" box="[595,757,1663,1686]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Bufo valliceps</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Blair 1941; Moore 1955); (3) between 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFEBFFA320ACF9E8FAD5F978" box="[1216,1327,1663,1686]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Bufo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bufo">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFEBFFA320ACF9E8FAD5F978" box="[1216,1327,1663,1686]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Bufo bufo</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFEBFFA32104F9E8FE24F958" authority="Blair 1972: 420" authorityName="Blair" authorityPageNumber="420" authorityYear="1972" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Bufo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="woodhousii">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFEBFFA32104F9E8FEEEF958" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Bufo woodhousii</emphasis>
(Blair 1972: 420)
</taxonomicName>
. The larger grey rectangle includes all the species that must be maintained in the genus 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFEBFFA324FBF928FF30F938" box="[151,202,1727,1750]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Bufo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFEBFFA324FBF928FF30F938" box="[151,202,1727,1750]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Bufo</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
according to these data if the crossability criterion of Dubois (1988 
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFEBFFA327DEF928FC2CF938" box="[946,982,1727,1750]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">a-b</emphasis>
, 2004 
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFEBFFA32077F928FBDDF938" box="[1051,1063,1727,1750]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">c</emphasis>
) is implemented. The darker grey rectangle includes species that could be excluded from this genus if the only reported case between 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFEBFFA320A7F948FACEF918" box="[1227,1332,1759,1782]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Bufo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bufo">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFEBFFA320A7F948FACEF918" box="[1227,1332,1759,1782]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Bufo bufo</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFEBFFA32105F948FEE8F8F8" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Bufo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="woodhousii">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFEBFFA32105F948FEE8F8F8" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Bufo woodhousii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
proved to be in error. See text for explanations.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BCE36DAFFEBFFA124AAF8D3FE50FE82" blockId="17.[151,1437,1860,2036]" lastBlockId="19.[151,1437,152,2007]" lastPageId="19" lastPageNumber="20" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
For example, if the tree of 
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B2BFFEBFFA3266FF8D3FD23F8B0" box="[515,729,1860,1886]" pageId="17" pageNumber="40" refString="Frost D. R., Grant, T., Faivovich, J., Bazin, R. H., Haas, A., Haddad, C. F. B., de Sa, R. O., Channing, A., Wilkinson, M., Donnellan, S. C., Raxworthy, C. J., Campbell, J. A., Blotto, B. L., Moler, P., Drewes, R. C., Nussbaum, R. A., Lynch, J. D., Green, D. M. &amp; Wheeler, W. C. (2006) The amphibian tree of life. Bulletin of the American Museum of natural History, 297, 1 - 370." type="journal article">
Frost 
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFEBFFA3262BF8D3FD80F8B3" box="[583,634,1860,1885]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">et al</emphasis>
. (2006)
</bibRefCitation>
was accepted, then the genus 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFEBFFA32053F8D3FB8CF8B3" box="[1087,1142,1860,1885]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Bufo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFEBFFA32053F8D3FB8CF8B3" box="[1087,1142,1860,1885]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Bufo</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
would correspond to the grey rectangle in fig. 4, with the following subgenera: 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFEBFFA32737F8FDFC6DF86D" box="[859,919,1898,1923]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Bufo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFEBFFA32737F8FDFC6DF86D" box="[859,919,1898,1923]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Bufo</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFEBFFA327C4F8FDFAEAF86A" authority="Fitzinger, 1843" authorityName="Fitzinger" authorityYear="1843" box="[936,1296,1898,1924]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Peltophryne" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFEBFFA327C4F8FDFBB9F86D" box="[936,1091,1898,1923]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Peltophryne</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B2BFFEBFFA32021F8FDFAEAF86A" author="Fitzinger" box="[1101,1296,1898,1924]" pageId="17" pageNumber="40" refString="Fitzinger, L. J. F. J. (1843) Systema Reptilium. Fasciculus primus. Amblyglossae. Vindobonae, Braumuller &amp; Seidel, 1 - 106 + i - ix." type="book chapter" year="1843">Fitzinger, 1843</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
(including 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFEBFFA324FBF818FDD8F847" authority="Frost et al., 2006" authorityName="Frost et al." authorityYear="2006" box="[151,546,1935,1961]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Duttaphrynus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFEBFFA324FBF818FEBAF846" box="[151,320,1935,1960]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Duttaphrynus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B2BFFEBFFA32525F818FDD8F847" author="Frost" box="[329,546,1935,1961]" pageId="17" pageNumber="40" refString="Frost D. R., Grant, T., Faivovich, J., Bazin, R. H., Haas, A., Haddad, C. F. B., de Sa, R. O., Channing, A., Wilkinson, M., Donnellan, S. C., Raxworthy, C. J., Campbell, J. A., Blotto, B. L., Moler, P., Drewes, R. C., Nussbaum, R. A., Lynch, J. D., Green, D. M. &amp; Wheeler, W. C. (2006) The amphibian tree of life. Bulletin of the American Museum of natural History, 297, 1 - 370." type="journal article" year="2006">
Frost 
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFEBFFA325FDF818FE2AF846" box="[401,464,1935,1960]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">et al.</emphasis>
, 2006
</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFEBFFA32643F818FD3FF846" box="[559,709,1935,1960]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Peltophryne" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFEBFFA32643F818FD3FF846" box="[559,709,1935,1960]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Peltophryne</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFEBFFA326BAF818FC71F846" box="[726,907,1935,1960]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Pseudepidalea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFEBFFA326BAF818FC71F846" box="[726,907,1935,1960]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Pseudepidalea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFEBFFA327A5F818FAE4F847" authority="Smith, 1849" authorityName="Smith" authorityYear="1849" box="[969,1310,1935,1961]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Schismaderma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFEBFFA327A5F818FB87F846" box="[969,1149,1935,1960]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Schismaderma</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B2BFFEBFFA320EBF818FAE4F847" author="Smith" box="[1159,1310,1935,1961]" pageId="17" pageNumber="45" refString="Smith, A. (1849). Appendix. In: A. Smith, Illustrations of the zoology of South Africa, Reptilia, 1 - 28 + [i]." type="book chapter" year="1849">
Smith, 
<quantity id="4C899B3FFFEBFFA3208DF818FAE4F847" box="[1249,1310,1935,1961]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.69646" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" unit="in" value="1849.0">1849</quantity>
</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
in fig. 4), 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFEBFFA324FBF823FF04F823" box="[151,254,1972,1997]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFEBFFA324FBF823FF04F823" box="[151,254,1972,1997]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Rhinella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(including 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFEBFFA325E7F823FE07F823" box="[395,509,1972,1997]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Anaxyrus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFEBFFA325E7F823FE07F823" box="[395,509,1972,1997]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Anaxyrus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFEBFFA32661F823FD82F823" box="[525,632,1972,1997]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Chaunus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFEBFFA32661F823FD82F823" box="[525,632,1972,1997]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Chaunus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFEBFFA326D9F823FCEBF823" box="[693,785,1972,1997]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Incilius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFEBFFA326D9F823FCEBF823" box="[693,785,1972,1997]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Incilius</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in fig. 4) and 
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFEBFFA327ADF823FBAAF823" box="[961,1104,1972,1997]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Sclerophrys</emphasis>
(including 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFEBFFA320B2F823FA6FF823" box="[1246,1429,1972,1997]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Amietophrynus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFEBFFA320B2F823FA6FF823" box="[1246,1429,1972,1997]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Amietophrynus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFEBFFA324FBF84DFED1F81D" box="[151,299,2010,2035]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Capensibufo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFEBFFA324FBF84DFED1F81D" box="[151,299,2010,2035]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Capensibufo</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFEBFFA32550F84DFE06F81D" box="[316,508,2010,2035]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Mertensophryne" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFEBFFA32550F84DFE06F81D" box="[316,508,2010,2035]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Mertensophryne</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFEBFFA32660F84DFD56F81D" box="[524,684,2010,2035]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Stephopaedes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFEBFFA32660F84DFD56F81D" box="[524,684,2010,2035]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Stephopaedes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFEBFFA32684F84DFC57F81D" box="[744,941,2010,2035]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Vandijkophrynus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFEBFFA32684F84DFC57F81D" box="[744,941,2010,2035]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Vandijkophrynus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in fig. 4). But then, the subgenera listed above in these groups should be downgraded to the rank of species-groups or supraspecies, simply because the 
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFE9FFA124A8FF2AFEFEFF38" box="[196,260,189,214]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Code</emphasis>
does not accept additional ranks below subgenus, like infragenus of hypogenus (
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B2BFFE9FFA1208AFF2AFA69FF38" author="Dubois" box="[1254,1427,189,215]" pageId="19" pageNumber="38" refString="Dubois, A. (2006 b) New proposals for naming lower-ranked taxa within the frame of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature. Comptes rendus Biologies, 329 (10), 823 - 840." type="journal article" year="2006" yearSuffix="b">
Dubois 2006 
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFE9FFA121E8FF2AFA69FF38" box="[1412,1427,189,214]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">b</emphasis>
</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B2BFFE9FFA124FBFF75FE35FF12" author="Dubois" box="[151,463,226,252]" pageId="19" pageNumber="39" refString="Dubois, A. &amp; Raffaelli, J. (2009) A new ergotaxonomy of the family Salamandridae Goldfuss, 1820 (Amphibia, Urodela). Alytes, 26 (1 - 4), 1 - 85." type="journal article" year="2009">Dubois &amp; Raffaëlli 2009</bibRefCitation>
). This latter limitation does not have any theoretical justification and is only a nuisance for the development of a modern phylogenetic taxonomy at low levels (between genus and species) in zoology (
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B2BFFE9FFA12542FEBAFE1AFEA8" author="Dubois" box="[302,480,301,327]" pageId="19" pageNumber="38" refString="Dubois, A. (2006 b) New proposals for naming lower-ranked taxa within the frame of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature. Comptes rendus Biologies, 329 (10), 823 - 840." type="journal article" year="2006" yearSuffix="b">
Dubois 2006 
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFE9FFA125BCFEBAFE1AFEA8" box="[464,480,301,326]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">b</emphasis>
</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B2BFFE9FFA12589FEBAFE0DFEA8" author="Dubois" box="[485,503,301,326]" pageId="19" pageNumber="38" refString="Dubois, A. (2006 d) Naming taxa from cladograms: a cautionary tale. Molecular Phylogenetics &amp; Evolution, 42, 317 - 330." type="journal article" year="2006" yearSuffix="d">d</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B2BFFE9FFA12664FEBAFDAFFEA8" author="Dubois" box="[520,597,301,327]" pageId="19" pageNumber="39" refString="Dubois, A. (2007 b) Naming taxa from cladograms: some confusions, misleading statements, and necessary clarifications. Cladistics, 23, 390 - 402." type="journal article" year="2007" yearSuffix="b">
2007 
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFE9FFA1262AFEBAFDAFFEA8" box="[582,597,301,326]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">b</emphasis>
</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B2BFFE9FFA1260BFEBAFC59FEA9" author="Dubois" box="[615,931,301,327]" pageId="19" pageNumber="39" refString="Dubois, A. &amp; Raffaelli, J. (2009) A new ergotaxonomy of the family Salamandridae Goldfuss, 1820 (Amphibia, Urodela). Alytes, 26 (1 - 4), 1 - 85." type="journal article" year="2009">Dubois &amp; Raffaëlli 2009</bibRefCitation>
), so let us hope that the ICZN will soon consider its abrogation.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF0E6652FFE8FFA024FBF9D8FB58F849" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/195119/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" targetBox="[157,1401,200,1561]" targetPageId="18">
<paragraph id="8BCE36DAFFE8FFA024FBF9D8FB58F849" blockId="18.[151,1436,1615,1959]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFE8FFA024FBF9D8FEE0F989" bold="true" box="[151,282,1615,1639]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">FIGURE 6.</emphasis>
Reproduction of part of the tree of anurans in Van Bocxlaer 
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFE8FFA027CDF9C7FC2AF989" box="[929,976,1616,1639]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">et al</emphasis>
. (2009: 3) including their 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFE8FFA02086F9C7FA9FF989" box="[1258,1381,1616,1639]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFE8FFA02086F9C7FA9FF989" box="[1258,1381,1616,1639]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">BUFONIDAE</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The specific nomina are those used by these authors, whereas the generic nomina in the column on the right are those supported here, either for genera or subgenera (see text for details). Bidirectional arrows point to reported cases of successful hybridization resulting in adult specimens: (1) between 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFE8FFA0270CF926FC30F926" box="[864,970,1713,1736]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Bufo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bufo">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFE8FFA0270CF926FC30F926" box="[864,970,1713,1736]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Bufo bufo</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFE8FFA02792F926FB81F926" box="[1022,1147,1713,1736]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Bufo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="viridis">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFE8FFA02792F926FB81F926" box="[1022,1147,1713,1736]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Bufo viridis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Hemmer &amp; Böhme 1974; Duda 2008); (2) between 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFE8FFA025C7F946FDB9F906" box="[427,579,1745,1768]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Bufo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="calamita">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFE8FFA025C7F946FDB9F906" box="[427,579,1745,1768]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Bufo calamita</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFE8FFA0261BF946FD0FF906" box="[631,757,1745,1768]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Bufo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="viridis">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFE8FFA0261BF946FD0FF906" box="[631,757,1745,1768]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Bufo viridis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Flindt &amp; Hemmer 1967; Hemmer 1973; Schlyter 
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFE8FFA02175F946FAB3F906" box="[1305,1353,1745,1768]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">et al</emphasis>
. 1991); (3) between 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFE8FFA02573F966FE46F8E6" box="[287,444,1777,1800]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Bufo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="terrestris">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFE8FFA02573F966FE46F8E6" box="[287,444,1777,1800]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Bufo terrestris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFE8FFA0259EF966FD76F8E6" box="[498,652,1777,1800]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Bufo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="valliceps">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFE8FFA0259EF966FD76F8E6" box="[498,652,1777,1800]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Bufo valliceps</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Blair 1941; Moore 1955) and between 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFE8FFA02028F966FB36F8E6" box="[1092,1228,1777,1800]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Bufo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fowleri">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFE8FFA02028F966FB36F8E6" box="[1092,1228,1777,1800]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Bufo fowleri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFE8FFA0216EF966FA66F8E6" box="[1282,1436,1777,1800]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Bufo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="valliceps">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFE8FFA0216EF966FA66F8E6" box="[1282,1436,1777,1800]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Bufo valliceps</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Blair 
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFE8FFA024B0F886FF0BF8C6" box="[220,241,1809,1832]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">in</emphasis>
Moore 1955); (4) between 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFE8FFA02679F886FD87F8C6" box="[533,637,1809,1832]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Bufo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bufo">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFE8FFA02679F886FD87F8C6" box="[533,637,1809,1832]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Bufo bufo</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFE8FFA026DDF886FBDDF8C9" authority="Blair 1972: 420" authorityName="Blair" authorityPageNumber="420" authorityYear="1972" box="[689,1063,1808,1832]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Bufo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="woodhousii">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFE8FFA026DDF886FC9EF8C6" box="[689,868,1809,1832]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Bufo woodhousii</emphasis>
(Blair 1972: 420)
</taxonomicName>
. The larger grey rectangle includes all the species that must be maintained in the genus 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFE8FFA026A2F8A6FCFBF8A6" box="[718,769,1841,1864]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Bufo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFE8FFA026A2F8A6FCFBF8A6" box="[718,769,1841,1864]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Bufo</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
according to these data if the crossability criterion of Dubois (1988 
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFE8FFA024B9F8C6FF02F886" box="[213,248,1873,1896]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">a-b</emphasis>
, 2004 
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFE8FFA02557F8C6FEBDF886" box="[315,327,1873,1896]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">c</emphasis>
) is implemented. The darker grey rectangles includes species that could be placed in two distinct genera if the only reported case between 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFE8FFA02593F8E6FD92F866" box="[511,616,1905,1928]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Bufo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bufo">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFE8FFA02593F8E6FD92F866" box="[511,616,1905,1928]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Bufo bufo</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFE8FFA026F0F8E6FCAAF866" box="[668,848,1905,1928]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Bufo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="woodhousii">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFE8FFA026F0F8E6FCAAF866" box="[668,848,1905,1928]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Bufo woodhousii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
proved to be in error; in this latter case, several genera should be recognized for the species remaining in the lighter grey area. See text for explanations.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BCE36DAFFE9FFA124AAFEEFFEF3FE32" blockId="19.[151,1437,152,2007]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
If the alternative tree of 
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B2BFFE9FFA1258AFEEFFD21FE7C" box="[486,731,376,402]" pageId="19" pageNumber="44" refString="Pramuk, J. B., Robertson, T., Sites, J. W., Jr. &amp; Noonan, B. P. (2008) Around the world in 10 million years: biogeography of the nearly cosmopolitan true toads (Anura: Bufonidae). Global Ecology &amp; Biogeography, 17, 72 - 83." type="journal article">
Pramuk 
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFE9FFA12625FEEFFD7FFE7F" box="[585,645,376,401]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">et al.</emphasis>
(2008)
</bibRefCitation>
was adopted (fig. 5), the genus 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFE9FFA1203BFEEFFB74FE7F" box="[1111,1166,376,401]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Bufo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFE9FFA1203BFEEFFB74FE7F" box="[1111,1166,376,401]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Bufo</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, as limited by the data on successful hybridization, would not need to include the genus 
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFE9FFA127ADFE0AFBA8FE58" box="[961,1106,413,438]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Sclerophrys</emphasis>
, and could be slightly less inclusive.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BCE36DAFFE9FFA124AAFE7FFDD7FC2C" blockId="19.[151,1437,152,2007]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
Finally, if the tree of 
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B2BFFE9FFA125D3FE7FFD0CFDEC" box="[447,758,488,514]" pageId="19" pageNumber="46" refString="Van Bocxlaer, I., Biju, S. D., Loader, S. P. &amp; Bossuyt, F. (2009) Toad radiation reveals into-India dispersal as a source of endemism in the Western Ghats-Sri Lanka biodiversity hotspot. BMC evolutionary Biology, 9, 131 [doi: 10.1186 / 1471 - 2148 - 9 - 131]." type="journal article">
Van Bocxlaer 
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFE9FFA1260AFE7FFD60FDEF" box="[614,666,488,513]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">et al</emphasis>
. (2009)
</bibRefCitation>
was accepted (fig. 6), in order to remain holophyletic the genus 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFE9FFA12488FD9AFEE6FDC8" box="[228,284,525,550]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Bufo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFE9FFA12488FD9AFEE6FDC8" box="[228,284,525,550]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Bufo</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
would have to correspond to almost the whole family 
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFE9FFA127C3FD9AFBBAFDC8" box="[943,1088,525,550]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFE9FFA127C3FD9AFBC2FDC8" box="[943,1080,525,550]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">BUFONIDAE</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
It would contain many other “genera”, including the 
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFE9FFA125D8FDA5FDB5FDA5" box="[436,591,562,587]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">ADENOMINAE</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B2BFFE9FFA1263BFDA5FD1AFDA2" author="Cope" box="[599,736,562,588]" pageId="19" pageNumber="37" refString="Cope, E. D. (1861) Descriptions of reptiles from tropical America and Asia. Proceedings of the Academy of natural Sciences of Philadelphia, &quot; 1860 &quot;, 12, 368 - 374." type="journal article" year="1861">Cope, 1861</bibRefCitation>
as recognized by 
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B2BFFE9FFA127D6FDA5FB00FDA2" box="[954,1274,562,588]" pageId="19" pageNumber="46" refString="Van Bocxlaer, I., Biju, S. D., Loader, S. P. &amp; Bossuyt, F. (2009) Toad radiation reveals into-India dispersal as a source of endemism in the Western Ghats-Sri Lanka biodiversity hotspot. BMC evolutionary Biology, 9, 131 [doi: 10.1186 / 1471 - 2148 - 9 - 131]." type="journal article">
Van Bocxlaer 
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFE9FFA1200FFDA5FB5AFDA5" box="[1123,1184,562,587]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">et al.</emphasis>
(2009)
</bibRefCitation>
, and it would exclude only the genus 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFE9FFA125DDFDCFFD67FD9C" authority="Cope, 1862" authorityName="Cope" authorityYear="1862" box="[433,669,600,626]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhaebo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFE9FFA125DDFDCFFDF1FD9F" box="[433,523,600,625]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Rhaebo</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B2BFFE9FFA12678FDCFFD67FD9C" author="Cope" box="[532,669,600,626]" pageId="19" pageNumber="37" refString="Cope E. D. (1862) Notes upon some Reptiles of the Old World. Proceedings of the Academy of natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 14, 337 - 344." type="journal article" year="1862">Cope, 1862</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
and a few other South American genera, formerly known as the 
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFE9FFA124FBFDEAFEA9FD78" box="[151,339,637,662]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">ATELOPODIDAE</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B2BFFE9FFA12530FDEAFDE6FD79" author="Fitzinger" box="[348,540,637,663]" pageId="19" pageNumber="40" refString="Fitzinger, L. J. F. J. (1843) Systema Reptilium. Fasciculus primus. Amblyglossae. Vindobonae, Braumuller &amp; Seidel, 1 - 106 + i - ix." type="book chapter" year="1843">Fitzinger, 1843</bibRefCitation>
or 
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFE9FFA12625FDEAFCFEFD78" box="[585,772,637,662]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">ATELOPODINAE</emphasis>
. At any rate, even if the crossability criterion is not implemented, but the phylogeny of these authors adopted, their taxonomy is not acceptable, as it recognizes a subfamily (
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFE9FFA12573FD5FFE40FD0F" box="[287,442,712,737]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">ADEMONINAE</emphasis>
) whose sister-group includes two genera (
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFE9FFA127DAFD5FFB22FD0C" authority="Stoliczka, 1870" authorityName="Stoliczka" authorityYear="1870" box="[950,1240,712,738]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Ansonia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFE9FFA127DAFD5FFBEDFD0F" box="[950,1047,712,737]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Ansonia</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B2BFFE9FFA1204CFD5FFB22FD0C" author="Stoliczka" box="[1056,1240,712,738]" pageId="19" pageNumber="46" refString="Stoliczka, F. (1870) Observations on some Indian and Malayan Amphibia and Reptilia. Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, 39, 134 - 228, pl. 9 - 12." type="journal article" year="1870">Stoliczka, 1870</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFE9FFA12178FD5FFEBAFCE9" authority="Barbour, 1938" authorityName="Barbour" authorityYear="1938" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Pelophryne" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFE9FFA12178FD5FFA66FD0F" box="[1300,1436,712,737]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Pelophryne</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B2BFFE9FFA124FBFD7AFEBAFCE9" author="Barbour" box="[151,320,749,775]" pageId="19" pageNumber="36" refString="Barbour, T. (1938) Notes on &quot; Nectophryne &quot;. Proceedings of the biological Society of Washington, 51, 191 - 195." type="journal article" year="1938">Barbour, 1938</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
) but is not recognized as a subfamily, and as no further subfamily is recognized for all the other genera of the family. It would be unacceptable to group all these genera in a subfamily 
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFE9FFA120D1FC85FABCFCC5" box="[1213,1350,786,811]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">BUFONINAE</emphasis>
, as the latter would be paraphyletic relative to the 
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFE9FFA126FBFCAFFCCBFCBF" box="[663,817,824,849]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">ADENOMINAE</emphasis>
. If taxonomy is to reflect the hypothesized cladistic relationships between taxa, a basic requirement is that sister-taxa be always afforded the same rank, and that any optional subordinate rank like subfamily be used only if at least two sister-taxa are given this rank (for details, see 
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B2BFFE9FFA12573FC3FFE3EFC2F" author="Dubois" box="[287,452,936,962]" pageId="19" pageNumber="38" refString="Dubois, A. (2007 a) Phylogeny, taxonomy and nomenclature: the problem of taxonomic categories and of nomenclatural ranks. Zootaxa, 1519, 27 - 68." type="journal article" year="2007" yearSuffix="a">
Dubois 2007 
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFE9FFA125D9FC3FFE3EFC2F" box="[437,452,936,961]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">a</emphasis>
</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B2BFFE9FFA125BFFC3FFDE6FC2F" author="Dubois" box="[467,540,936,962]" pageId="19" pageNumber="39" refString="Dubois, A. (2008 d) Phylogenetic hypotheses, taxa and nomina in zoology. In: A. Minelli, L. Bonato &amp; G. Fusco (Ed.), Updating the Linnaean heritage: names as tools for thinking about animals and plants, Zootaxa, 1950, 51 - 86." type="journal article" year="2008" yearSuffix="d">
2008 
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFE9FFA12661FC3FFDE6FC2F" box="[525,540,936,961]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">d</emphasis>
</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BCE36DAFFE9FFA124AAFC5AFC2FFAD9" blockId="19.[151,1437,152,2007]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
A troubling fact is the report (
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B2BFFE9FFA12640FC5AFD11FC09" author="Blair" box="[556,747,973,999]" pageId="19" pageNumber="36" refString="Blair, W. F., (Ed.) (1972) Evolution in the genus Bufo. Austin &amp; London, Univ. Texas Press, i - viii + 1 - 459, pl. 1 - 6." type="book chapter" year="1972">Blair 1972: 420</bibRefCitation>
) of a single case of adult male hybrid obtained between a male 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFE9FFA124B5FC65FEB4FBE5" box="[217,334,1010,1035]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Bufo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bufo">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFE9FFA124B5FC65FEB4FBE5" box="[217,334,1010,1035]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Bufo bufo</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and a female 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFE9FFA12594FC65FC48FBE2" authority="Girard, 1854" authorityName="Girard" authorityYear="1854" box="[504,946,1010,1036]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Anaxyrus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="woodhousii">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFE9FFA12594FC65FD03FBE5" box="[504,761,1010,1035]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Anaxyrus woodhousii</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B2BFFE9FFA12766FC65FC53FBE2" author="Girard" box="[778,937,1010,1036]" pageId="19" pageNumber="40" refString="Girard, C. (1854) A list of the North American bufonids, with diagnoses of new species. Proceedings of the Academy of natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 7, 86 - 88." type="journal article" year="1854">Girard, 1854</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
. This unique case needs confirmation, in order to be sure that the adult reported was a true diploid hybrid with one genome of each parental species, and not a gynogenetic or triploid specimen (for more details, see Dubois 1988 
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFE9FFA1200BFBAAFB6AFBB8" box="[1127,1168,1085,1110]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">a-b</emphasis>
). If the possibility of successful (until adult stage) hybridization between some species, at least, of 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFE9FFA12001FBF4FB52FB92" box="[1133,1192,1123,1148]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Bufo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFE9FFA12001FBF4FB52FB92" box="[1133,1192,1123,1148]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Bufo</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFE9FFA1208AFBF4FAA1FB92" box="[1254,1371,1123,1148]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Anaxyrus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFE9FFA1208AFBF4FAA1FB92" box="[1254,1371,1123,1148]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Anaxyrus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, was confirmed, this would require, for those who wish to implement the crossability criterion, to downgrade both these groups to the rank of subgenera of a single genus 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFE9FFA12758FB3AFC96FB28" box="[820,876,1197,1222]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Bufo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFE9FFA12758FB3AFC96FB28" box="[820,876,1197,1222]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Bufo</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, as shown in the lighter grey rectangles of our figures 4–6. If this possibility was refuted, this would have no consequence on the limits of the genus 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFE9FFA1212AFB44FA87FB02" box="[1350,1405,1235,1260]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Bufo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFE9FFA1212AFB44FA87FB02" box="[1350,1405,1235,1260]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Bufo</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in our figure 4. However, in our figures 5 and 6, 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFE9FFA126D1FB6FFCDBFAFF" box="[701,801,1272,1297]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFE9FFA126D1FB6FFCDBFAFF" box="[701,801,1272,1297]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Rhinella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
could remain as a genus distinct from 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFE9FFA1209CFB6FFAD2FAFF" box="[1264,1320,1272,1297]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Bufo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFE9FFA1209CFB6FFAD2FAFF" box="[1264,1320,1272,1297]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Bufo</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and from 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFE9FFA124FBFA8AFEFCFAD8" box="[151,262,1309,1334]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Anaxyrus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFE9FFA124FBFA8AFEFCFAD8" box="[151,262,1309,1334]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Anaxyrus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(which would include two subgenera 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFE9FFA126A9FA8AFCCEFAD8" box="[709,820,1309,1334]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Anaxyrus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFE9FFA126A9FA8AFCCEFAD8" box="[709,820,1309,1334]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Anaxyrus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFE9FFA12700FA8AFC3EFAD8" box="[876,964,1309,1334]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Incilius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFE9FFA12700FA8AFC3EFAD8" box="[876,964,1309,1334]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Incilius</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BCE36DAFFE9FFA124AAFAD5FAE9F969" blockId="19.[151,1437,152,2007]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
Even if we ignore at this stage the case of the American species, uncertainties remain. Several species of the genus 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFE9FFA12562FAFFFE40FA6F" box="[270,442,1384,1409]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Pseudepidalea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFE9FFA12562FAFFFE40FA6F" box="[270,442,1384,1409]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Pseudepidalea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, erected by 
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B2BFFE9FFA12627FAFFFCE5FA6C" box="[587,799,1384,1410]" pageId="19" pageNumber="40" refString="Frost D. R., Grant, T., Faivovich, J., Bazin, R. H., Haas, A., Haddad, C. F. B., de Sa, R. O., Channing, A., Wilkinson, M., Donnellan, S. C., Raxworthy, C. J., Campbell, J. A., Blotto, B. L., Moler, P., Drewes, R. C., Nussbaum, R. A., Lynch, J. D., Green, D. M. &amp; Wheeler, W. C. (2006) The amphibian tree of life. Bulletin of the American Museum of natural History, 297, 1 - 370." type="journal article">
Frost 
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFE9FFA126E3FAFFFD30FA6F" box="[655,714,1384,1409]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">et al.</emphasis>
(2006)
</bibRefCitation>
for 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFE9FFA1273DFAFFFC21FA6F" box="[849,987,1384,1409]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Bufo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="viridis">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFE9FFA1273DFAFFFC21FA6F" box="[849,987,1384,1409]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Bufo viridis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and its close allies, are well known to hybridize successfully among them in nature, sometimes giving birth to stable polyploid hybrid species (
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B2BFFE9FFA12134FA1AFEECFA22" author="Stock" pageId="19" pageNumber="45" refString="Stock, M., Schmid, M., Steinlein, C. &amp; Grosse, W. - R. (1999) Mosaicism in somatic triploid specimens of the Bufo viridis complex in the Karakoram with examination of calls, morphology and taxonomic conclusions. Italian Journal of Zoology, 66 (3), 215 - 232." type="journal article" year="1999">
Stöck 
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFE9FFA124FBFA24FF2BFA22" box="[151,209,1459,1484]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">et al.</emphasis>
1999
</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B2BFFE9FFA1254EFA25FE93FA22" author="Stock" box="[290,361,1458,1484]" pageId="19" pageNumber="45" refString="Stock, M., Frynta, D., Grosse, W. - R., Steinlein, C., Schmid, M. (2001 c) A review of the distribution of diploid, triploid and tetraploid green toads (Bufo viridis complex) in Asia including new data from Iran and Pakistan. Asiatic herpetological Research, 9, 77 - 100." type="journal article" year="2001" yearSuffix="c">
2001 
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFE9FFA12530FA24FE93FA22" box="[348,361,1459,1484]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">c</emphasis>
</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B2BFFE9FFA12514FA25FE4CFA22" author="Stock" box="[376,438,1458,1484]" pageId="19" pageNumber="45" refString="Stock, M., Lamatsch, D. K., Steinlein, C., Epplen, J. T., Grosse, W. - R., Hock, R., Klapperstuck, T., Lampert, K. P., Scheer, U., Schmid, M. &amp; Schartl, M. (2002) A bisexually reproducing all-triploid vertebrate. Nature Genetics, 30 (3), 325 - 328." type="journal article" year="2002">2002</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B2BFFE9FFA125ADFA25FE04FA22" author="Stock" box="[449,510,1458,1484]" pageId="19" pageNumber="45" refString="Stock, M., Steinlein, C., Lamatsch, D. K., Schartl, M. &amp; Schmid, M. (2005) Multiple origins of tetraploid taxa in Eurasian Bufo viridis subgroup. Genetica, 124, 255 - 272." type="journal article" year="2005">2005</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B2BFFE9FFA12666FA25FDB2FA22" author="Stock" box="[522,584,1458,1484]" lastPageId="19" lastPageNumber="46" pageId="19" pageNumber="45" refString="Stock, M., Ustinova, J., Lamatsch, D. K., Schartl, M., Perrin, N. &amp; Moritz, C. (2009) A vertebrate reproductive system involving three ploidy levels: hybrid origin of triploids in a contact zone of diploid and tetraploid Palearctic green toads (Bufo viridis subgroup). Evolution, 64 (4), 944 - 959 [doi: 10.1111 / j. 1558 - 5646.2009.00876 x]." type="journal article" year="2009">2009</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B2BFFE9FFA12639FA25FCAEFA22" author="Stock" box="[597,852,1458,1484]" pageId="19" pageNumber="45" refString="Stock, M. &amp; Grosse, W. - R. (2003) Die Bufo viridis - Untergruppe in Mittel- und Zentralasien: Eine Ubersicht zur Verbreitung, Polyploidie, Paarungsrufen und Taxonomie. Mertensiella, 14, 179 - 217." type="journal article" year="2003">Stöck &amp; Grosse 2003</bibRefCitation>
), but also to produce not rarely adult hybrids with species of the genera 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFE9FFA125F5FA4FFE2BFA1F" box="[409,465,1496,1521]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Bufo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFE9FFA125F5FA4FFE2BFA1F" box="[409,465,1496,1521]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Bufo</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFE9FFA12660FA4FFD8DFA1F" box="[524,631,1496,1521]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Epidalea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFE9FFA12660FA4FFD8DFA1F" box="[524,631,1496,1521]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Epidalea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. This requires to include also 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFE9FFA1278DFA4FFB75FA1F" box="[993,1167,1496,1521]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Pseudepidalea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFE9FFA1278DFA4FFB75FA1F" box="[993,1167,1496,1521]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Pseudepidalea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as a third subgenus of the genus 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFE9FFA12560FA6AFEB9F9F8" box="[268,323,1533,1558]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Bufo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFE9FFA12560FA6AFEB9F9F8" box="[268,323,1533,1558]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Bufo</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, along with 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFE9FFA125B8FA6AFDF6F9F8" box="[468,524,1533,1558]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Bufo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFE9FFA125B8FA6AFDF6F9F8" box="[468,524,1533,1558]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Bufo</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFE9FFA1262FFA6AFD57F9F8" box="[579,685,1533,1558]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Epidalea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFE9FFA1262FFA6AFD57F9F8" box="[579,685,1533,1558]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Epidalea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, but for the time being it is impossible to know where this genus should “stop” until we have a robust phylogeny of the whole family. Just considering the successful hybridization between 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFE9FFA125DDF9DFFE11F98F" box="[433,491,1608,1633]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Bufo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFE9FFA125DDF9DFFE11F98F" box="[433,491,1608,1633]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Bufo</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFE9FFA12644F9DFFD26F98F" box="[552,732,1608,1633]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Pseudepidalea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFE9FFA12644F9DFFD26F98F" box="[552,732,1608,1633]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Pseudepidalea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(and ignoring the case of 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFE9FFA1204EF9DFFB6FF98F" box="[1058,1173,1608,1633]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Anaxyrus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFE9FFA1204EF9DFFB6FF98F" box="[1058,1173,1608,1633]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Anaxyrus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), the content of 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFE9FFA1210FF9DFFA67F98F" box="[1379,1437,1608,1633]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Bufo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFE9FFA1210FF9DFFA67F98F" box="[1379,1437,1608,1633]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Bufo</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
would be very different according to the tree adopted as phylogenetic hypothesis for the bufonids.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BCE36DAFFE9FFA624AAF905FB66FE7C" blockId="19.[151,1437,152,2007]" lastBlockId="20.[151,1437,152,2007]" lastPageId="20" lastPageNumber="21" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
Considering all these uncertainties, we think the situation is not ripe for a robust generic taxonomy of the 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFE9FFA124FBF92FFEE4F93F" box="[151,286,1720,1745]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFE9FFA124FBF92FFEE4F93F" box="[151,286,1720,1745]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">BUFONIDAE</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. More work must be done, in three directions at least: (1) rapidly increasing our survey, discovery and description of the species of this group in all parts of the world, before they are extinct (
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B2BFFE9FFA1208DF94AFA70F918" author="Dubois" box="[1249,1418,1757,1783]" pageId="19" pageNumber="39" refString="Dubois, A. (2009 b) The special message from threatened amphibians. Alytes, 27 (1), 26 - 36." type="journal article" year="2009" yearSuffix="b">
Dubois 2009 
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFE9FFA12117F94AFA70F918" box="[1403,1418,1757,1782]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">b</emphasis>
</bibRefCitation>
); (2) ascertaining better the cladistic relationships of all identified groups and subgroups of species of this family at least, if not of all known species; and (3) obtaining more reliable data on interspecific hybridization within this huge assemblage of species. The latter work had been remarkably started by 
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B2BFFE9FFA120C2F8DAFAC4F889" author="Blair" box="[1198,1342,1869,1895]" pageId="19" pageNumber="36" refString="Blair, W. F., (Ed.) (1972) Evolution in the genus Bufo. Austin &amp; London, Univ. Texas Press, i - viii + 1 - 459, pl. 1 - 6." type="book chapter" year="1972">Blair (1972)</bibRefCitation>
and his co-workers, but has unfortunately largely been abandoned nowadays, in our “ 
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFE9FFA1202FF8E4FAFCF862" box="[1091,1286,1907,1932]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">all-cladistic age</emphasis>
” (
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B2BFFE9FFA12148F8E5FE88F85C" author="Dubois" pageId="19" pageNumber="39" refString="Dubois, A. &amp; Raffaelli, J. (2009) A new ergotaxonomy of the family Salamandridae Goldfuss, 1820 (Amphibia, Urodela). Alytes, 26 (1 - 4), 1 - 85." type="journal article" year="2009">Dubois &amp; Raffaëlli 2009: 13</bibRefCitation>
). 
