treatments-xml/data/03/A4/ED/03A4ED4EFFACBD46E02BE96B7834FC67.xml

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<mods:title id="A9AEDD89264162BA12FD9C2310B7198F">A new late Miocene bovid (Mammalia: Artiodactyla: Bovidae) from ˙ orakyerler (Turkey)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="3B5EB668CCC4560A211A55E63CA9DC5F">Kostopoulos, Dimitris S.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="9F2160E7356AEE6F625431FFFCD91876">Erol, Ayla Sevim</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="758A7C298A4A4D80F78A20D451DF2B73">Yavuz, Alper Yener</mods:namePart>
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<emphasis id="B979804AFFACBD42E02BE96B7FEAFCB0" bold="true" box="[873,1177,780,804]" pageId="1" pageNumber="10">
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<emphasis id="B979804AFFACBD42E02BE96B7F4DFCB0" bold="true" box="[873,1086,780,804]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="10">Gangraia anatolica</emphasis>
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<paragraph id="8BB25C58FFACBD42E02BE95278AEFCD8" blockId="1.[873,1177,780,844]" box="[873,989,821,844]" pageId="1" pageNumber="10">
(
<figureCitation id="133640DDFFACBD42E032E95278A7FCD8" box="[880,980,821,844]" captionStart-0="Figure 1" captionStart-1="Figure 2" captionStart-2="Figure 3" captionStartId-0="2.[124,191,1440,1462]" captionStartId-1="3.[124,191,1275,1297]" captionStartId-2="4.[124,191,998,1020]" captionTargetBox-0="[229,1359,182,1406]" captionTargetBox-1="[266,1315,177,1241]" captionTargetBox-2="[226,1360,177,966]" captionTargetId-0="figure-14@2.[226,1360,177,1409]" captionTargetId-1="figure-14@3.[264,1322,177,1244]" captionTargetId-2="figure-14@4.[226,1360,177,966]" captionTargetPageId-0="2" captionTargetPageId-1="3" captionTargetPageId-2="4" captionText-0="Figure 1. Gangraia anatolica gen. and sp. nov. from ˙orakyerler, Turkey. Holotype cranium ˙O 3187 in (a) dorsal, (b) ventral, (c) caudal, (d) right lateral, and (e) frontal views. (f) Detail of the dorsal parietal surface; (g) close up of auditory bulla; (h) antero-medial view of the left horn core; and (i) ventral view of the frontals. (a)–(e) Scale bar: 5 cm; (f)–(i) not to scale. Abbreviations: stylf: stylohyal fossa; aub: auditory bulla; intpr: interparietal; pboss: parietal boss; tmpc: temporal crest; tps: temporo-parietal suture; cors: coronal suture; pstcf: postcornual fossa; orb: orbit; mfrs: median frontal sinus; lfrs: lateral frontal sinus; homts: homonymous torsion; trrdg: transverse ridges; and bhcsw: basal horn core swelling." captionText-1="Figure 2. Gangraia anatolica gen. and sp. nov., from ˙orakyerler, Turkey. Paratype cranium ˙O 3476 (a) and female frontlet ˙O 1427 (b); (1) frontal views; (2) caudal views; (a3) dorsal view; (a4) close up of the base of the left horn core in lateral view showing the single sinus occupying the pedicle and the basal horn core (arrows indicate the pedicle–horn core contact); (a5) close up of the dorsal parietal surface with marked anatomical details; and (b3) lateral view. The arrow in (b1) indicates the frontal sinus occupying the pedicle. Abbreviations: bhcs: basal horn core sinus; phdpr: post horn core depression; pboss: parietal boss; tmpc: temporal crest; tps: temporo-parietal suture; nc: nuchal crest; intpr: interparietal; and sulc: sulcus. (a1)–(a3) and (b1)–(b3) scale bar: 5 cm; (a4) and (a5) not to scale." captionText-2="Figure 3. Gangraia anatolica gen. and sp. nov., from ˙orakyerler, Turkey. Paratype cranium ˙O 3124 in (a) dorsal, (b) ventral, (c) right lateral, and (d) caudal view. Scale bar: 5 cm." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10965818" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10965820" figureDoi-2="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10965822" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/10965818/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/10965820/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/10965822/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="10">Figs. 1–3</figureCitation>
)
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3170FD3FFACBD42E071E91A78AFFC7B" pageId="1" pageNumber="10" type="etymology">
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<emphasis id="B979804AFFACBD42E071E91A78DDFC01" bold="true" box="[819,942,893,917]" pageId="1" pageNumber="10">Etymology</emphasis>
</paragraph>
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From the geographic area of 
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that makes up most of modern 
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.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3170FD3FFACBD42E071EE777F98F89A" pageId="1" pageNumber="10" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="8BB25C58FFACBD42E071EE7778E9FBBC" blockId="1.[819,922,1040,1064]" box="[819,922,1040,1064]" pageId="1" pageNumber="10">
<emphasis id="B979804AFFACBD42E071EE7778E9FBBC" bold="true" box="[819,922,1040,1064]" pageId="1" pageNumber="10">
<typeStatus id="54B6E2FAFFACBD42E071EE7778E9FBBC" box="[819,922,1040,1064]" pageId="1" pageNumber="10" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
</emphasis>
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<materialsCitation id="3B655605FFACBD42E071EE2C7EC4FBF6" box="[819,1463,1099,1122]" pageId="1" pageNumber="10">˙O 3187, partial cranium with braincase and both horn cores.</materialsCitation>
</paragraph>
<materialsCitation id="3B655605FFACBD42E071EEE47FABFAA1" pageId="1" pageNumber="10">
<paragraph id="8BB25C58FFACBD42E071EEE478D7FB0F" blockId="1.[819,932,1155,1179]" box="[819,932,1155,1179]" pageId="1" pageNumber="10">
<emphasis id="B979804AFFACBD42E071EEE478D7FB0F" bold="true" box="[819,932,1155,1179]" pageId="1" pageNumber="10">
<typeStatus id="54B6E2FAFFACBD42E071EEE478D7FB0F" box="[819,932,1155,1179]" pageId="1" pageNumber="10" type="paratype">Paratypes</typeStatus>
</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB25C58FFACBD42E071EED87FABFAA1" blockId="1.[819,1462,1215,1333]" pageId="1" pageNumber="10">˙O 3476, partial cranium with braincase and both horn cores; ˙O 3124, partial cranium with braincase and both horn cores; ˙O 683, part of cranium with complete right and basal part of the left horn core; ˙O 1427, frontlet.</paragraph>
</materialsCitation>
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<emphasis id="B979804AFFACBD42E071EF3178B6FAFA" bold="true" box="[819,965,1366,1390]" pageId="1" pageNumber="10">Type locality</emphasis>
</paragraph>
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˙orakyerler fossil site near ˙ankırı, 
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.
</paragraph>
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<emphasis id="B979804AFFACBD42E071EFAE78BAFA75" bold="true" box="[819,969,1481,1505]" pageId="1" pageNumber="10">Type horizon</emphasis>
</paragraph>
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Tüglu Formation (Upper Miocene) in ˙ankırı Basin, 
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.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB25C58FFACBD42E071EC5B782CF9C0" blockId="1.[819,863,1596,1620]" box="[819,863,1596,1620]" pageId="1" pageNumber="10">
<emphasis id="B979804AFFACBD42E071EC5B782CF9C0" bold="true" box="[819,863,1596,1620]" pageId="1" pageNumber="10">Age</emphasis>
</paragraph>
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Late Miocene. 
<bibRefCitation id="EF9C21A9FFACBD42E093EC107F07F91A" author="Geraads, D." box="[977,1140,1655,1678]" pageId="1" pageNumber="10" pagination="381 - 390" refId="ref7275" refString="Geraads, D.: Large Mammals from the Late Miocene of ˙ orakyerler, ˙ ankiri, Turkey, Acta Zool. Bulg., 65, 381 - 390, 2013." type="journal article" year="2013">Geraads (2013)</bibRefCitation>
suggests an early Turolian age for the ˙orakyerler fauna. Magnetostratigraphic correlation by 
<bibRefCitation id="EF9C21A9FFACBD42E01BECD07F57F95A" author="Kaya, F. &amp; Kaymakci, N. &amp; Bibi, F. &amp; Eronen, J. T. &amp; Pehlevan, C. &amp; Erkman, A. C. &amp; Langereis, C. G. &amp; Fortelius, M." box="[857,1060,1719,1742]" pageId="1" pageNumber="10" pagination="1071710" refId="ref7775" refString="Kaya, F., Kaymakci, N., Bibi, F., Eronen, J. T., Pehlevan, C., Erkman, A. C., Langereis, C. G., and Fortelius, M.: Magnetostratigraphy and paleoecology of the hominidbearing locality ˙ orakyerler, Tuglu Formation (˙ ankiri Basin, Central Anatolia), J. Vertebr. Paleontol., 36, e 1071710, https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 02724634.2015.1071710, 2016." type="journal article" year="2016">Kaya et al. (2016)</bibRefCitation>
frames the fauna between 8.11 and 7.64 Ma. 
<bibRefCitation id="EF9C21A9FFACBD42E0D4ECB07FD2F97A" author="Kostopoulos, D. S. &amp; Sevim Erol, A. &amp; Mayda, S. &amp; Yavuz, Y. A. &amp; Tarhan, E." box="[918,1185,1751,1774]" pageId="1" pageNumber="10" pagination="629 - 635" refId="ref8097" refString="Kostopoulos, D. S., Sevim Erol, A., Mayda, S., Yavuz, Y. A., and Tarhan, E.: Qurliqnoria (Bovidae, Mammalia) from the Upper Miocene of ˙ orakyerler (Central Anatolia, Turkey) and its biogeographic implications, Palaeoworld, 29, 629 - 635, https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. palwor. 2019.10.003, 2020." type="journal article" year="2020">Kostopoulos et al. (2020)</bibRefCitation>
suggest an age around the Vallesian–Turolian boundary (∼ 8.7 Ma).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
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<emphasis id="B979804AFFACBD42E071ED497897F8D2" bold="true" box="[819,996,1838,1862]" pageId="1" pageNumber="10">Host institution</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB25C58FFACBD42E071ED0D7F36F815" blockId="1.[819,1093,1898,1921]" box="[819,1093,1898,1921]" pageId="1" pageNumber="10">
˙ankırı Museum, 
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.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
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<emphasis id="B979804AFFAFBD41E33EEFC77BABFA22" bold="true" box="[124,216,1440,1462]" pageId="2" pageNumber="11">Figure 1.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C0D27DBFFAFBD41E39CEFC67AE8FA22" authority="Kostopoulos &amp; Erol &amp; Yavuz &amp; Mayda, 2021" authorityName="Kostopoulos &amp; Erol &amp; Yavuz &amp; Mayda" authorityYear="2021" box="[222,411,1441,1462]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Gangraia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="2" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="anatolica" status="gen. and sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B979804AFFAFBD41E39CEFC67AE8FA22" box="[222,411,1441,1462]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="11">Gangraia anatolica</emphasis>
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from ˙orakyerler, Turkey. Holotype cranium ˙O 3187 in 
<emphasis id="B979804AFFAFBD41E737EFC77FE2FA22" bold="true" box="[1141,1169,1440,1462]" pageId="2" pageNumber="11">(a)</emphasis>
dorsal, 
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ventral, 
<emphasis id="B979804AFFAFBD41E613EFC77E18FA22" bold="true" box="[1361,1387,1440,1462]" pageId="2" pageNumber="11">(c)</emphasis>
caudal, 
<emphasis id="B979804AFFAFBD41E33EEFDA7BEAFA47" bold="true" box="[124,153,1469,1491]" pageId="2" pageNumber="11">(d)</emphasis>
right lateral, and 
<emphasis id="B979804AFFAFBD41E202EFDA7A29FA47" bold="true" box="[320,346,1469,1491]" pageId="2" pageNumber="11">(e)</emphasis>
frontal views. 