<collectingCountry id="F366764AFFE9FFA125E5F80FFE50F85C" box="[393,426,1944,1970]" name="American Samoa" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">As</collectingCountry>
stressed by Dubois (1988 
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFE9FFA1268CF80FFCFDF85F" box="[736,775,1944,1969]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">a-b</emphasis>
), the advantage of the hybridization data used at genus level as a 
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFE9FFA12566F82AFCD1F838" box="[266,811,1981,2006]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">nonarbitrary criterion for taxonomic inclusion</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B2BFFE9FFA12756F82AFBDAF839" author="Simpson" box="[826,1056,1981,2007]" pageId="19" pageNumber="45" refString="Simpson, G. G. (1961) Principles of animal taxonomy. New York, Columbia Univ. Press, i - xii + 1 - 247." type="book chapter" year="1961">Simpson 1961: 115</bibRefCitation>
) is that, if the original works are methodologically good (ascertaining that the adult obtained were true biparental diploid hybrids), their conclusions are not liable to be changed later on. In zoological groups of biparental species, this can be a strong factor for stabilizing generic taxonomy, a goal that many authors 
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFEEFFA62064FF75FBB1FF15" box="[1032,1099,226,251]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">claim</emphasis>
to pursue (e.g., 
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B2BFFEEFFA6217EFF75FF2FFECC" author="Pauly" pageId="20" pageNumber="43" refString="Pauly, G. B., Hillis, D. M. &amp; Cannatella, D. C. (2009) Taxonomic freedom and the role of official lists of species names. Herpetologica, 65 (2), 115 - 128." type="journal article" year="2009">
Pauly 
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFEEFFA62133FF75FA66FF15" box="[1375,1436,226,251]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">et al.</emphasis>
2009
</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B2BFFEEFFA6248DFE9FFE55FECF" author="Frost" box="[225,431,264,290]" pageId="20" pageNumber="40" refString="Frost, D. F., McDiarmid, R. W. &amp; Mendelson, J. R., III (2009 b) Response to the Point of view of Gregory B. Pauly, David M. Hillis, and David C. Cannatella, by the Anuran Subcommittee of the SSAR / HL / ASIH Scientific and Standard English Names List. Herpetologica, 65 (2), 136 - 153." type="journal article" year="2009" yearSuffix="b">
Frost 
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFEEFFA62548FE9FFEA5FECF" box="[292,351,264,289]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">et al.</emphasis>
2009 
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFEEFFA625CCFE9FFE55FECF" box="[416,431,264,289]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">b</emphasis>
</bibRefCitation>
). For this reason, we think that at least two groups of “genera” as recognized by 
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B2BFFEEFFA6210CFE9FFEC0FEA9" pageId="20" pageNumber="40" refString="Frost D. R., Grant, T., Faivovich, J., Bazin, R. H., Haas, A., Haddad, C. F. B., de Sa, R. O., Channing, A., Wilkinson, M., Donnellan, S. C., Raxworthy, C. J., Campbell, J. A., Blotto, B. L., Moler, P., Drewes, R. C., Nussbaum, R. A., Lynch, J. D., Green, D. M. &amp; Wheeler, W. C. (2006) The amphibian tree of life. Bulletin of the American Museum of natural History, 297, 1 - 370." type="journal article">
Frost 
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFEEFFA624FBFEBAFF28FEA8" box="[151,210,301,326]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">et al</emphasis>
. (2006)
</bibRefCitation>
should be considered as single genera, namely 
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFEEFFA627C1FEBAFB6EFEA8" box="[941,1172,301,326]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Anaxyrus-Incilius</emphasis>
and 
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFEEFFA620B9FEBAFEBFFE85" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
Bufo-Epidalea- 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFEEFFA624FBFEC5FEBFFE85" box="[151,325,338,363]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Pseudepidalea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Pseudepidalea</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
. These two groups might further have to be aggregated as a single genus, and most probably other groups, considered by 
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B2BFFEEFFA6258FFEEFFD4DFE7C" box="[483,695,376,402]" pageId="20" pageNumber="40" refString="Frost D. R., Grant, T., Faivovich, J., Bazin, R. H., Haas, A., Haddad, C. F. B., de Sa, R. O., Channing, A., Wilkinson, M., Donnellan, S. C., Raxworthy, C. J., Campbell, J. A., Blotto, B. L., Moler, P., Drewes, R. C., Nussbaum, R. A., Lynch, J. D., Green, D. M. &amp; Wheeler, W. C. (2006) The amphibian tree of life. Bulletin of the American Museum of natural History, 297, 1 - 370." type="journal article">
Frost 
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFEEFFA6264BFEEFFD98FE7F" box="[551,610,376,401]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">et al.</emphasis>
(2006)
</bibRefCitation>
as distinct genera, should also join them.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BCE36DAFFEEFFA624AAFE0AFCE1FD0C" blockId="20.[151,1437,152,2007]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
In what follows, we only consider the nomenclatural status of the three later nomina, in the light of the rediscovery of the book of 
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B2BFFEEFFA625BDFE55FD77FE32" author="Garsault" box="[465,653,450,476]" pageId="20" pageNumber="40" refString="Garsault, F. A. P. de (1764) Les Figures des plantes et animaux d'usage en medecine, decrits dans la Matiere Medicale de Mr. Geoffroy Medecin. Paris, [i - v] + 1 - 20, pl. 644 - 729." type="book chapter" year="1764">Garsault (1764)</bibRefCitation>
. The discussion above suggests that the Palaearctic species of 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFEEFFA62108FE55FA61FE35" box="[1380,1435,450,475]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Bufo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFEEFFA62108FE55FA61FE35" box="[1380,1435,450,475]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Bufo</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
should be referred to three distinct subgenera, including respectively 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFEEFFA627AFFE7FFBE2FDEF" box="[963,1048,488,513]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Bufo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bufo">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFEEFFA627AFFE7FFBE2FDEF" box="[963,1048,488,513]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">B. bufo</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFEEFFA6204BFE7FFB54FDEF" box="[1063,1198,488,513]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Bufo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="calamita">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFEEFFA6204BFE7FFB54FDEF" box="[1063,1198,488,513]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">B. calamita</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFEEFFA62084FE7FFAA9FDEF" box="[1256,1363,488,513]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Bufo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="viridis">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFEEFFA62084FE7FFAA9FDEF" box="[1256,1363,488,513]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">B. viridis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. With such an arrangement, crediting the nomen 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFEEFFA626FCFD9AFD32FDC8" box="[656,712,525,550]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Bufo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFEEFFA626FCFD9AFD32FDC8" box="[656,712,525,550]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Bufo</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
to 
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B2BFFEEFFA62682FD9AFC53FDC9" author="Laurenti" box="[750,937,525,551]" pageId="20" pageNumber="42" refString="Laurenti, J. N. (1768) Specimen medicum, exhibens synopsin Reptilium emendatam cum experimentis circa venena et antidota Reptilium austriacorum. Viennae, Joan. Thom. Nob. de Trattnern, i - ii + 1 - 215, pl. 1 - 5." type="book chapter" year="1768">Laurenti (1768)</bibRefCitation>
and its valid nucleospecies designation to 
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B2BFFEEFFA624FBFDA5FEA3FDA2" author="Fitzinger" box="[151,345,562,588]" pageId="20" pageNumber="40" refString="Fitzinger, L. J. F. J. (1843) Systema Reptilium. Fasciculus primus. Amblyglossae. Vindobonae, Braumuller &amp; Seidel, 1 - 106 + i - ix." type="book chapter" year="1843">Fitzinger (1843)</bibRefCitation>
, would result in having the species 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFEEFFA62696FDA5FC9CFDA5" box="[762,870,562,587]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Bufo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="viridis">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFEEFFA62696FDA5FC9CFDA5" box="[762,870,562,587]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">B. viridis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in the nominative subgenus 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFEEFFA620DAFDA5FB17FDA5" box="[1206,1261,562,587]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Bufo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFEEFFA620DAFDA5FB17FDA5" box="[1206,1261,562,587]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Bufo</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and in having to refer the species 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFEEFFA625E1FDCFFE12FD9F" box="[397,488,600,625]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Bufo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bufo">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFEEFFA625E1FDCFFE12FD9F" box="[397,488,600,625]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">B. bufo</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
to another subgenus, for which the nomen that has priority would be either 
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFEEFFA624FBFDEAFEAAFD78" box="[151,336,637,662]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Palaeophrynos</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B2BFFEEFFA62534FDEAFDFDFD79" author="Tschudi" box="[344,519,637,663]" pageId="20" pageNumber="46" refString="Tschudi, J. J. von (1838) Classification der Batrachier, mit Berucksichtigung der fossilen Thiere dieser Abtheilung der Reptilien. Neuchatel, Petitpierre, i - ii + 1 - 98, pl. 1 - 6." type="book chapter" year="1838">Tschudi, 1838</bibRefCitation>
or 
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFEEFFA6265DFDEAFD63FD78" box="[561,665,637,662]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Pegaeus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B2BFFEEFFA626CDFDEAFCC6FD79" author="Gistel" box="[673,828,637,663]" pageId="20" pageNumber="40" refString="Gistel, J. (1868) Blicke in das Leben der Natur und des Menschen. Leipzig, Martig, 1 - 262." type="book chapter" year="1868">Gistel, 1868</bibRefCitation>
, according to the subgeneric allocation of † 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFEEFFA6210FFDEAFE3EFD52" authority="Tschudi, 1838" authorityName="Tschudi" authorityYear="1838" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Bufo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gessneri">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFEEFFA6210FFDEAFF06FD55" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Bufo gessneri</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B2BFFEEFFA62560FD35FE41FD52" author="Tschudi" box="[268,443,674,700]" pageId="20" pageNumber="46" refString="Tschudi, J. J. von (1838) Classification der Batrachier, mit Berucksichtigung der fossilen Thiere dieser Abtheilung der Reptilien. Neuchatel, Petitpierre, i - ii + 1 - 98, pl. 1 - 6." type="book chapter" year="1838">Tschudi, 1838</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
(see below). Although nomenclaturally formally correct, this situation would be strange and likely to be confusing for many zoologists.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BCE36DAFFEEFFA624AAFD7AFB17FAB2" blockId="20.[151,1437,152,2007]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
Contrary to what some seem to believe or to wish (see e.g. 
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B2BFFEEFFA6271BFD7AFB9EFCE9" author="Jennings" box="[887,1124,749,775]" pageId="20" pageNumber="42" refString="Jennings, M. R., Dundee, H. A., Mancino, G., Lanza, B., Webb, R. G., Garcia-Paris, M., Branch, W. R., Good, D. A., Inger, R. F., Hillis, D. M., Cook, F. R. &amp; Stebbins, R. C. (1994) Comments on the proposed conservation of Hydromantes Gistel, 1848 by the designation of Salamandra genei Temminck &amp; Schlegel, 1838 as the type species (Amphibia, Caudata). Bulletin of zoological Nomenclature, 51, 149 - 153." type="journal article" year="1994">
Jennings 
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFEEFFA62789FD7AFBE5FCE8" box="[997,1055,749,774]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">et al.</emphasis>
1994
</bibRefCitation>
; Webb 
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFEEFFA620D6FD7AFB0FFCE8" box="[1210,1269,749,774]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">et al.</emphasis>
1994; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B2BFFEEFFA62129FD7AFEFAFCC2" author="Bour" pageId="20" pageNumber="37" refString="Bour, R., Pritchard, P., Cheke, A., Collie, J., Arnold, E. N., Meylan, P. A., Bury, R. B., Dodd, C. K., Kraus, O., McCarthy, C., Fleischer-Dogley, F., Chong-Seng, L., Bunbury, N., Doak, N., Kristoferson, L., Lundin, C. G., Lablache, P., Larue, J., Mortimer, J., Henriette-Payet, E., Pistorius, P., von Brandis, R., Loustau-Lalanne, M., Dogley, D., Blackmore, S., Rowat, D., Skerrett, A., Casale, P., Gaffney, E. S., Tatayah, V., Jones, C., Reynolds, R. P., Howell, K. M., Ng, P. K. L., Chellam, R., Palkovacs, E. P. &amp; Gerlach, J. (2009) Comments on the proposed conservation of usage of Testudo gigantea Schweigger, 1812 (currently Geochelone (Aldabrachelys) gigantea) (Reptilia, Testudines). (Case 3463; see BZN 66: 34 - 50, 80 - 87). Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature, 66 (2), 169 - 186." type="journal article" year="2009">
Bour 
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFEEFFA621EBFD7AFF55FCC5" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">et al</emphasis>
. 2009
</bibRefCitation>
; Takahashi 
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFEEFFA625FEFC85FE2AFCC5" box="[402,464,786,811]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">et al.</emphasis>
2009), zoological nomenclature is not, cannot and should not be, regulated by “usage”, “consensus”, “majority”, “poll”, “lobbying” or by a “principle of authority” (
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B2BFFEEFFA620DCFCAFFAA1FCBF" author="Dubois" box="[1200,1371,824,850]" pageId="20" pageNumber="39" refString="Dubois, A. (2010 c) Zoological nomenclature in the century of extinctions: Priority vs. &quot; usage &quot;. Organisms, Diversity &amp; Evolution, in press." type="book" year="2010" yearSuffix="c">
Dubois 2010 
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFEEFFA62122FCAFFAA1FCBF" box="[1358,1371,824,849]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">c</emphasis>
</bibRefCitation>
), but must be so by an 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFEEFFA6250CFCCAFE0EFC99" box="[352,500,861,887]" class="Amphibia" family="Ranidae" genus="International" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="20" pageNumber="39" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">international</taxonomicName>
system of stringent and automatic Rules, accepting only very few exceptions, in 
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFEEFFA624FBFC15FE93FC75" box="[151,361,898,923]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">really exceptional</emphasis>
cases. Misunderstanding this opens the door to problems of various kinds, and is not doing a service to taxonomy at the time of the biodiversity crisis and of the taxonomic impediment (for details, see 
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B2BFFEEFFA624FBFC5AFEC0FC08" author="Dubois" box="[151,314,973,999]" pageId="20" pageNumber="39" refString="Dubois, A. (2010 c) Zoological nomenclature in the century of extinctions: Priority vs. &quot; usage &quot;. Organisms, Diversity &amp; Evolution, in press." type="book" year="2010" yearSuffix="c">
Dubois 2010 
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFEEFFA62541FC5AFEC0FC08" box="[301,314,973,998]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">c</emphasis>
</bibRefCitation>
). Even if most zoologists would certainly agree that it would be “better” to apply the subgeneric nomen 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFEEFFA62482FC65FEDCFBE5" box="[238,294,1010,1035]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Bufo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFEEFFA62482FC65FEDCFBE5" box="[238,294,1010,1035]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Bufo</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
to the group including the species 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFEEFFA626ADFC65FCECFBE5" box="[705,790,1010,1035]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Bufo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bufo">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFEEFFA626ADFC65FCECFBE5" box="[705,790,1010,1035]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">B. bufo</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, this cannot be obtained by simply 
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFEEFFA620D6FC65FAE5FBE5" box="[1210,1311,1010,1035]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">ignoring</emphasis>
the Rules, as suggested by 
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B2BFFEEFFA62530FB8FFDDFFBDC" author="Mertens" box="[348,549,1048,1074]" pageId="20" pageNumber="43" refString="Mertens, R. (1971 b) Die Typisierung der Krotengattung Bufo. Senckenbergiana biologica, 52 (6), 425 - 427." type="journal article" year="1971" yearSuffix="b">
Mertens (1971 
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFEEFFA62667FB8FFDE0FBDF" box="[523,538,1048,1073]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">b</emphasis>
)
</bibRefCitation>
, or, in another recent case, by 
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B2BFFEEFFA627FBFB8FFB88FBDC" author="Swingland" box="[919,1138,1048,1074]" pageId="20" pageNumber="46" refString="Swingland, I. R. (2009) Comments on the proposed conservation of usage of Testudo gigantea Schweigger, 1812 (currently Geochelone (Aldabrachelys) gigantea; Reptilia, Testudines). (Case 3463; see BZN 66: 34). Bulletin of zoological Nomenclature, 66 (1), 84 - 85." type="journal article" year="2009">Swingland (2009)</bibRefCitation>
. If some zootaxonomists decided to “consider valid” Tschudi’s (1838) “designation” of nucleospecies for 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFEEFFA620C9FBAAFB1BFBB8" box="[1189,1249,1085,1110]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Bufo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFEEFFA620C9FBAAFB1BFBB8" box="[1189,1249,1085,1110]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Bufo</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and to ignore Fitzinger’s (1843) valid designation, others would certainly be entitled not to accept this and to continue to consider 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFEEFFA6256EFB1FFE76FB4F" box="[258,396,1160,1185]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Bufo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="viridis">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFEEFFA6256EFB1FFE76FB4F" box="[258,396,1160,1185]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Bufo viridis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as the nucleospecies of 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFEEFFA626C7FB1FFD18FB4F" box="[683,738,1160,1185]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Bufo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFEEFFA626C7FB1FFD18FB4F" box="[683,738,1160,1185]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Bufo</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, which would open a period of instability and confusion in the use of these well-known nomina. 
<collectingCountry id="F366764AFFEEFFA62635FB3AFD80FB29" box="[601,634,1197,1223]" name="American Samoa" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">As</collectingCountry>
Tschudi’s (1838) sentence is ambiguous, clarifying definitively its meaning cannot result from discussing his text at length, but could only be obtained by a Ruling of the ICZN using its Plenary-Powers. This is why, after the publication of 
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B2BFFEEFFA627C8FB6FFB67FAFC" box="[932,1181,1272,1298]" pageId="20" pageNumber="40" refString="Frost D. R., Grant, T., Faivovich, J., Bazin, R. H., Haas, A., Haddad, C. F. B., de Sa, R. O., Channing, A., Wilkinson, M., Donnellan, S. C., Raxworthy, C. J., Campbell, J. A., Blotto, B. L., Moler, P., Drewes, R. C., Nussbaum, R. A., Lynch, J. D., Green, D. M. &amp; Wheeler, W. C. (2006) The amphibian tree of life. Bulletin of the American Museum of natural History, 297, 1 - 370." type="journal article">
Frost 
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFEEFFA62781FB6FFBDEFAFF" box="[1005,1060,1272,1297]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">et al</emphasis>
.’s (2006)
</bibRefCitation>
work, one of us had planned to apply to the ICZN for a Ruling on this matter. The fortunate discovery of Garsault’s publications allows to disentangle this situation, and such an action by the ICZN is not necessary any more.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BCE36DAFFEEFFA624AAFAFFFBDFF98C" blockId="20.[151,1437,152,2007]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
The nomen 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFEEFFA6253FFAFFFDB8FA6C" authority="Garsault, 1764" authorityName="Garsault" authorityYear="1764" box="[339,578,1384,1410]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Bufo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFEEFFA6253FFAFFFE71FA6F" box="[339,395,1384,1409]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Bufo</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B2BFFEEFFA625FEFAFFFDB8FA6C" author="Garsault" box="[402,578,1384,1410]" pageId="20" pageNumber="40" refString="Garsault, F. A. P. de (1764) Les Figures des plantes et animaux d'usage en medecine, decrits dans la Matiere Medicale de Mr. Geoffroy Medecin. Paris, [i - v] + 1 - 20, pl. 644 - 729." type="book chapter" year="1764">Garsault, 1764</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, nucleospecies by present designation 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFEEFFA62065FAFFFABBFA6C" authority="Linnaeus, 1758" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[1033,1345,1384,1410]" class="Amphibia" family="Ranidae" genus="Rana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bufo">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFEEFFA62065FAFFFB78FA6F" box="[1033,1154,1384,1409]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Rana bufo</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B2BFFEEFFA620E6FAFFFABBFA6C" author="Linnaeus" box="[1162,1345,1384,1410]" pageId="20" pageNumber="42" refString="Linnaeus, C. (1758) Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Editio decima, reformata. Tomus I. Holmiae, Laurentii Salvii, [i - iv] + 1 - 824." type="book chapter" year="1758">Linnaeus, 1758</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, is now the valid nomen for the subgenus including 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFEEFFA626CEFA1AFCECFA48" box="[674,790,1421,1446]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Bufo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bufo">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFEEFFA626CEFA1AFCECFA48" box="[674,790,1421,1446]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Bufo bufo</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(“true toads”). It has six junior invalid synonyms (see below). It accommodates about 20 species (including a fossil one) and eight non-hyponymous (nonnominotypical) subspecies currently recognized at least by some authors, but no consensus exists among taxonomists regarding either the species or the subspecies (see e.g. 
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B2BFFEEFFA6278AFA6AFAAAF9F9" author="Speybroeck" box="[998,1360,1533,1559]" pageId="20" pageNumber="45" refString="Speybroeck, J. &amp; Crochet, P. - A. (2007) Species list of the European herpetofauna - a tentative update. Podarcis, 8 (1 - 2), 8 - 34." type="journal article" year="2007">Speybroeck &amp; Crochet 2007</bibRefCitation>
). This subgenus is in bad need of taxonomic revision based on a large sampling of Palaearctic populations and on morphological, caryological, molecular, bioacoustic and etho-ecological data.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BCE36DAFFEEFFA724AAF9FAFCBAFF12" blockId="20.[151,1437,152,2007]" lastBlockId="21.[151,1437,152,2007]" lastPageId="21" lastPageNumber="22" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
The earliest synonym of 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFEEFFA6259EF9FAFD1BF969" authority="Garsault, 1764" authorityName="Garsault" authorityYear="1764" box="[498,737,1645,1671]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Bufo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFEEFFA6259EF9FAFDD3F968" box="[498,553,1645,1670]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Bufo</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B2BFFEEFFA6265FF9FAFD1BF969" author="Garsault" box="[563,737,1645,1671]" pageId="20" pageNumber="40" refString="Garsault, F. A. P. de (1764) Les Figures des plantes et animaux d'usage en medecine, decrits dans la Matiere Medicale de Mr. Geoffroy Medecin. Paris, [i - v] + 1 - 20, pl. 644 - 729." type="book chapter" year="1764">Garsault, 1764</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
is 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFEEFFA6276BF9FAFC09F969" authority="Oken, 1816" authorityName="Oken" authorityYear="1816" box="[775,1011,1645,1671]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Phryne" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFEEFFA6276BF9FAFCA6F968" box="[775,860,1645,1670]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Phryne</emphasis>
Oken, 1816
</taxonomicName>
, which deserves a short discussion. This nomen is a junior homonym of 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFEEFFA62600F904FBF8F942" authority="Meigen, 1800 (Diptera)" authorityName="Meigen, 1800 (Diptera" box="[620,1026,1682,1708]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Phryne" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFEEFFA62600F904FD3DF942" box="[620,711,1683,1708]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Phryne</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B2BFFEEFFA626BCF905FC7AF942" author="Meigen" box="[720,896,1682,1708]" pageId="20" pageNumber="42" refString="Meigen, J. G. [J. W.] (1800) Nouvelle classification des mouches a deux ailes (Diptera L.) d'apres un plan tout nouveau. Paris, J. J. Fuchs, 5 - 40." type="book chapter" year="1800">Meigen, 1800</bibRefCitation>
(Diptera)
</taxonomicName>
, published in a work which was suppressed by the ICZN (Anonymous 1963). 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFEEFFA626C6F92FFC74F93C" authority="Oken, 1816" authorityName="Oken" authorityYear="1816" box="[682,910,1720,1746]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Phryne" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFEEFFA626C6F92FFD04F93F" box="[682,766,1720,1745]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Phryne</emphasis>
Oken, 1816
</taxonomicName>
itself was made nomenclaturally unavailable for having been published in a book also suppressed by the ICZN (
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B2BFFEEFFA627C2F94AFB8DF918" author="Hemming" box="[942,1143,1757,1783]" pageId="20" pageNumber="41" refString="Hemming, F. (1956 b) Opinion 417. Rejection for nomenclatorial purposes of volume 3 (Zoologie) of the work by Lorenz Oken entitled Okens Lehrbuch der Naturgeschichte published in 1815 - 1816. Opinions and Declarations rendered by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, 14 (1), 1 - 42." type="journal article" year="1956" yearSuffix="b">
Hemming 1956 
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFEEFFA62004F94AFB8DF918" box="[1128,1143,1757,1782]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">b</emphasis>
</bibRefCitation>
). Oken (1816: 210–213) applied both this nomen and the nomen 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFEEFFA62600F894FD59F8F2" box="[620,675,1795,1820]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Bufo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFEEFFA62600F894FD59F8F2" box="[620,675,1795,1820]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Bufo</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
to a genus in which he mentioned 16 nominal species. However, his nomen 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFEEFFA62573F8BFFE8DF8AF" box="[287,375,1832,1857]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Phryne" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFEEFFA62573F8BFFE8DF8AF" box="[287,375,1832,1857]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Phryne</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
cannot be considered a neonym for 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFEEFFA62757F8BFFC8FF8AF" box="[827,885,1832,1857]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Bufo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFEEFFA62757F8BFFC8FF8AF" box="[827,885,1832,1857]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Bufo</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, as in page 207 he also mentioned 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFEEFFA62146F8BFFA9EF8AF" box="[1322,1380,1832,1857]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Bufo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFEEFFA62146F8BFFA9EF8AF" box="[1322,1380,1832,1857]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Bufo</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as a “synonym” of his genus 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFEEFFA625D3F8DAFDD0F888" box="[447,554,1869,1894]" class="Amphibia" family="Bombinatoridae" genus="Bombina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFEEFFA625D3F8DAFDD0F888" box="[447,554,1869,1894]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Bombina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
: the most logical interpretation seems to be that he split the former genus 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFEEFFA624FBF8E4FF2BF862" box="[151,209,1907,1932]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Bufo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFEEFFA624FBF8E4FF2BF862" box="[151,209,1907,1932]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Bufo</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in two genera, one for which he provided the nomen 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFEEFFA62703F8E4FC27F862" box="[879,989,1907,1932]" class="Amphibia" family="Bombinatoridae" genus="Bombina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFEEFFA62703F8E4FC27F862" box="[879,989,1907,1932]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Bombina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(which included, among others, the species 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFEEFFA62498F80FFDC0F85C" authority="Laurenti, 1768" authorityName="Laurenti" authorityYear="1768" box="[244,570,1944,1970]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Bufo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="viridis">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFEEFFA62498F80FFE7BF85F" box="[244,385,1944,1969]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Bufo viridis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B2BFFEEFFA625E5F80FFDC0F85C" author="Laurenti" box="[393,570,1944,1970]" pageId="20" pageNumber="42" refString="Laurenti, J. N. (1768) Specimen medicum, exhibens synopsin Reptilium emendatam cum experimentis circa venena et antidota Reptilium austriacorum. Viennae, Joan. Thom. Nob. de Trattnern, i - ii + 1 - 215, pl. 1 - 5." type="book chapter" year="1768">Laurenti, 1768</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
) and one for which he provided the nomen 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFEEFFA6202AF80FFB61F85F" box="[1094,1179,1944,1969]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Phryne" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFEEFFA6202AF80FFB61F85F" box="[1094,1179,1944,1969]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Phryne</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. 
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B2BFFEEFFA620C0F80FFA61F85C" author="Fitzinger" box="[1196,1435,1944,1970]" pageId="20" pageNumber="40" refString="Fitzinger, L. J. F. J. (1843) Systema Reptilium. Fasciculus primus. Amblyglossae. Vindobonae, Braumuller &amp; Seidel, 1 - 106 + i - ix." type="book chapter" year="1843">Fitzinger (1843: 32)</bibRefCitation>
used the nomen 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFEEFFA62533F82AFE4CF838" box="[351,438,1981,2006]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Phryne" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFEEFFA62533F82AFE4CF838" box="[351,438,1981,2006]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Phryne</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, which he expressly credited to Oken, and for which he designated 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFEEFFA7209BF82AFEBEFF5C" authority="Laurenti, 1768" authorityName="Laurenti" authorityYear="1768" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Bufo" kingdom="Animalia" lastPageId="21" lastPageNumber="22" order="Anura" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="vulgaris">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFEEFFA6209BF82AFA66F838" box="[1271,1436,1981,2006]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Bufo vulgaris</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B2BFFEFFFA724FBFF0FFEBEFF5C" author="Laurenti" box="[151,324,152,178]" pageId="21" pageNumber="42" refString="Laurenti, J. N. (1768) Specimen medicum, exhibens synopsin Reptilium emendatam cum experimentis circa venena et antidota Reptilium austriacorum. Viennae, Joan. Thom. Nob. de Trattnern, i - ii + 1 - 215, pl. 1 - 5." type="book chapter" year="1768">Laurenti, 1768</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
as nucleospecies. 
<collectingCountry id="F366764AFFEFFFA72671FF0FFDC4FF5C" box="[541,574,152,178]" name="American Samoa" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">As</collectingCountry>
this species was one of the 16 originally included species of 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFEFFFA72162FF0FFA98FF5F" box="[1294,1378,152,177]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Phryne" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFEFFFA72162FF0FFA98FF5F" box="[1294,1378,152,177]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Phryne</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, this designation is valid, but as the work where the nomen 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFEFFFA72773FF2AFBFCFF39" authority="Oken, 1816" authorityName="Oken" authorityYear="1816" box="[799,1030,189,215]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Phryne" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFEFFFA72773FF2AFC8EFF38" box="[799,884,189,214]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Phryne</emphasis>
Oken, 1816
</taxonomicName>
was published was invalidated by the ICZN, the latter cannot be the valid nomen of a genus.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BCE36DAFFEFFFA724AAFE9FFAB4FEA9" blockId="21.[151,1437,152,2007]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
The nomen 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFEFFFA72531FE9FFDAEFECC" authority="Garsault, 1764" authorityName="Garsault" authorityYear="1764" box="[349,596,264,290]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Bufo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFEFFFA72531FE9FFE6FFECF" box="[349,405,264,289]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Bufo</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B2BFFEFFFA725CDFE9FFDAEFECC" author="Garsault" box="[417,596,264,290]" pageId="21" pageNumber="40" refString="Garsault, F. A. P. de (1764) Les Figures des plantes et animaux d'usage en medecine, decrits dans la Matiere Medicale de Mr. Geoffroy Medecin. Paris, [i - v] + 1 - 20, pl. 644 - 729." type="book chapter" year="1764">Garsault, 1764</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
still has five other junior synonyms, including two based on fossil material, and which do not require special discussion (see the synonymy of this generic nomen below).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BCE36DAFFEFFFA724AAFEC5FDB7FBDC" blockId="21.[151,1437,152,2007]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
The nomen 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFEFFFA72500FEC5FD87FE82" authority="Cope, 1864" authorityName="Cope" authorityYear="1864" box="[364,637,338,364]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Epidalea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFEFFFA72500FEC5FE2CFE85" box="[364,470,338,363]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Epidalea</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B2BFFEFFFA72585FEC5FD87FE82" author="Cope" box="[489,637,338,364]" pageId="21" pageNumber="37" refString="Cope, E. D. (1864) Contributions to the herpetology of tropical America. Proceedings of the Academy of natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 16, 166 - 181." type="journal article" year="1864">Cope, 1864</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
applies to the single species 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFEFFFA72071FEC5FA66FE82" authority="Laurenti, 1768" authorityName="Laurenti" authorityYear="1768" box="[1053,1436,338,364]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Bufo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="calamita">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFEFFFA72071FEC5FB34FE85" box="[1053,1230,338,363]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Bufo calamita</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B2BFFEFFFA7208FFEC5FA66FE82" author="Laurenti" box="[1251,1436,338,364]" pageId="21" pageNumber="42" refString="Laurenti, J. N. (1768) Specimen medicum, exhibens synopsin Reptilium emendatam cum experimentis circa venena et antidota Reptilium austriacorum. Viennae, Joan. Thom. Nob. de Trattnern, i - ii + 1 - 215, pl. 1 - 5." type="book chapter" year="1768">Laurenti, 1768</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
(“natterjack”). 
<collectingCountry id="F366764AFFEFFFA72520FEEFFE97FE7C" box="[332,365,376,402]" name="American Samoa" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">As</collectingCountry>
discussed below, the species 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFEFFFA726BFFEEFFBEFFE7C" authority="Strauch, 1876" authorityName="Strauch" authorityYear="1876" box="[723,1045,376,402]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Bufo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="raddei">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFEFFFA726BFFEEFFC98FE7F" box="[723,866,376,401]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Bufo raddei</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B2BFFEFFFA72707FEEFFBEFFE7C" author="Strauch" box="[875,1045,376,402]" pageId="21" pageNumber="46" refString="Strauch, A. (1876) Opisanie presmikayustchikhsya i zemnovodnikh, sobrannikh ekspeditsiei podpolkovnika Przewalskago. In: N. M. Przewalski (Ed.), Mongoliya i Strana Tangutov - Tryokhletneye puteshestviye v Vostochnoj Nagoruoj Azii, St. Petersburg, Imperial Russian Geographical Society, 2 (3), 53. [In Russian]." type="journal article" year="1876">Strauch, 1876</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, and possibly also the American † 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFEFFFA724C2FE0AFE13FE59" authority="Tihen, 1962" authorityName="Tihen" authorityYear="1962" box="[174,489,413,439]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Bufo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="alienus">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFEFFFA724C2FE0AFEB3FE58" box="[174,329,413,438]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Bufo alienus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B2BFFEFFFA7253EFE0AFE13FE59" author="Tihen" box="[338,489,413,439]" pageId="21" pageNumber="46" refString="Tihen, J. A. (1962) A review of New World fossil bufonids. American Midland Naturalist, 68 (1), 1 - 50." type="journal article" year="1962">Tihen, 1962</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, might have to join this subgenus when more data are available. The generic nomen 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFEFFFA72483FE55FEA0FE35" box="[239,346,450,475]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Epidalea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFEFFFA72483FE55FEA0FE35" box="[239,346,450,475]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Epidalea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has at least two senior synonyms. The first one is “ 
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFEFFFA727A9FE55FBC5FE35" box="[965,1087,450,475]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Calamitus</emphasis>
” 
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B2BFFEFFFA72038FE55FADEFE32" author="Rafinesque" box="[1108,1316,450,476]" pageId="21" pageNumber="44" refString="Rafinesque, C. S. (1815) Analyse de la nature ou Tableau de l'univers et des corps organises. Palerme, Jean Barravecchia, 1 - 124, 1 pl." type="book chapter" year="1815">Rafinesque, 1815</bibRefCitation>
(a nomen overlooked by all authors until now), which is a gymnonym (
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFEFFFA727E3FE7FFBC6FDEF" box="[911,1084,488,513]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">nomen nudum</emphasis>
), as it appeared without any diagnostic character nor included nominal species. In order to fix its place in synonymies, we hereby designate 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFEFFFA72562FDA5FD96FDA2" authority="Laurenti, 1768" authorityName="Laurenti" authorityYear="1768" box="[270,620,562,588]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Bufo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="calamita">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFEFFFA72562FDA5FE4FFDA5" box="[270,437,562,587]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Bufo calamita</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B2BFFEFFFA725D1FDA5FD96FDA2" author="Laurenti" box="[445,620,562,588]" pageId="21" pageNumber="42" refString="Laurenti, J. N. (1768) Specimen medicum, exhibens synopsin Reptilium emendatam cum experimentis circa venena et antidota Reptilium austriacorum. Viennae, Joan. Thom. Nob. de Trattnern, i - ii + 1 - 215, pl. 1 - 5." type="book chapter" year="1768">Laurenti, 1768</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
(on which specific nomen it was clearly based) as its nucleospecies. The second senior synonym of 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFEFFFA7267CFDCFFCF7FD9C" authority="Cope, 1864" authorityName="Cope" authorityYear="1864" box="[528,781,600,626]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Epidalea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFEFFFA7267CFDCFFD86FD9F" box="[528,636,600,625]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Epidalea</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B2BFFEFFFA726E8FDCFFCF7FD9C" author="Cope" box="[644,781,600,626]" pageId="21" pageNumber="37" refString="Cope, E. D. (1864) Contributions to the herpetology of tropical America. Proceedings of the Academy of natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 16, 166 - 181." type="journal article" year="1864">Cope, 1864</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
is 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFEFFFA7275EFDCFFBC2FD9C" authority="Oken, 1816" authorityName="Oken" authorityYear="1816" box="[818,1080,600,626]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Calamita" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="21" pageNumber="44" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFEFFFA7275EFDCFFC5BFD9F" box="[818,929,600,625]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Calamita</emphasis>
Oken, 1816
</taxonomicName>
, but the latter nomen is twice invalid: first, as noted by 
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B2BFFEFFFA725B7FDEAFD43FD79" author="Frost" box="[475,697,637,663]" pageId="21" pageNumber="40" refString="Frost D. R., Grant, T., Faivovich, J., Bazin, R. H., Haas, A., Haddad, C. F. B., de Sa, R. O., Channing, A., Wilkinson, M., Donnellan, S. C., Raxworthy, C. J., Campbell, J. A., Blotto, B. L., Moler, P., Drewes, R. C., Nussbaum, R. A., Lynch, J. D., Green, D. M. &amp; Wheeler, W. C. (2006) The amphibian tree of life. Bulletin of the American Museum of natural History, 297, 1 - 370." type="journal article" year="2006">
Frost 
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFEFFFA72648FDEAFD99FD78" box="[548,611,637,662]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">et al.</emphasis>
(2006
</bibRefCitation>
: 359), for having being published in a book suppressed for nomenclatural purposes by the ICZN (
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B2BFFEFFFA72608FD35FCCAFD55" author="Hemming" box="[612,816,674,700]" pageId="21" pageNumber="41" refString="Hemming, F. (1956 b) Opinion 417. Rejection for nomenclatorial purposes of volume 3 (Zoologie) of the work by Lorenz Oken entitled Okens Lehrbuch der Naturgeschichte published in 1815 - 1816. Opinions and Declarations rendered by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, 14 (1), 1 - 42." type="journal article" year="1956" yearSuffix="b">
Hemming 1956 
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFEFFFA7274DFD35FCCAFD55" box="[801,816,674,699]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">b</emphasis>
</bibRefCitation>
), but also for being a junior homonym of 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFEFFFA72141FD35FEA3FD0C" authority="Schneider, 1799" authorityName="Schneider" authorityYear="1799" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Calamita" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="21" pageNumber="44" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFEFFFA72141FD35FA66FD55" box="[1325,1436,674,699]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Calamita</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B2BFFEFFFA724FBFD5FFEA3FD0C" author="Schneider" box="[151,345,712,738]" pageId="21" pageNumber="44" refString="Schneider, I. G. (1799) Historiae Amphibiorum naturalis et literariae. Fasciculus primus, continens Ranas, Calamitas, Bufones, Salamandras et Hydros, in genera et species descriptos notisque suis distinctos. Jena, Frommann, i - xv + 1 - 264, pl. 1 - 2." type="book chapter" year="1799">Schneider, 1799</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, a junior doxisonym (subjective synonym) of 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFEFFFA72717FD5FFB91FD0C" authority="Laurenti, 1768" authorityName="Laurenti" authorityYear="1768" box="[891,1131,712,738]" class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" genus="Hyla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFEFFFA72717FD5FFC4FFD0F" box="[891,949,712,737]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Hyla</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B2BFFEFFFA727D0FD5FFB91FD0C" author="Laurenti" box="[956,1131,712,738]" pageId="21" pageNumber="42" refString="Laurenti, J. N. (1768) Specimen medicum, exhibens synopsin Reptilium emendatam cum experimentis circa venena et antidota Reptilium austriacorum. Viennae, Joan. Thom. Nob. de Trattnern, i - ii + 1 - 215, pl. 1 - 5." type="book chapter" year="1768">Laurenti, 1768</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
(see e.g. 
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B2BFFEFFFA720B1FD5FFF21FCE9" author="Dubois" pageId="21" pageNumber="39" refString="Dubois, A. &amp; Ohler, A. (2009) The status of the amphibian nomina created by Merrem (1820) and Ritgen (1828). Zootaxa, 2247, 1 - 36." type="journal article" year="2009">Dubois &amp; Ohler 2009</bibRefCitation>
). Three other possible senior synonyms of 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFEFFFA7269AFD7AFC9CFCE8" box="[758,870,749,774]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Epidalea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFEFFFA7269AFD7AFC9CFCE8" box="[758,870,749,774]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Epidalea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, based on fossil material, are 
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFEFFFA7208DFD7AFA66FCE8" box="[1249,1436,749,774]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Palaeophrynos</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B2BFFEFFFA724FBFC85FEB8FCC2" author="Tschudi" box="[151,322,786,812]" pageId="21" pageNumber="46" refString="Tschudi, J. J. von (1838) Classification der Batrachier, mit Berucksichtigung der fossilen Thiere dieser Abtheilung der Reptilien. Neuchatel, Petitpierre, i - ii + 1 - 98, pl. 1 - 6." type="book chapter" year="1838">Tschudi, 1838</bibRefCitation>
and its two neonyms 
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFEFFFA72623FC85FD02FCC5" box="[591,760,786,811]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Palaeophryne</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B2BFFEFFFA7276CFC85FC43FCC2" author="Fitzinger" box="[768,953,786,812]" pageId="21" pageNumber="40" refString="Fitzinger, L. J. F. J. (1843) Systema Reptilium. Fasciculus primus. Amblyglossae. Vindobonae, Braumuller &amp; Seidel, 1 - 106 + i - ix." type="book chapter" year="1843">Fitzinger, 1843</bibRefCitation>
and 
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFEFFFA72799FC85FB7EFCC5" box="[1013,1156,786,811]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Troglobates</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B2BFFEFFFA720E1FC85FAD8FCC2" author="Gistel" box="[1165,1314,786,812]" pageId="21" pageNumber="40" refString="Gistel, J. (1848) Naturgeschichte des Thierreichs fur hohere Schulen. Stuttgart, Hoffmann, i - xi + 1 - 216 + i - iv, pl. 1 - 32." type="book chapter" year="1848">Gistel, 1848</bibRefCitation>
(a nomen overlooked by all authors until now). According to 
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B2BFFEFFFA72773FCAFFBEBFCBC" author="Sanchiz" box="[799,1041,824,850]" pageId="21" pageNumber="44" refString="Sanchiz, B. (1998) Salientia. In: P. Wellnhofer (Ed.), Handbuch der Palaoherpetologie, Teil 4, Munchen, Friedrich Pfeil, i - xii + 1 - 275." type="journal article" year="1998">Sanchíz (1998: 77)</bibRefCitation>
, the nucleospecies of the genus 
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFEFFFA724FBFCCAFEB3FC98" box="[151,329,861,886]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Palaeophrynos</emphasis>
, † 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFEFFFA72503FCCAFD2CFC99" authority="Tschudi, 1838" authorityName="Tschudi" authorityYear="1838" box="[367,726,861,887]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Bufo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gessneri">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFEFFFA72503FCCAFDEAFC98" box="[367,528,861,886]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Bufo gessneri</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B2BFFEFFFA7264CFCCAFD37FC99" author="Tschudi" box="[544,717,861,887]" pageId="21" pageNumber="46" refString="Tschudi, J. J. von (1838) Classification der Batrachier, mit Berucksichtigung der fossilen Thiere dieser Abtheilung der Reptilien. Neuchatel, Petitpierre, i - ii + 1 - 98, pl. 1 - 6." type="book chapter" year="1838">Tschudi, 1838</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
, is similar to 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFEFFFA7271AFCCAFBE7FC98" box="[886,1053,861,886]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Bufo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="calamita">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFEFFFA7271AFCCAFBE7FC98" box="[886,1053,861,886]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Bufo calamita</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, but differs from it and all other European species of 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFEFFFA725E7FC15FE38FC75" box="[395,450,898,923]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Bufo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFEFFFA725E7FC15FE38FC75" box="[395,450,898,923]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Bufo</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by several characters. The possibility exists that this species be in fact a member of the subgenus including 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFEFFFA725DFFC3FFDC7FC2F" box="[435,573,936,961]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Bufo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="calamita">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFEFFFA725DFFC3FFDC7FC2F" box="[435,573,936,961]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">B. calamita</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, which should therefore take the nomen 
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFEFFFA72044FC3FFB26FC2F" box="[1064,1244,936,961]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Palaeophrynos</emphasis>
. Unless or until this point is clarified, for the time being it is better, for the sake of nomenclatural stability, to leave † 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFEFFFA72108FC5AFF03FBE5" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Bufo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gessneri">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFEFFFA72108FC5AFF03FBE5" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Bufo gessneri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, as well as its close relative † 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFEFFFA72632FC65FB50FBE2" authority="Spinar, Klembara &amp; Meszaros, 1993" authorityName="Spinar, Klembara &amp; Meszaros" authorityYear="1993" box="[606,1194,1010,1036]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Bufo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="priscus">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFEFFFA72632FC65FD08FBE5" box="[606,754,1010,1035]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Bufo priscus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B2BFFEFFFA72696FC65FB50FBE2" author="Spinar" box="[762,1194,1010,1036]" pageId="21" pageNumber="45" refString="Spinar, Z. V., Klembara, J. &amp; Meszaros, S. (1993) A new toad from the Miocene at Devinska Nova Ves (Slovakia). Zapadne Karpaty, (Paleontologia), 17, 135 - 160." type="journal article" year="1993">Špinar, Klembara &amp; Meszároš, 1993</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, as an 
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFEFFFA72096FC65FA66FBE5" box="[1274,1436,1010,1035]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">incertae sedis</emphasis>
at subgeneric level in the genus 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFEFFFA72663FB8FFDBCFBDF" box="[527,582,1048,1073]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Bufo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFEFFFA72663FB8FFDBCFBDF" box="[527,582,1048,1073]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Bufo</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BCE36DAFFEFFFA724AAFBAAFDD1FA6C" blockId="21.[151,1437,152,2007]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
The third subgenus, accommodating 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFEFFFA72611FBAAFCF3FBB8" box="[637,777,1085,1110]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Bufo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="viridis">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFEFFFA72611FBAAFCF3FBB8" box="[637,777,1085,1110]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Bufo viridis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(“green toads”), contains about 15 species (including a doubtful fossil one) and four non-hyponymous subspecies. Despite several important revisionary works recently devoted to this complex and interesting group (
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B2BFFEFFFA72743FB1FFBF3FB4F" author="Stock" box="[815,1033,1160,1186]" pageId="21" pageNumber="45" refString="Stock, M., Gunther, R. &amp; Bohme, W. (2001 b) Progress towards a taxonomic revision of the Asian Bufo viridis group: current status of nominal taxa and unsolved problems (Amphibia: Anura: Bufonidae). Zoologische Abhandlungen Staatliches Museum fur Tierkunde Dresden, 51, 253 - 319." type="journal article" year="2001" yearSuffix="b">
Stöck 
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFEFFFA72717FB1FFC4DFB4F" box="[891,951,1160,1185]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">et al.</emphasis>
2001 
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFEFFFA72796FB1FFBF3FB4F" box="[1018,1033,1160,1185]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">b</emphasis>
</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B2BFFEFFFA72074FB1FFBACFB4C" author="Stock" box="[1048,1110,1160,1186]" pageId="21" pageNumber="45" refString="Stock, M., Moritz, C., Hickerson, M., Frynta, D., Dujsebayeva, T., Eremchenko, V., Macey, R., Papenfuss, T. J. &amp; Wake, D. B. (2006) Evolution of mitochondrial relationships and biogeography of Palearctic green toads (Bufo viridis subgroup) with insights in their genomic plasticity. Molecular Phylogenetics &amp; Evolution, 41, 663 - 689." type="journal article" year="2006">2006</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B2BFFEFFFA7200FFB1FFB64FB4C" author="Stock" box="[1123,1182,1160,1186]" pageId="21" pageNumber="45" refString="Stock, M., Sicilia, A., Belfiore, N. M., Buckley, D., Lo Brutto, S., Lo Valvo, M. &amp; Arculeo, M. (2008 b) Post-Messinian evolutionary relationships across the Sicilian channel: mitochondrial and nuclear markers link a new green toad from Sicily to African relatives. BMC evolutionary Biology, 5, 56." type="journal article" year="2008" yearSuffix="b">2008</bibRefCitation>
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFEFFFA720F1FB1FFB56FB4F" box="[1181,1196,1160,1185]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">b</emphasis>
), the status of some taxa (species, subspecies or synonyms) is still controversial (see e.g. 