<emphasis id="B979804AFFAFBD41E2A5EFDA7A8CFA47" bold="true" box="[487,511,1469,1491]" pageId="2" pageNumber="11">(f)</emphasis>
Detail of the dorsal parietal surface; 
<emphasis id="B979804AFFAFBD41E01FEFDA780BFA47" bold="true" box="[861,888,1469,1491]" pageId="2" pageNumber="11">(g)</emphasis>
close up of auditory bulla; 
<emphasis id="B979804AFFAFBD41E739EFDA7FEBFA47" bold="true" box="[1147,1176,1469,1491]" pageId="2" pageNumber="11">(h)</emphasis>
antero-medial view of the left horn core; and 
<emphasis id="B979804AFFAFBD41E249EFBC7A51FA65" bold="true" box="[267,290,1499,1521]" pageId="2" pageNumber="11">(i)</emphasis>
ventral view of the frontals. 
<emphasis id="B979804AFFAFBD41E176EFBC7905FA65" bold="true" box="[564,630,1499,1521]" pageId="2" pageNumber="11">(a)–(e)</emphasis>
Scale bar: 5 cm; 
<emphasis id="B979804AFFAFBD41E058EFBC7826FA65" bold="true" box="[794,853,1499,1521]" pageId="2" pageNumber="11">(f)–(i)</emphasis>
not to scale. Abbreviations: stylf: stylohyal fossa; aub: auditory bulla; intpr: interparietal; pboss: parietal boss; tmpc: temporal crest; tps: temporo-parietal suture; cors: coronal suture; pstcf: postcornual fossa; orb: orbit; mfrs: median frontal sinus; lfrs: lateral frontal sinus; homts: homonymous torsion; trrdg: transverse ridges; and bhcsw: basal horn core swelling.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<subSubSection id="C3170FD3FFAFBD41E33EECEC7A1FF976" box="[124,364,1675,1762]" pageId="2" pageNumber="11" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="8BB25C58FFAFBD41E33EECEC7B9AF937" blockId="2.[124,233,1675,1699]" box="[124,233,1675,1699]" pageId="2" pageNumber="11">
<emphasis id="B979804AFFAFBD41E33EECEC7B9AF937" bold="true" box="[124,233,1675,1699]" pageId="2" pageNumber="11">Diagnosis</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB25C58FFAFBD41E33EECAC7A1FF976" blockId="2.[124,364,1739,1762]" box="[124,364,1739,1762]" pageId="2" pageNumber="11">Same as for the genus.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3170FD3FFAFBD46E33EED6D7834FC67" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="14" pageId="2" pageNumber="11" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BB25C58FFAFBD41E33EED6D7B8CF8B6" blockId="2.[124,255,1802,1826]" box="[124,255,1802,1826]" pageId="2" pageNumber="11">
<emphasis id="B979804AFFAFBD41E33EED6D7B8CF8B6" bold="true" box="[124,255,1802,1826]" pageId="2" pageNumber="11">Description</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB25C58FFAFBD40E33EED2D7A22F98A" blockId="2.[124,767,1866,1921]" lastBlockId="3.[124,767,1511,1916]" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="12" pageId="2" pageNumber="11">
Both ˙O 3187 (
<figureCitation id="133640DDFFAFBD41E265ED2D7A16F8F5" box="[295,357,1866,1889]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="2.[124,191,1440,1462]" captionTargetBox="[229,1359,182,1406]" captionTargetId="figure-14@2.[226,1360,177,1409]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Figure 1. Gangraia anatolica gen. and sp. nov. from ˙orakyerler, Turkey. Holotype cranium ˙O 3187 in (a) dorsal, (b) ventral, (c) caudal, (d) right lateral, and (e) frontal views. (f) Detail of the dorsal parietal surface; (g) close up of auditory bulla; (h) antero-medial view of the left horn core; and (i) ventral view of the frontals. (a)–(e) Scale bar: 5 cm; (f)–(i) not to scale. Abbreviations: stylf: stylohyal fossa; aub: auditory bulla; intpr: interparietal; pboss: parietal boss; tmpc: temporal crest; tps: temporo-parietal suture; cors: coronal suture; pstcf: postcornual fossa; orb: orbit; mfrs: median frontal sinus; lfrs: lateral frontal sinus; homts: homonymous torsion; trrdg: transverse ridges; and bhcsw: basal horn core swelling." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10965818" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10965818/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="11">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
) and ˙O 3476 (
<figureCitation id="133640DDFFAFBD41E151ED2D792CF8F5" box="[531,607,1866,1889]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="3.[124,191,1275,1297]" captionTargetBox="[266,1315,177,1241]" captionTargetId="figure-14@3.[264,1322,177,1244]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Figure 2. Gangraia anatolica gen. and sp. nov., from ˙orakyerler, Turkey. Paratype cranium ˙O 3476 (a) and female frontlet ˙O 1427 (b); (1) frontal views; (2) caudal views; (a3) dorsal view; (a4) close up of the base of the left horn core in lateral view showing the single sinus occupying the pedicle and the basal horn core (arrows indicate the pedicle–horn core contact); (a5) close up of the dorsal parietal surface with marked anatomical details; and (b3) lateral view. The arrow in (b1) indicates the frontal sinus occupying the pedicle. Abbreviations: bhcs: basal horn core sinus; phdpr: post horn core depression; pboss: parietal boss; tmpc: temporal crest; tps: temporo-parietal suture; nc: nuchal crest; intpr: interparietal; and sulc: sulcus. (a1)–(a3) and (b1)–(b3) scale bar: 5 cm; (a4) and (a5) not to scale." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10965820" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10965820/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="11">Fig. 2a</figureCitation>
) appear barely affected by taphonomic deformation, which is rather common on the site; hence, the description is based mainly on these two crania. ˙O 3124 (
<figureCitation id="133640DDFFAFBD41E729ECCB7FDEF957" box="[1131,1197,1708,1731]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="4.[124,191,998,1020]" captionTargetBox="[226,1360,177,966]" captionTargetId="figure-14@4.[226,1360,177,966]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figure 3. Gangraia anatolica gen. and sp. nov., from ˙orakyerler, Turkey. Paratype cranium ˙O 3124 in (a) dorsal, (b) ventral, (c) right lateral, and (d) caudal view. Scale bar: 5 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10965822" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10965822/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="11">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
) is somehow rostrocaudally compressed; as a result, braincase shortening is exaggerated. In some cases (i.e. 
<tableCitation id="C68F69E3FFAFBD41E72EEC8C7FCFF896" box="[1132,1212,1771,1794]" captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="5.[124,180,177,199]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Table 1. Gangraia anatolica gen. and sp. nov., from ˙orakyerler, Turkey: measurements of holotype (˙O 3187) and paratype crania (in millimetres except if marked otherwise)." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF720CD0FFA8BD46E33EEAD67972FF70" pageId="2" pageNumber="11" tableUuid="DF720CD0FFA8BD46E33EEAD67972FF70">Table 1</tableCitation>
), one of the two horn cores of the same individual appear more rostrocaudally compressed than the other, especially at its proximal part; we suspect that this is also due to postmortem compression, and we suggest considering the less compressed dimensions as the most reliable.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF720CD0FFAEBD40E33EEE9C7FA9FA37" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10965820" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10965820" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10965820/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="12" startId="3.[124,191,1275,1297]" targetBox="[266,1315,177,1241]" targetPageId="3" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="8BB25C58FFAEBD40E33EEE9C7FA9FA37" blockId="3.[124,1463,1275,1443]" pageId="3" pageNumber="12">
<emphasis id="B979804AFFAEBD40E33EEE9C7BA4FA85" bold="true" box="[124,215,1275,1297]" pageId="3" pageNumber="12">Figure 2.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C0D27DBFFAEBD40E39FEE9B7AE9FA85" authority="Kostopoulos &amp; Erol &amp; Yavuz &amp; Mayda, 2021" authorityName="Kostopoulos &amp; Erol &amp; Yavuz &amp; Mayda" authorityYear="2021" box="[221,410,1276,1297]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Gangraia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="3" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="anatolica" status="gen. and sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B979804AFFAEBD40E39FEE9B7AE9FA85" box="[221,410,1276,1297]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="12">Gangraia anatolica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A24A3D31FFAEBD40E2E2EE9B7937FA85" box="[416,580,1276,1297]" pageId="3" pageNumber="12" rank="species">gen. and sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
, from ˙orakyerler, Turkey. Paratype cranium ˙O 3476 
<emphasis id="B979804AFFAEBD40E715EE9C7F01FA85" bold="true" box="[1111,1138,1275,1297]" pageId="3" pageNumber="12">(a)</emphasis>
and female frontlet ˙O 1427 
<emphasis id="B979804AFFAEBD40E6D0EE9C7EDCFA85" bold="true" box="[1426,1455,1275,1297]" pageId="3" pageNumber="12">(b)</emphasis>
; 
<emphasis id="B979804AFFAEBD40E33EEF7F7BEBFABA" bold="true" box="[124,152,1304,1326]" pageId="3" pageNumber="12">(1)</emphasis>
frontal views; 
<emphasis id="B979804AFFAEBD40E26BEF7F7A36FABA" bold="true" box="[297,325,1304,1326]" pageId="3" pageNumber="12">(2)</emphasis>
caudal views; 
<emphasis id="B979804AFFAEBD40E297EF7F7A8EFABA" bold="true" box="[469,509,1304,1326]" pageId="3" pageNumber="12">(a3)</emphasis>
dorsal view; 
<emphasis id="B979804AFFAEBD40E1C2EF7F79D4FABA" bold="true" box="[640,679,1304,1326]" pageId="3" pageNumber="12">(a4)</emphasis>
close up of the base of the left horn core in lateral view showing the single sinus occupying the pedicle and the basal horn core (arrows indicate the pedicle–horn core contact); 
<emphasis id="B979804AFFAEBD40E75BEF517F32FAD8" bold="true" box="[1049,1089,1334,1356]" pageId="3" pageNumber="12">(a5)</emphasis>
close up of the dorsal parietal surface with marked anatomical details; and 
<emphasis id="B979804AFFAEBD40E2A1EF34797FFAFD" bold="true" box="[483,524,1363,1385]" pageId="3" pageNumber="12">(b3)</emphasis>
lateral view. The arrow in 
<emphasis id="B979804AFFAEBD40E054EF34784CFAFD" bold="true" box="[790,831,1363,1385]" pageId="3" pageNumber="12">(b1)</emphasis>
indicates the frontal sinus occupying the pedicle. Abbreviations: bhcs: basal horn core sinus; phdpr: post horn core depression; pboss: parietal boss; tmpc: temporal crest; tps: temporo-parietal suture; nc: nuchal crest; intpr: interparietal; and sulc: sulcus. 
<emphasis id="B979804AFFAEBD40E11BEFEA79C7FA37" bold="true" box="[601,692,1421,1443]" pageId="3" pageNumber="12">(a1)–(a3)</emphasis>
and 
<emphasis id="B979804AFFAEBD40E1A1EFEA7832FA37" bold="true" box="[739,833,1421,1443]" pageId="3" pageNumber="12">(b1)–(b3)</emphasis>
scale bar: 5 cm; 
<emphasis id="B979804AFFAEBD40E0A0EFEA7F79FA37" bold="true" box="[994,1034,1421,1443]" pageId="3" pageNumber="12">(a4)</emphasis>
and 
<emphasis id="B979804AFFAEBD40E77AEFEA7F13FA37" bold="true" box="[1080,1120,1421,1443]" pageId="3" pageNumber="12">(a5)</emphasis>
not to scale.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BB25C58FFAEBD40E3D5EC417F87F9A9" blockId="3.[124,767,1511,1916]" lastBlockId="3.[819,1462,1511,1916]" pageId="3" pageNumber="12">
˙O 3187, ˙O 3476, ˙O 3124, and ˙O 683 form a very homogeneous sample in terms of their morphology, absolute dimensions, and proportions (
<tableCitation id="C68F69E3FFAEBD40E2E1EC017A80F9E9" box="[419,499,1638,1661]" captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="5.[124,180,177,199]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Table 1. Gangraia anatolica gen. and sp. nov., from ˙orakyerler, Turkey: measurements of holotype (˙O 3187) and paratype crania (in millimetres except if marked otherwise)." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF720CD0FFA8BD46E33EEAD67972FF70" pageId="3" pageNumber="12" tableUuid="DF720CD0FFA8BD46E33EEAD67972FF70">Table 1</tableCitation>
; 
<figureCitation id="133640DDFFAEBD40E143EC017915F9E9" box="[513,614,1638,1661]" captionStart-0="Figure 1" captionStart-1="Figure 2" captionStart-2="Figure 3" captionStartId-0="2.[124,191,1440,1462]" captionStartId-1="3.[124,191,1275,1297]" captionStartId-2="4.[124,191,998,1020]" captionTargetBox-0="[229,1359,182,1406]" captionTargetBox-1="[266,1315,177,1241]" captionTargetBox-2="[226,1360,177,966]" captionTargetId-0="figure-14@2.[226,1360,177,1409]" captionTargetId-1="figure-14@3.[264,1322,177,1244]" captionTargetId-2="figure-14@4.[226,1360,177,966]" captionTargetPageId-0="2" captionTargetPageId-1="3" captionTargetPageId-2="4" captionText-0="Figure 1. Gangraia anatolica gen. and sp. nov. from ˙orakyerler, Turkey. Holotype cranium ˙O 3187 in (a) dorsal, (b) ventral, (c) caudal, (d) right lateral, and (e) frontal views. (f) Detail of the dorsal parietal surface; (g) close up of auditory bulla; (h) antero-medial view of the left horn core; and (i) ventral view of the frontals. (a)–(e) Scale bar: 5 cm; (f)–(i) not to scale. Abbreviations: stylf: stylohyal fossa; aub: auditory bulla; intpr: interparietal; pboss: parietal boss; tmpc: temporal crest; tps: temporo-parietal suture; cors: coronal suture; pstcf: postcornual fossa; orb: orbit; mfrs: median frontal sinus; lfrs: lateral frontal sinus; homts: homonymous torsion; trrdg: transverse ridges; and bhcsw: basal horn core swelling." captionText-1="Figure 2. Gangraia anatolica gen. and sp. nov., from ˙orakyerler, Turkey. Paratype cranium ˙O 3476 (a) and female frontlet ˙O 1427 (b); (1) frontal views; (2) caudal views; (a3) dorsal view; (a4) close up of the base of the left horn core in lateral view showing the single sinus occupying the pedicle and the basal horn core (arrows indicate the pedicle–horn core contact); (a5) close up of the dorsal parietal surface with marked anatomical details; and (b3) lateral view. The arrow in (b1) indicates the frontal sinus occupying the pedicle. Abbreviations: bhcs: basal horn core sinus; phdpr: post horn core depression; pboss: parietal boss; tmpc: temporal crest; tps: temporo-parietal suture; nc: nuchal crest; intpr: interparietal; and sulc: sulcus. (a1)–(a3) and (b1)–(b3) scale bar: 5 cm; (a4) and (a5) not to scale." captionText-2="Figure 3. Gangraia anatolica gen. and sp. nov., from ˙orakyerler, Turkey. Paratype cranium ˙O 3124 in (a) dorsal, (b) ventral, (c) right lateral, and (d) caudal view. Scale bar: 5 cm." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10965818" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10965820" figureDoi-2="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10965822" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/10965818/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/10965820/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/10965822/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="12">Figs. 1–3</figureCitation>
). On the other hand, the frontlet ˙O 1427 (
<figureCitation id="133640DDFFAEBD40E2EAECE17A86F909" box="[424,501,1670,1693]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="3.[124,191,1275,1297]" captionTargetBox="[266,1315,177,1241]" captionTargetId="figure-14@3.[264,1322,177,1244]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Figure 2. Gangraia anatolica gen. and sp. nov., from ˙orakyerler, Turkey. Paratype cranium ˙O 3476 (a) and female frontlet ˙O 1427 (b); (1) frontal views; (2) caudal views; (a3) dorsal view; (a4) close up of the base of the left horn core in lateral view showing the single sinus occupying the pedicle and the basal horn core (arrows indicate the pedicle–horn core contact); (a5) close up of the dorsal parietal surface with marked anatomical details; and (b3) lateral view. The arrow in (b1) indicates the frontal sinus occupying the pedicle. Abbreviations: bhcs: basal horn core sinus; phdpr: post horn core depression; pboss: parietal boss; tmpc: temporal crest; tps: temporo-parietal suture; nc: nuchal crest; intpr: interparietal; and sulc: sulcus. (a1)–(a3) and (b1)–(b3) scale bar: 5 cm; (a4) and (a5) not to scale." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10965820" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10965820/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="12">Fig. 2b</figureCitation>
) has significantly (20 %) slimmer horn cores and consequently a less broad cranium at the lateral horn core level (∼ 9 %), though the braincase width just behind the horn cores is not much narrower (
<tableCitation id="C68F69E3FFAEBD40E198EC817BC2F889" captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="5.[124,180,177,199]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Table 1. Gangraia anatolica gen. and sp. nov., from ˙orakyerler, Turkey: measurements of holotype (˙O 3187) and paratype crania (in millimetres except if marked otherwise)." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF720CD0FFA8BD46E33EEAD67972FF70" pageId="3" pageNumber="12" tableUuid="DF720CD0FFA8BD46E33EEAD67972FF70">Table 1</tableCitation>
). The morphological features of the frontal area in ˙O 1427 are also very similar to those of the 
<typeStatus id="54B6E2FAFFAEBD40E169ED4279F8F8A8" box="[555,651,1829,1852]" pageId="3" pageNumber="12" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
, but the interfrontal suture is not pinched but smoothly convex and less complicated. The great length of the horn cores prevents the possibility of a young male individual; we interpret therefore the observed differences between ˙O 1427 and the rest of the crania as representing sexual dimorphism.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB25C58FFAEBD40E00CEC217EC5F8E8" blockId="3.[819,1462,1511,1916]" pageId="3" pageNumber="12">
The braincase is short and wide (
<figureCitation id="133640DDFFAEBD40E7ECEC217E76F9C9" box="[1198,1285,1606,1629]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="2.[124,191,1440,1462]" captionTargetBox="[229,1359,182,1406]" captionTargetId="figure-14@2.[226,1360,177,1409]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Figure 1. Gangraia anatolica gen. and sp. nov. from ˙orakyerler, Turkey. Holotype cranium ˙O 3187 in (a) dorsal, (b) ventral, (c) caudal, (d) right lateral, and (e) frontal views. (f) Detail of the dorsal parietal surface; (g) close up of auditory bulla; (h) antero-medial view of the left horn core; and (i) ventral view of the frontals. (a)–(e) Scale bar: 5 cm; (f)–(i) not to scale. Abbreviations: stylf: stylohyal fossa; aub: auditory bulla; intpr: interparietal; pboss: parietal boss; tmpc: temporal crest; tps: temporo-parietal suture; cors: coronal suture; pstcf: postcornual fossa; orb: orbit; mfrs: median frontal sinus; lfrs: lateral frontal sinus; homts: homonymous torsion; trrdg: transverse ridges; and bhcsw: basal horn core swelling." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10965818" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10965818/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="12">Figs. 1a</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="133640DDFFAEBD40E653EC217E5DF9C9" box="[1297,1326,1606,1629]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="3.[124,191,1275,1297]" captionTargetBox="[266,1315,177,1241]" captionTargetId="figure-14@3.[264,1322,177,1244]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Figure 2. Gangraia anatolica gen. and sp. nov., from ˙orakyerler, Turkey. Paratype cranium ˙O 3476 (a) and female frontlet ˙O 1427 (b); (1) frontal views; (2) caudal views; (a3) dorsal view; (a4) close up of the base of the left horn core in lateral view showing the single sinus occupying the pedicle and the basal horn core (arrows indicate the pedicle–horn core contact); (a5) close up of the dorsal parietal surface with marked anatomical details; and (b3) lateral view. The arrow in (b1) indicates the frontal sinus occupying the pedicle. Abbreviations: bhcs: basal horn core sinus; phdpr: post horn core depression; pboss: parietal boss; tmpc: temporal crest; tps: temporo-parietal suture; nc: nuchal crest; intpr: interparietal; and sulc: sulcus. (a1)–(a3) and (b1)–(b3) scale bar: 5 cm; (a4) and (a5) not to scale." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10965820" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10965820/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="12">2a</figureCitation>
. 