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B2BFFEFFFA72781FB3AFAAAFB29" author="Speybroeck" box="[1005,1360,1197,1223]" pageId="21" pageNumber="45" refString="Speybroeck, J. &amp; Crochet, P. - A. (2007) Species list of the European herpetofauna - a tentative update. Podarcis, 8 (1 - 2), 8 - 34." type="journal article" year="2007">Speybroeck &amp; Crochet 2007</bibRefCitation>
). Five nomina apply to this subgenus. The first available one is 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFEFFFA7270CFB44FBA6FB02" authority="Laurenti, 1768" authorityName="Laurenti" authorityYear="1768" box="[864,1116,1234,1260]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Bufo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFEFFFA7270CFB44FC60FB02" box="[864,922,1235,1260]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Bufo</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B2BFFEFFFA727CEFB45FBA6FB02" author="Laurenti" box="[930,1116,1234,1260]" pageId="21" pageNumber="42" refString="Laurenti, J. N. (1768) Specimen medicum, exhibens synopsin Reptilium emendatam cum experimentis circa venena et antidota Reptilium austriacorum. Viennae, Joan. Thom. Nob. de Trattnern, i - ii + 1 - 215, pl. 1 - 5." type="book chapter" year="1768">Laurenti, 1768</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, type-species 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFEFFFA72167FB44FEB0FAFC" authority="Laurenti, 1768" authorityName="Laurenti" authorityYear="1768" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Bufo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="viridis">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFEFFFA72167FB44FA66FB02" box="[1291,1436,1235,1260]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Bufo viridis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B2BFFEFFFA724FBFB6FFEB0FAFC" author="Laurenti" box="[151,330,1272,1298]" pageId="21" pageNumber="42" refString="Laurenti, J. N. (1768) Specimen medicum, exhibens synopsin Reptilium emendatam cum experimentis circa venena et antidota Reptilium austriacorum. Viennae, Joan. Thom. Nob. de Trattnern, i - ii + 1 - 215, pl. 1 - 5." type="book chapter" year="1768">Laurenti, 1768</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
by subsequent designation of 
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B2BFFEFFFA726D2FB6FFC72FAFC" author="Fitzinger" box="[702,904,1272,1298]" pageId="21" pageNumber="40" refString="Fitzinger, L. J. F. J. (1843) Systema Reptilium. Fasciculus primus. Amblyglossae. Vindobonae, Braumuller &amp; Seidel, 1 - 106 + i - ix." type="book chapter" year="1843">Fitzinger (1843)</bibRefCitation>
. This nomen is however invalid for being a junior homonym of 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFEFFFA725E0FA8AFD7FFAD9" authority="Garsault, 1764" authorityName="Garsault" authorityYear="1764" box="[396,645,1309,1335]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Bufo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFEFFFA725E0FA8AFE3FFAD8" box="[396,453,1309,1334]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Bufo</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B2BFFEFFFA725A2FA8AFD7FFAD9" author="Garsault" box="[462,645,1309,1335]" pageId="21" pageNumber="40" refString="Garsault, F. A. P. de (1764) Les Figures des plantes et animaux d'usage en medecine, decrits dans la Matiere Medicale de Mr. Geoffroy Medecin. Paris, [i - v] + 1 - 20, pl. 644 - 729." type="book chapter" year="1764">Garsault, 1764</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
. Three neonyms were subsequently published for 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFEFFFA72080FA8AFF2CFAB2" authority="Laurenti, 1768" authorityName="Laurenti" authorityYear="1768" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Bufo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFEFFFA72080FA8AFADCFAD8" box="[1260,1318,1309,1334]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Bufo</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B2BFFEFFFA72141FA8AFF2CFAB2" author="Laurenti" pageId="21" pageNumber="42" refString="Laurenti, J. N. (1768) Specimen medicum, exhibens synopsin Reptilium emendatam cum experimentis circa venena et antidota Reptilium austriacorum. Viennae, Joan. Thom. Nob. de Trattnern, i - ii + 1 - 215, pl. 1 - 5." type="book chapter" year="1768">Laurenti, 1768</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
: 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFEFFFA7248DFAD4FEDAFAB2" box="[225,288,1347,1372]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Buffo" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFEFFFA7248DFAD4FEDAFAB2" box="[225,288,1347,1372]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Buffo</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
de la Cepède, 1788 
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFEFFFA7266BFAD4FDD0FAB2" box="[519,554,1347,1372]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">a,c</emphasis>
; 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFEFFFA72655FAD4FC05FAB2" authority="Rafinesque-Schmaltz, 1814" authorityName="Rafinesque-Schmaltz" authorityYear="1814" box="[569,1023,1346,1372]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Batrachus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFEFFFA72655FAD4FD48FAB2" box="[569,690,1347,1372]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Batrachus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B2BFFEFFFA726D4FAD5FC05FAB2" author="Rafinesque-Schmaltz" box="[696,1023,1346,1372]" pageId="21" pageNumber="44" refString="Rafinesque-Schmaltz, C. S. (1814) Fine del Prodromo d'erpetologia siciliana. Specchio delle Scienze o Giornale enciclopedico di Sicilia, 2 (10), 102 - 104." type="journal article" year="1814">Rafinesque-Schmaltz, 1814</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
; and 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFEFFFA72050FAD4FA62FAB2" authority="Rafinesque, 1815: 78" authorityName="Rafinesque" authorityPageNumber="78" authorityYear="1815" box="[1084,1432,1346,1372]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Bufotes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFEFFFA72050FAD4FB6EFAB2" box="[1084,1172,1347,1372]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Bufotes</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B2BFFEFFFA720F7FAD5FA96FAB2" author="Rafinesque" box="[1179,1388,1346,1372]" pageId="21" pageNumber="44" refString="Rafinesque, C. S. (1815) Analyse de la nature ou Tableau de l'univers et des corps organises. Palerme, Jean Barravecchia, 1 - 124, 1 pl." type="book chapter" year="1815">Rafinesque, 1815</bibRefCitation>
: 78
</taxonomicName>
. Let us consider them successively.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BCE36DAFFEFFFA724AAFA1AFE9FF919" blockId="21.[151,1437,152,2007]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
<collectingCountry id="F366764AFFEFFFA724AAFA1AFF12FA49" box="[198,232,1421,1447]" name="South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">De</collectingCountry>
la Cepède (1788 
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFEFFFA725D1FA1AFE18FA48" box="[445,482,1421,1446]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">a-c</emphasis>
) adopted the genus 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFEFFFA726B3FA1AFCECFA48" box="[735,790,1421,1446]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Bufo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFEFFFA726B3FA1AFCECFA48" box="[735,790,1421,1446]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Bufo</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, which he clearly credited to 
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B2BFFEFFFA720E0FA1AFAB6FA49" author="Laurenti" box="[1164,1356,1421,1447]" pageId="21" pageNumber="42" refString="Laurenti, J. N. (1768) Specimen medicum, exhibens synopsin Reptilium emendatam cum experimentis circa venena et antidota Reptilium austriacorum. Viennae, Joan. Thom. Nob. de Trattnern, i - ii + 1 - 215, pl. 1 - 5." type="book chapter" year="1768">Laurenti (1768)</bibRefCitation>
, as he mentioned his work on many occasions, but never the works of 
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B2BFFEFFFA727EEFA25FBCEFA22" author="Garsault" box="[898,1076,1458,1484]" pageId="21" pageNumber="40" refString="Garsault, F. A. P. de (1764) Les Figures des plantes et animaux d'usage en medecine, decrits dans la Matiere Medicale de Mr. Geoffroy Medecin. Paris, [i - v] + 1 - 20, pl. 644 - 729." type="book chapter" year="1764">Garsault (1764</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B2BFFEFFFA7202CFA25FB87FA22" author="Garsault" box="[1088,1149,1458,1484]" pageId="21" pageNumber="40" refString="Garsault, F. A. P. de (1765) Explication abregee de 719 plantes, tant etrangeres que de nos climats; &amp; de 134 animaux, en 730 planches … suivant l'ordre du livre intitule Matiere Medicale de M. Geoffroy. Paris, i - xvi + 1 - 472." type="journal article" year="1765">1765</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B2BFFEFFFA720E5FA25FB32FA22" author="Garsault" box="[1161,1224,1458,1484]" pageId="21" pageNumber="40" refString="Garsault, F. A. P. de (1767) Description, vertus et usages de sept cents dix-neuf plantes, tant etrangeres que de nos climats; et de cent trente-quatre animaux, en sept cent trente planches … et rangees suivant l'ordre du livre intitule Matiere Medicale de M. Geoffroy. Paris, P. Fr. Didot, i - xvi + 1 - 472 + 1 - 20, pl. 1 - 729." type="book chapter" year="1767">1767</bibRefCitation>
). In the text in the first part of his work, de la Cepède (1788 
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFEFFFA72616FA4FFD73FA1F" box="[634,649,1496,1521]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">a</emphasis>
: 568, 620; 1788 
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFEFFFA72725FA4FFCA2FA1F" box="[841,856,1496,1521]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">b</emphasis>
: 22) used for all species of the genus the spelling 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFEFFFA724FBFA6AFF34F9F8" box="[151,206,1533,1558]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Bufo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFEFFFA724FBFA6AFF34F9F8" box="[151,206,1533,1558]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Bufo</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. However, in the 
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFEFFFA725F3FA6AFD70F9F8" box="[415,650,1533,1558]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Synopsis Methodica</emphasis>
which provides a table of Latin nomina at the end of this work (de la Cepède 1788 
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFEFFFA7253CF9B4FEA5F9D2" box="[336,351,1571,1596]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">a</emphasis>
: tab.; 1788 
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFEFFFA7258AF9B4FE09F9D2" box="[486,499,1571,1596]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">c</emphasis>
: 460), he used the orthography 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFEFFFA7271DF9B4FC4BF9D2" box="[881,945,1571,1596]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Buffo" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFEFFFA7271DF9B4FC4BF9D2" box="[881,945,1571,1596]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Buffo</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, which was clearly intentional and based on the patronym of the Comte de Buffon, and was therefore an autoneonym for 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFEFFFA72001F9DFFA99F98C" authority="Laurenti, 1768" authorityName="Laurenti" authorityYear="1768" box="[1133,1379,1608,1634]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Bufo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFEFFFA72001F9DFFB5CF98F" box="[1133,1190,1608,1633]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Bufo</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B2BFFEFFFA720C3F9DFFA99F98C" author="Laurenti" box="[1199,1379,1608,1634]" pageId="21" pageNumber="42" refString="Laurenti, J. N. (1768) Specimen medicum, exhibens synopsin Reptilium emendatam cum experimentis circa venena et antidota Reptilium austriacorum. Viennae, Joan. Thom. Nob. de Trattnern, i - ii + 1 - 215, pl. 1 - 5." type="book chapter" year="1768">Laurenti, 1768</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
(see 
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B2BFFEFFFA724FBF9FAFE8AF969" author="David" box="[151,368,1645,1671]" pageId="21" pageNumber="37" refString="David, P., Dubois A. &amp; Smith H. M. (2002) A corrective note on the authorship of taxa credited to Lacepede and Bonnaterre in the Introduction to the SSAR's reprint of Shaw's General Zoology, Volume III, Amphibians and Reptiles, with remarks on some of Lacepede's works. Newsletter &amp; Bulletin of the international Society for the History and Bibliography of Herpetology, 3 (2), 16 - 27." type="journal article" year="2002">
David 
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFEFFFA72485F9FAFEDDF968" box="[233,295,1645,1670]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">et al.</emphasis>
2002
</bibRefCitation>
: 24; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B2BFFEFFFA725C0F9FAFD43F969" author="Dubois" box="[428,697,1645,1671]" pageId="21" pageNumber="39" refString="Dubois, A. &amp; Ohler, A. (2009) The status of the amphibian nomina created by Merrem (1820) and Ritgen (1828). Zootaxa, 2247, 1 - 36." type="journal article" year="2009">Dubois &amp; Ohler 2009</bibRefCitation>
: 8). However, the nomen 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFEFFFA72798F9FAFBCCF968" box="[1012,1078,1645,1670]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Buffo" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFEFFFA72798F9FAFBCCF968" box="[1012,1078,1645,1670]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Buffo</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
cannot be resurrected for the subgenus including 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFEFFFA725F5F904FDEBF942" box="[409,529,1683,1708]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Bufo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="viridis">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFEFFFA725F5F904FDEBF942" box="[409,529,1683,1708]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">B. viridis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, because it was published in a book recently invalidated by the ICZN (Anonymous 2005) despite its having been used as a reference for valid nomina in thousands of publications for two centuries.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BCE36DAFFEFFFA424AAF895FF23FE82" blockId="21.[151,1437,152,2007]" lastBlockId="22.[151,1437,152,1898]" lastPageId="22" lastPageNumber="23" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
The next nomen proposed to replace 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFEFFFA726FDF894FC7FF8F2" authority="Laurenti, 1768" authorityName="Laurenti" authorityYear="1768" box="[657,901,1794,1820]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Bufo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFEFFFA726FDF894FD32F8F2" box="[657,712,1795,1820]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Bufo</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B2BFFEFFFA726B8F895FC7FF8F2" author="Laurenti" box="[724,901,1794,1820]" pageId="21" pageNumber="42" refString="Laurenti, J. N. (1768) Specimen medicum, exhibens synopsin Reptilium emendatam cum experimentis circa venena et antidota Reptilium austriacorum. Viennae, Joan. Thom. Nob. de Trattnern, i - ii + 1 - 215, pl. 1 - 5." type="book chapter" year="1768">Laurenti, 1768</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
was 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFEFFFA727A5F894FA62F8F2" authority="Rafinesque-Schmaltz, 1814" authorityName="Rafinesque-Schmaltz" authorityYear="1814" box="[969,1432,1794,1820]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Batrachus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFEFFFA727A5F894FBB8F8F2" box="[969,1090,1795,1820]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Batrachus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B2BFFEFFFA72020F895FA62F8F2" author="Rafinesque-Schmaltz" box="[1100,1432,1794,1820]" pageId="21" pageNumber="44" refString="Rafinesque-Schmaltz, C. S. (1814) Fine del Prodromo d'erpetologia siciliana. Specchio delle Scienze o Giornale enciclopedico di Sicilia, 2 (10), 102 - 104." type="journal article" year="1814">Rafinesque-Schmaltz, 1814</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
. This is without any possible doubt an alloneonym, as 
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B2BFFEFFFA7277CF8BFFB66F8AC" author="Rafinesque-Schmaltz" box="[784,1180,1832,1858]" pageId="21" pageNumber="44" refString="Rafinesque-Schmaltz, C. S. (1814) Fine del Prodromo d'erpetologia siciliana. Specchio delle Scienze o Giornale enciclopedico di Sicilia, 2 (10), 102 - 104." type="journal article" year="1814">Rafinesque-Schmaltz (1814: 102)</bibRefCitation>
wrote: “ 
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFEFFFA7216FF8BFFE7AF888" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFEFFFA7216FF8BFFA66F8AF" box="[1283,1436,1832,1857]" genus="Ho" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" rank="species" species="cambiato">Hò cambiato</taxonomicName>
il nome generico di
</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFEFFFA725E4F8DAFE39F889" box="[392,451,1869,1895]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Bufo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Bufo</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFEFFFA725A0F8DAFE19F888" box="[460,483,1869,1894]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">in</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFEFFFA72587F8DAFD98F889" box="[491,610,1869,1895]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Batrachus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="21" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Batrachus</taxonomicName>
, 
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFEFFFA7261EF8DAFBE1F888" box="[626,1051,1869,1894]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">il primo nome essendo compreso in</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFEFFFA72048F8DAFB6BF889" box="[1060,1169,1869,1895]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Caryophyllaceae" genus="Buffonia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Magnoliophyta" rank="genus">Buffonia</taxonomicName>
” [“I have changed the generic 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFEFFFA72496F8E5FEC6F862" box="[250,316,1906,1932]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" rank="species" species="name">name</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFEFFFA72529F8E4FE85F862" box="[325,383,1907,1932]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Bufo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFEFFFA72529F8E4FE85F862" box="[325,383,1907,1932]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Bufo</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFEFFFA725C4F8E4FDDCF862" box="[424,550,1907,1932]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Batrachus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFEFFFA725C4F8E4FDDCF862" box="[424,550,1907,1932]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Batrachus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, the former 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFEFFFA726AEF8E5FCFEF862" box="[706,772,1906,1932]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" rank="species" species="name">name</taxonomicName>
being comprised in 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFEFFFA7206FF8E4FB97F862" box="[1027,1133,1907,1932]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Caryophyllaceae" genus="Buffonia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Magnoliophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFEFFFA7206FF8E4FB97F862" box="[1027,1133,1907,1932]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Buffonia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
”]. 
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B2BFFEFFFA720F9F8E5FF1EF85C" author="Rafinesque-Schmaltz" pageId="21" pageNumber="44" refString="Rafinesque-Schmaltz, C. S. (1814) Fine del Prodromo d'erpetologia siciliana. Specchio delle Scienze o Giornale enciclopedico di Sicilia, 2 (10), 102 - 104." type="journal article" year="1814">Rafinesque-Schmaltz (1814)</bibRefCitation>
did not mention the author of the nomen 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFEFFFA726BFF80FFCF0F85F" box="[723,778,1944,1969]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Bufo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFEFFFA726BFF80FFCF0F85F" box="[723,778,1944,1969]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Bufo</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. In his paper, he did not mention anywhere the work of 
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B2BFFEFFFA724FBF82AFEA0F839" author="Laurenti" box="[151,346,1981,2007]" pageId="21" pageNumber="42" refString="Laurenti, J. N. (1768) Specimen medicum, exhibens synopsin Reptilium emendatam cum experimentis circa venena et antidota Reptilium austriacorum. Viennae, Joan. Thom. Nob. de Trattnern, i - ii + 1 - 215, pl. 1 - 5." type="book chapter" year="1768">Laurenti (1768)</bibRefCitation>
, but several other sources, and especially on many occasions the book of 
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B2BFFEFFFA7208EF82AFA6DF839" author="Daudin" box="[1250,1431,1981,2007]" pageId="21" pageNumber="37" refString="Daudin, F. M. (1803) Histoire naturelle, generale et particuliere des reptiles. Tome huitieme. Paris, F. Dufart, 1 - 439, pl. 93 - 100." type="book chapter" year="1803">Daudin (1803)</bibRefCitation>
, which he credited (incorrectly) with authorship of most amphibian nomina, including the species of the genus 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFECFFA424FBFF2AFF2AFF38" box="[151,208,189,214]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Bufo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFECFFA424FBFF2AFF2AFF38" box="[151,208,189,214]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Bufo</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. In this book, Laurenti’s book was often quoted, but never the works of 
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B2BFFECFFA42053FF2AFB0CFF39" author="Garsault" box="[1087,1270,189,215]" pageId="22" pageNumber="40" refString="Garsault, F. A. P. de (1764) Les Figures des plantes et animaux d'usage en medecine, decrits dans la Matiere Medicale de Mr. Geoffroy Medecin. Paris, [i - v] + 1 - 20, pl. 644 - 729." type="book chapter" year="1764">Garsault (1764</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B2BFFECFFA4216FFF2AFAB8FF39" author="Garsault" box="[1283,1346,189,215]" pageId="22" pageNumber="40" refString="Garsault, F. A. P. de (1765) Explication abregee de 719 plantes, tant etrangeres que de nos climats; &amp; de 134 animaux, en 730 planches … suivant l'ordre du livre intitule Matiere Medicale de M. Geoffroy. Paris, i - xvi + 1 - 472." type="journal article" year="1765">1765</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B2BFFECFFA42123FF2AFA6AFF39" author="Garsault" box="[1359,1424,189,215]" pageId="22" pageNumber="40" refString="Garsault, F. A. P. de (1767) Description, vertus et usages de sept cents dix-neuf plantes, tant etrangeres que de nos climats; et de cent trente-quatre animaux, en sept cent trente planches … et rangees suivant l'ordre du livre intitule Matiere Medicale de M. Geoffroy. Paris, P. Fr. Didot, i - xvi + 1 - 472 + 1 - 20, pl. 1 - 729." type="book chapter" year="1767">1767</bibRefCitation>
). 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFECFFA424FBFF75FDA4FF12" authority="Rafinesque-Schmaltz, 1814" authorityName="Rafinesque-Schmaltz" authorityYear="1814" box="[151,606,226,252]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Batrachus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFECFFA424FBFF75FEEAFF15" box="[151,272,226,251]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Batrachus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B2BFFECFFA42574FF75FDA4FF12" author="Rafinesque-Schmaltz" box="[280,606,226,252]" pageId="22" pageNumber="44" refString="Rafinesque-Schmaltz, C. S. (1814) Fine del Prodromo d'erpetologia siciliana. Specchio delle Scienze o Giornale enciclopedico di Sicilia, 2 (10), 102 - 104." type="journal article" year="1814">Rafinesque-Schmaltz, 1814</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
is therefore a neonym for 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFECFFA427F6FF75FB76FF12" authority="Laurenti, 1768" authorityName="Laurenti" authorityYear="1768" box="[922,1164,226,252]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Bufo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFECFFA427F6FF75FC2BFF15" box="[922,977,226,251]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Bufo</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B2BFFECFFA427B6FF75FB76FF12" author="Laurenti" box="[986,1164,226,252]" pageId="22" pageNumber="42" refString="Laurenti, J. N. (1768) Specimen medicum, exhibens synopsin Reptilium emendatam cum experimentis circa venena et antidota Reptilium austriacorum. Viennae, Joan. Thom. Nob. de Trattnern, i - ii + 1 - 215, pl. 1 - 5." type="book chapter" year="1768">Laurenti, 1768</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
. However, it cannot be the valid nomen for the taxon at stake here, as it is a junior homonym of three available generic nomina, all proposed for “fishes”: 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFECFFA425DCFEBAFD01FEA9" authority="Schaeffer, 1760" authorityName="Schaeffer" authorityYear="1760" box="[432,763,301,327]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Batrachus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFECFFA425DCFEBAFDD7FEA8" box="[432,557,301,326]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Batrachus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B2BFFECFFA4265AFEBAFD01FEA9" author="Schaeffer" box="[566,763,301,327]" pageId="22" pageNumber="44" refString="Schaeffer, I. C. (1760) Epistola ad region-borussicam societatem litterariam dvisburgensem de studii ichthyologici faciliori ac tutiori methodo, adiectis nonnullis speciminibus una cum tabula aeri incise figures coloribus suis distinctas exhibente. Ratisbonae, Typis Weissianis et impensis Montagii, 1 - 24, 1 pl." type="book chapter" year="1760">Schaeffer, 1760</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
; 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFECFFA42764FEBAFBA9FEA9" authority="Walbaum, 1792" authorityName="Walbaum" authorityYear="1792" box="[776,1107,301,327]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Batrachus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFECFFA42764FEBAFC7CFEA8" box="[776,902,301,326]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Batrachus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B2BFFECFFA427E2FEBAFBA9FEA9" author="Walbaum" box="[910,1107,301,327]" pageId="22" pageNumber="46" refString="Walbaum, I. I. (1792) Petri Artedi sueci genera piscium, in quibus systema totum ichthyologicae proponitur cum classibus, ordinibus, generum characteribus, specierum differentiis, observationibus plurimis. Redactis speciebus 242 ad genera 52. Ichthyologiae pars III. Grypeswaldiae, Ant. Ferdin. Rose, [i - viii] + 1 - 723, pl. 1 - 3." type="journal article" year="1792">Walbaum, 1792</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
; and 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFECFFA420F9FEBAFF2FFE82" authority="Schneider, 1801" authorityName="Schneider" authorityYear="1801" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Batrachus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFECFFA420F9FEBAFAE8FEA8" box="[1173,1298,301,326]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Batrachus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B2BFFECFFA42170FEBAFF2FFE82" author="Schneider" lastPageId="22" lastPageNumber="45" pageId="22" pageNumber="44" refString="Schneider, J. G. (1801) M. E. Blochii, doctoris medicinae berolinensis, et societatibus literariis multis adscripti, Systema Ichthyologiae iconibus ex illustratum. Berolini, Sanderiano, i - lx + 1 - 584." type="book chapter" year="1801">Schneider, 1801</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BCE36DAFFECFFA424AAFEEDFC5BFCE4" blockId="22.[151,1437,152,1898]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">
Shortly after the publication just discussed, 
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B2BFFECFFA426B8FEEDFC4AFE7A" author="Rafinesque" box="[724,944,378,404]" pageId="22" pageNumber="44" refString="Rafinesque, C. S. (1815) Analyse de la nature ou Tableau de l'univers et des corps organises. Palerme, Jean Barravecchia, 1 - 124, 1 pl." type="book chapter" year="1815">Rafinesque (1815)</bibRefCitation>
proposed a second neonym for 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFECFFA4215EFEECFA93FE7A" box="[1330,1385,379,404]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Bufo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFECFFA4215EFEECFA93FE7A" box="[1330,1385,379,404]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Bufo</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. He wrote: “G. 4. 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFECFFA42552FE37FE60FE57" box="[318,410,416,441]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Bufotes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFECFFA42552FE37FE60FE57" box="[318,410,416,441]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Bufotes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
R. 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFECFFA425A4FE37FDA0FE54" authority="Daud." authorityName="Daud." box="[456,602,416,442]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Bufo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFECFFA425A4FE37FDFBFE57" box="[456,513,416,441]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Bufo</emphasis>
Daud.
</taxonomicName>
”. This mode of writing is similar to that he used to introduce many neonyms in the same work, for example 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFECFFA426E2FE51FD0BFE31" box="[654,753,454,479]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Triturus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFECFFA426E2FE51FD0BFE31" box="[654,753,454,479]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Triturus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
for 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFECFFA4274AFE51FBC8FE31" authority="Laurenti, 1768" authorityName="Laurenti" authorityYear="1768" box="[806,1074,453,479]" class="Amphibia" family="Ambystomatidae" genus="Triton" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFECFFA4274AFE51FC8AFE31" box="[806,880,454,479]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Triton</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B2BFFECFFA42716FE52FBC8FE31" author="Laurenti" box="[890,1074,453,479]" pageId="22" pageNumber="42" refString="Laurenti, J. N. (1768) Specimen medicum, exhibens synopsin Reptilium emendatam cum experimentis circa venena et antidota Reptilium austriacorum. Viennae, Joan. Thom. Nob. de Trattnern, i - ii + 1 - 215, pl. 1 - 5." type="book chapter" year="1768">Laurenti, 1768</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, a case discussed in detail by 
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B2BFFECFFA424FBFE7DFDC4FDEA" author="Dubois" box="[151,574,490,516]" pageId="22" pageNumber="39" refString="Dubois, A. &amp; Raffaelli, J. (2009) A new ergotaxonomy of the family Salamandridae Goldfuss, 1820 (Amphibia, Urodela). Alytes, 26 (1 - 4), 1 - 85." type="journal article" year="2009">Dubois &amp; Raffaëlli (2009: 27–29)</bibRefCitation>
. In all his publications, and particularly in his 1815 work, Rafinesque rigorously used a very precise way of proposing his new generic nomina, followed by the letter ‘‘R.’’, which means that he claimed authorship for them. Some of these new nomina were immediately followed by another generic nomen. This mode of notation, very common in taxonomic works at the beginning of the 19th century, means that the new nomen was proposed as a neonym for the following one. Thus, 
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B2BFFECFFA420D9FD17FA67FD74" author="Rafinesque" box="[1205,1437,640,666]" pageId="22" pageNumber="44" refString="Rafinesque, C. S. (1815) Analyse de la nature ou Tableau de l'univers et des corps organises. Palerme, Jean Barravecchia, 1 - 124, 1 pl." type="book chapter" year="1815">Rafinesque (1815)</bibRefCitation>
expressly presented his new nomen 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFECFFA42635FD31FD4CFD51" box="[601,694,678,703]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Bufotes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFECFFA42635FD31FD4CFD51" box="[601,694,678,703]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Bufotes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as a replacement nomen for “ 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFECFFA42042FD31FB3BFD51" authority="Daud." authorityName="Daud." box="[1070,1217,677,703]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Bufo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFECFFA42042FD31FB92FD51" box="[1070,1128,678,703]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Bufo</emphasis>
Daud.
</taxonomicName>
”, so it is in fact a neonym for 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFECFFA42549FD5CFDE9FD0A" authority="Laurenti, 1768" authorityName="Laurenti" authorityYear="1768" box="[293,531,714,740]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Bufo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFECFFA42549FD5CFEA6FD0A" box="[293,348,715,740]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Bufo</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B2BFFECFFA4250FFD5DFDE9FD0A" author="Laurenti" box="[355,531,714,740]" pageId="22" pageNumber="42" refString="Laurenti, J. N. (1768) Specimen medicum, exhibens synopsin Reptilium emendatam cum experimentis circa venena et antidota Reptilium austriacorum. Viennae, Joan. Thom. Nob. de Trattnern, i - ii + 1 - 215, pl. 1 - 5." type="book chapter" year="1768">Laurenti, 1768</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
. The nomen 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFECFFA426C4FD5CFCFAFD0A" box="[680,768,715,740]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Bufotes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFECFFA426C4FD5CFCFAFD0A" box="[680,768,715,740]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Bufotes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is the first one available and not preoccupied applying to the taxon here discussed, so it is the valid nomen of this subgenus.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BCE36DAFFECFFA424AAFC82FB1EFCBA" blockId="22.[151,1437,152,1898]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">
Finally, 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFECFFA42545FC81FD49FCC1" authority="Frost et al., 2006" authorityName="Frost et al." authorityYear="2006" box="[297,691,789,815]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Pseudepidalea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFECFFA42545FC81FE2FFCC1" box="[297,469,790,815]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Pseudepidalea</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B2BFFECFFA4258CFC82FD49FCC1" author="Frost" box="[480,691,789,815]" pageId="22" pageNumber="40" refString="Frost D. R., Grant, T., Faivovich, J., Bazin, R. H., Haas, A., Haddad, C. F. B., de Sa, R. O., Channing, A., Wilkinson, M., Donnellan, S. C., Raxworthy, C. J., Campbell, J. A., Blotto, B. L., Moler, P., Drewes, R. C., Nussbaum, R. A., Lynch, J. D., Green, D. M. &amp; Wheeler, W. C. (2006) The amphibian tree of life. Bulletin of the American Museum of natural History, 297, 1 - 370." type="journal article" year="2006">
Frost 
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFECFFA4264AFC81FDA1FCC1" box="[550,603,790,815]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">et al</emphasis>
., 2006
</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, which has the same nucleospecies by original designation as 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFECFFA424FBFCACFE3FFCBA" authority="Rafinesque, 1815" authorityName="Rafinesque" authorityYear="1815" box="[151,453,826,852]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Bufotes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFECFFA424FBFCACFF15FCBA" box="[151,239,827,852]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Bufotes</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B2BFFECFFA4249AFCADFE3FFCBA" author="Rafinesque" box="[246,453,826,852]" pageId="22" pageNumber="44" refString="Rafinesque, C. S. (1815) Analyse de la nature ou Tableau de l'univers et des corps organises. Palerme, Jean Barravecchia, 1 - 124, 1 pl." type="book chapter" year="1815">Rafinesque, 1815</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, is its junior isonym (objective synonym) and should be abandoned.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BCE36DAFFECFFA424AAFCF7FDDAFBB4" blockId="22.[151,1437,152,1898]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">
In conclusion, we recommend maintaining the species 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFECFFA42720FCF7FC5BFC97" box="[844,929,864,889]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Bufo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bufo">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFECFFA42720FCF7FC5BFC97" box="[844,929,864,889]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">B. bufo</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFECFFA427DCFCF7FBC2FC97" box="[944,1080,864,889]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Bufo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="calamita">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFECFFA427DCFCF7FBC2FC97" box="[944,1080,864,889]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">B. calamita</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFECFFA4201DFCF7FB27FC97" box="[1137,1245,864,889]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Bufo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="viridis">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFECFFA4201DFCF7FB27FC97" box="[1137,1245,864,889]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">B. viridis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in three distinct subgenera of a single genus 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFECFFA4258BFC11FDE4FC71" box="[487,542,902,927]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Bufo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFECFFA4258BFC11FDE4FC71" box="[487,542,902,927]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Bufo</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(which most probably should include other subgenera, not discussed here). Their synonymies are given below. They also apply if, following 
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B2BFFECFFA427C7FC3DFB72FC2A" box="[939,1160,938,964]" pageId="22" pageNumber="40" refString="Frost D. R., Grant, T., Faivovich, J., Bazin, R. H., Haas, A., Haddad, C. F. B., de Sa, R. O., Channing, A., Wilkinson, M., Donnellan, S. C., Raxworthy, C. J., Campbell, J. A., Blotto, B. L., Moler, P., Drewes, R. C., Nussbaum, R. A., Lynch, J. D., Green, D. M. &amp; Wheeler, W. C. (2006) The amphibian tree of life. Bulletin of the American Museum of natural History, 297, 1 - 370." type="journal article">
Frost 
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFECFFA4279CFC3CFBD7FC2A" box="[1008,1069,939,964]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">et al.</emphasis>
(2006)
</bibRefCitation>
, these three groups are recognized as genera. We also provide tentative lists of their species and subspecies, although this is still a controversial matter, as mentioned above. It should be stressed that because all taxa described in the past in the genus 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFECFFA42562FB8CFE00FBDA" authority="Laurenti, 1768" authorityName="Laurenti" authorityYear="1768" box="[270,506,1050,1076]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Bufo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFECFFA42562FB8CFEBCFBDA" box="[270,326,1051,1076]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Bufo</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B2BFFECFFA42521FB8DFE00FBDA" author="Laurenti" box="[333,506,1050,1076]" pageId="22" pageNumber="42" refString="Laurenti, J. N. (1768) Specimen medicum, exhibens synopsin Reptilium emendatam cum experimentis circa venena et antidota Reptilium austriacorum. Viennae, Joan. Thom. Nob. de Trattnern, i - ii + 1 - 215, pl. 1 - 5." type="book chapter" year="1768">Laurenti, 1768</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
are now transferred into the genus 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFECFFA427F5FB8CFB7DFBDA" authority="Garsault, 1764" authorityName="Garsault" authorityYear="1764" box="[921,1159,1050,1076]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Bufo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFECFFA427F5FB8CFC2AFBDA" box="[921,976,1051,1076]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Bufo</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B2BFFECFFA427BBFB8DFB7DFBDA" author="Garsault" box="[983,1159,1050,1076]" pageId="22" pageNumber="40" refString="Garsault, F. A. P. de (1764) Les Figures des plantes et animaux d'usage en medecine, decrits dans la Matiere Medicale de Mr. Geoffroy Medecin. Paris, [i - v] + 1 - 20, pl. 644 - 729." type="book chapter" year="1764">Garsault, 1764</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, their authors and dates now appear between parentheses.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BCE36DAFFECFFA424AAFBF2FB51F884" blockId="22.[151,1437,152,1898]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">
A final note of interest is warranted. In genera that include several subgenera, the subgeneric nomen does not have to be mentioned every time the species is cited, especially in non-taxonomic works (Dubois 1988 
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFECFFA421E8FB1CFF5CFB27" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">ab</emphasis>
). Citing the most important combination, including the generic substantive and the specific epithet, is often enough. Furthermore, an often overlooked advantage of the rank subgenus is that it is optional. Whenever, for lack of data, some species cannot be allocated to one of the subgenera of the genus, they can be left “outside” of them, being just referred to the genus. For the time being, this applies at least to two species of Palaearctic toads, 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFECFFA42489FAD1FDE5FAB1" authority="Strauch, 1876" authorityName="Strauch" authorityYear="1876" box="[229,543,1349,1375]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Bufo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="raddei">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFECFFA42489FAD1FE88FAB1" box="[229,370,1350,1375]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Bufo raddei</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B2BFFECFFA42517FAD2FDE5FAB1" author="Strauch" box="[379,543,1349,1375]" pageId="22" pageNumber="46" refString="Strauch, A. (1876) Opisanie presmikayustchikhsya i zemnovodnikh, sobrannikh ekspeditsiei podpolkovnika Przewalskago. In: N. M. Przewalski (Ed.), Mongoliya i Strana Tangutov - Tryokhletneye puteshestviye v Vostochnoj Nagoruoj Azii, St. Petersburg, Imperial Russian Geographical Society, 2 (3), 53. [In Russian]." type="journal article" year="1876">Strauch, 1876</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFECFFA42636FAD1FBF1FAB1" authority="Hoogmoed, 1972" authorityName="Hoogmoed" authorityYear="1972" box="[602,1035,1349,1375]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Bufo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="brongersmai">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFECFFA42636FAD1FCCAFAB1" box="[602,816,1350,1375]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Bufo brongersmai</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B2BFFECFFA42755FAD2FBF1FAB1" author="Hoogmoed" box="[825,1035,1349,1375]" pageId="22" pageNumber="41" refString="Hoogmoed, M. S. (1972) On a new species of toad from southern Morocco. Zoologische Mededelingen, 47, 49 - 64, pl. 1 - 4." type="journal article" year="1972">Hoogmoed, 1972</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
. 