<figureCitation id="133640DDFFAEBD40E670EC217E16F9C9" box="[1330,1381,1606,1629]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="4.[124,191,998,1020]" captionTargetBox="[226,1360,177,966]" captionTargetId="figure-14@4.[226,1360,177,966]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figure 3. Gangraia anatolica gen. and sp. nov., from ˙orakyerler, Turkey. Paratype cranium ˙O 3124 in (a) dorsal, (b) ventral, (c) right lateral, and (d) caudal view. Scale bar: 5 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10965822" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10965822/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="12">3, 3a</figureCitation>
) with a length to width ratio (length: from the junction of coronalinterfrontal sutures to inion; width: maximum braincase width) between 59 % and 62 % (
<emphasis id="B979804AFFAEBD40E7DCECC27FDFF929" box="[1182,1196,1701,1725]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="12">n</emphasis>
= 2). Placing in a horizontal position the glenoid articular surface, the basioccipital forms an angle of about 70 
<superScript id="7C78F110FFAEBD40E7C8EC817FE7F966" attach="left" box="[1162,1172,1766,1778]" fontSize="8" pageId="3" pageNumber="12">◦</superScript>
with the horizontal plane, inferring a strongly angled braincase compared to the face (
<figureCitation id="133640DDFFAEBD40E079ED4278E7F8A8" box="[827,916,1829,1852]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="2.[124,191,1440,1462]" captionTargetBox="[229,1359,182,1406]" captionTargetId="figure-14@2.[226,1360,177,1409]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Figure 1. Gangraia anatolica gen. and sp. nov. from ˙orakyerler, Turkey. Holotype cranium ˙O 3187 in (a) dorsal, (b) ventral, (c) caudal, (d) right lateral, and (e) frontal views. (f) Detail of the dorsal parietal surface; (g) close up of auditory bulla; (h) antero-medial view of the left horn core; and (i) ventral view of the frontals. (a)–(e) Scale bar: 5 cm; (f)–(i) not to scale. Abbreviations: stylf: stylohyal fossa; aub: auditory bulla; intpr: interparietal; pboss: parietal boss; tmpc: temporal crest; tps: temporo-parietal suture; cors: coronal suture; pstcf: postcornual fossa; orb: orbit; mfrs: median frontal sinus; lfrs: lateral frontal sinus; homts: homonymous torsion; trrdg: transverse ridges; and bhcsw: basal horn core swelling." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10965818" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10965818/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="12">Figs. 1d</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="133640DDFFAEBD40E0E3ED4278CEF8A8" box="[929,957,1829,1852]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="4.[124,191,998,1020]" captionTargetBox="[226,1360,177,966]" captionTargetId="figure-14@4.[226,1360,177,966]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figure 3. Gangraia anatolica gen. and sp. nov., from ˙orakyerler, Turkey. Paratype cranium ˙O 3124 in (a) dorsal, (b) ventral, (c) right lateral, and (d) caudal view. Scale bar: 5 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10965822" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10965822/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="12">3c</figureCitation>
). The dorsal braincase plane forms an angle of 115 
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(in ˙O 3187) to 125 
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(in ˙O 3476) with the occipital plane. The temporal crests are weak but visible (
<figureCitation id="133640DDFFAEBD40E603ED027EC5F8E8" box="[1345,1462,1893,1916]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="2.[124,191,1440,1462]" captionTargetBox="[229,1359,182,1406]" captionTargetId="figure-14@2.[226,1360,177,1409]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Figure 1. Gangraia anatolica gen. and sp. nov. from ˙orakyerler, Turkey. Holotype cranium ˙O 3187 in (a) dorsal, (b) ventral, (c) caudal, (d) right lateral, and (e) frontal views. (f) Detail of the dorsal parietal surface; (g) close up of auditory bulla; (h) antero-medial view of the left horn core; and (i) ventral view of the frontals. (a)–(e) Scale bar: 5 cm; (f)–(i) not to scale. Abbreviations: stylf: stylohyal fossa; aub: auditory bulla; intpr: interparietal; pboss: parietal boss; tmpc: temporal crest; tps: temporo-parietal suture; cors: coronal suture; pstcf: postcornual fossa; orb: orbit; mfrs: median frontal sinus; lfrs: lateral frontal sinus; homts: homonymous torsion; trrdg: transverse ridges; and bhcsw: basal horn core swelling." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10965818" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10965818/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="12">Figs. 1a, f,</figureCitation>
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF720CD0FFA9BD47E33EE9817956FB8D" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10965822" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10965822" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10965822/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="13" startId="4.[124,191,998,1020]" targetBox="[226,1360,177,966]" targetPageId="4" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="8BB25C58FFA9BD47E33EE9817956FB8D" blockId="4.[124,1462,998,1049]" pageId="4" pageNumber="13">
<emphasis id="B979804AFFA9BD47E33EE9817BAAFC68" bold="true" box="[124,217,998,1020]" pageId="4" pageNumber="13">Figure 3.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C0D27DBFFA9BD47E3A2E9817AEDFC6F" authority="Kostopoulos &amp; Erol &amp; Yavuz &amp; Mayda, 2021" authorityName="Kostopoulos &amp; Erol &amp; Yavuz &amp; Mayda" authorityYear="2021" box="[224,414,998,1019]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Gangraia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="4" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="anatolica" status="gen. and sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B979804AFFA9BD47E3A2E9817AEDFC6F" box="[224,414,998,1019]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="13">Gangraia anatolica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A24A3D31FFA9BD47E2E4E980793DFC68" box="[422,590,999,1020]" pageId="4" pageNumber="13" rank="species">gen. and sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
, from ˙orakyerler, Turkey. Paratype cranium ˙O 3124 in 
<emphasis id="B979804AFFA9BD47E7C5E9817FD0FC68" bold="true" box="[1159,1187,998,1020]" pageId="4" pageNumber="13">(a)</emphasis>
dorsal, 
<emphasis id="B979804AFFA9BD47E7B0E9817E7CFC68" bold="true" box="[1266,1295,998,1020]" pageId="4" pageNumber="13">(b)</emphasis>
ventral, 
<emphasis id="B979804AFFA9BD47E625E9817EF2FC68" bold="true" box="[1383,1409,998,1020]" pageId="4" pageNumber="13">(c)</emphasis>
right lateral, and 
<emphasis id="B979804AFFA9BD47E3AEEE647A7AFB8D" bold="true" box="[236,265,1027,1049]" pageId="4" pageNumber="13">(d)</emphasis>
caudal view. Scale bar: 5 cm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BB25C58FFA9BD47E33EEE3C791FFB66" blockId="4.[124,767,1115,1903]" pageId="4" pageNumber="13">
2a.3, a.5); they are wide-apart and run parallel to each other on the dorsal surface of the braincase till the interparietal which is transversally elongated and rather narrow (
<figureCitation id="133640DDFFA9BD47E1E7EEFC798AFB26" box="[677,761,1179,1202]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="2.[124,191,1440,1462]" captionTargetBox="[229,1359,182,1406]" captionTargetId="figure-14@2.[226,1360,177,1409]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Figure 1. Gangraia anatolica gen. and sp. nov. from ˙orakyerler, Turkey. Holotype cranium ˙O 3187 in (a) dorsal, (b) ventral, (c) caudal, (d) right lateral, and (e) frontal views. (f) Detail of the dorsal parietal surface; (g) close up of auditory bulla; (h) antero-medial view of the left horn core; and (i) ventral view of the frontals. (a)–(e) Scale bar: 5 cm; (f)–(i) not to scale. Abbreviations: stylf: stylohyal fossa; aub: auditory bulla; intpr: interparietal; pboss: parietal boss; tmpc: temporal crest; tps: temporo-parietal suture; cors: coronal suture; pstcf: postcornual fossa; orb: orbit; mfrs: median frontal sinus; lfrs: lateral frontal sinus; homts: homonymous torsion; trrdg: transverse ridges; and bhcsw: basal horn core swelling." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10965818" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10965818/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="13">Figs. 1f</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="133640DDFFA9BD47E33EEEDC7BE9FB46" box="[124,154,1211,1234]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="3.[124,191,1275,1297]" captionTargetBox="[266,1315,177,1241]" captionTargetId="figure-14@3.[264,1322,177,1244]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Figure 2. Gangraia anatolica gen. and sp. nov., from ˙orakyerler, Turkey. Paratype cranium ˙O 3476 (a) and female frontlet ˙O 1427 (b); (1) frontal views; (2) caudal views; (a3) dorsal view; (a4) close up of the base of the left horn core in lateral view showing the single sinus occupying the pedicle and the basal horn core (arrows indicate the pedicle–horn core contact); (a5) close up of the dorsal parietal surface with marked anatomical details; and (b3) lateral view. The arrow in (b1) indicates the frontal sinus occupying the pedicle. Abbreviations: bhcs: basal horn core sinus; phdpr: post horn core depression; pboss: parietal boss; tmpc: temporal crest; tps: temporo-parietal suture; nc: nuchal crest; intpr: interparietal; and sulc: sulcus. (a1)–(a3) and (b1)–(b3) scale bar: 5 cm; (a4) and (a5) not to scale." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10965820" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10965820/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="13">2a</figureCitation>
.5). A distinct large parietal boss occurs behind the coronal suture (˙O 3124, 3476; 
<figureCitation id="133640DDFFA9BD47E23CEEBC7AA3FB66" box="[382,464,1243,1266]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="2.[124,191,1440,1462]" captionTargetBox="[229,1359,182,1406]" captionTargetId="figure-14@2.[226,1360,177,1409]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Figure 1. Gangraia anatolica gen. and sp. nov. from ˙orakyerler, Turkey. Holotype cranium ˙O 3187 in (a) dorsal, (b) ventral, (c) caudal, (d) right lateral, and (e) frontal views. (f) Detail of the dorsal parietal surface; (g) close up of auditory bulla; (h) antero-medial view of the left horn core; and (i) ventral view of the frontals. (a)–(e) Scale bar: 5 cm; (f)–(i) not to scale. Abbreviations: stylf: stylohyal fossa; aub: auditory bulla; intpr: interparietal; pboss: parietal boss; tmpc: temporal crest; tps: temporo-parietal suture; cors: coronal suture; pstcf: postcornual fossa; orb: orbit; mfrs: median frontal sinus; lfrs: lateral frontal sinus; homts: homonymous torsion; trrdg: transverse ridges; and bhcsw: basal horn core swelling." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10965818" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10965818/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="13">Figs. 1f</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="133640DDFFA9BD47E29EEEBC7A8AFB66" box="[476,505,1243,1266]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="3.[124,191,1275,1297]" captionTargetBox="[266,1315,177,1241]" captionTargetId="figure-14@3.[264,1322,177,1244]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Figure 2. Gangraia anatolica gen. and sp. nov., from ˙orakyerler, Turkey. Paratype cranium ˙O 3476 (a) and female frontlet ˙O 1427 (b); (1) frontal views; (2) caudal views; (a3) dorsal view; (a4) close up of the base of the left horn core in lateral view showing the single sinus occupying the pedicle and the basal horn core (arrows indicate the pedicle–horn core contact); (a5) close up of the dorsal parietal surface with marked anatomical details; and (b3) lateral view. The arrow in (b1) indicates the frontal sinus occupying the pedicle. Abbreviations: bhcs: basal horn core sinus; phdpr: post horn core depression; pboss: parietal boss; tmpc: temporal crest; tps: temporo-parietal suture; nc: nuchal crest; intpr: interparietal; and sulc: sulcus. (a1)–(a3) and (b1)–(b3) scale bar: 5 cm; (a4) and (a5) not to scale." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10965820" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10965820/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="13">2a</figureCitation>
. 
<figureCitation id="133640DDFFA9BD47E2BFEEBC7979FB66" box="[509,522,1243,1266]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="4.[124,191,998,1020]" captionTargetBox="[226,1360,177,966]" captionTargetId="figure-14@4.[226,1360,177,966]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figure 3. Gangraia anatolica gen. and sp. nov., from ˙orakyerler, Turkey. Paratype cranium ˙O 3124 in (a) dorsal, (b) ventral, (c) right lateral, and (d) caudal view. Scale bar: 5 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10965822" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10965822/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="13">3</figureCitation>
, a.5, 3a).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB25C58FFA9BD47E3D5EE9C7E2BFAC5" blockId="4.[124,767,1115,1903]" lastBlockId="4.[819,1462,1115,1903]" pageId="4" pageNumber="13">
The occipital condyles with the occipital plane form a ∼ 100 
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angle (upper) and are directed caudally. The occipital faces dorso-caudally and has a semi-circular contour defined dorsally by a moderate to strong nuchal crest (
<figureCitation id="133640DDFFA9BD47E1E1EF3D798AFAE5" box="[675,761,1370,1393]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="2.[124,191,1440,1462]" captionTargetBox="[229,1359,182,1406]" captionTargetId="figure-14@2.[226,1360,177,1409]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Figure 1. Gangraia anatolica gen. and sp. nov. from ˙orakyerler, Turkey. Holotype cranium ˙O 3187 in (a) dorsal, (b) ventral, (c) caudal, (d) right lateral, and (e) frontal views. (f) Detail of the dorsal parietal surface; (g) close up of auditory bulla; (h) antero-medial view of the left horn core; and (i) ventral view of the frontals. (a)–(e) Scale bar: 5 cm; (f)–(i) not to scale. Abbreviations: stylf: stylohyal fossa; aub: auditory bulla; intpr: interparietal; pboss: parietal boss; tmpc: temporal crest; tps: temporo-parietal suture; cors: coronal suture; pstcf: postcornual fossa; orb: orbit; mfrs: median frontal sinus; lfrs: lateral frontal sinus; homts: homonymous torsion; trrdg: transverse ridges; and bhcsw: basal horn core swelling." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10965818" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10965818/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="13">Figs. 1c</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="133640DDFFA9BD47E33EEF1D7BD8FA05" box="[124,171,1402,1425]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="3.[124,191,1275,1297]" captionTargetBox="[266,1315,177,1241]" captionTargetId="figure-14@3.[264,1322,177,1244]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Figure 2. Gangraia anatolica gen. and sp. nov., from ˙orakyerler, Turkey. Paratype cranium ˙O 3476 (a) and female frontlet ˙O 1427 (b); (1) frontal views; (2) caudal views; (a3) dorsal view; (a4) close up of the base of the left horn core in lateral view showing the single sinus occupying the pedicle and the basal horn core (arrows indicate the pedicle–horn core contact); (a5) close up of the dorsal parietal surface with marked anatomical details; and (b3) lateral view. The arrow in (b1) indicates the frontal sinus occupying the pedicle. Abbreviations: bhcs: basal horn core sinus; phdpr: post horn core depression; pboss: parietal boss; tmpc: temporal crest; tps: temporo-parietal suture; nc: nuchal crest; intpr: interparietal; and sulc: sulcus. (a1)–(a3) and (b1)–(b3) scale bar: 5 cm; (a4) and (a5) not to scale." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10965820" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10965820/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="13">2a.2</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="133640DDFFA9BD47E3FBEF1D7BA4FA05" box="[185,215,1402,1425]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="4.[124,191,998,1020]" captionTargetBox="[226,1360,177,966]" captionTargetId="figure-14@4.[226,1360,177,966]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figure 3. Gangraia anatolica gen. and sp. nov., from ˙orakyerler, Turkey. Paratype cranium ˙O 3124 in (a) dorsal, (b) ventral, (c) right lateral, and (d) caudal view. Scale bar: 5 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10965822" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10965822/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="13">3d</figureCitation>
). The occipital protuberance is weak to moderate, and the mid-occipital crest is slight pinched, surrounded by two well-defined ligament depressions (less deep in ˙O 3187 than in ˙O 3476, in which the occipital relief is much more intense and the occiput projects caudally compared to the main occipital level; 
<figureCitation id="133640DDFFA9BD47E224EC7D7ACCF9A5" box="[358,447,1562,1585]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="2.[124,191,1440,1462]" captionTargetBox="[229,1359,182,1406]" captionTargetId="figure-14@2.[226,1360,177,1409]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Figure 1. Gangraia anatolica gen. and sp. nov. from ˙orakyerler, Turkey. Holotype cranium ˙O 3187 in (a) dorsal, (b) ventral, (c) caudal, (d) right lateral, and (e) frontal views. (f) Detail of the dorsal parietal surface; (g) close up of auditory bulla; (h) antero-medial view of the left horn core; and (i) ventral view of the frontals. (a)–(e) Scale bar: 5 cm; (f)–(i) not to scale. Abbreviations: stylf: stylohyal fossa; aub: auditory bulla; intpr: interparietal; pboss: parietal boss; tmpc: temporal crest; tps: temporo-parietal suture; cors: coronal suture; pstcf: postcornual fossa; orb: orbit; mfrs: median frontal sinus; lfrs: lateral frontal sinus; homts: homonymous torsion; trrdg: transverse ridges; and bhcsw: basal horn core swelling." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10965818" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10965818/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="13">Figs. 1c</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="133640DDFFA9BD47E28DEC7D7A8CF9A5" box="[463,511,1562,1585]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="3.[124,191,1275,1297]" captionTargetBox="[266,1315,177,1241]" captionTargetId="figure-14@3.[264,1322,177,1244]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Figure 2. Gangraia anatolica gen. and sp. nov., from ˙orakyerler, Turkey. Paratype cranium ˙O 3476 (a) and female frontlet ˙O 1427 (b); (1) frontal views; (2) caudal views; (a3) dorsal view; (a4) close up of the base of the left horn core in lateral view showing the single sinus occupying the pedicle and the basal horn core (arrows indicate the pedicle–horn core contact); (a5) close up of the dorsal parietal surface with marked anatomical details; and (b3) lateral view. The arrow in (b1) indicates the frontal sinus occupying the pedicle. Abbreviations: bhcs: basal horn core sinus; phdpr: post horn core depression; pboss: parietal boss; tmpc: temporal crest; tps: temporo-parietal suture; nc: nuchal crest; intpr: interparietal; and sulc: sulcus. (a1)–(a3) and (b1)–(b3) scale bar: 5 cm; (a4) and (a5) not to scale." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10965820" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10965820/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="13">2a.2</figureCitation>
). The paroccipital processes are compressed, broad at their bases (22.5 mm in ˙O 3187 and 29.3 mm in ˙O 3476), fast tapering and curving caudo-ventrally, and overpassing the ventral condyle level. The auditory bulla (
<emphasis id="B979804AFFA9BD47E21AECFE7A19F925" box="[344,362,1689,1713]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="13">L</emphasis>
: 
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; TD: 21.4 mm; ˙O 3187) is long, narrow, and slightly curved rostrocaudally, associated with a large stylohyal fossa (
<figureCitation id="133640DDFFA9BD47E2FDECBE7963F964" box="[447,528,1753,1776]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="2.[124,191,1440,1462]" captionTargetBox="[229,1359,182,1406]" captionTargetId="figure-14@2.[226,1360,177,1409]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Figure 1. Gangraia anatolica gen. and sp. nov. from ˙orakyerler, Turkey. Holotype cranium ˙O 3187 in (a) dorsal, (b) ventral, (c) caudal, (d) right lateral, and (e) frontal views. (f) Detail of the dorsal parietal surface; (g) close up of auditory bulla; (h) antero-medial view of the left horn core; and (i) ventral view of the frontals. (a)–(e) Scale bar: 5 cm; (f)–(i) not to scale. Abbreviations: stylf: stylohyal fossa; aub: auditory bulla; intpr: interparietal; pboss: parietal boss; tmpc: temporal crest; tps: temporo-parietal suture; cors: coronal suture; pstcf: postcornual fossa; orb: orbit; mfrs: median frontal sinus; lfrs: lateral frontal sinus; homts: homonymous torsion; trrdg: transverse ridges; and bhcsw: basal horn core swelling." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10965818" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10965818/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="13">
Fig. 
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). The basioccipital is weakly angled on the basisphenoid (∼ 160 
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; ˙O 3476). It is short, quadrangular to square in shape, and grooved with very strong anterior tuberosities, the latter extending significantly rostrally (
<figureCitation id="133640DDFFA9BD47E274ED3F7AFCF8FB" box="[310,399,1880,1903]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="2.[124,191,1440,1462]" captionTargetBox="[229,1359,182,1406]" captionTargetId="figure-14@2.[226,1360,177,1409]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Figure 1. Gangraia anatolica gen. and sp. nov. from ˙orakyerler, Turkey. Holotype cranium ˙O 3187 in (a) dorsal, (b) ventral, (c) caudal, (d) right lateral, and (e) frontal views. (f) Detail of the dorsal parietal surface; (g) close up of auditory bulla; (h) antero-medial view of the left horn core; and (i) ventral view of the frontals. (a)–(e) Scale bar: 5 cm; (f)–(i) not to scale. Abbreviations: stylf: stylohyal fossa; aub: auditory bulla; intpr: interparietal; pboss: parietal boss; tmpc: temporal crest; tps: temporo-parietal suture; cors: coronal suture; pstcf: postcornual fossa; orb: orbit; mfrs: median frontal sinus; lfrs: lateral frontal sinus; homts: homonymous torsion; trrdg: transverse ridges; and bhcsw: basal horn core swelling." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10965818" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10965818/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="13">Figs. 1b</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="133640DDFFA9BD47E2DFED3F7AC8F8FB" box="[413,443,1880,1903]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="4.[124,191,998,1020]" captionTargetBox="[226,1360,177,966]" captionTargetId="figure-14@4.[226,1360,177,966]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figure 3. Gangraia anatolica gen. and sp. nov., from ˙orakyerler, Turkey. Paratype cranium ˙O 3124 in (a) dorsal, (b) ventral, (c) right lateral, and (d) caudal view. Scale bar: 5 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10965822" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10965822/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="13">3b</figureCitation>
). The foramen oval is moderately large (
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× 
<quantity id="4CF5F1BDFFA9BD47E754EE3C7F23FBE6" box="[1046,1104,1115,1138]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.0" pageId="4" pageNumber="13" unit="mm" value="6.0">6 mm</quantity>
in ˙O 3187), opens at the level of the anterior tuberosities of the basioccipital, and faces mostly ventrally. The mastoids are relatively small and face mostly laterally (