<collectingCountry id="F366764AFFECFFA4207BFAD2FBC2FAB1" box="[1047,1080,1349,1375]" name="American Samoa" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">As</collectingCountry>
for 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFECFFA42006FAD1FB23FAB1" box="[1130,1241,1350,1375]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Bufo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="raddei">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFECFFA42006FAD1FB23FAB1" box="[1130,1241,1350,1375]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">B. raddei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, the bioacoustic data of 
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B2BFFECFFA4249DFAFDFE27FA6A" box="[241,477,1386,1412]" pageId="22" pageNumber="45" refString="Stock, M., Bretschneider, P. &amp; Grosse W. - R. (2001 a) The mating call and male release call of Bufo raddei Strauch, 1876 with some phylogenetic implications. Russian Journal of Herpetology, &quot; 2000 &quot;, 7 (3), 215 - 226." type="journal article">
Stöck 
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFECFFA42550FAFCFE82FA6A" box="[316,376,1387,1412]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">et al.</emphasis>
(2001 
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFECFFA425A8FAFCFE29FA6A" box="[452,467,1387,1412]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">a</emphasis>
)
</bibRefCitation>
pointed to mating calls (MCs) similarities between this species and 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFECFFA42160FAFCFA6EFA6A" box="[1292,1428,1387,1412]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Bufo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="calamita">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFECFFA42160FAFCFA6EFA6A" box="[1292,1428,1387,1412]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">B. calamita</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, that distinguish them from the species of the 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFECFFA426DFFA07FCDBFA47" box="[691,801,1424,1449]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Bufo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="viridis">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFECFFA426DFFA07FCDBFA47" box="[691,801,1424,1449]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">B. viridis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
group. They wrote: “ 
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFECFFA42048FA07FF41FA21" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">we consider the resemblance of the</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFECFFA424AEFA22FEB2FA21" box="[194,328,1461,1487]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Bufo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="calamita">B. calamita</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFECFFA4253CFA21FE86FA21" box="[336,380,1462,1487]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">and</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFECFFA425E8FA22FE0AFA21" box="[388,496,1461,1487]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Bufo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="raddei">B. raddei</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFECFFA42594FA21FDD8FA1A" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">MCs to be caused by synapomorphic anatomic and functional structures which are not only phenetic similarities</emphasis>
” (p. 222). However, the molecular results of 
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B2BFFECFFA42029FA4DFAD2FA1A" box="[1093,1320,1498,1524]" pageId="22" pageNumber="45" refString="Stock, M., Moritz, C., Hickerson, M., Frynta, D., Dujsebayeva, T., Eremchenko, V., Macey, R., Papenfuss, T. J. &amp; Wake, D. B. (2006) Evolution of mitochondrial relationships and biogeography of Palearctic green toads (Bufo viridis subgroup) with insights in their genomic plasticity. Molecular Phylogenetics &amp; Evolution, 41, 663 - 689." type="journal article">
Stöck 
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFECFFA420FCFA4CFB37FA1A" box="[1168,1229,1499,1524]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">et al.</emphasis>
(2006)
</bibRefCitation>
, although confirming that both these species are not closely related to the other green toads, also suggested that they are not closely related to each other. They seem to be relicts of early radiations previous to that of the green toads. For the time being, we refrain from formally referring 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFECFFA42776F9DCFC72F98A" box="[794,904,1611,1636]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Bufo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="raddei">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFECFFA42776F9DCFC72F98A" box="[794,904,1611,1636]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">B. raddei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
to the subgenus 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFECFFA42022F9DCFB42F98A" box="[1102,1208,1611,1636]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Epidalea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFECFFA42022F9DCFB42F98A" box="[1102,1208,1611,1636]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Epidalea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. This question will have to be explored further. 
<collectingCountry id="F366764AFFECFFA42586F9E7FDF1F964" box="[490,523,1648,1674]" name="American Samoa" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">As</collectingCountry>
for 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFECFFA42652F9E7FD0DF967" box="[574,759,1648,1673]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Bufo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="brongersmai">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFECFFA42652F9E7FD0DF967" box="[574,759,1648,1673]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">B. brongersmai</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, both 
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B2BFFECFFA4272FF9E7FBD9F964" box="[835,1059,1648,1674]" pageId="22" pageNumber="45" refString="Stock, M., Moritz, C., Hickerson, M., Frynta, D., Dujsebayeva, T., Eremchenko, V., Macey, R., Papenfuss, T. J. &amp; Wake, D. B. (2006) Evolution of mitochondrial relationships and biogeography of Palearctic green toads (Bufo viridis subgroup) with insights in their genomic plasticity. Molecular Phylogenetics &amp; Evolution, 41, 663 - 689." type="journal article">
Stöck 
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFECFFA427E3F9E7FC31F967" box="[911,971,1648,1673]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">et al.</emphasis>
(2006)
</bibRefCitation>
and 
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B2BFFECFFA42032F9E7FA66F964" box="[1118,1436,1648,1674]" pageId="22" pageNumber="46" refString="Van Bocxlaer, I., Biju, S. D., Loader, S. P. &amp; Bossuyt, F. (2009) Toad radiation reveals into-India dispersal as a source of endemism in the Western Ghats-Sri Lanka biodiversity hotspot. BMC evolutionary Biology, 9, 131 [doi: 10.1186 / 1471 - 2148 - 9 - 131]." type="journal article">
Van Bocxlaer 
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFECFFA42164F9E7FABFF967" box="[1288,1349,1648,1673]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">et al.</emphasis>
(2009)
</bibRefCitation>
suggested that it does not belong in the green toads radiation, but its position is still controversial, so here also more work should be done before its allocation to a subgenus. A third species, † 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFECFFA4203CF92CFA86F93A" authority="Tihen, 1962" authorityName="Tihen" authorityYear="1962" box="[1104,1404,1722,1748]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Bufo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="alienus">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFECFFA4203CF92CFB1EF93A" box="[1104,1252,1723,1748]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Bufo alienus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B2BFFECFFA42080F92DFA86F93A" author="Tihen" box="[1260,1404,1722,1748]" pageId="22" pageNumber="46" refString="Tihen, J. A. (1962) A review of New World fossil bufonids. American Midland Naturalist, 68 (1), 1 - 50." type="journal article" year="1962">Tihen, 1962</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, is here referred to 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFECFFA4253FF977FE70F917" box="[339,394,1760,1785]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Bufo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFECFFA4253FF977FE70F917" box="[339,394,1760,1785]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Bufo</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as 
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFECFFA425DDF977FDAEF917" box="[433,596,1760,1785]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">incertae sedis</emphasis>
at subgeneric level: according to 
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B2BFFECFFA427B3F977FB3BF914" author="Sanchiz" box="[991,1217,1760,1786]" pageId="22" pageNumber="44" refString="Sanchiz, B. (1998) Salientia. In: P. Wellnhofer (Ed.), Handbuch der Palaoherpetologie, Teil 4, Munchen, Friedrich Pfeil, i - xii + 1 - 275." type="journal article" year="1998">Sanchíz (1998: 76)</bibRefCitation>
, although its ilium resembles that of 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFECFFA42502F891FE00F8F1" box="[366,506,1798,1823]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Bufo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="calamita">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFECFFA42502F891FE00F8F1" box="[366,506,1798,1823]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">B. calamita</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, “ 
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFECFFA4267BF891FD56F8AA" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">more material would be necessary to demonstrate the presence of this Old World group in the North American Miocene</emphasis>
”. Finally, we already mentioned above the cases of the species † 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFECFFA424C1F8C7FDF7F884" authority="Tschudi, 1838" authorityName="Tschudi" authorityYear="1838" box="[173,525,1872,1898]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Bufo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gessneri">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFECFFA424C1F8C7FEB7F887" box="[173,333,1872,1897]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Bufo gessneri</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B2BFFECFFA42530F8C7FDFFF884" author="Tschudi" box="[348,517,1872,1898]" pageId="22" pageNumber="46" refString="Tschudi, J. J. von (1838) Classification der Batrachier, mit Berucksichtigung der fossilen Thiere dieser Abtheilung der Reptilien. Neuchatel, Petitpierre, i - ii + 1 - 98, pl. 1 - 6." type="book chapter" year="1838">Tschudi, 1838</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
and † 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFECFFA42630F8C7FB5DF884" authority="Spinar, Klembara &amp; Meszaros, 1993" authorityName="Spinar, Klembara &amp; Meszaros" authorityYear="1993" box="[604,1191,1872,1898]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Bufo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="priscus">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFECFFA42630F8C7FD15F887" box="[604,751,1872,1897]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Bufo priscus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B2BFFECFFA4269BF8C7FB5DF884" author="Spinar" box="[759,1191,1872,1898]" pageId="22" pageNumber="45" refString="Spinar, Z. V., Klembara, J. &amp; Meszaros, S. (1993) A new toad from the Miocene at Devinska Nova Ves (Slovakia). Zapadne Karpaty, (Paleontologia), 17, 135 - 160." type="journal article" year="1993">Špinar, Klembara &amp; Meszároš, 1993</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C36B6551FFEDFFA524FBFF0FFE97FDF1" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="8BCE36DAFFEDFFA524FBFF0FFE2FFF5C" blockId="23.[151,469,152,178]" box="[151,469,152,178]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
Genus 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFEDFFA52485FF0FFE2FFF5C" ID-CoL="62GTW" authority="Garsault, 1764" authorityName="Garsault" authorityYear="1764" box="[233,469,152,178]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Bufo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFEDFFA52485FF0FFEDAFF5F" box="[233,288,152,177]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Bufo</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B2BFFEDFFA52544FF0FFE2FFF5C" author="Garsault" box="[296,469,152,178]" pageId="23" pageNumber="40" refString="Garsault, F. A. P. de (1764) Les Figures des plantes et animaux d'usage en medecine, decrits dans la Matiere Medicale de Mr. Geoffroy Medecin. Paris, [i - v] + 1 - 20, pl. 644 - 729." type="book chapter" year="1764">Garsault, 1764</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BCE36DAFFEDFFA524FBFF77FDDEFF14" blockId="23.[151,548,224,250]" box="[151,548,224,250]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
(1) Subgenus 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFEDFFA52556FF77FDDEFF14" ID-CoL="62GTW" authority="Garsault, 1764" authorityName="Garsault" authorityYear="1764" box="[314,548,224,250]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Bufo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFEDFFA52556FF77FE8BFF17" box="[314,369,224,249]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Bufo</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B2BFFEDFFA52514FF77FDDEFF14" author="Garsault" box="[376,548,224,250]" pageId="23" pageNumber="40" refString="Garsault, F. A. P. de (1764) Les Figures des plantes et animaux d'usage en medecine, decrits dans la Matiere Medicale de Mr. Geoffroy Medecin. Paris, [i - v] + 1 - 20, pl. 644 - 729." type="book chapter" year="1764">Garsault, 1764</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BCE36DAFFEDFFA524FBFEBFFDE7FEB1" blockId="23.[151,1436,295,895]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB6111F4FFEDFFA524FBFEBFFDE7FEB1" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFEDFFA524FBFEBFFE8BFED1" ID-CoL="62GTW" authority="Garsault, 1764" authorityName="Garsault" authorityYear="1764" box="[151,369,296,319]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Bufo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFEDFFA524FBFEBFFF33FED1" box="[151,201,296,319]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Bufo</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B2BFFEDFFA524BCFEBFFE8BFED1" author="Garsault" box="[208,369,296,319]" pageId="23" pageNumber="40" refString="Garsault, F. A. P. de (1764) Les Figures des plantes et animaux d'usage en medecine, decrits dans la Matiere Medicale de Mr. Geoffroy Medecin. Paris, [i - v] + 1 - 20, pl. 644 - 729." type="book chapter" year="1764">Garsault, 1764</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
: pl. 672, list of plates p. 19 [nec 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFEDFFA526A3FEBFFC29FED1" ID-CoL="62GTW" authority="Laurenti, 1768: 25" authorityName="Laurenti" authorityPageNumber="25" authorityYear="1768" box="[719,979,296,319]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Bufo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFEDFFA526A3FEBFFCFBFED1" box="[719,769,296,319]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Bufo</emphasis>
<treatmentCitation id="0AD010CBFFEDFFA52765FEBFFC29FED1" author="Laurenti" box="[777,979,296,319]" page="25" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" year="1768">
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B2BFFEDFFA52765FEBFFC53FED1" author="Laurenti" box="[777,937,296,319]" pageId="23" pageNumber="42" refString="Laurenti, J. N. (1768) Specimen medicum, exhibens synopsin Reptilium emendatam cum experimentis circa venena et antidota Reptilium austriacorum. Viennae, Joan. Thom. Nob. de Trattnern, i - ii + 1 - 215, pl. 1 - 5." type="book chapter" year="1768">Laurenti, 1768</bibRefCitation>
: 25
</treatmentCitation>
</taxonomicName>
]. – 
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFEDFFA52796FEB0FB6DFED1" bold="true" box="[1018,1175,295,319]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Nucleospecies</emphasis>
, by present designation, 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFEDFFA524ABFEDFFDE3FEB1" authority="Linnaeus, 1758: 210" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityPageNumber="210" authorityYear="1758" box="[199,537,328,351]" class="Amphibia" family="Ranidae" genus="Rana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bufo">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFEDFFA524ABFEDFFECFFEB1" box="[199,309,328,351]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Rana bufo</emphasis>
<treatmentCitation id="0AD010CBFFEDFFA52550FEDFFDE3FEB1" author="Linnaeus" box="[316,537,328,351]" page="210" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" year="1758">
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B2BFFEDFFA52550FEDFFE1EFEB1" author="Linnaeus" box="[316,484,328,351]" pageId="23" pageNumber="42" refString="Linnaeus, C. (1758) Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Editio decima, reformata. Tomus I. Holmiae, Laurentii Salvii, [i - iv] + 1 - 824." type="book chapter" year="1758">Linnaeus, 1758</bibRefCitation>
: 210
</treatmentCitation>
</taxonomicName>
.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BCE36DAFFEDFFA524FBFEFFFB7DFE31" blockId="23.[151,1436,295,895]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB6111F4FFEDFFA524FBFEFFFB7DFE31" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFEDFFA524FBFEFFFE51FE91" ID-CoL="6PBK" authority="Oken, 1816: 210" authorityName="Oken" authorityPageNumber="210" authorityYear="1816" box="[151,427,360,383]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Phryne" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFEDFFA524FBFEFFFF1EFE91" box="[151,228,360,383]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Phryne</emphasis>
Oken, 1816: 210
</taxonomicName>
[nec 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFEDFFA5259CFEFFFCEBFE91" authority="Meigen, 1800: 16" authorityName="Meigen" authorityPageNumber="16" authorityYear="1800" box="[496,785,360,383]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Phryne" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFEDFFA5259CFEFFFDC7FE91" box="[496,573,360,383]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Phryne</emphasis>
<treatmentCitation id="0AD010CBFFEDFFA52624FEFFFCEBFE91" author="Meigen" box="[584,785,360,383]" page="16" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" year="1800">
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B2BFFEDFFA52624FEFFFD1FFE91" author="Meigen" box="[584,741,360,383]" pageId="23" pageNumber="42" refString="Meigen, J. G. [J. W.] (1800) Nouvelle classification des mouches a deux ailes (Diptera L.) d'apres un plan tout nouveau. Paris, J. J. Fuchs, 5 - 40." type="book chapter" year="1800">Meigen, 1800</bibRefCitation>
: 16
</treatmentCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, exoplonym (see Anonymous 1963); nec 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFEDFFA52085FEFFFACCFE91" box="[1257,1334,360,383]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Phryne" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFEDFFA52085FEFFFACCFE91" box="[1257,1334,360,383]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Phryne</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Herrich- 
<treatmentCitation id="0AD010CBFFEDFFA524ABFE1FFE6BFE71" author="Schaffer" box="[199,401,392,415]" page="90" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" year="1843">
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B2BFFEDFFA524ABFE1FFE9CFE71" author="Schaffer" box="[199,358,392,415]" pageId="23" pageNumber="41" refString="Herrich-Schaffer, G. A. W. (1843) Systematische Bearbeitung der Schmetterlinge von Europa als Text, Revision und Supplement zu Hubner's Sammlung europaischer Schmetterlinge. Regensburg, G. J. Manz, i - x, 1 - 122 + 1 - 8, pl. 1 - 11 + 1 - 52 + 1 - 7 + 1 - 2 + 1 - 9 + 7." type="book chapter" year="1843">Schäffer, 1843</bibRefCitation>
: 90
</treatmentCitation>
]. – 
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFEDFFA525DAFE10FDC2FE71" bold="true" box="[438,568,391,415]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Exoplonym</emphasis>
, as having been published in a book placed on the 
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFEDFFA52037FE1FFD59FE51" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Works in Zoological Nomenclature</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B2BFFEDFFA526DAFE3FFC8BFE51" author="Hemming" box="[694,881,424,447]" pageId="23" pageNumber="41" refString="Hemming, F. (1956 b) Opinion 417. Rejection for nomenclatorial purposes of volume 3 (Zoologie) of the work by Lorenz Oken entitled Okens Lehrbuch der Naturgeschichte published in 1815 - 1816. Opinions and Declarations rendered by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, 14 (1), 1 - 42." type="journal article" year="1956" yearSuffix="b">
Hemming 1956 
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFEDFFA52708FE3FFC8BFE51" box="[868,881,424,447]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">b</emphasis>
</bibRefCitation>
). – 
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFEDFFA527CAFE30FBB9FE51" bold="true" box="[934,1091,423,447]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Nucleospecies</emphasis>
, by subsequent designation of 
<treatmentCitation id="0AD010CBFFEDFFA524ABFE5FFE65FE31" author="Fitzinger" box="[199,415,456,479]" page="32" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" year="1843">
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B2BFFEDFFA524ABFE5FFE65FE31" author="Fitzinger" box="[199,415,456,479]" pageId="23" pageNumber="40" refString="Fitzinger, L. J. F. J. (1843) Systema Reptilium. Fasciculus primus. Amblyglossae. Vindobonae, Braumuller &amp; Seidel, 1 - 106 + i - ix." type="book chapter" year="1843">Fitzinger (1843: 32)</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFEDFFA525C7FE5FFCF1FE31" ID-CoL="NPH7" authority="Laurenti, 1768: 28" authorityName="Laurenti" authorityPageNumber="28" authorityYear="1768" box="[427,779,456,479]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Bufo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="vulgaris">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFEDFFA525C7FE5FFDC6FE31" box="[427,572,456,479]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Bufo vulgaris</emphasis>
<treatmentCitation id="0AD010CBFFEDFFA5262EFE5FFCF1FE31" author="Laurenti" box="[578,779,456,479]" page="28" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" year="1768">
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B2BFFEDFFA5262EFE5FFD19FE31" author="Laurenti" box="[578,739,456,479]" pageId="23" pageNumber="42" refString="Laurenti, J. N. (1768) Specimen medicum, exhibens synopsin Reptilium emendatam cum experimentis circa venena et antidota Reptilium austriacorum. Viennae, Joan. Thom. Nob. de Trattnern, i - ii + 1 - 215, pl. 1 - 5." type="book chapter" year="1768">Laurenti, 1768</bibRefCitation>
: 28
</treatmentCitation>
</taxonomicName>
. – 
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFEDFFA52745FE50FB85FE31" bold="true" box="[809,1151,455,479]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">New invalid junior doxisonym</emphasis>
.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BCE36DAFFEDFFA524FBFE7FFE97FDF1" blockId="23.[151,1436,295,895]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFEDFFA524FBFE7FFF0BFE11" box="[151,241,488,511]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Pegaeus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B2BFFEDFFA52496FE7FFE79FE11" author="Gistel" box="[250,387,488,511]" pageId="23" pageNumber="40" refString="Gistel, J. (1868) Blicke in das Leben der Natur und des Menschen. Leipzig, Martig, 1 - 262." type="book chapter" year="1868">Gistel, 1868</bibRefCitation>
: 161. – 
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFEDFFA525B1FE70FD80FE11" bold="true" box="[477,634,487,511]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Nucleospecies</emphasis>
, by original monophory, 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFEDFFA527FFFE7FFB15FE11" authority="Linnaeus, 1758: 210" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityPageNumber="210" authorityYear="1758" box="[915,1263,488,511]" class="Amphibia" family="Ranidae" genus="Rana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bufo">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFEDFFA527FFFE7FFBF9FE11" box="[915,1027,488,511]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Rana bufo</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B2BFFEDFFA52060FE7FFB4DFE11" author="Linnaeus" box="[1036,1207,488,511]" pageId="23" pageNumber="42" refString="Linnaeus, C. (1758) Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Editio decima, reformata. Tomus I. Holmiae, Laurentii Salvii, [i - iv] + 1 - 824." type="book chapter" year="1758">Linnaeus, 1758</bibRefCitation>
: 210
</taxonomicName>
. – 
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFEDFFA5217EFE70FE9FFDF1" bold="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">New invalid junior isonym</emphasis>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C36B6551FFEDFFA524FBFDBFFA63FD51" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BCE36DAFFEDFFA524FBFDBFFEB3FD91" blockId="23.[151,1436,295,895]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFEDFFA524FBFDBFFEF4FDD1" box="[151,270,552,575]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Platosphus</emphasis>
de 
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B2BFFEDFFA52554FDBFFE4DFDD1" author="l'Isle" box="[312,439,552,575]" pageId="23" pageNumber="37" refString="De l'Isle, A. (1877) Note sur un genre nouveau de Batraciens Bufoniformes du terrain a Elephas meridionalis de Durfort (Gard) (Platosphus gervaisii). Journal de Zoologie, 6, 472 - 478." type="journal article" year="1877">l’Isle, 1877</bibRefCitation>
: 472. – 
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFEDFFA5267DFDB0FD54FDD1" bold="true" box="[529,686,551,575]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Nucleospecies</emphasis>
, by original monophory, † 
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFEDFFA527B7FDBFFB4DFDD1" box="[987,1207,552,575]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Platosphus gervaisii</emphasis>
de 
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B2BFFEDFFA5208EFDBFFA9BFDD1" author="l'Isle" box="[1250,1377,552,575]" pageId="23" pageNumber="37" refString="De l'Isle, A. (1877) Note sur un genre nouveau de Batraciens Bufoniformes du terrain a Elephas meridionalis de Durfort (Gard) (Platosphus gervaisii). Journal de Zoologie, 6, 472 - 478." type="journal article" year="1877">l’Isle, 1877</bibRefCitation>
: 472, junior doxisonym of 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFEDFFA525D8FDDFFCEFFDB1" authority="Linnaeus, 1758: 210" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityPageNumber="210" authorityYear="1758" box="[436,789,584,607]" class="Amphibia" family="Ranidae" genus="Rana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bufo">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFEDFFA525D8FDDFFDDCFDB1" box="[436,550,584,607]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Rana bufo</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B2BFFEDFFA5265EFDDFFD24FDB1" author="Linnaeus" box="[562,734,584,607]" pageId="23" pageNumber="42" refString="Linnaeus, C. (1758) Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Editio decima, reformata. Tomus I. Holmiae, Laurentii Salvii, [i - iv] + 1 - 824." type="book chapter" year="1758">Linnaeus, 1758</bibRefCitation>
: 210
</taxonomicName>
according to 
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B2BFFEDFFA527DFFDDFFB62FDB1" author="Sanchiz" box="[947,1176,584,607]" pageId="23" pageNumber="44" refString="Sanchiz, B. (1998) Salientia. In: P. Wellnhofer (Ed.), Handbuch der Palaoherpetologie, Teil 4, Munchen, Friedrich Pfeil, i - xii + 1 - 275." type="journal article" year="1998">Sanchíz (1998: 121)</bibRefCitation>
. – 
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFEDFFA520D2FDD0FEB8FD91" bold="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">New invalid junior doxisonym</emphasis>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BCE36DAFFEDFFA524FBFD1FFA63FD51" blockId="23.[151,1436,295,895]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFEDFFA524FBFD1FFF17FD71" box="[151,237,648,671]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Bufavus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B2BFFEDFFA52499FD1FFE81FD71" author="Portis" box="[245,379,648,671]" pageId="23" pageNumber="44" refString="Portis, A. (1885) Resti di batraci fossili italiani. Atti della reale Accademia delle Scienze di Torino, 20, 1173 - 1201, pl. 13." type="journal article" year="1885">Portis, 1885</bibRefCitation>
: 1182. – 
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFEDFFA5258DFD10FD84FD71" bold="true" box="[481,638,647,671]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Nucleospecies</emphasis>
, by original monophory, † 
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFEDFFA527C5FD1FFB84FD71" box="[937,1150,648,671]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Bufavus meneghinii</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B2BFFEDFFA520EAFD1FFAF7FD71" author="Portis" box="[1158,1293,648,671]" pageId="23" pageNumber="44" refString="Portis, A. (1885) Resti di batraci fossili italiani. Atti della reale Accademia delle Scienze di Torino, 20, 1173 - 1201, pl. 13." type="journal article" year="1885">Portis, 1885</bibRefCitation>
: 1182, junior doxisonym of 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFEDFFA5250DFD3FFD4AFD51" authority="Linnaeus, 1758: 210" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityPageNumber="210" authorityYear="1758" box="[353,688,680,703]" class="Amphibia" family="Ranidae" genus="Rana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bufo">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFEDFFA5250DFD3FFE2AFD51" box="[353,464,680,703]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Rana bufo</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B2BFFEDFFA525BAFD3FFD84FD51" author="Linnaeus" box="[470,638,680,703]" pageId="23" pageNumber="42" refString="Linnaeus, C. (1758) Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Editio decima, reformata. Tomus I. Holmiae, Laurentii Salvii, [i - iv] + 1 - 824." type="book chapter" year="1758">Linnaeus, 1758</bibRefCitation>
: 210
</taxonomicName>
according to 
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B2BFFEDFFA5272EFD3FFBE7FD51" author="Sanchiz" box="[834,1053,680,703]" pageId="23" pageNumber="44" refString="Sanchiz, B. (1998) Salientia. In: P. Wellnhofer (Ed.), Handbuch der Palaoherpetologie, Teil 4, Munchen, Friedrich Pfeil, i - xii + 1 - 275." type="journal article" year="1998">Sanchíz (1998: 125)</bibRefCitation>
. – 
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFEDFFA52050FD30FA68FD51" bold="true" box="[1084,1426,679,703]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">New invalid junior doxisonym</emphasis>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C36B6551FFEDFFA524FBFD5FFC32FA19" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="8BCE36DAFFEDFFA524FBFD5FFB44FCF1" blockId="23.[151,1436,295,895]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
“ 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFEDFFA524CFFD5FFEBCFD31" authority="Rao" authorityName="Rao" authorityPageNumber="142" authorityYear="1994" box="[163,326,712,735]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Torrentophryne" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFEDFFA524CFFD5FFEBCFD31" box="[163,326,712,735]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Torrentophryne</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
” 
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B2BFFEDFFA52537FD5FFDD2FD31" author="Rao" box="[347,552,712,735]" pageId="23" pageNumber="44" refString="Rao, D. &amp; Yang, D. (1994) The study of early development and evolution of Torrentophryne aspinia. Zoological Research, 15, 142 - 157." type="journal article" year="1994">Rao &amp; Yang, 1994</bibRefCitation>
: 142. – 
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFEDFFA52611FD50FCF8FD31" bold="true" box="[637,770,711,735]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Anoplonym</emphasis>
, as having been published with two included nominal species but without designation of a nucleospecies. – 
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFEDFFA526C1FD70FCB0FD11" bold="true" box="[685,842,743,767]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Nucleospecies</emphasis>
, by present designation, 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFEDFFA52038FD7FFE80FCF1" authority="Rao &amp; Yang, 1994: 142" authorityName="Rao &amp; Yang" authorityPageNumber="142" authorityYear="1994" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Torrentophryne" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="aspinia">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFEDFFA52038FD7FFAB5FD11" box="[1108,1359,744,767]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Torrentophryne aspinia</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B2BFFEDFFA52139FD7FFEBEFCF1" author="Rao" pageId="23" pageNumber="44" refString="Rao, D. &amp; Yang, D. (1994) The study of early development and evolution of Torrentophryne aspinia. Zoological Research, 15, 142 - 157." type="journal article" year="1994">Rao &amp; Yang, 1994</bibRefCitation>
: 142
</taxonomicName>
. – 
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFEDFFA525F4FC90FD14FCF1" bold="true" box="[408,750,775,799]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">New invalid junior doxisonym</emphasis>
. – 
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFEDFFA5277CFC90FC7AFCF1" bold="true" box="[784,896,775,799]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Comment</emphasis>
: see Dubois 
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFEDFFA52067FC9FFBBBFCF1" box="[1035,1089,776,799]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">et al.</emphasis>
(2005: 32).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BCE36DAFFEDFFA524FBFCBFFE59FC91" blockId="23.[151,1436,295,895]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB6111F4FFEDFFA524FBFCBFFE59FC91" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFEDFFA524FBFCBFFE82FCD1" ID-CoL="7XVY" authority="Yang" authorityName="Yang" box="[151,376,808,831]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Torrentophryne" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFEDFFA524FBFCBFFEC6FCD1" box="[151,316,808,831]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Torrentophryne</emphasis>
Yang
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFEDFFA525EEFCBFFE6DFCD1" box="[386,407,808,831]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">in</emphasis>
<treatmentCitation id="0AD010CBFFEDFFA525F1FCBFFD28FCD1" author="Yang" box="[413,722,808,831]" page="353" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" year="1996">
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B2BFFEDFFA525F1FCBFFD66FCD1" author="Yang" box="[413,668,808,831]" pageId="23" pageNumber="47" refString="Yang, D., Liu, W. &amp; Rao, D. (1996) A new toad genus of Bufonidae - Torrentophryne from transhimalaya mountain of Yunnan of China with its biology. Zoological Research, 17 (4), 353 - 359." type="journal article" year="1996">Yang, Liu &amp; Rao, 1996</bibRefCitation>
: 353
</treatmentCitation>
. – 
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFEDFFA5269DFCB0FC74FCD1" bold="true" box="[753,910,807,831]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Nucleospecies</emphasis>
, by original designation, 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFEDFFA520CDFCBFFE30FCB1" authority="Rao &amp; Yang, 1994: 142" authorityName="Rao &amp; Yang" authorityPageNumber="142" authorityYear="1994" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Torrentophryne" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="aspinia">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFEDFFA520CDFCBFFA61FCD1" box="[1185,1435,808,831]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Torrentophryne aspinia</emphasis>
<treatmentCitation id="0AD010CBFFEDFFA524ABFCDFFE30FCB1" author="Rao" box="[199,458,840,863]" page="142" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" year="1994">
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B2BFFEDFFA524ABFCDFFE6EFCB1" author="Rao" box="[199,404,840,863]" pageId="23" pageNumber="44" refString="Rao, D. &amp; Yang, D. (1994) The study of early development and evolution of Torrentophryne aspinia. Zoological Research, 15, 142 - 157." type="journal article" year="1994">Rao &amp; Yang, 1994</bibRefCitation>
: 142
</treatmentCitation>
</taxonomicName>
. – 
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFEDFFA52587FCD0FCBEFCB1" bold="true" box="[491,836,839,863]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">New invalid junior doxisonym</emphasis>
. – 
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFEDFFA52704FCD0FC23FCB1" bold="true" box="[872,985,839,863]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Comment</emphasis>
: see Dubois 
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFEDFFA5200AFCDFFB67FCB1" box="[1126,1181,840,863]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">et al.</emphasis>
(2005: 32) and 
<treatmentCitation id="0AD010CBFFEDFFA52126FCDFFE9AFC91" author="Frost" page="215" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" year="2006">
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B2BFFEDFFA52126FCDFFED1FC91" author="Frost" pageId="23" pageNumber="40" refString="Frost D. R., Grant, T., Faivovich, J., Bazin, R. H., Haas, A., Haddad, C. F. B., de Sa, R. O., Channing, A., Wilkinson, M., Donnellan, S. C., Raxworthy, C. J., Campbell, J. A., Blotto, B. L., Moler, P., Drewes, R. C., Nussbaum, R. A., Lynch, J. D., Green, D. M. &amp; Wheeler, W. C. (2006) The amphibian tree of life. Bulletin of the American Museum of natural History, 297, 1 - 370." type="journal article" year="2006">
Frost 
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFEDFFA521E5FCDFFF19FC91" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">et al.</emphasis>
(2006
</bibRefCitation>
: 215
</treatmentCitation>
, 220).