<figureCitation id="133640DDFFA9BD47E0DFEEDC7883FB46" box="[925,1008,1211,1234]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="2.[124,191,1440,1462]" captionTargetBox="[229,1359,182,1406]" captionTargetId="figure-14@2.[226,1360,177,1409]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Figure 1. Gangraia anatolica gen. and sp. nov. from ˙orakyerler, Turkey. Holotype cranium ˙O 3187 in (a) dorsal, (b) ventral, (c) caudal, (d) right lateral, and (e) frontal views. (f) Detail of the dorsal parietal surface; (g) close up of auditory bulla; (h) antero-medial view of the left horn core; and (i) ventral view of the frontals. (a)–(e) Scale bar: 5 cm; (f)–(i) not to scale. Abbreviations: stylf: stylohyal fossa; aub: auditory bulla; intpr: interparietal; pboss: parietal boss; tmpc: temporal crest; tps: temporo-parietal suture; cors: coronal suture; pstcf: postcornual fossa; orb: orbit; mfrs: median frontal sinus; lfrs: lateral frontal sinus; homts: homonymous torsion; trrdg: transverse ridges; and bhcsw: basal horn core swelling." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10965818" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10965818/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="13">Fig. 1d</figureCitation>
). The temporo-parietal suture is directed obliquely upwards till the interparietal, and it is raised, defining with the nuchal crest a markedly depressed area (sulcus) at the latero-caudal part of the braincase for the temporal musculature (˙O 3187, 3124, 3474; 
<figureCitation id="133640DDFFA9BD47E7FAEF5D7E7CFAC5" box="[1208,1295,1338,1361]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="2.[124,191,1440,1462]" captionTargetBox="[229,1359,182,1406]" captionTargetId="figure-14@2.[226,1360,177,1409]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Figure 1. Gangraia anatolica gen. and sp. nov. from ˙orakyerler, Turkey. Holotype cranium ˙O 3187 in (a) dorsal, (b) ventral, (c) caudal, (d) right lateral, and (e) frontal views. (f) Detail of the dorsal parietal surface; (g) close up of auditory bulla; (h) antero-medial view of the left horn core; and (i) ventral view of the frontals. (a)–(e) Scale bar: 5 cm; (f)–(i) not to scale. Abbreviations: stylf: stylohyal fossa; aub: auditory bulla; intpr: interparietal; pboss: parietal boss; tmpc: temporal crest; tps: temporo-parietal suture; cors: coronal suture; pstcf: postcornual fossa; orb: orbit; mfrs: median frontal sinus; lfrs: lateral frontal sinus; homts: homonymous torsion; trrdg: transverse ridges; and bhcsw: basal horn core swelling." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10965818" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10965818/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="13">Figs. 1d</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="133640DDFFA9BD47E659EF5D7E4AFAC5" box="[1307,1337,1338,1361]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="3.[124,191,1275,1297]" captionTargetBox="[266,1315,177,1241]" captionTargetId="figure-14@3.[264,1322,177,1244]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Figure 2. Gangraia anatolica gen. and sp. nov., from ˙orakyerler, Turkey. Paratype cranium ˙O 3476 (a) and female frontlet ˙O 1427 (b); (1) frontal views; (2) caudal views; (a3) dorsal view; (a4) close up of the base of the left horn core in lateral view showing the single sinus occupying the pedicle and the basal horn core (arrows indicate the pedicle–horn core contact); (a5) close up of the dorsal parietal surface with marked anatomical details; and (b3) lateral view. The arrow in (b1) indicates the frontal sinus occupying the pedicle. Abbreviations: bhcs: basal horn core sinus; phdpr: post horn core depression; pboss: parietal boss; tmpc: temporal crest; tps: temporo-parietal suture; nc: nuchal crest; intpr: interparietal; and sulc: sulcus. (a1)–(a3) and (b1)–(b3) scale bar: 5 cm; (a4) and (a5) not to scale." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10965820" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10965820/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="13">2a</figureCitation>
.5).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB25C58FFA9BD46E00CEF3D7909FBE6" blockId="4.[819,1462,1115,1903]" lastBlockId="5.[124,767,796,1903]" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="14" pageId="4" pageNumber="13">
The orbital rims protrude significantly laterally (
<figureCitation id="133640DDFFA9BD47E618EF3D7ED4FAE5" box="[1370,1447,1370,1393]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="2.[124,191,1440,1462]" captionTargetBox="[229,1359,182,1406]" captionTargetId="figure-14@2.[226,1360,177,1409]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Figure 1. Gangraia anatolica gen. and sp. nov. from ˙orakyerler, Turkey. Holotype cranium ˙O 3187 in (a) dorsal, (b) ventral, (c) caudal, (d) right lateral, and (e) frontal views. (f) Detail of the dorsal parietal surface; (g) close up of auditory bulla; (h) antero-medial view of the left horn core; and (i) ventral view of the frontals. (a)–(e) Scale bar: 5 cm; (f)–(i) not to scale. Abbreviations: stylf: stylohyal fossa; aub: auditory bulla; intpr: interparietal; pboss: parietal boss; tmpc: temporal crest; tps: temporo-parietal suture; cors: coronal suture; pstcf: postcornual fossa; orb: orbit; mfrs: median frontal sinus; lfrs: lateral frontal sinus; homts: homonymous torsion; trrdg: transverse ridges; and bhcsw: basal horn core swelling." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10965818" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10965818/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="13">Fig. 1e</figureCitation>
). The orbits are rather small compared to the cranium size (APD: 
<quantity id="4CF5F1BDFFA9BD47E0C4EFFD78BDFA25" box="[902,974,1434,1457]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.5" pageId="4" pageNumber="13" unit="mm" value="35.0">35 mm</quantity>
in ˙O 3124) and rounded (
<figureCitation id="133640DDFFA9BD47E65CEFFD7E01FA25" box="[1310,1394,1434,1457]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="4.[124,191,998,1020]" captionTargetBox="[226,1360,177,966]" captionTargetId="figure-14@4.[226,1360,177,966]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figure 3. Gangraia anatolica gen. and sp. nov., from ˙orakyerler, Turkey. Paratype cranium ˙O 3124 in (a) dorsal, (b) ventral, (c) right lateral, and (d) caudal view. Scale bar: 5 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10965822" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10965822/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="13">Fig. 3c</figureCitation>
). The frontals are significantly angled in sagittal profile (110– 130 
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). The frontal area between the orbits is extensively pneumatized: in each half, a medial sinus (TD: 16.8 mm; 
<emphasis id="B979804AFFA9BD47E071EC7E783BF9A5" box="[819,840,1561,1585]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="13">H</emphasis>
: 14.5 mm) is associated with a larger lateral one (TD: 19.0 mm; 
<emphasis id="B979804AFFA9BD47E0E2EC5E78C6F9C5" box="[928,949,1593,1617]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="13">H</emphasis>
: 25.8 mm) (
<figureCitation id="133640DDFFA9BD47E77DEC5E7FFBF9C4" box="[1087,1160,1593,1616]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="2.[124,191,1440,1462]" captionTargetBox="[229,1359,182,1406]" captionTargetId="figure-14@2.[226,1360,177,1409]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Figure 1. Gangraia anatolica gen. and sp. nov. from ˙orakyerler, Turkey. Holotype cranium ˙O 3187 in (a) dorsal, (b) ventral, (c) caudal, (d) right lateral, and (e) frontal views. (f) Detail of the dorsal parietal surface; (g) close up of auditory bulla; (h) antero-medial view of the left horn core; and (i) ventral view of the frontals. (a)–(e) Scale bar: 5 cm; (f)–(i) not to scale. Abbreviations: stylf: stylohyal fossa; aub: auditory bulla; intpr: interparietal; pboss: parietal boss; tmpc: temporal crest; tps: temporo-parietal suture; cors: coronal suture; pstcf: postcornual fossa; orb: orbit; mfrs: median frontal sinus; lfrs: lateral frontal sinus; homts: homonymous torsion; trrdg: transverse ridges; and bhcsw: basal horn core swelling." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10965818" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10965818/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="13">Fig. 1i</figureCitation>
). This lateral sinus is separated by a thin septum from a single large sinus occupying the rest of the pedicle and the base of the horn core, as is clearly seen in ˙O 3476 and ˙O 1427 (
<figureCitation id="133640DDFFA9BD47E7A7ECFE7E47F924" box="[1253,1332,1689,1712]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="3.[124,191,1275,1297]" captionTargetBox="[266,1315,177,1241]" captionTargetId="figure-14@3.[264,1322,177,1244]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Figure 2. Gangraia anatolica gen. and sp. nov., from ˙orakyerler, Turkey. Paratype cranium ˙O 3476 (a) and female frontlet ˙O 1427 (b); (1) frontal views; (2) caudal views; (a3) dorsal view; (a4) close up of the base of the left horn core in lateral view showing the single sinus occupying the pedicle and the basal horn core (arrows indicate the pedicle–horn core contact); (a5) close up of the dorsal parietal surface with marked anatomical details; and (b3) lateral view. The arrow in (b1) indicates the frontal sinus occupying the pedicle. Abbreviations: bhcs: basal horn core sinus; phdpr: post horn core depression; pboss: parietal boss; tmpc: temporal crest; tps: temporo-parietal suture; nc: nuchal crest; intpr: interparietal; and sulc: sulcus. (a1)–(a3) and (b1)–(b3) scale bar: 5 cm; (a4) and (a5) not to scale." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10965820" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10965820/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="13">Fig. 2a</figureCitation>
.4, b.1). The interfrontal suture is tightly zigzag in shape (simpler in ˙O 1427); it is slightly raised at the caudal part and in front of the horn cores and appears much more pinched in the specimen ˙O 3476 (
<figureCitation id="133640DDFFA9BD47E0A0ED7E7F4AF8A4" box="[994,1081,1817,1840]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="2.[124,191,1440,1462]" captionTargetBox="[229,1359,182,1406]" captionTargetId="figure-14@2.[226,1360,177,1409]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Figure 1. Gangraia anatolica gen. and sp. nov. from ˙orakyerler, Turkey. Holotype cranium ˙O 3187 in (a) dorsal, (b) ventral, (c) caudal, (d) right lateral, and (e) frontal views. (f) Detail of the dorsal parietal surface; (g) close up of auditory bulla; (h) antero-medial view of the left horn core; and (i) ventral view of the frontals. (a)–(e) Scale bar: 5 cm; (f)–(i) not to scale. Abbreviations: stylf: stylohyal fossa; aub: auditory bulla; intpr: interparietal; pboss: parietal boss; tmpc: temporal crest; tps: temporo-parietal suture; cors: coronal suture; pstcf: postcornual fossa; orb: orbit; mfrs: median frontal sinus; lfrs: lateral frontal sinus; homts: homonymous torsion; trrdg: transverse ridges; and bhcsw: basal horn core swelling." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10965818" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10965818/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="13">Figs. 1e</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="133640DDFFA9BD47E705ED7E7F10F8A4" box="[1095,1123,1817,1840]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="3.[124,191,1275,1297]" captionTargetBox="[266,1315,177,1241]" captionTargetId="figure-14@3.[264,1322,177,1244]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Figure 2. Gangraia anatolica gen. and sp. nov., from ˙orakyerler, Turkey. Paratype cranium ˙O 3476 (a) and female frontlet ˙O 1427 (b); (1) frontal views; (2) caudal views; (a3) dorsal view; (a4) close up of the base of the left horn core in lateral view showing the single sinus occupying the pedicle and the basal horn core (arrows indicate the pedicle–horn core contact); (a5) close up of the dorsal parietal surface with marked anatomical details; and (b3) lateral view. The arrow in (b1) indicates the frontal sinus occupying the pedicle. Abbreviations: bhcs: basal horn core sinus; phdpr: post horn core depression; pboss: parietal boss; tmpc: temporal crest; tps: temporo-parietal suture; nc: nuchal crest; intpr: interparietal; and sulc: sulcus. (a1)–(a3) and (b1)–(b3) scale bar: 5 cm; (a4) and (a5) not to scale." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10965820" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10965820/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="13">2a</figureCitation>
.5) than in the rest of the examined crania. The fronto-parietal (coronal) suture passes directly behind the pedicles, and it is slightly curved with a medial indentation toward the frontals (
<figureCitation id="133640DDFFA8BD46E172E97B79F4FCA7" box="[560,647,796,819]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="2.[124,191,1440,1462]" captionTargetBox="[229,1359,182,1406]" captionTargetId="figure-14@2.[226,1360,177,1409]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Figure 1. Gangraia anatolica gen. and sp. nov. from ˙orakyerler, Turkey. Holotype cranium ˙O 3187 in (a) dorsal, (b) ventral, (c) caudal, (d) right lateral, and (e) frontal views. (f) Detail of the dorsal parietal surface; (g) close up of auditory bulla; (h) antero-medial view of the left horn core; and (i) ventral view of the frontals. (a)–(e) Scale bar: 5 cm; (f)–(i) not to scale. Abbreviations: stylf: stylohyal fossa; aub: auditory bulla; intpr: interparietal; pboss: parietal boss; tmpc: temporal crest; tps: temporo-parietal suture; cors: coronal suture; pstcf: postcornual fossa; orb: orbit; mfrs: median frontal sinus; lfrs: lateral frontal sinus; homts: homonymous torsion; trrdg: transverse ridges; and bhcsw: basal horn core swelling." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10965818" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10965818/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="14">Figs. 1f</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="133640DDFFA8BD46E1D5E97B79C7FCA7" box="[663,692,796,819]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="3.[124,191,1275,1297]" captionTargetBox="[266,1315,177,1241]" captionTargetId="figure-14@3.[264,1322,177,1244]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Figure 2. Gangraia anatolica gen. and sp. nov., from ˙orakyerler, Turkey. Paratype cranium ˙O 3476 (a) and female frontlet ˙O 1427 (b); (1) frontal views; (2) caudal views; (a3) dorsal view; (a4) close up of the base of the left horn core in lateral view showing the single sinus occupying the pedicle and the basal horn core (arrows indicate the pedicle–horn core contact); (a5) close up of the dorsal parietal surface with marked anatomical details; and (b3) lateral view. The arrow in (b1) indicates the frontal sinus occupying the pedicle. Abbreviations: bhcs: basal horn core sinus; phdpr: post horn core depression; pboss: parietal boss; tmpc: temporal crest; tps: temporo-parietal suture; nc: nuchal crest; intpr: interparietal; and sulc: sulcus. (a1)–(a3) and (b1)–(b3) scale bar: 5 cm; (a4) and (a5) not to scale." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10965820" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10965820/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="14">2a</figureCitation>
.5); the two frontal subsectors defined by the coronal and the interfrontal suture appear weakly (˙O 3187, ˙O 683) to strongly (˙O 3476) depressed (
<figureCitation id="133640DDFFA8BD46E232E91B7AB3FC07" box="[368,448,892,915]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="3.[124,191,1275,1297]" captionTargetBox="[266,1315,177,1241]" captionTargetId="figure-14@3.[264,1322,177,1244]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Figure 2. Gangraia anatolica gen. and sp. nov., from ˙orakyerler, Turkey. Paratype cranium ˙O 3476 (a) and female frontlet ˙O 1427 (b); (1) frontal views; (2) caudal views; (a3) dorsal view; (a4) close up of the base of the left horn core in lateral view showing the single sinus occupying the pedicle and the basal horn core (arrows indicate the pedicle–horn core contact); (a5) close up of the dorsal parietal surface with marked anatomical details; and (b3) lateral view. The arrow in (b1) indicates the frontal sinus occupying the pedicle. Abbreviations: bhcs: basal horn core sinus; phdpr: post horn core depression; pboss: parietal boss; tmpc: temporal crest; tps: temporo-parietal suture; nc: nuchal crest; intpr: interparietal; and sulc: sulcus. (a1)–(a3) and (b1)–(b3) scale bar: 5 cm; (a4) and (a5) not to scale." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10965820" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10965820/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="14">Fig. 2a</figureCitation>
.5). The supraorbital foramina are very small, not sunken into pits, and widely apart from each other (∼ 
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). They extend rostrally on the frontals by weak furrows. A large (
<emphasis id="B979804AFFA8BD46E2EFE9BC7AB1FC67" box="[429,450,987,1011]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="14">H</emphasis>
: 
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; TD: 
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in ˙O 3476) but very shallow postcornual groove is located below the horn core base (detected also on the right side of ˙O 3124 and ˙O 683; in most other specimens, it is barely or not recognized due to post-burial alterations) (
<figureCitation id="133640DDFFA8BD46E15CEE3C791EFBE6" box="[542,621,1115,1138]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="2.[124,191,1440,1462]" captionTargetBox="[229,1359,182,1406]" captionTargetId="figure-14@2.[226,1360,177,1409]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Figure 1. Gangraia anatolica gen. and sp. nov. from ˙orakyerler, Turkey. Holotype cranium ˙O 3187 in (a) dorsal, (b) ventral, (c) caudal, (d) right lateral, and (e) frontal views. (f) Detail of the dorsal parietal surface; (g) close up of auditory bulla; (h) antero-medial view of the left horn core; and (i) ventral view of the frontals. (a)–(e) Scale bar: 5 cm; (f)–(i) not to scale. Abbreviations: stylf: stylohyal fossa; aub: auditory bulla; intpr: interparietal; pboss: parietal boss; tmpc: temporal crest; tps: temporo-parietal suture; cors: coronal suture; pstcf: postcornual fossa; orb: orbit; mfrs: median frontal sinus; lfrs: lateral frontal sinus; homts: homonymous torsion; trrdg: transverse ridges; and bhcsw: basal horn core swelling." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10965818" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10965818/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="14">Fig. 1d</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BB25C58FFA8BD46E33EEAD67972FF70" blockId="5.[124,1462,177,228]" pageId="5" pageNumber="14">
<emphasis id="B979804AFFA8BD46E33EEAD67BBCFF53" bold="true" box="[124,207,177,199]" pageId="5" pageNumber="14">Table 1.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C0D27DBFFA8BD46E394EAD67AE6FF52" authority="Kostopoulos &amp; Erol &amp; Yavuz &amp; Mayda, 2021" authorityName="Kostopoulos &amp; Erol &amp; Yavuz &amp; Mayda" authorityYear="2021" box="[214,405,177,198]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Gangraia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="5" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="anatolica" status="gen. and sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B979804AFFA8BD46E394EAD67AE6FF52" box="[214,405,177,198]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="14">Gangraia anatolica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A24A3D31FFA8BD46E2DCEAD57934FF53" box="[414,583,178,199]" pageId="5" pageNumber="14" rank="species">gen. and sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
, from ˙orakyerler, Turkey: measurements of holotype (˙O 3187) and paratype crania (in millimetres except if marked otherwise).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BB25C58FFA8BD46E036EB697FCBFD57" pageId="5" pageNumber="14">
<table id="F90DAEF8FFA842BCE240EB697E43FD59" box="[258,1328,270,717]" gridcols="5" gridrows="15" pageId="5" pageNumber="14">
<tr id="353D5E1AFFA842BCE240EB697E43FEB7" box="[258,1328,270,291]" gridrow="0" pageId="5" pageNumber="14" rowspan-0="1">
<th id="76EC3766FFA842BCE036EB6978BFFEB7" box="[884,972,270,291]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="5" pageNumber="14">˙O 3187</th>
<th id="76EC3766FFA842BCE0A9EB697F31FEB7" box="[1003,1090,270,291]" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="5" pageNumber="14">˙O 3124</th>
<th id="76EC3766FFA842BCE720EB697FCAFEB7" box="[1122,1209,270,291]" gridcol="3" gridrow="0" pageId="5" pageNumber="14">˙O 3476</th>
<th id="76EC3766FFA842BCE79BEB697E43FEB7" box="[1241,1328,270,291]" gridcol="4" gridrow="0" pageId="5" pageNumber="14">˙O 1427</th>
</tr>
<tr id="353D5E1AFFA842BCE240EB5B7E43FEC5" box="[258,1328,316,337]" gridrow="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="14">
<th id="76EC3766FFA842BCE240EB5B7827FEC5" box="[258,852,316,337]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="14">Width of the skull at the posterolateral edges of the horn cores</th>
<td id="76EC3766FFA842BCE036EB5B78BFFEC5" box="[884,972,316,337]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="14">136.3</td>
<td id="76EC3766FFA842BCE0A9EB5B7F31FEC5" box="[1003,1090,316,337]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="14">129</td>
<td id="76EC3766FFA842BCE720EB5B7FCAFEC5" box="[1122,1209,316,337]" gridcol="3" gridrow="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="14">138</td>
<td id="76EC3766FFA842BCE79BEB5B7E43FEC5" box="[1241,1328,316,337]" gridcol="4" gridrow="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="14">122.8</td>
</tr>
<tr id="353D5E1AFFA842BCE240EB3E7E43FEFA" box="[258,1328,345,366]" gridrow="2" pageId="5" pageNumber="14">
<th id="76EC3766FFA842BCE240EB3E7827FEFA" box="[258,852,345,366]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="5" pageNumber="14">Width of the skull just behind the horn cores</th>
<td id="76EC3766FFA842BCE036EB3E78BFFEFA" box="[884,972,345,366]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="5" pageNumber="14">89.2</td>
<td id="76EC3766FFA842BCE0A9EB3E7F31FEFA" box="[1003,1090,345,366]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="5" pageNumber="14">95.3</td>
<td id="76EC3766FFA842BCE720EB3E7FCAFEFA" box="[1122,1209,345,366]" gridcol="3" gridrow="2" pageId="5" pageNumber="14">89.7</td>
<td id="76EC3766FFA842BCE79BEB3E7E43FEFA" box="[1241,1328,345,366]" gridcol="4" gridrow="2" pageId="5" pageNumber="14">89.6</td>
</tr>
<tr id="353D5E1AFFA842BCE240EB117E43FE1F" box="[258,1328,374,395]" gridrow="3" pageId="5" pageNumber="14" rowspan-3="1" rowspan-4="1">
<th id="76EC3766FFA842BCE240EB117827FE1F" box="[258,852,374,395]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="5" pageNumber="14">Bi-orbital width</th>
<td id="76EC3766FFA842BCE036EB1178BFFE1F" box="[884,972,374,395]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="5" pageNumber="14">(158)</td>
<td id="76EC3766FFA842BCE0A9EB117F31FE1F" box="[1003,1090,374,395]" gridcol="2" gridrow="3" pageId="5" pageNumber="14">158.0</td>
</tr>
<tr id="353D5E1AFFA842BCE240EBF37E43FE3D" box="[258,1328,404,425]" gridrow="4" pageId="5" pageNumber="14" rowspan-4="1">
<th id="76EC3766FFA842BCE240EBF37827FE3D" box="[258,852,404,425]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="5" pageNumber="14">Maximum width of the braincase</th>
<td id="76EC3766FFA842BCE036EBF378BFFE3D" box="[884,972,404,425]" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="5" pageNumber="14">98.8</td>
<td id="76EC3766FFA842BCE0A9EBF37F31FE3D" box="[1003,1090,404,425]" gridcol="2" gridrow="4" pageId="5" pageNumber="14">(89)</td>