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BCE36DAFFEDFFA524FBFC3AFC32FA19" blockId="23.[151,1437,941,1527]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFEDFFA524FBFC3AFEF9FC29" bold="true" box="[151,259,941,967]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Content</emphasis>
. 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFEDFFA52578FC3AFD2FFC29" ID-CoL="NNXY" authority="Kou, 1984" authorityName="Kou" authorityYear="1984" box="[276,725,941,967]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Bufo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ailaoanus" subGenus="Bufo">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFEDFFA52578FC3AFDD4FC28" box="[276,558,941,966]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Bufo (Bufo) ailaoanus</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B2BFFEDFFA5262CFC3AFD36FC29" author="Kou" box="[576,716,941,967]" pageId="23" pageNumber="42" refString="Kou, Z. (1984) Preliminary reports on the herpetofauna of Shuitang and Zhelong districts of the eastern slope of Mt. Ailao, with description of a new species. Acta herpetologica sinica, (2), 3 (4), 39 - 45. [In Chinese]." type="journal article" year="1984">Kou, 1984</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
; 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFEDFFA52688FC3AFB03FC29" ID-CoL="NNZ4" authority="Rao &amp; Yang, 1994" authorityName="Rao &amp; Yang" authorityYear="1994" box="[740,1273,941,967]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Bufo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="aspinius" subGenus="Bufo">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFEDFFA52688FC3AFC16FC28" box="[740,1004,941,966]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Bufo (Bufo) aspinius</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B2BFFEDFFA52791FC3AFB0BFC29" author="Rao" box="[1021,1265,941,967]" pageId="23" pageNumber="44" refString="Rao, D. &amp; Yang, D. (1994) The study of early development and evolution of Torrentophryne aspinia. Zoological Research, 15, 142 - 157." type="journal article" year="1994">Rao &amp; Yang, 1994</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
; 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFEDFFA52164FC3AFE11FC02" ID-CoL="NNZD" authority="Barbour, 1908" authorityName="Barbour" authorityYear="1908" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Bufo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bankorensis" subGenus="Bufo">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFEDFFA52164FC3AFEDEFC05" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Bufo (Bufo) bankorensis</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B2BFFEDFFA5255FFC45FE18FC02" author="Barbour" box="[307,482,978,1004]" pageId="23" pageNumber="36" refString="Barbour, T. (1908) Some new Amphibia Salientia. Proceedings of the biological Society of Washington, 21, 189 - 190." type="journal article" year="1908">Barbour, 1908</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
; 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFEDFFA52594FC45FC68FC02" ID-CoL="NP2D" authority="Linnaeus, 1758" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[504,914,978,1004]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Bufo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bufo" subGenus="Bufo">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFEDFFA52594FC45FD44FC05" box="[504,702,978,1003]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Bufo (Bufo) bufo</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B2BFFEDFFA526A2FC45FC72FC02" author="Linnaeus" box="[718,904,978,1004]" pageId="23" pageNumber="42" refString="Linnaeus, C. (1758) Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Editio decima, reformata. Tomus I. Holmiae, Laurentii Salvii, [i - iv] + 1 - 824." type="book chapter" year="1758">Linnaeus, 1758</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
, including 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFEDFFA52079FC45FF1AFBFC" ID-CoL="62GTW" authority="Linnaeus, 1758" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Bufo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="bufo" subGenus="Bufo" subSpecies="bufo">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFEDFFA52079FC45FAEDFC05" box="[1045,1303,978,1003]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Bufo (Bufo) bufo bufo</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B2BFFEDFFA5214BFC45FF22FBFC" author="Linnaeus" pageId="23" pageNumber="42" refString="Linnaeus, C. (1758) Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Editio decima, reformata. Tomus I. Holmiae, Laurentii Salvii, [i - iv] + 1 - 824." type="book chapter" year="1758">Linnaeus, 1758</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFEDFFA52482FC6FFC51FBFC" ID-CoL="5G2XK" authority="Muller &amp; Hellmich, 1935" authorityName="Muller &amp; Hellmich" authorityYear="1935" box="[238,939,1016,1042]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Bufo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="bufo" subGenus="Bufo" subSpecies="gredosicola">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFEDFFA52482FC6FFDAEFBFF" box="[238,596,1016,1041]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Bufo (Bufo) bufo gredosicola</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B2BFFEDFFA52609FC6FFC58FBFC" author="Muller" box="[613,930,1016,1042]" pageId="23" pageNumber="43" refString="Muller, L. &amp; Hellmich, W. (1935) Mitteilungen uber die Herpetofauna der Iberischen Halbinsel. I. Uber Salamandra salamandra almanzoris n. ssp. und Bufo bufo gredosicola n. ssp. Zoologischer Anzeiger, 112 (3 - 4), 49 - 57." type="journal article" year="1935">Müller &amp; Hellmich, 1935</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFEDFFA52784FC6FFF25FBD9" ID-CoL="NPF3" authority="Daudin, 1802" authorityName="Daudin" authorityYear="1802" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Bufo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="bufo" subGenus="Bufo" subSpecies="spinosus">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFEDFFA52784FC6FFAD2FBFF" box="[1000,1320,1016,1041]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Bufo (Bufo) bufo spinosus</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B2BFFEDFFA52155FC6FFF2CFBD9" author="Daudin" pageId="23" pageNumber="37" refString="Daudin, F. M. (1802) Histoire naturelle, generale et particuliere des reptiles. Tome troisieme. Paris, F. Dufart, 1 - 452, pl. 29 - 45." type="book chapter" year="1802">Daudin, 1802</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
; 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFEDFFA52486FB8AFCD9FBD9" ID-CoL="NP4B" authority="Liu &amp; Hu, 1962" authorityName="Liu &amp; Hu" authorityYear="1962" box="[234,803,1053,1079]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Bufo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cryptotympanicus" subGenus="Bufo">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFEDFFA52486FB8AFDB1FBD8" box="[234,587,1053,1078]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Bufo (Bufo) cryptotympanicus</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B2BFFEDFFA52636FB8AFCE0FBD9" author="Liu" box="[602,794,1053,1079]" pageId="23" pageNumber="42" refString="Liu C. - C. &amp; Hu S. - C. (1962) A herpetological report of Kwangsi. Acta zoologica sinica, 14 (suppl.), 73 - 104. [In Chinese]." type="journal article" year="1962">Liu &amp; Hu, 1962</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
; 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFEDFFA52743FB8AFE8CFBB2" ID-CoL="NP58" authority="Litvinchuk, Borkin, Skorinov &amp; Rosanov, 2008" authorityName="Litvinchuk, Borkin, Skorinov &amp; Rosanov" authorityYear="2008" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Bufo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="eichwaldi" subGenus="Bufo">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFEDFFA52743FB8AFBCBFBD8" box="[815,1073,1053,1078]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Bufo (Bufo) eichwaldi</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B2BFFEDFFA5202EFB8AFE97FBB2" author="Litvinchuk" pageId="23" pageNumber="42" refString="Litvinchuk, S. N., Borkin, L. J., Skorinov, D. V. &amp; Rosanov, J. M. (2008) A new species of common toads from the Talysh Mountains, south-eastern Caucasus: genome size, allozyme, and morphological evidences. Russian Journal of Herpetology, 15 (1), 19 - 43." type="journal article" year="2008">Litvinchuk, Borkin, Skorinov &amp; Rosanov, 2008</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
; 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFEDFFA525E4FBD4FC8BFBB2" ID-CoL="NP68" authority="Cantor, 1842" authorityName="Cantor" authorityYear="1842" box="[392,881,1090,1116]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Bufo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gargarizans" subGenus="Bufo">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFEDFFA525E4FBD4FD49FBB2" box="[392,691,1091,1116]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Bufo (Bufo) gargarizans</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B2BFFEDFFA526AFFBD5FC92FBB2" author="Cantor" box="[707,872,1090,1116]" pageId="23" pageNumber="37" refString="Cantor, T. (1842) General features of Chusan, with remarks on the flora and fauna of that island. Animals observed at Chusan Annals &amp; Magazine of natural History, (1), 9, 481 - 493." type="journal article" year="1842">Cantor, 1842</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
, including 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFEDFFA52797FBD4FEA7FB6C" ID-CoL="NNYK" authority="Schmidt, 1925" authorityName="Schmidt" authorityYear="1925" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Bufo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="gargarizans" subGenus="Bufo" subSpecies="andrewsi">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFEDFFA52797FBD4FA67FBB2" box="[1019,1437,1091,1116]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Bufo (Bufo) gargarizans andrewsi</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B2BFFEDFFA524CDFBFFFEAFFB6C" author="Schmidt" box="[161,341,1128,1154]" pageId="23" pageNumber="44" refString="Schmidt, K. P. (1925) New Chinese amphibians and reptiles. American Museum Novitates, 175, 1 - 3." type="journal article" year="1925">Schmidt, 1925</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFEDFFA52507FBFFFC1CFB6C" ID-CoL="NP68" authority="Cantor, 1842" authorityName="Cantor" authorityYear="1842" box="[363,998,1128,1154]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Bufo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="gargarizans" subGenus="Bufo" subSpecies="gargarizans">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFEDFFA52507FBFFFCD0FB6F" box="[363,810,1128,1153]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Bufo (Bufo) gargarizans gargarizans</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B2BFFEDFFA52756FBFFFC27FB6C" author="Cantor" box="[826,989,1128,1154]" pageId="23" pageNumber="37" refString="Cantor, T. (1842) General features of Chusan, with remarks on the flora and fauna of that island. Animals observed at Chusan Annals &amp; Magazine of natural History, (1), 9, 481 - 493." type="journal article" year="1842">Cantor, 1842</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFEDFFA5279FFBFFFEB3FB49" ID-CoL="5G2ZH" authority="Okada, 1931" authorityName="Okada" authorityYear="1931" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Bufo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="gargarizans" subGenus="Bufo" subSpecies="miyakonis">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFEDFFA5279FFBFFFA66FB6F" box="[1011,1436,1128,1153]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Bufo (Bufo) gargarizans miyakonis</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B2BFFEDFFA524CDFB1AFEBAFB49" author="Okada" box="[161,320,1165,1191]" pageId="23" pageNumber="43" refString="Okada, Y. (1931) The tailless batrachians of the Japanese Empire. Tokyo, Imperial Agricultural Experiment Station, 1 - 2 + 1 - 2 + 1 - 215, pl. 1 - 29." type="book chapter" year="1931">Okada, 1931</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFEDFFA525EBFB1AFC38FB49" ID-CoL="5G2ZJ" authority="Matsui, 1986" authorityName="Matsui" authorityYear="1986" box="[391,962,1165,1191]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Bufo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="gargarizans" subGenus="Bufo" subSpecies="popei">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFEDFFA525EBFB1AFCFBFB48" box="[391,769,1165,1190]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Bufo (Bufo) gargarizans popei</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B2BFFEDFFA52778FB1AFC40FB49" author="Matsui" box="[788,954,1165,1191]" pageId="23" pageNumber="42" refString="Matsui, M. (1986) Geographic variation in toads of the Bufo bufo complex from the Far East, with a description of a new subspecies. Copeia, 1986 (3), 561 - 579." type="journal article" year="1986">Matsui, 1986</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
; 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFEDFFA527B8FB1AFEA0FB22" ID-CoL="NP7S" authority="Temminck &amp; Schlegel, 1838" authorityName="Temminck &amp; Schlegel" authorityYear="1838" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Bufo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="japonicus" subGenus="Bufo">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFEDFFA527B8FB1AFB1FFB48" box="[980,1253,1165,1190]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Bufo (Bufo) japonicus</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B2BFFEDFFA5209AFB1AFEABFB22" author="Temminck" pageId="23" pageNumber="46" refString="Temminck, C. J. &amp; Schlegel, H. (1838) Les Batraciens. In: P. F. de Siebold &amp; W. de Haan (Ed.), Fauna Japonica, Lugduni Batavorum, J. G. Lalau, 105 - 140, pl. 2 - 8." type="book chapter" year="1838">Temminck &amp; Schlegel, 1838</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
, including 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFEDFFA5258FFB24FBABFB22" ID-CoL="NP5S" authority="Boulenger, 1883" authorityName="Boulenger" authorityYear="1883" box="[483,1105,1202,1228]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Bufo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="japonicus" subGenus="Bufo" subSpecies="formosus">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFEDFFA5258FFB24FC93FB22" box="[483,873,1203,1228]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Bufo (Bufo) japonicus formosus</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B2BFFEDFFA52716FB25FBB2FB22" author="Boulenger" box="[890,1096,1202,1228]" pageId="23" pageNumber="36" refString="Boulenger, G. A. (1883) Description of a new species of Bufo from Japan. Proceedings of the zoological Society of London, 1883, 139 - 140, pl. 23." type="proceedings paper" year="1883">Boulenger, 1883</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFEDFFA520E2FB24FD79FB1C" ID-CoL="NP7S" authority="Temminck &amp; Schlegel, 1838" authorityName="Temminck &amp; Schlegel" authorityYear="1838" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Bufo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="japonicus" subGenus="Bufo" subSpecies="japonicus">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFEDFFA520E2FB24FEF1FB1F" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Bufo (Bufo) japonicus japonicus</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B2BFFEDFFA52577FB4FFD80FB1C" author="Temminck" box="[283,634,1240,1266]" pageId="23" pageNumber="46" refString="Temminck, C. J. &amp; Schlegel, H. (1838) Les Batraciens. In: P. F. de Siebold &amp; W. de Haan (Ed.), Fauna Japonica, Lugduni Batavorum, J. G. Lalau, 105 - 140, pl. 2 - 8." type="book chapter" year="1838">Temminck &amp; Schlegel, 1838</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
; 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFEDFFA526FCFB4FFB1CFB1C" ID-CoL="NP7Z" authority="Herrmann &amp; Kuhnel, 1997" authorityName="Herrmann &amp; Kuhnel" authorityYear="1997" box="[656,1254,1240,1266]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Bufo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kabischi" subGenus="Bufo">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFEDFFA526FCFB4FFC7DFB1F" box="[656,903,1240,1265]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Bufo (Bufo) kabischi</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B2BFFEDFFA527F6FB4FFB24FB1C" author="Herrmann" box="[922,1246,1240,1266]" pageId="23" pageNumber="41" refString="Herrmann, H. - J. &amp; Kuhnel, K. - D. (1997) Zwei neue Arten der Bufo bufo- Superspecies aus der Provinz Sichuan, SW- China. Sauria, 19 (4), 31 - 40." type="journal article" year="1997">Herrmann &amp; Kühnel, 1997</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
; † 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFEDFFA52163FB4FFE40FAF9" authority="Yang, 1977" authorityName="Yang" authorityYear="1977" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Bufo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="linquensis" subGenus="Bufo">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFEDFFA52163FB4FFEE8FAF8" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Bufo (Bufo) linquensis</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B2BFFEDFFA5254FFB6AFE4BFAF9" author="Yang" box="[291,433,1277,1303]" pageId="23" pageNumber="47" refString="Yang, J. (1977) On some Salientia and Chiroptera from Shanwang, Linqu, Shangong. Vertebrata palasiatica, 15, 76 - 80. [In Chinese]." type="journal article" year="1977">Yang, 1977</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
; 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFEDFFA525A7FB6AFC03FAF9" ID-CoL="NP9C" authority="Yang &amp; Rao, 2008" authorityName="Yang &amp; Rao" authorityYear="2008" box="[459,1017,1277,1303]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Bufo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="luchunnicus" subGenus="Bufo">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFEDFFA525A7FB6AFD0CFAF8" box="[459,758,1277,1302]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Bufo (Bufo) luchunnicus</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B2BFFEDFFA52764FB6AFC0AFAF9" author="Yang" box="[776,1008,1277,1303]" pageId="23" pageNumber="47" refString="Yang, D. &amp; Rao, D. (2008) Amphibia and Reptilia of Yunnan. Kunming, Yunnan Science &amp; Technology Press, [i - iii] + 1 - 2 + 1 - 2 + 1 - 2 + 1 - 2 + 1 - 411." type="book chapter" year="2008">Yang &amp; Rao, 2008</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
; 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFEDFFA5206BFB6AFAD0FAF8" ID-CoL="5X4BB" box="[1031,1322,1277,1302]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Bufo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="menglianus" subGenus="Bufo">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFEDFFA5206BFB6AFAD0FAF8" box="[1031,1322,1277,1302]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Bufo (Bufo) menglianus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Yang 
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFEDFFA521EFFB6AFA61FAF8" box="[1411,1435,1277,1302]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">in</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B2BFFEDFFA524FBFAB5FE86FAD2" author="Yang" box="[151,380,1314,1340]" pageId="23" pageNumber="47" refString="Yang, D. &amp; Rao, D. (2008) Amphibia and Reptilia of Yunnan. Kunming, Yunnan Science &amp; Technology Press, [i - iii] + 1 - 2 + 1 - 2 + 1 - 2 + 1 - 2 + 1 - 411." type="book chapter" year="2008">Yang &amp; Rao, 2008</bibRefCitation>
); 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFEDFFA525FEFAB4FC6FFAD2" ID-CoL="5X4BG" authority="Stejneger, 1926" authorityName="Stejneger" authorityYear="1926" box="[402,917,1314,1340]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Bufo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="minshanicus" subGenus="Bufo">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFEDFFA525FEFAB4FD41FAD2" box="[402,699,1315,1340]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Bufo (Bufo) minshanicus</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B2BFFEDFFA526A7FAB5FC76FAD2" author="Stejneger" box="[715,908,1314,1340]" pageId="23" pageNumber="45" refString="Stejneger, L. (1926) Two new tailless amphibians from western China. Proceedings of the biological Society of Washington, 39, 53 - 54." type="journal article" year="1926">Stejneger, 1926</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
; 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFEDFFA527CEFAB4FAADFAD2" ID-CoL="NPC2" authority="Bourret, 1937" authorityName="Bourret" authorityYear="1937" box="[930,1367,1314,1340]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Bufo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pageoti" subGenus="Bufo">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFEDFFA527CEFAB4FB6AFAD2" box="[930,1168,1315,1340]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Bufo (Bufo) pageoti</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B2BFFEDFFA520CDFAB5FAB4FAD2" author="Bourret" box="[1185,1358,1314,1340]" pageId="23" pageNumber="37" refString="Bourret, R. (1937) Notes herpetologiques sur l'Indochine francaise. XIV. Les Batraciens de la collection du Laboratoire des Sciences Naturelles de l'Universite. Descriptions de quinze especes ou varietes nouvelles. Annexe au Bulletin general de l'Instruction publique, Decembre 1937, 4, 5 - 56." type="journal article" year="1937">Bourret, 1937</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
; 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFEDFFA52108FAB4FDB7FA8C" ID-CoL="NPFX" authority="Carevskij, 1926" authorityName="Carevskij" authorityYear="1926" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Bufo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tibetanus" subGenus="Bufo">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFEDFFA52108FAB4FE99FA8F" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Bufo (Bufo) tibetanus</emphasis>
(Carevskij, 1926)
</taxonomicName>
; 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFEDFFA52637FADFFBACFA8C" ID-CoL="NPG3" authority="Matsui, 1976" authorityName="Matsui" authorityYear="1976" box="[603,1110,1352,1378]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Bufo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="torrenticola" subGenus="Bufo">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFEDFFA52637FADFFC77FA8F" box="[603,909,1352,1377]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Bufo (Bufo) torrenticola</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B2BFFEDFFA527F3FADFFBB7FA8C" author="Matsui" box="[927,1101,1352,1378]" pageId="23" pageNumber="42" refString="Matsui, M. (1976) A new toad from Japan. Contributions from the biological Laboratory, Kyoto University, 25 (1), 1 - 9." type="journal article" year="1976">Matsui, 1976</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
; 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFEDFFA52008FADFFE85FA69" ID-CoL="5X4B5" authority="Carevskij, 1926" authorityName="Carevskij" authorityYear="1926" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Bufo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tuberculatus" subGenus="Bufo">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFEDFFA52008FADFFA67FA8F" box="[1124,1437,1352,1377]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Bufo (Bufo) tuberculatus</emphasis>
(Carevskij, 1926)
</taxonomicName>
; 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFEDFFA525E1FAFAFD24FA68" ID-CoL="NPGC" box="[397,734,1389,1414]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Bufo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tuberospinius" subGenus="Bufo">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFEDFFA525E1FAFAFD24FA68" box="[397,734,1389,1414]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Bufo (Bufo) tuberospinius</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Yang &amp; Liu 
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFEDFFA527F8FAFAFC57FA68" box="[916,941,1389,1414]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">in</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B2BFFEDFFA527DBFAFAFB16FA69" author="Yang" box="[951,1260,1389,1415]" pageId="23" pageNumber="47" refString="Yang, D., Liu, W. &amp; Rao, D. (1996) A new toad genus of Bufonidae - Torrentophryne from transhimalaya mountain of Yunnan of China with its biology. Zoological Research, 17 (4), 353 - 359." type="journal article" year="1996">Yang, Liu &amp; Rao, 1996</bibRefCitation>
); 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFEDFFA52169FAFAFDFBFA42" ID-CoL="NPGY" authority="Pallas, 1814" authorityName="Pallas" authorityYear="1814" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Bufo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="verrucosissimus" subGenus="Bufo">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFEDFFA52169FAFAFEAEFA42" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Bufo (Bufo) verrucosissimus</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B2BFFEDFFA52508FA05FE02FA42" author="Pallas" box="[356,504,1426,1452]" pageId="23" pageNumber="43" refString="Pallas, P. S. (1814) Zoographia rosso-asiatica. Vol. 3. Animalia monocardia seu frigidi sanguinis imperii rosso-asiatici. Petropoli, Officina Caesaris Academiae Scientiarum, 1 - 428." type="book chapter" year="1814">Pallas, 1814</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
, including 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFEDFFA526EFFA04FA6DFA42" ID-CoL="5G36M" authority="Orlova &amp; Tuniyev, 1989" authorityName="Orlova &amp; Tuniyev" authorityYear="1989" box="[643,1431,1426,1452]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Bufo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="verrucosissimus" subGenus="Bufo" subSpecies="circassicus">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFEDFFA526EFFA04FBA0FA42" box="[643,1114,1427,1452]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Bufo (Bufo) verrucosissimus circassicus</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B2BFFEDFFA52007FA05FA74FA42" author="Orlova" box="[1131,1422,1426,1452]" pageId="23" pageNumber="43" refString="Orlova, V. F. &amp; Tuniyev, B. S. (1989) On the taxonomy of the Caucasian common toads belonging to the group Bufo bufo verrucosissimus (Pallas) (Amphibia, Anura, Bufonidae). Byulleten moskovskogo Obshchestva Ispytatelei Prirody, Otdel Biologicheskii, 94 (3), 13 - 24." type="journal article" year="1989">Orlova &amp; Tuniyev, 1989</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFEDFFA524FBFA2FFCCFFA3C" ID-CoL="5G36P" authority="Krasovsky, 1933" authorityName="Krasovsky" authorityYear="1933" box="[151,821,1464,1490]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Bufo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="verrucosissimus" subGenus="Bufo" subSpecies="turowi">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFEDFFA524FBFA2FFDB1FA3F" box="[151,587,1464,1489]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Bufo (Bufo) verrucosissimus turowi</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B2BFFEDFFA52630FA2FFCD6FA3C" author="Krasovsky" box="[604,812,1464,1490]" pageId="23" pageNumber="42" refString="Krasovsky, D. B. (1933) Materials to the knowledge of amphibian and reptile fauna of the Caucasian State Nature Reserve. Izvestiya vtorogo severo-kavkaskogo pedagogicheskogo Instituta, Ordzhonikidze, 10, 89 - 95. [In Russian]." type="journal article" year="1933">Krasovsky, 1933</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFEDFFA5271EFA2FFEC7FA19" ID-CoL="NPGY" authority="Pallas, 1814" authorityName="Pallas" authorityYear="1814" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Bufo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="verrucosissimus" subGenus="Bufo" subSpecies="verrucosissimus">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFEDFFA5271EFA2FFA61FA3F" box="[882,1435,1464,1489]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Bufo (Bufo) verrucosissimus verrucosissimus</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B2BFFEDFFA524F3FA4AFECEFA19" author="Pallas" box="[159,308,1501,1527]" pageId="23" pageNumber="43" refString="Pallas, P. S. (1814) Zoographia rosso-asiatica. Vol. 3. Animalia monocardia seu frigidi sanguinis imperii rosso-asiatici. Petropoli, Officina Caesaris Academiae Scientiarum, 1 - 428." type="book chapter" year="1814">Pallas, 1814</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
; 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFEDFFA52525FA4AFC3FFA19" ID-CoL="NPHB" authority="Herrmann &amp; Kuhnel, 1997" authorityName="Herrmann &amp; Kuhnel" authorityYear="1997" box="[329,965,1501,1527]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Bufo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="wolongensis" subGenus="Bufo">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFEDFFA52525FA4AFD91FA18" box="[329,619,1501,1526]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Bufo (Bufo) wolongensis</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B2BFFEDFFA52610FA4AFC46FA19" author="Herrmann" box="[636,956,1501,1527]" pageId="23" pageNumber="41" refString="Herrmann, H. - J. &amp; Kuhnel, K. - D. (1997) Zwei neue Arten der Bufo bufo- Superspecies aus der Provinz Sichuan, SW- China. Sauria, 19 (4), 31 - 40." type="journal article" year="1997">Herrmann &amp; Kühnel, 1997</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C36B6551FFEDFFA524FBF9DAFD9CF989" box="[151,614,1613,1639]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BCE36DAFFEDFFA524FBF9DAFD9CF989" blockId="23.[151,614,1613,1639]" box="[151,614,1613,1639]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
(2) Subgenus 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFEDFFA52556F9DAFD9CF989" authority="Rafinesque, 1815" authorityName="Rafinesque" authorityYear="1815" box="[314,614,1613,1639]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Bufotes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFEDFFA52556F9DAFE68F988" box="[314,402,1613,1638]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Bufotes</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B2BFFEDFFA525F5F9DAFD9CF989" author="Rafinesque" box="[409,614,1613,1639]" pageId="23" pageNumber="44" refString="Rafinesque, C. S. (1815) Analyse de la nature ou Tableau de l'univers et des corps organises. Palerme, Jean Barravecchia, 1 - 124, 1 pl." type="book chapter" year="1815">Rafinesque, 1815</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C36B6551FFEDFFAA24FBF902FE8BFD3C" lastPageId="24" lastPageNumber="25" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="8BCE36DAFFEDFFA524FBF902FEC7F902" blockId="23.[151,1436,1684,2028]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB6111F4FFEDFFA524FBF902FEC7F902" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFEDFFA524FBF902FE5CF942" ID-CoL="62GTW" authority="Laurenti, 1768: 25" authorityName="Laurenti" authorityPageNumber="25" authorityYear="1768" box="[151,422,1685,1708]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Bufo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFEDFFA524FBF902FF33F942" box="[151,201,1685,1708]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Bufo</emphasis>
<treatmentCitation id="0AD010CBFFEDFFA524B9F902FE5CF942" author="Laurenti" box="[213,422,1685,1708]" page="25" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" year="1768">
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B2BFFEDFFA524B9F902FE81F942" author="Laurenti" box="[213,379,1685,1708]" pageId="23" pageNumber="42" refString="Laurenti, J. N. (1768) Specimen medicum, exhibens synopsin Reptilium emendatam cum experimentis circa venena et antidota Reptilium austriacorum. Viennae, Joan. Thom. Nob. de Trattnern, i - ii + 1 - 215, pl. 1 - 5." type="book chapter" year="1768">Laurenti, 1768</bibRefCitation>
: 25
</treatmentCitation>
</taxonomicName>
[nec 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFEDFFA52581F902FD28F942" ID-CoL="62GTW" authority="Garsault, 1764" authorityName="Garsault" authorityYear="1764" box="[493,722,1685,1708]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Bufo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFEDFFA52581F902FDE5F942" box="[493,543,1685,1708]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Bufo</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B2BFFEDFFA52640F902FD28F942" author="Garsault" box="[556,722,1685,1708]" pageId="23" pageNumber="40" refString="Garsault, F. A. P. de (1764) Les Figures des plantes et animaux d'usage en medecine, decrits dans la Matiere Medicale de Mr. Geoffroy Medecin. Paris, [i - v] + 1 - 20, pl. 644 - 729." type="book chapter" year="1764">Garsault, 1764</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
: pl. 672, list of plates p. 19]. – 
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFEDFFA52022F903FB11F942" bold="true" box="[1102,1259,1684,1708]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Nucleospecies</emphasis>
, by subsequent designation of 
<treatmentCitation id="0AD010CBFFEDFFA52509F922FDC7F922" author="Fitzinger" box="[357,573,1717,1740]" page="32" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" year="1843">
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B2BFFEDFFA52509F922FDC7F922" author="Fitzinger" box="[357,573,1717,1740]" pageId="23" pageNumber="40" refString="Fitzinger, L. J. F. J. (1843) Systema Reptilium. Fasciculus primus. Amblyglossae. Vindobonae, Braumuller &amp; Seidel, 1 - 106 + i - ix." type="book chapter" year="1843">Fitzinger (1843: 32)</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFEDFFA5262BF922FC69F922" ID-CoL="NPH5" authority="Laurenti, 1768: 27" authorityName="Laurenti" authorityPageNumber="27" authorityYear="1768" box="[583,915,1717,1740]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Bufo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="viridis">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFEDFFA5262BF922FD3EF922" box="[583,708,1717,1740]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Bufo viridis</emphasis>
<treatmentCitation id="0AD010CBFFEDFFA526A7F922FC69F922" author="Laurenti" box="[715,915,1717,1740]" page="27" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" year="1768">
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B2BFFEDFFA526A7F922FC91F922" author="Laurenti" box="[715,875,1717,1740]" pageId="23" pageNumber="42" refString="Laurenti, J. N. (1768) Specimen medicum, exhibens synopsin Reptilium emendatam cum experimentis circa venena et antidota Reptilium austriacorum. Viennae, Joan. Thom. Nob. de Trattnern, i - ii + 1 - 215, pl. 1 - 5." type="book chapter" year="1768">Laurenti, 1768</bibRefCitation>
: 27
</treatmentCitation>
</taxonomicName>
. – 
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFEDFFA527DCF923FB20F922" bold="true" box="[944,1242,1716,1740]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">New invalid senior isonym</emphasis>
. – 
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFEDFFA52090F923FA97F922" bold="true" box="[1276,1389,1716,1740]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Comment</emphasis>
: see text above.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BCE36DAFFEDFFA524FBF962FBE2F8A2" blockId="23.[151,1436,1684,2028]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB6111F4FFEDFFA524FBF962FBE2F8A2" bridged="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFEDFFA524FBF962FF2BF8E2" box="[151,209,1781,1804]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Buffo" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFEDFFA524FBF962FF2BF8E2" box="[151,209,1781,1804]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Buffo</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
de la Cepède, 1788 
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFEDFFA525C5F962FE4CF8E2" box="[425,438,1781,1804]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">a</emphasis>
: tab.; 1788 
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFEDFFA5265EF962FDC4F8E2" box="[562,574,1781,1804]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">c</emphasis>
: 460. – 
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFEDFFA526F5F963FCE1F8E2" bold="true" box="[665,795,1780,1804]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Exoplonym</emphasis>
, as having been published in a book placed on the 
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFEDFFA52126F962FC5AF8C2" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Works in Zoological Nomenclature</emphasis>
(Anonymous 2005). – 
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFEDFFA520C6F883FAC7F8C2" bold="true" box="[1194,1341,1812,1836]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Autoneonym</emphasis>
of 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFEDFFA52106F882FE6AF8A2" ID-CoL="62GTW" authority="Laurenti, 1768: 25" authorityName="Laurenti" authorityPageNumber="25" authorityYear="1768" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Bufo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFEDFFA52106F882FA66F8C2" box="[1386,1436,1813,1836]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Bufo</emphasis>
<treatmentCitation id="0AD010CBFFEDFFA524ABF8A2FE6AF8A2" author="Laurenti" box="[199,400,1845,1868]" page="25" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" year="1768">
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B2BFFEDFFA524ABF8A2FE9DF8A2" author="Laurenti" box="[199,359,1845,1868]" pageId="23" pageNumber="42" refString="Laurenti, J. N. (1768) Specimen medicum, exhibens synopsin Reptilium emendatam cum experimentis circa venena et antidota Reptilium austriacorum. Viennae, Joan. Thom. Nob. de Trattnern, i - ii + 1 - 215, pl. 1 - 5." type="book chapter" year="1768">Laurenti, 1768</bibRefCitation>
: 25
</treatmentCitation>
</taxonomicName>
. – 
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFEDFFA525C2F8A3FD23F8A2" bold="true" box="[430,729,1844,1868]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">New invalid senior isonym</emphasis>
. – 
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFEDFFA52697F8A3FC96F8A2" bold="true" box="[763,876,1844,1868]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Comment</emphasis>
: see text above.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BCE36DAFFEDFFA524FBF8C2FE1EF842" blockId="23.[151,1436,1684,2028]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB6111F4FFEDFFA524FBF8C2FE1EF842" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFEDFFA524FBF8C2FDA1F882" ID-CoL="62F2D" authority="Rafinesque-Schmaltz, 1814: 26" authorityName="Rafinesque-Schmaltz" authorityPageNumber="26" authorityYear="1814" box="[151,603,1877,1900]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Batrachus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFEDFFA524FBF8C2FEFFF882" box="[151,261,1877,1900]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Batrachus</emphasis>
<treatmentCitation id="0AD010CBFFEDFFA52567F8C2FDA1F882" author="Rafinesque-Schmaltz" box="[267,603,1877,1900]" page="26" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" year="1814">
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B2BFFEDFFA52567F8C2FDCCF882" author="Rafinesque-Schmaltz" box="[267,566,1877,1900]" pageId="23" pageNumber="44" refString="Rafinesque-Schmaltz, C. S. (1814) Fine del Prodromo d'erpetologia siciliana. Specchio delle Scienze o Giornale enciclopedico di Sicilia, 2 (10), 102 - 104." type="journal article" year="1814">Rafinesque-Schmaltz, 1814</bibRefCitation>
: 26
</treatmentCitation>
</taxonomicName>
[nec 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFEDFFA526FBF8C2FC25F882" authority="Schaeffer, 1760: 20" authorityName="Schaeffer" authorityPageNumber="20" authorityYear="1760" box="[663,991,1877,1900]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Batrachus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFEDFFA526FBF8C2FCFFF882" box="[663,773,1877,1900]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Batrachus</emphasis>
<treatmentCitation id="0AD010CBFFEDFFA52767F8C2FC25F882" author="Schaeffer" box="[779,991,1877,1900]" page="20" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" year="1760">
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B2BFFEDFFA52767F8C2FC4CF882" author="Schaeffer" box="[779,950,1877,1900]" pageId="23" pageNumber="44" refString="Schaeffer, I. C. (1760) Epistola ad region-borussicam societatem litterariam dvisburgensem de studii ichthyologici faciliori ac tutiori methodo, adiectis nonnullis speciminibus una cum tabula aeri incise figures coloribus suis distinctas exhibente. Ratisbonae, Typis Weissianis et impensis Montagii, 1 - 24, 1 pl." type="book chapter" year="1760">Schaeffer, 1760</bibRefCitation>
: 20
</treatmentCitation>
</taxonomicName>
; nec 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFEDFFA52079F8C2FA96F882" authority="Walbaum, 1792: 580" authorityName="Walbaum" authorityPageNumber="580" authorityYear="1792" box="[1045,1388,1877,1900]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Batrachus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFEDFFA52079F8C2FB79F882" box="[1045,1155,1877,1900]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Batrachus</emphasis>
<treatmentCitation id="0AD010CBFFEDFFA520E6F8C2FA96F882" author="Walbaum" box="[1162,1388,1877,1900]" page="580" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" year="1792">
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B2BFFEDFFA520E6F8C2FACCF882" author="Walbaum" box="[1162,1334,1877,1900]" pageId="23" pageNumber="46" refString="Walbaum, I. I. (1792) Petri Artedi sueci genera piscium, in quibus systema totum ichthyologicae proponitur cum classibus, ordinibus, generum characteribus, specierum differentiis, observationibus plurimis. Redactis speciebus 242 ad genera 52. Ichthyologiae pars III. Grypeswaldiae, Ant. Ferdin. Rose, [i - viii] + 1 - 723, pl. 1 - 3." type="journal article" year="1792">Walbaum, 1792</bibRefCitation>
: 580
</treatmentCitation>
</taxonomicName>
; nec 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFEDFFA524ABF8E2FE08F862" authority="Schneider, 1801" authorityName="Schneider" authorityYear="1801" box="[199,498,1909,1932]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Batrachus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFEDFFA524ABF8E2FECFF862" box="[199,309,1909,1932]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Batrachus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B2BFFEDFFA52552F8E2FE08F862" author="Schneider" box="[318,498,1909,1932]" lastPageId="23" lastPageNumber="45" pageId="23" pageNumber="44" refString="Schneider, J. G. (1801) M. E. Blochii, doctoris medicinae berolinensis, et societatibus literariis multis adscripti, Systema Ichthyologiae iconibus ex illustratum. Berolini, Sanderiano, i - lx + 1 - 584." type="book chapter" year="1801">Schneider, 1801</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
: xxvi]. – 
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFEDFFA5260DF8E3FD11F862" bold="true" box="[609,747,1908,1932]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Alloneonym</emphasis>
of 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFEDFFA52779F8E2FBD8F862" ID-CoL="62GTW" authority="Laurenti, 1768: 25" authorityName="Laurenti" authorityPageNumber="25" authorityYear="1768" box="[789,1058,1909,1932]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Bufo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFEDFFA52779F8E2FCBDF862" box="[789,839,1909,1932]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Bufo</emphasis>
<treatmentCitation id="0AD010CBFFEDFFA5273EF8E2FBD8F862" author="Laurenti" box="[850,1058,1909,1932]" page="25" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" year="1768">
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B2BFFEDFFA5273EF8E2FC0CF862" author="Laurenti" box="[850,1014,1909,1932]" pageId="23" pageNumber="42" refString="Laurenti, J. N. (1768) Specimen medicum, exhibens synopsin Reptilium emendatam cum experimentis circa venena et antidota Reptilium austriacorum. Viennae, Joan. Thom. Nob. de Trattnern, i - ii + 1 - 215, pl. 1 - 5." type="book chapter" year="1768">Laurenti, 1768</bibRefCitation>
: 25
</treatmentCitation>
</taxonomicName>
. – 
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFEDFFA5202BF8E3FA87F862" bold="true" box="[1095,1405,1908,1932]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">New invalid senior isonym</emphasis>
. – 
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFEDFFA524ABF803FEC2F842" bold="true" box="[199,312,1940,1964]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Comment</emphasis>
: see text above.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BCE36DAFFEDFFA524FBF822FB1FF822" blockId="23.[151,1436,1684,2028]" box="[151,1253,1972,1996]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB6111F4FFEDFFA524FBF822FB1FF822" box="[151,1253,1972,1996]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFEDFFA524FBF822FE2EF822" ID-CoL="3DVS" authority="Rafinesque, 1815: 78" authorityName="Rafinesque" authorityPageNumber="78" authorityYear="1815" box="[151,468,1973,1996]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Bufotes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFEDFFA524FBF822FF1DF822" box="[151,231,1973,1996]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Bufotes</emphasis>
<treatmentCitation id="0AD010CBFFEDFFA52481F822FE2EF822" author="Rafinesque" box="[237,468,1973,1996]" page="78" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" year="1815">
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B2BFFEDFFA52481F822FE56F822" author="Rafinesque" box="[237,428,1973,1996]" pageId="23" pageNumber="44" refString="Rafinesque, C. S. (1815) Analyse de la nature ou Tableau de l'univers et des corps organises. Palerme, Jean Barravecchia, 1 - 124, 1 pl." type="book chapter" year="1815">Rafinesque, 1815</bibRefCitation>
: 78
</treatmentCitation>
</taxonomicName>
. – 
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFEDFFA5259EF823FD7FF822" bold="true" box="[498,645,1972,1996]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Autoneonym</emphasis>
of 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFEDFFA526C4F822FC50F822" ID-CoL="62GTW" authority="Laurenti, 1768: 25" authorityName="Laurenti" authorityPageNumber="25" authorityYear="1768" box="[680,938,1973,1996]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Bufo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFEDFFA526C4F822FD20F822" box="[680,730,1973,1996]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Bufo</emphasis>
<treatmentCitation id="0AD010CBFFEDFFA5268DF822FC50F822" author="Laurenti" box="[737,938,1973,1996]" page="25" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" year="1768">
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B2BFFEDFFA5268DF822FC78F822" author="Laurenti" box="[737,898,1973,1996]" pageId="23" pageNumber="42" refString="Laurenti, J. N. (1768) Specimen medicum, exhibens synopsin Reptilium emendatam cum experimentis circa venena et antidota Reptilium austriacorum. Viennae, Joan. Thom. Nob. de Trattnern, i - ii + 1 - 215, pl. 1 - 5." type="book chapter" year="1768">Laurenti, 1768</bibRefCitation>
: 25
</treatmentCitation>
</taxonomicName>
. – 
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFEDFFA527A4F823FBC3F822" bold="true" box="[968,1081,1972,1996]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Comment</emphasis>
: see text above.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BCE36DAFFEDFFAA24FBF842FC14FF21" blockId="23.[151,1436,1684,2028]" lastBlockId="24.[199,1436,151,207]" lastPageId="24" lastPageNumber="25" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFEDFFA524FBF842FCB9F802" ID-CoL="6YY6" authority="Frost, Grant, Faivovich, Bazin, Haas, Haddad" authorityName="Frost, Grant, Faivovich, Bazin, Haas, Haddad" box="[151,835,2005,2028]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Pseudepidalea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFEDFFA524FBF842FECEF802" box="[151,308,2005,2028]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Pseudepidalea</emphasis>
Frost, Grant, Faivovich, Bazin, Haas, Haddad
</taxonomicName>
, de 
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B2BFFEDFFAA271BF842FBFFFF41" author="Sa" lastPageId="24" lastPageNumber="25" pageId="23" pageNumber="40" refString="Frost D. R., Grant, T., Faivovich, J., Bazin, R. H., Haas, A., Haddad, C. F. B., de Sa, R. O., Channing, A., Wilkinson, M., Donnellan, S. C., Raxworthy, C. J., Campbell, J. A., Blotto, B. L., Moler, P., Drewes, R. C., Nussbaum, R. A., Lynch, J. D., Green, D. M. &amp; Wheeler, W. C. (2006) The amphibian tree of life. Bulletin of the American Museum of natural History, 297, 1 - 370." type="journal article" year="2006">Sá, Channing, Wilkinson, Donnellan, Raxworthy, Campbell, Blotto, Moler, Drewes, Nussbaum, Lynch, Green &amp; Wheeler, 2006</bibRefCitation>
: 10, 219. – 
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFE2FFAA2012FF00FAE1FF41" bold="true" box="[1150,1307,151,175]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Nucleospecies</emphasis>
, by original designation, 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFE2FFAA2523FF2FFD66FF21" ID-CoL="NPH5" authority="Laurenti, 1768: 27" authorityName="Laurenti" authorityPageNumber="27" authorityYear="1768" box="[335,668,184,207]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Bufo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="viridis">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFE2FFAA2523FF2FFE36FF21" box="[335,460,184,207]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Bufo viridis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B2BFFE2FFAA25BFFF2FFD8EFF21" author="Laurenti" box="[467,628,184,207]" pageId="24" pageNumber="42" refString="Laurenti, J. N. (1768) Specimen medicum, exhibens synopsin Reptilium emendatam cum experimentis circa venena et antidota Reptilium austriacorum. Viennae, Joan. Thom. Nob. de Trattnern, i - ii + 1 - 215, pl. 1 - 5." type="book chapter" year="1768">Laurenti, 1768</bibRefCitation>
: 27
</taxonomicName>
. – 
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFE2FFAA26D6FF20FC14FF21" bold="true" box="[698,1006,183,207]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">New invalid junior isonym.</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BCE36DAFFE2FFAA24FBFF60FE8BFD3C" blockId="24.[151,1437,247,722]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFE2FFAA24FBFF60FEF8FEFF" bold="true" box="[151,258,247,273]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Content</emphasis>
. 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFE2FFAA257FFF6FFCC8FEFC" ID-CoL="NNZB" authority="Boettger, 1880" authorityName="Boettger" authorityYear="1880" box="[275,818,248,274]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Bufo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="balearicus" subGenus="Bufotes">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFE2FFAA257FFF6FFDADFEFF" box="[275,599,248,273]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Bufo (Bufotes) balearicus</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B2BFFE2FFAA2604FF6FFCD3FEFC" author="Boettger" box="[616,809,248,274]" pageId="24" pageNumber="36" refString="Boettger, O. (1880) Neue Krotenvarietat von Balearen Zoologischer Anzeiger, 3 (72), 642 - 643." type="journal article" year="1880">Boettger, 1880</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
; 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFE2FFAA272DFF6FFAAEFEFC" ID-CoL="NP23" authority="Lataste, 1879" authorityName="Lataste" authorityYear="1879" box="[833,1364,248,274]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Bufo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="boulengeri" subGenus="Bufotes">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFE2FFAA272DFF6FFB72FEFF" box="[833,1160,248,273]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Bufo (Bufotes) boulengeri</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B2BFFE2FFAA20F6FF6FFAB0FEFC" author="Lataste" box="[1178,1354,248,274]" pageId="24" pageNumber="42" refString="Lataste, F. (1879) Sur les secours reciproques que peuvent se fournir la zoologie descriptive et la zoologie geographique. Revue internationale des Sciences, (2), 3 (5), 434 - 438." type="journal article" year="1879">Lataste, 1879</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
; 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFE2FFAA210EFF6FFDB2FED9" ID-CoL="NP8P" authority="Boulenger, 1882" authorityName="Boulenger" authorityYear="1882" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Bufo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="latastii" subGenus="Bufotes">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFE2FFAA210EFF6FFE9BFED8" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Bufo (Bufotes) latastii</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B2BFFE2FFAA251DFE8AFDBAFED9" author="Boulenger" box="[369,576,285,311]" pageId="24" pageNumber="36" refString="Boulenger, G. A. (1882) Catalogue of the Batrachia Salientia s. Ecaudata in the collection of the British Museum. Second edition. London, Taylor &amp; Francis, i - xvi + 1 - 503, pl. 1 - 30." type="book chapter" year="1882">Boulenger, 1882</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
; 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFE2FFAA2639FE8AFB90FED9" ID-CoL="NP9G" authority="Schmidt, 1952" authorityName="Schmidt" authorityYear="1952" box="[597,1130,285,311]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Bufo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="luristanicus" subGenus="Bufotes">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFE2FFAA2639FE8AFC60FED8" box="[597,922,285,310]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Bufo (Bufotes) luristanicus</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B2BFFE2FFAA27C7FE8AFB9BFED9" author="Schmidt" box="[939,1121,285,311]" pageId="24" pageNumber="44" refString="Schmidt, K. P. (1952) Diagnoses of new amphibians and reptiles from Iran. Natural History Miscellanea, 93, 1 - 2." type="journal article" year="1952">Schmidt, 1952</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
; 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFE2FFAA201BFE8AFE9AFEB2" ID-CoL="NPBM" authority="Nikolsky, 1896" authorityName="Nikolsky" authorityYear="1896" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Bufo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="oblongus" subGenus="Bufotes">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFE2FFAA201BFE8AFA66FED8" box="[1143,1436,285,310]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Bufo (Bufotes) oblongus</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B2BFFE2FFAA24F3FED5FEADFEB2" author="Nikolsky" box="[159,343,322,348]" pageId="24" pageNumber="43" refString="Nikolsky, A. M. (1896) Diagnoses reptilium et amphibiorum in Persia orientali a N. Zarudny collectorum. Annuaire du Musee zoologique de l'Academie imperiale des Sciences de Saint Petersburg, 1, 369 - 372." type="journal article" year="1896">Nikolsky, 1896</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
, including 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFE2FFAA258DFED5FBBCFEB2" ID-CoL="NP4K" authority="Pisanets, 1978" authorityName="Pisanets" authorityYear="1978" box="[481,1094,322,348]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Bufo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="oblongus" subGenus="Bufotes" subSpecies="danatensis">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFE2FFAA258DFED5FC79FEB5" box="[481,899,322,347]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Bufo (Bufotes) oblongus danatensis</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B2BFFE2FFAA27FEFED5FBC4FEB2" author="Pisanets" box="[914,1086,322,348]" pageId="24" pageNumber="44" refString="Pisanets, E. M., (1978) O novom poliploidnom vide zhab Bufo danatensis Pisanets sp. n. iz Turkmenii. Doklady Akademii Nauk Ukrainskoj SSR, (B), Geologicheskike, khimicheskike i biologicheskie Nauki, 3, 280 - 284. [In Russian]." type="journal article" year="1978">Pisanets, 1978</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFE2FFAA2013FED5FE29FE6C" ID-CoL="NPBM" authority="Nikolsky, 1896" authorityName="Nikolsky" authorityYear="1896" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Bufo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="oblongus" subGenus="Bufotes" subSpecies="oblongus">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFE2FFAA2013FED5FEF8FE6F" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Bufo (Bufotes) oblongus oblongus</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B2BFFE2FFAA257DFEFFFE30FE6C" author="Nikolsky" box="[273,458,360,386]" pageId="24" pageNumber="43" refString="Nikolsky, A. M. (1896) Diagnoses reptilium et amphibiorum in Persia orientali a N. Zarudny collectorum. Annuaire du Musee zoologique de l'Academie imperiale des Sciences de Saint Petersburg, 1, 369 - 372." type="journal article" year="1896">Nikolsky, 1896</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
; 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFE2FFAA25B3FEFFFC3DFE6C" ID-CoL="NPCP" authority="Bedriaga, 1898" authorityName="Bedriaga" authorityYear="1898" box="[479,967,360,386]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Bufo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pewzowi" subGenus="Bufotes">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFE2FFAA25B3FEFFFD0CFE6F" box="[479,758,360,385]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Bufo (Bufotes) pewzowi</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B2BFFE2FFAA2769FEFFFC44FE6C" author="Bedriaga" box="[773,958,360,386]" pageId="24" pageNumber="36" refString="Bedriaga, J. von (1898) Amphibien und Reptilien. Lfg. 1. Caudata, Ecaudata. In: J. von Bedriaga, Wissenshaftliche Resultate der von N. M. Przewalski nach Centralasien unternommenen Reisen, Zoologischer Theil, Band 3, Abt. 1, 1 - 69, pl. 1." type="journal article" year="1898">Bedriaga, 1898</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
; 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFE2FFAA27BFFEFFFF11FE49" ID-CoL="NPDC" authority="(Mertens, 1971a)" baseAuthorityName="Mertens" baseAuthorityYear="1971" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Bufo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pseudoraddei" subGenus="Bufotes">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFE2FFAA27BFFEFFFADEFE6F" box="[979,1316,360,385]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Bufo (Bufotes) pseudoraddei</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B2BFFE2FFAA215FFEFFFF1BFE48" author="Mertens" pageId="24" pageNumber="43" refString="Mertens, R. (1971 a) Die Amphibien und Reptilien West-Pakistans. 2. Nachtrag. Senckenbergiana biologica, 52 (1 - 2), 7 - 15." type="journal article" year="1971" yearSuffix="a">
Mertens, 1971 
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFE2FFAA24BEFE1AFF1BFE48" box="[210,225,397,422]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">a</emphasis>
</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
, including 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFE2FFAA251DFE1AFAD3FE49" ID-CoL="5G397" authority="Stock, Schmid, Steinlein &amp; Grosse, 1999" authorityName="Stock, Schmid, Steinlein &amp; Grosse" authorityYear="1999" box="[369,1321,397,423]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Bufo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="pseudoraddei" subGenus="Bufotes" subSpecies="baturae">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFE2FFAA251DFE1AFCD2FE48" box="[369,808,397,422]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Bufo (Bufotes) pseudoraddei baturae</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B2BFFE2FFAA2754FE1AFADBFE49" author="Stock" box="[824,1313,397,423]" pageId="24" pageNumber="45" refString="Stock, M., Schmid, M., Steinlein, C. &amp; Grosse, W. - R. (1999) Mosaicism in somatic triploid specimens of the Bufo viridis complex in the Karakoram with examination of calls, morphology and taxonomic conclusions. Italian Journal of Zoology, 66 (3), 215 - 232." type="journal article" year="1999">Stöck, Schmid, Steinlein &amp; Grosse, 1999</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFE2FFAA2108FE1AFCBCFE22" ID-CoL="NPDC" authority="(Mertens, 1971a)" baseAuthorityName="Mertens" baseAuthorityYear="1971" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Bufo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="pseudoraddei" subGenus="Bufotes" subSpecies="pseudoraddei">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFE2FFAA2108FE1AFD9DFE25" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Bufo (Bufotes) pseudoraddei pseudoraddei</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B2BFFE2FFAA261BFE25FCC0FE25" author="Mertens" box="[631,826,434,460]" pageId="24" pageNumber="43" refString="Mertens, R. (1971 a) Die Amphibien und Reptilien West-Pakistans. 2. Nachtrag. Senckenbergiana biologica, 52 (1 - 2), 7 - 15." type="journal article" year="1971" yearSuffix="a">
Mertens, 1971 
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFE2FFAA2747FE25FCC0FE25" box="[811,826,434,459]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">a</emphasis>
</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
; 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFE2FFAA273AFE25FD28FE1C" ID-CoL="5WSB2" authority="Stock, Sicilia, Belfiore, Buckley, Lo Brutto, Lo Valvo &amp; Arculeo, 2008" authorityName="Stock, Sicilia, Belfiore, Buckley, Lo Brutto, Lo Valvo &amp; Arculeo" authorityYear="2008" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Bufo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="siculus" subGenus="Bufotes">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFE2FFAA273AFE25FB9DFE25" box="[854,1127,434,459]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Bufo (Bufotes) siculus</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B2BFFE2FFAA2016FE25FD31FE1C" author="Stock" pageId="24" pageNumber="45" refString="Stock, M., Sicilia, A., Belfiore, N. M., Buckley, D., Lo Brutto, S., Lo Valvo, M. &amp; Arculeo, M. (2008 b) Post-Messinian evolutionary relationships across the Sicilian channel: mitochondrial and nuclear markers link a new green toad from Sicily to African relatives. BMC evolutionary Biology, 5, 56." type="journal article" year="2008">Stöck, Sicilia, Belfiore, Buckley, Lo Brutto, Lo Valvo &amp; Arculeo, 2008</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
; † 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFE2FFAA2696FE4FFB25FE1C" authority="Nemec, 1972" authorityName="Nemec" authorityYear="1972" box="[762,1247,471,498]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Bufo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="stranensis" subGenus="Bufotes">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFE2FFAA2696FE4FFBDCFE1F" box="[762,1062,472,497]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Bufo (Bufotes) stranensis</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B2BFFE2FFAA205AFE40FB2DFE1C" author="Nemec" box="[1078,1239,471,498]" pageId="24" pageNumber="43" refString="Nemec, J. (1972) Osteology of isolated anuran bones from Stranska near Brno (Lower Quaternary). Anthropos, Studia Musei Moraviae, 20 (n. s. 12), 21 - 33." type="journal article" year="1972">Nĕmec, 1972</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
; 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFE2FFAA209CFE4FFE30FDF9" ID-CoL="NPFL" authority="Boulenger, 1891" authorityName="Boulenger" authorityYear="1891" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Bufo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="surdus" subGenus="Bufotes">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFE2FFAA209CFE4FFF1CFDF8" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Bufo (Bufotes) surdus</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B2BFFE2FFAA249AFE6AFE3BFDF9" author="Boulenger" box="[246,449,509,535]" pageId="24" pageNumber="36" refString="Boulenger, G. A. (1891) Description of new oriental Reptiles and Batrachians. Annals &amp; Magazine of natural History, (6), 7, 279 - 283." type="journal article" year="1891">Boulenger, 1891</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
including 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFE2FFAA2620FE6AFA93FDF9" ID-CoL="5G399" authority="Schmidtler &amp; Schmidtler, 1969" authorityName="Schmidtler &amp; Schmidtler" authorityYear="1969" box="[588,1385,509,535]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Bufo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="surdus" subGenus="Bufotes" subSpecies="annulatus">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFE2FFAA2620FE6AFC28FDF8" box="[588,978,509,534]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Bufo (Bufotes) surdus annulatus</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B2BFFE2FFAA278EFE6AFA9AFDF9" author="Schmidtler" box="[994,1376,509,535]" pageId="24" pageNumber="44" refString="Schmidtler, J. J. &amp; Schmidtler, J. F. (1969) Uber Bufo surdus; mit einem Schlussel und Anmerkungen zu den ubrigen Kroten Irans und West-Pakistans. Salamandra, 5 (3 - 4), 113 - 123." type="journal article" year="1969">Schmidtler &amp; Schmidtler, 1969</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFE2FFAA24FBFDB5FD28FDD2" ID-CoL="NPFL" authority="Boulenger, 1891" authorityName="Boulenger" authorityYear="1891" box="[151,722,546,572]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Bufo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="surdus" subGenus="Bufotes" subSpecies="surdus">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFE2FFAA24FBFDB5FE15FDD5" box="[151,495,546,571]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Bufo (Bufotes) surdus surdus</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B2BFFE2FFAA2593FDB5FD33FDD2" author="Boulenger" box="[511,713,546,572]" pageId="24" pageNumber="36" refString="Boulenger, G. A. (1891) Description of new oriental Reptiles and Batrachians. Annals &amp; Magazine of natural History, (6), 7, 279 - 283." type="journal article" year="1891">Boulenger, 1891</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
; 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFE2FFAA26B3FDB5FF1BFD8C" ID-CoL="68SB5" authority="Hemmer, Schmidtler &amp; Bohme, 1978" authorityName="Hemmer, Schmidtler &amp; Bohme" authorityYear="1978" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Bufo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="turanensis" subGenus="Bufotes">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFE2FFAA26B3FDB5FBF5FDD5" box="[735,1039,546,571]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Bufo (Bufotes) turanensis</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B2BFFE2FFAA2073FDB5FF22FD8C" author="Hemmer" pageId="24" pageNumber="41" refString="Hemmer, H., Schmidtler, J. F. &amp; Bohme, W. (1978) Zur Systematik zentralasiatischer Grunkroten (Bufo viridis - Komplex) (Amphibia, Salientia, Bufonidae). Zoologische Abhandlungen Staatliches Museum fur Tierkunde Dresden, 34 (24), 349 - 384." type="journal article" year="1978">Hemmer, Schmidtler &amp; Böhme, 1978</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
; 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFE2FFAA2482FDDFFD2AFD8C" ID-CoL="NPGQ" authority="Pallas, 1769" authorityName="Pallas" authorityYear="1769" box="[238,720,584,610]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Bufo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="variabilis" subGenus="Bufotes">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFE2FFAA2482FDDFFDE1FD8F" box="[238,539,584,609]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Bufo (Bufotes) variabilis</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B2BFFE2FFAA2640FDDFFD3DFD8C" author="Pallas" box="[556,711,584,610]" pageId="24" pageNumber="43" refString="Pallas, P. S. (1769) Spicilegia zoologica quibus novae imprimis et obscurae animalium species iconibus, descriptionibus atque commentariis illustrantur cura P. S. Pallas. Fasciculus septimus. Berolini, G. A. Lange, 1 - 42, pl. 1 - 6." type="book chapter" year="1769">Pallas, 1769</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
, including 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFE2FFAA2734FDDFFE8AFD69" ID-CoL="5G36K" authority="Eiselt &amp; Schmidtler, 1971" authorityName="Eiselt &amp; Schmidtler" authorityYear="1971" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Bufo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="variabilis" subGenus="Bufotes" subSpecies="kermanensis">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFE2FFAA2734FDDFFADFFD8F" box="[856,1317,584,609]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Bufo (Bufotes) variabilis kermanensis</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B2BFFE2FFAA215AFDDFFE9DFD69" author="Eiselt" pageId="24" pageNumber="39" refString="Eiselt, J. &amp; Schmidtler, J. F. (1971) Vorlaufige Mitteilung uber zwei neue Subspecies von Amphibia Salientia aus dem Iran. Annalen des naturhistorischen Museums Wien, 75, 383 - 385." type="journal article" year="1971">Eiselt &amp; Schmidtler, 1971</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFE2FFAA25C0FDFAFBF3FD69" ID-CoL="NPGQ" authority="Pallas, 1769" authorityName="Pallas" authorityYear="1769" box="[428,1033,621,647]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Bufo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="variabilis" subGenus="Bufotes" subSpecies="variabilis">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFE2FFAA25C0FDFAFCAFFD68" box="[428,853,621,646]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Bufo (Bufotes) variabilis variabilis</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B2BFFE2FFAA270AFDFAFBFAFD69" author="Pallas" box="[870,1024,621,647]" pageId="24" pageNumber="43" refString="Pallas, P. S. (1769) Spicilegia zoologica quibus novae imprimis et obscurae animalium species iconibus, descriptionibus atque commentariis illustrantur cura P. S. Pallas. Fasciculus septimus. Berolini, G. A. Lange, 1 - 42, pl. 1 - 6." type="book chapter" year="1769">Pallas, 1769</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
; 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFE2FFAA207AFDFAFF25FD42" ID-CoL="NPH5" authority="Laurenti, 1768" authorityName="Laurenti" authorityYear="1768" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Bufo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="viridis" subGenus="Bufotes">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFE2FFAA207AFDFAFAE1FD68" box="[1046,1307,621,646]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Bufo (Bufotes) viridis</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B2BFFE2FFAA2141FDFAFF2CFD42" author="Laurenti" pageId="24" pageNumber="42" refString="Laurenti, J. N. (1768) Specimen medicum, exhibens synopsin Reptilium emendatam cum experimentis circa venena et antidota Reptilium austriacorum. Viennae, Joan. Thom. Nob. de Trattnern, i - ii + 1 - 215, pl. 1 - 5." type="book chapter" year="1768">Laurenti, 1768</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
; 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFE2FFAA2480FD05FDD2FD45" ID-CoL="NPHF" box="[236,552,658,683]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Bufo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="zamdaensis" subGenus="Bufotes">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFE2FFAA2480FD05FDD2FD45" box="[236,552,658,683]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Bufo (Bufotes) zamdaensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Fei, Ye &amp; Huang 
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFE2FFAA2760FD05FCD9FD45" box="[780,803,658,683]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">in</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B2BFFE2FFAA2747FD05FC19FD42" author="Fei" box="[811,995,658,684]" pageId="24" pageNumber="40" refString="Fei, L., Ye, C., Huang, Y. &amp; Chen, X. (1999) Taxonomic studies on Bufo viridis from west China (Amphibia: Anura). Zoological Research, 20 (4), 294 - 300." type="journal article" year="1999">
Fei 
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFE2FFAA2735FD05FC77FD45" box="[857,909,658,683]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">et al</emphasis>
., 1999
</bibRefCitation>
); 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFE2FFAA2795FD05FE97FD3C" ID-CoL="NPHG" authority="Eiselt &amp; Schmidtler, 1973" authorityName="Eiselt &amp; Schmidtler" authorityYear="1973" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Bufo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="zugmayeri" subGenus="Bufotes">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFE2FFAA2795FD05FAD2FD45" box="[1017,1320,658,683]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Bufo (Bufotes) zugmayeri</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B2BFFE2FFAA2154FD05FE9EFD3C" author="Eiselt" pageId="24" pageNumber="39" refString="Eiselt, J. &amp; Schmidtler, J. F. (1973) Froschlurche aus dem Iran unter Berucksichtigung außeriranischer Populationsgruppen. Annalen des naturhistorischen Museums Wien, 77, 181 - 243, pl. 1 - 4." type="journal article" year="1973">Eiselt &amp; Schmidtler, 1973</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C36B6551FFE2FFAA24FBFCBFFCF0FC29" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BCE36DAFFE2FFAA24FBFCBFFDC8FCAC" blockId="24.[151,562,808,834]" box="[151,562,808,834]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
(3) Subgenus 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFE2FFAA2556FCBFFDC8FCAC" authority="Cope, 1864" authorityName="Cope" authorityYear="1864" box="[314,562,808,834]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Epidalea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFE2FFAA2556FCBFFE5EFCAF" box="[314,420,808,833]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Epidalea</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B2BFFE2FFAA25C7FCBFFDC8FCAC" author="Cope" box="[427,562,808,834]" pageId="24" pageNumber="37" refString="Cope, E. D. (1864) Contributions to the herpetology of tropical America. Proceedings of the Academy of natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 16, 166 - 181." type="journal article" year="1864">Cope, 1864</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BCE36DAFFE2FFAA24FBFCE7FCF0FC29" blockId="24.[151,1436,879,1095]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFE2FFAA24FBFCE7FED8FC69" box="[151,290,880,903]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">“Calamitus”</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B2BFFE2FFAA2540FCE7FE14FC69" author="Rafinesque" box="[300,494,880,903]" pageId="24" pageNumber="44" refString="Rafinesque, C. S. (1815) Analyse de la nature ou Tableau de l'univers et des corps organises. Palerme, Jean Barravecchia, 1 - 124, 1 pl." type="book chapter" year="1815">Rafinesque, 1815</bibRefCitation>
: 78. – 
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFE2FFAA2653FCF8FC9AFC69" bold="true" box="[575,864,879,903]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Anoplonym (gymnonym)</emphasis>
, as having been published without a description or diagnosis and without any included nominal species. – 
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFE2FFAA272DFC18FC24FC49" bold="true" box="[833,990,911,935]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Nucleospecies</emphasis>
, by present designation: 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFE2FFAA216CFC07FE6AFC29" authority="Laurenti, 1768: 27" authorityName="Laurenti" authorityPageNumber="27" authorityYear="1768" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Bufo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="calamita">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFE2FFAA216CFC07FA61FC49" box="[1280,1435,912,935]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Bufo calamita</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B2BFFE2FFAA24ABFC27FE9DFC29" author="Laurenti" box="[199,359,944,967]" pageId="24" pageNumber="42" refString="Laurenti, J. N. (1768) Specimen medicum, exhibens synopsin Reptilium emendatam cum experimentis circa venena et antidota Reptilium austriacorum. Viennae, Joan. Thom. Nob. de Trattnern, i - ii + 1 - 215, pl. 1 - 5." type="book chapter" year="1768">Laurenti, 1768</bibRefCitation>
: 27
</taxonomicName>
. – 
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFE2FFAA25C2FC38FCF9FC29" bold="true" box="[430,771,943,967]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">New invalid senior doxisonym</emphasis>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C36B6551FFE2FFAA24FBFC47FCF9FB61" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="8BCE36DAFFE2FFAA24FBFC47FB1FFBA9" blockId="24.[151,1436,879,1095]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFE2FFAA24FBFC47FE7BFC09" authority="Oken, 1816" authorityName="Oken" authorityYear="1816" box="[151,385,976,999]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Calamita" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="24" pageNumber="44" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFE2FFAA24FBFC47FF01FC09" box="[151,251,976,999]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Calamita</emphasis>
Oken, 1816
</taxonomicName>
: v, 209 [nec 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFE2FFAA2664FC47FCD8FC09" authority="Schneider, 1799" authorityName="Schneider" authorityYear="1799" box="[520,802,976,999]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Calamita" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="24" pageNumber="44" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFE2FFAA2664FC47FD91FC09" box="[520,619,976,999]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Calamita</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B2BFFE2FFAA261EFC47FCD8FC09" author="Schneider" box="[626,802,976,999]" pageId="24" pageNumber="44" refString="Schneider, I. G. (1799) Historiae Amphibiorum naturalis et literariae. Fasciculus primus, continens Ranas, Calamitas, Bufones, Salamandras et Hydros, in genera et species descriptos notisque suis distinctos. Jena, Frommann, i - xv + 1 - 264, pl. 1 - 2." type="book chapter" year="1799">Schneider, 1799</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
: i, 151]. – 
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFE2FFAA27F8FC58FBECFC09" bold="true" box="[916,1046,975,999]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Exoplonym</emphasis>
, as having been published in a book placed on the 
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFE2FFAA2507FC67FB5FFBE9" box="[363,1189,1008,1031]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Works in Zoological Nomenclature</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B2BFFE2FFAA20D4FC67FA89FBE9" author="Hemming" box="[1208,1395,1008,1031]" pageId="24" pageNumber="41" refString="Hemming, F. (1956 b) Opinion 417. Rejection for nomenclatorial purposes of volume 3 (Zoologie) of the work by Lorenz Oken entitled Okens Lehrbuch der Naturgeschichte published in 1815 - 1816. Opinions and Declarations rendered by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, 14 (1), 1 - 42." type="journal article" year="1956" yearSuffix="b">
Hemming 1956 
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFE2FFAA210AFC67FA89FBE9" box="[1382,1395,1008,1031]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">b</emphasis>
</bibRefCitation>
). – 
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFE2FFAA24ABFB98FE9EFBC9" bold="true" box="[199,356,1039,1063]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Nucleospecies</emphasis>
, by absolute tautonymy, 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFE2FFAA2603FB87FC2FFBC9" ID-CoL="NP2L" authority="Laurenti, 1768: 27" authorityName="Laurenti" authorityPageNumber="27" authorityYear="1768" box="[623,981,1040,1063]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Bufo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="calamita">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFE2FFAA2603FB87FCFCFBC9" box="[623,774,1040,1063]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Bufo calamita</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B2BFFE2FFAA2760FB87FC57FBC9" author="Laurenti" box="[780,941,1040,1063]" pageId="24" pageNumber="42" refString="Laurenti, J. N. (1768) Specimen medicum, exhibens synopsin Reptilium emendatam cum experimentis circa venena et antidota Reptilium austriacorum. Viennae, Joan. Thom. Nob. de Trattnern, i - ii + 1 - 215, pl. 1 - 5." type="book chapter" year="1768">Laurenti, 1768</bibRefCitation>
: 27
</taxonomicName>
. – 
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFE2FFAA2798FB98FB9EFBC9" bold="true" box="[1012,1124,1039,1063]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Comment</emphasis>
: see text above. 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFE2FFAA24FBFBA7FE48FBA9" ID-CoL="4D2K" authority="Cope, 1864: 181" authorityName="Cope" authorityPageNumber="181" authorityYear="1864" box="[151,434,1072,1095]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Epidalea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFE2FFAA24FBFBA7FF0DFBA9" box="[151,247,1072,1095]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Epidalea</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B2BFFE2FFAA2492FBA7FE86FBA9" author="Cope" box="[254,380,1072,1095]" pageId="24" pageNumber="37" refString="Cope, E. D. (1864) Contributions to the herpetology of tropical America. Proceedings of the Academy of natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 16, 166 - 181." type="journal article" year="1864">Cope, 1864</bibRefCitation>
: 181
</taxonomicName>
. – 
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFE2FFAA25BCFBB8FD97FBA9" bold="true" box="[464,621,1071,1095]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Nucleospecies</emphasis>
, by original monophory, 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFE2FFAA2710FBA7FB18FBA9" ID-CoL="NP2L" authority="Laurenti, 1768: 27" authorityName="Laurenti" authorityPageNumber="27" authorityYear="1768" box="[892,1250,1072,1095]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Bufo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="calamita">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFE2FFAA2710FBA7FBEBFBA9" box="[892,1041,1072,1095]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Bufo calamita</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B2BFFE2FFAA2075FBA7FB43FBA9" author="Laurenti" box="[1049,1209,1072,1095]" pageId="24" pageNumber="42" refString="Laurenti, J. N. (1768) Specimen medicum, exhibens synopsin Reptilium emendatam cum experimentis circa venena et antidota Reptilium austriacorum. Viennae, Joan. Thom. Nob. de Trattnern, i - ii + 1 - 215, pl. 1 - 5." type="book chapter" year="1768">Laurenti, 1768</bibRefCitation>
: 27
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BCE36DAFFE2FFAA24FBFBE2FCF9FB61" blockId="24.[151,771,1141,1167]" box="[151,771,1141,1167]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFE2FFAA24FBFBE2FF06FB61" bold="true" box="[151,252,1141,1167]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Content</emphasis>
. 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFE2FFAA2566FBE2FD05FB61" ID-CoL="NP2L" authority="Laurenti, 1768" authorityName="Laurenti" authorityYear="1768" box="[266,767,1141,1167]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Bufo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="calamita" subGenus="Epidalea">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFE2FFAA2566FBE2FDCEFB60" box="[266,564,1141,1166]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Bufo (Epidalea) calamita</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B2BFFE2FFAA2628FBE2FD0CFB61" author="Laurenti" box="[580,758,1141,1167]" pageId="24" pageNumber="42" refString="Laurenti, J. N. (1768) Specimen medicum, exhibens synopsin Reptilium emendatam cum experimentis circa venena et antidota Reptilium austriacorum. Viennae, Joan. Thom. Nob. de Trattnern, i - ii + 1 - 215, pl. 1 - 5." type="book chapter" year="1768">Laurenti, 1768</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C36B6551FFE2FFAA24FBFB72FE34F9F2" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BCE36DAFFE2FFAA24FBFB72FDBDFB11" blockId="24.[151,583,1253,1279]" box="[151,583,1253,1279]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
(4) 
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFE2FFAA24ACFB72FE9EFB10" box="[192,356,1253,1278]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Incertae sedis</emphasis>
at subgeneric level
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BCE36DAFFE2FFAA24FBFABAFE44FAA9" blockId="24.[151,1437,1325,1492]" box="[151,446,1325,1351]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">(a) Genus-series nomina:</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BCE36DAFFE2FFAA24FBFAC4FA67FA82" blockId="24.[151,1437,1325,1492]" box="[151,1437,1362,1388]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFE2FFAA24FBFAC4FEA8FA82" box="[151,338,1363,1388]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Palaeophrynos</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B2BFFE2FFAA2536FAC5FDF5FA82" author="Tschudi" box="[346,527,1362,1388]" pageId="24" pageNumber="46" refString="Tschudi, J. J. von (1838) Classification der Batrachier, mit Berucksichtigung der fossilen Thiere dieser Abtheilung der Reptilien. Neuchatel, Petitpierre, i - ii + 1 - 98, pl. 1 - 6." type="book chapter" year="1838">Tschudi, 1838</bibRefCitation>
: 52. – 
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFE2FFAA2608FAC5FCE0FA82" bold="true" box="[612,794,1362,1388]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Nucleospecies</emphasis>
, by original monophory, † 
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFE2FFAA201DFAC4FA67FA82" box="[1137,1437,1363,1388]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
Palaeophrynos 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFE2FFAA2159FAC4FA67FA82" authority="Tschudi, 1838: 89" authorityName="Tschudi" authorityPageNumber="89" authorityYear="1838" box="[1333,1437,1363,1388]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Bufo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gessneri">gessneri</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BCE36DAFFE2FFAA24FBFAEFFD3DFA7C" blockId="24.[151,1437,1325,1492]" box="[151,711,1399,1426]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B2BFFE2FFAA24FBFAEFFEBBFA7C" author="Tschudi" box="[151,321,1400,1426]" pageId="24" pageNumber="46" refString="Tschudi, J. J. von (1838) Classification der Batrachier, mit Berucksichtigung der fossilen Thiere dieser Abtheilung der Reptilien. Neuchatel, Petitpierre, i - ii + 1 - 98, pl. 1 - 6." type="book chapter" year="1838">Tschudi, 1838</bibRefCitation>
: 89. – 
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFE2FFAA25E2FAE0FDF0FA7F" bold="true" box="[398,522,1399,1425]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Comment</emphasis>
: see text above.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BCE36DAFFE2FFAA24A8FA0AFBD1FA3A" blockId="24.[151,1437,1325,1492]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFE2FFAA24A8FA0AFEA0FA5A" box="[196,346,1437,1460]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Palaeophryne</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B2BFFE2FFAA250CFA0AFDFCFA5A" author="Fitzinger" box="[352,518,1437,1460]" pageId="24" pageNumber="40" refString="Fitzinger, L. J. F. J. (1843) Systema Reptilium. Fasciculus primus. Amblyglossae. Vindobonae, Braumuller &amp; Seidel, 1 - 106 + i - ix." type="book chapter" year="1843">Fitzinger, 1843</bibRefCitation>
: 32. – 
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFE2FFAA2620FA0BFD25FA5A" bold="true" box="[588,735,1436,1460]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Autoneonym</emphasis>
of 
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFE2FFAA276EFA0AFC5EFA5A" box="[770,932,1437,1460]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Palaeophrynos</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B2BFFE2FFAA27C6FA0AFBBEFA5A" author="Tschudi" box="[938,1092,1437,1460]" pageId="24" pageNumber="46" refString="Tschudi, J. J. von (1838) Classification der Batrachier, mit Berucksichtigung der fossilen Thiere dieser Abtheilung der Reptilien. Neuchatel, Petitpierre, i - ii + 1 - 98, pl. 1 - 6." type="book chapter" year="1838">Tschudi, 1838</bibRefCitation>
: 52. 
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFE2FFAA24A8FA2AFEB8FA3A" box="[196,322,1469,1492]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Troglobates</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B2BFFE2FFAA2525FA2AFE35FA3A" author="Gistel" box="[329,463,1469,1492]" pageId="24" pageNumber="40" refString="Gistel, J. (1848) Naturgeschichte des Thierreichs fur hohere Schulen. Stuttgart, Hoffmann, i - xi + 1 - 216 + i - iv, pl. 1 - 32." type="book chapter" year="1848">Gistel, 1848</bibRefCitation>
: xi. – 
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFE2FFAA2663FA2BFD63FA3A" bold="true" box="[527,665,1468,1492]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Alloneonym</emphasis>
of 
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFE2FFAA26D0FA2AFCA4FA3A" box="[700,862,1469,1492]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Palaeophrynos</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B2BFFE2FFAA2708FA2AFC05FA3A" author="Tschudi" box="[868,1023,1469,1492]" pageId="24" pageNumber="46" refString="Tschudi, J. J. von (1838) Classification der Batrachier, mit Berucksichtigung der fossilen Thiere dieser Abtheilung der Reptilien. Neuchatel, Petitpierre, i - ii + 1 - 98, pl. 1 - 6." type="book chapter" year="1838">Tschudi, 1838</bibRefCitation>
: 52.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BCE36DAFFE2FFAA24FBF995FE34F9F2" blockId="24.[151,783,1538,1751]" box="[151,462,1538,1564]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">(b) Species-series nomina:</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C36B6551FFE2FFAA24FBF9BFFE1DF939" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="8BCE36DAFFE2FFAA24FBF9BFFE15F9AC" blockId="24.[151,783,1538,1751]" box="[151,495,1576,1602]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
† 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFE2FFAA24C1F9BFFE11F9AC" authority="Tihen, 1962" authorityName="Tihen" authorityYear="1962" box="[173,491,1576,1602]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Bufo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="alienus">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFE2FFAA24C1F9BFFEBAF9AF" box="[173,320,1576,1601]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Bufo alienus</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B2BFFE2FFAA2523F9BFFE18F9AC" author="Tihen" box="[335,482,1576,1602]" pageId="24" pageNumber="46" refString="Tihen, J. A. (1962) A review of New World fossil bufonids. American Midland Naturalist, 68 (1), 1 - 50." type="journal article" year="1962">Tihen, 1962</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BCE36DAFFE2FFAA24FBF9DAFDEFF962" blockId="24.[151,783,1538,1751]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFE2FFAA24FBF9DAFDAEF989" ID-CoL="NP29" authority="Hoogmoed, 1972" authorityName="Hoogmoed" authorityYear="1972" box="[151,596,1613,1639]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Bufo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="brongersmai">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFE2FFAA24FBF9DAFE90F988" box="[151,362,1613,1638]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Bufo brongersmai</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B2BFFE2FFAA2515F9DAFDB1F989" author="Hoogmoed" box="[377,587,1613,1639]" pageId="24" pageNumber="41" refString="Hoogmoed, M. S. (1972) On a new species of toad from southern Morocco. Zoologische Mededelingen, 47, 49 - 64, pl. 1 - 4." type="journal article" year="1972">Hoogmoed, 1972</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
. † 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFE2FFAA24C1F9E4FDEBF962" authority="Tschudi, 1838" authorityName="Tschudi" authorityYear="1838" box="[173,529,1650,1676]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Bufo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gessneri">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFE2FFAA24C1F9E4FEB7F962" box="[173,333,1651,1676]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Bufo gessneri</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B2BFFE2FFAA2530F9E5FDF2F962" author="Tschudi" box="[348,520,1650,1676]" pageId="24" pageNumber="46" refString="Tschudi, J. J. von (1838) Classification der Batrachier, mit Berucksichtigung der fossilen Thiere dieser Abtheilung der Reptilien. Neuchatel, Petitpierre, i - ii + 1 - 98, pl. 1 - 6." type="book chapter" year="1838">Tschudi, 1838</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BCE36DAFFE2FFAA24FBF90FFE1DF939" blockId="24.[151,783,1538,1751]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
† 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFE2FFAA24C1F90FFCF1F95C" authority="Spinar, Klembara &amp; Meszaros, 1993" authorityName="Spinar, Klembara &amp; Meszaros" authorityYear="1993" box="[173,779,1688,1714]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Bufo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="priscus">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFE2FFAA24C1F90FFEBAF95F" box="[173,320,1688,1713]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Bufo priscus</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B2BFFE2FFAA2523F90FFCF8F95C" author="Spinar" box="[335,770,1688,1714]" pageId="24" pageNumber="45" refString="Spinar, Z. V., Klembara, J. &amp; Meszaros, S. (1993) A new toad from the Miocene at Devinska Nova Ves (Slovakia). Zapadne Karpaty, (Paleontologia), 17, 135 - 160." type="journal article" year="1993">Špinar, Klembara &amp; Meszároš, 1993</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
. 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D59FFE2FFAA24FBF92AFE19F939" ID-CoL="NPDM" authority="Strauch, 1876" authorityName="Strauch" authorityYear="1876" box="[151,483,1725,1751]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Bufo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="raddei">
<emphasis id="B905EAC8FFE2FFAA24FBF92AFED8F938" box="[151,290,1725,1750]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Bufo raddei</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B2BFFE2FFAA255DF92AFE20F939" author="Strauch" box="[305,474,1725,1751]" pageId="24" pageNumber="46" refString="Strauch, A. (1876) Opisanie presmikayustchikhsya i zemnovodnikh, sobrannikh ekspeditsiei podpolkovnika Przewalskago. In: N. M. Przewalski (Ed.), Mongoliya i Strana Tangutov - Tryokhletneye puteshestviye v Vostochnoj Nagoruoj Azii, St. Petersburg, Imperial Russian Geographical Society, 2 (3), 53. [In Russian]." type="journal article" year="1876">Strauch, 1876</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>