<td id="76EC3766FFA842BCE720EBF37FCAFE3D" box="[1122,1209,404,425]" gridcol="3" gridrow="4" pageId="5" pageNumber="14">97.3</td>
</tr>
<tr id="353D5E1AFFA842BCE240EBD67E43FE52" box="[258,1328,433,454]" gridrow="5" pageId="5" pageNumber="14" rowspan-4="1">
<th id="76EC3766FFA842BCE240EBD67827FE52" box="[258,852,433,454]" gridcol="0" gridrow="5" pageId="5" pageNumber="14">Bi-mastoid width</th>
<td id="76EC3766FFA842BCE036EBD678BFFE52" box="[884,972,433,454]" gridcol="1" gridrow="5" pageId="5" pageNumber="14">117.0</td>
<td id="76EC3766FFA842BCE0A9EBD67F31FE52" box="[1003,1090,433,454]" gridcol="2" gridrow="5" pageId="5" pageNumber="14">117.0</td>
<td id="76EC3766FFA842BCE720EBD67FCAFE52" box="[1122,1209,433,454]" gridcol="3" gridrow="5" pageId="5" pageNumber="14">129.5</td>
</tr>
<tr id="353D5E1AFFA842BCE240EBA97E43FE77" box="[258,1328,462,483]" gridrow="6" pageId="5" pageNumber="14" rowspan-4="1">
<th id="76EC3766FFA842BCE240EBA97827FE77" box="[258,852,462,483]" gridcol="0" gridrow="6" pageId="5" pageNumber="14">Bi-condylar width</th>
<td id="76EC3766FFA842BCE036EBA978BFFE77" box="[884,972,462,483]" gridcol="1" gridrow="6" pageId="5" pageNumber="14">80.0</td>
<td id="76EC3766FFA842BCE0A9EBA97F31FE77" box="[1003,1090,462,483]" gridcol="2" gridrow="6" pageId="5" pageNumber="14">70.6</td>
<td id="76EC3766FFA842BCE720EBA97FCAFE77" box="[1122,1209,462,483]" gridcol="3" gridrow="6" pageId="5" pageNumber="14">71.2</td>
</tr>
<tr id="353D5E1AFFA842BCE240EB8C7E43FD94" box="[258,1328,491,512]" gridrow="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="14" rowspan-4="1">
<th id="76EC3766FFA842BCE240EB8C7827FD94" box="[258,852,491,512]" gridcol="0" gridrow="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="14">Width at the posterior tuberosities of the basioccipital</th>
<td id="76EC3766FFA842BCE036EB8C78BFFD94" box="[884,972,491,512]" gridcol="1" gridrow="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="14">42.6</td>
<td id="76EC3766FFA842BCE0A9EB8C7F31FD94" box="[1003,1090,491,512]" gridcol="2" gridrow="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="14">34.0</td>
<td id="76EC3766FFA842BCE720EB8C7FCAFD94" box="[1122,1209,491,512]" gridcol="3" gridrow="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="14">37.0</td>
</tr>
<tr id="353D5E1AFFA842BCE240E86F7E43FD89" box="[258,1328,520,541]" gridrow="8" pageId="5" pageNumber="14" rowspan-4="1">
<th id="76EC3766FFA842BCE240E86F7827FD89" box="[258,852,520,541]" gridcol="0" gridrow="8" pageId="5" pageNumber="14">Width at the anterior tuberosities of the basioccipital</th>
<td id="76EC3766FFA842BCE036E86F78BFFD89" box="[884,972,520,541]" gridcol="1" gridrow="8" pageId="5" pageNumber="14">35.6</td>
<td id="76EC3766FFA842BCE0A9E86F7F31FD89" box="[1003,1090,520,541]" gridcol="2" gridrow="8" pageId="5" pageNumber="14">30.0</td>
<td id="76EC3766FFA842BCE720E86F7FCAFD89" box="[1122,1209,520,541]" gridcol="3" gridrow="8" pageId="5" pageNumber="14">(32)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="353D5E1AFFA842BCE240E8417E43FDAF" box="[258,1328,550,571]" gridrow="9" pageId="5" pageNumber="14" rowspan-4="1">
<th id="76EC3766FFA842BCE240E8417827FDAF" box="[258,852,550,571]" gridcol="0" gridrow="9" pageId="5" pageNumber="14">Width of foramen magnum</th>
<td id="76EC3766FFA842BCE036E84178BFFDAF" box="[884,972,550,571]" gridcol="1" gridrow="9" pageId="5" pageNumber="14">26.0</td>
<td id="76EC3766FFA842BCE0A9E8417F31FDAF" box="[1003,1090,550,571]" gridcol="2" gridrow="9" pageId="5" pageNumber="14">27.1</td>
<td id="76EC3766FFA842BCE720E8417FCAFDAF" box="[1122,1209,550,571]" gridcol="3" gridrow="9" pageId="5" pageNumber="14">29.0</td>
</tr>
<tr id="353D5E1AFFA842BCE240E8247E43FDCC" box="[258,1328,579,600]" gridrow="10" pageId="5" pageNumber="14" rowspan-2="1" rowspan-4="1">
<th id="76EC3766FFA842BCE240E8247827FDCC" box="[258,852,579,600]" gridcol="0" gridrow="10" pageId="5" pageNumber="14">Length from bregma to inion</th>
<td id="76EC3766FFA842BCE036E82478BFFDCC" box="[884,972,579,600]" gridcol="1" gridrow="10" pageId="5" pageNumber="14">58.7</td>
<td id="76EC3766FFA842BCE720E8247FCAFDCC" box="[1122,1209,579,600]" gridcol="3" gridrow="10" pageId="5" pageNumber="14">60.7</td>
</tr>
<tr id="353D5E1AFFA842BCE240E8077E43FDE1" box="[258,1328,608,629]" gridrow="11" pageId="5" pageNumber="14" rowspan-4="1">
<th id="76EC3766FFA842BCE240E8077827FDE1" box="[258,852,608,629]" gridcol="0" gridrow="11" pageId="5" pageNumber="14">Height of occiput</th>
<td id="76EC3766FFA842BCE036E80778BFFDE1" box="[884,972,608,629]" gridcol="1" gridrow="11" pageId="5" pageNumber="14">48.2</td>
<td id="76EC3766FFA842BCE0A9E8077F31FDE1" box="[1003,1090,608,629]" gridcol="2" gridrow="11" pageId="5" pageNumber="14">(57.8)</td>
<td id="76EC3766FFA842BCE720E8077FCAFDE1" box="[1122,1209,608,629]" gridcol="3" gridrow="11" pageId="5" pageNumber="14">49.5</td>
</tr>
<tr id="353D5E1AFFA842BCE240E81A7E43FD06" box="[258,1328,637,658]" gridrow="12" pageId="5" pageNumber="14" rowspan-4="1">
<th id="76EC3766FFA842BCE240E81A7827FD06" box="[258,852,637,658]" gridcol="0" gridrow="12" pageId="5" pageNumber="14">Height from basion to inion</th>
<td id="76EC3766FFA842BCE036E81A78BFFD06" box="[884,972,637,658]" gridcol="1" gridrow="12" pageId="5" pageNumber="14">66.0</td>
<td id="76EC3766FFA842BCE0A9E81A7F31FD06" box="[1003,1090,637,658]" gridcol="2" gridrow="12" pageId="5" pageNumber="14">78.3</td>
<td id="76EC3766FFA842BCE720E81A7FCAFD06" box="[1122,1209,637,658]" gridcol="3" gridrow="12" pageId="5" pageNumber="14">78.0</td>
</tr>
<tr id="353D5E1AFFA842BCE240E8FC7E43FD24" box="[258,1328,667,688]" gridrow="13" pageId="5" pageNumber="14" rowspan-2="1" rowspan-3="1" rowspan-4="1">
<th id="76EC3766FFA842BCE240E8FC7827FD24" box="[258,852,667,688]" gridcol="0" gridrow="13" pageId="5" pageNumber="14">Maximum diameter of auditory bulla</th>
<td id="76EC3766FFA842BCE036E8FC78BFFD24" box="[884,972,667,688]" gridcol="1" gridrow="13" pageId="5" pageNumber="14">36.0</td>
</tr>
<tr id="353D5E1AFFA842BCE240E8D07E43FD59" box="[258,1328,695,717]" gridrow="14" pageId="5" pageNumber="14" rowspan-2="1" rowspan-4="1">
<th id="76EC3766FFA842BCE240E8D07827FD59" box="[258,852,695,717]" gridcol="0" gridrow="14" pageId="5" pageNumber="14">Angle of horn core insertion (compared to cranial roof)</th>
<td id="76EC3766FFA842BCE036E8D078BFFD59" box="[884,972,695,717]" gridcol="1" gridrow="14" pageId="5" pageNumber="14">75◦</td>
<td id="76EC3766FFA842BCE720E8D07FCAFD59" box="[1122,1209,695,717]" gridcol="3" gridrow="14" pageId="5" pageNumber="14">80◦</td>
</tr>
</table>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB25C58FFA8BD46E3D5EE1C7834FC67" blockId="5.[124,767,796,1903]" lastBlockId="5.[819,1462,796,1011]" pageId="5" pageNumber="14">
The pedicles are short with sloping sides. Their major basal axis (as that of the horn cores) forms a strong oblique angle compared to the sagittal plane (40–60 
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). The horn cores are inserted widely apart above the orbits forming a 75–80 
<superScript id="7C78F110FFA8BD46E3FCEE9C7BBBFA93" attach="left" box="[190,200,1275,1287]" fontSize="8" pageId="5" pageNumber="14">◦</superScript>
angle with the dorsal braincase plane (
<figureCitation id="133640DDFFA8BD46E13FEE9C7BF8FAA6" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="2.[124,191,1440,1462]" captionTargetBox="[229,1359,182,1406]" captionTargetId="figure-14@2.[226,1360,177,1409]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Figure 1. Gangraia anatolica gen. and sp. nov. from ˙orakyerler, Turkey. Holotype cranium ˙O 3187 in (a) dorsal, (b) ventral, (c) caudal, (d) right lateral, and (e) frontal views. (f) Detail of the dorsal parietal surface; (g) close up of auditory bulla; (h) antero-medial view of the left horn core; and (i) ventral view of the frontals. (a)–(e) Scale bar: 5 cm; (f)–(i) not to scale. Abbreviations: stylf: stylohyal fossa; aub: auditory bulla; intpr: interparietal; pboss: parietal boss; tmpc: temporal crest; tps: temporo-parietal suture; cors: coronal suture; pstcf: postcornual fossa; orb: orbit; mfrs: median frontal sinus; lfrs: lateral frontal sinus; homts: homonymous torsion; trrdg: transverse ridges; and bhcsw: basal horn core swelling." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10965818" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10965818/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="14">Figs. 1a, c– d</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="133640DDFFA8BD46E3DEEF7C7B95FAA6" box="[156,230,1307,1330]" captionStart-0="Figure 2" captionStart-1="Figure 1" captionStartId-0="3.[124,191,1275,1297]" captionStartId-1="2.[124,191,1440,1462]" captionTargetBox-0="[266,1315,177,1241]" captionTargetBox-1="[229,1359,182,1406]" captionTargetId-0="figure-14@3.[264,1322,177,1244]" captionTargetId-1="figure-14@2.[226,1360,177,1409]" captionTargetPageId-0="3" captionTargetPageId-1="2" captionText-0="Figure 2. Gangraia anatolica gen. and sp. nov., from ˙orakyerler, Turkey. Paratype cranium ˙O 3476 (a) and female frontlet ˙O 1427 (b); (1) frontal views; (2) caudal views; (a3) dorsal view; (a4) close up of the base of the left horn core in lateral view showing the single sinus occupying the pedicle and the basal horn core (arrows indicate the pedicle–horn core contact); (a5) close up of the dorsal parietal surface with marked anatomical details; and (b3) lateral view. The arrow in (b1) indicates the frontal sinus occupying the pedicle. Abbreviations: bhcs: basal horn core sinus; phdpr: post horn core depression; pboss: parietal boss; tmpc: temporal crest; tps: temporo-parietal suture; nc: nuchal crest; intpr: interparietal; and sulc: sulcus. (a1)–(a3) and (b1)–(b3) scale bar: 5 cm; (a4) and (a5) not to scale." captionText-1="Figure 1. Gangraia anatolica gen. and sp. nov. from ˙orakyerler, Turkey. Holotype cranium ˙O 3187 in (a) dorsal, (b) ventral, (c) caudal, (d) right lateral, and (e) frontal views. (f) Detail of the dorsal parietal surface; (g) close up of auditory bulla; (h) antero-medial view of the left horn core; and (i) ventral view of the frontals. (a)–(e) Scale bar: 5 cm; (f)–(i) not to scale. Abbreviations: stylf: stylohyal fossa; aub: auditory bulla; intpr: interparietal; pboss: parietal boss; tmpc: temporal crest; tps: temporo-parietal suture; cors: coronal suture; pstcf: postcornual fossa; orb: orbit; mfrs: median frontal sinus; lfrs: lateral frontal sinus; homts: homonymous torsion; trrdg: transverse ridges; and bhcsw: basal horn core swelling." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10965820" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10965818" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/10965820/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/10965818/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="14">2a.1–2</figureCitation>
, b. 
<figureCitation id="133640DDFFA8BD46E249EF7C7A16FAA6" box="[267,357,1307,1330]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="4.[124,191,998,1020]" captionTargetBox="[226,1360,177,966]" captionTargetId="figure-14@4.[226,1360,177,966]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figure 3. Gangraia anatolica gen. and sp. nov., from ˙orakyerler, Turkey. Paratype cranium ˙O 3124 in (a) dorsal, (b) ventral, (c) right lateral, and (d) caudal view. Scale bar: 5 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10965822" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10965822/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="14">3, 3a, c</figureCitation>
). They are moderately long to long (
<figureCitation id="133640DDFFA8BD46E3C6EF5D7BA0FAC5" box="[132,211,1338,1361]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="4.[124,191,998,1020]" captionTargetBox="[226,1360,177,966]" captionTargetId="figure-14@4.[226,1360,177,966]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figure 3. Gangraia anatolica gen. and sp. nov., from ˙orakyerler, Turkey. Paratype cranium ˙O 3124 in (a) dorsal, (b) ventral, (c) right lateral, and (d) caudal view. Scale bar: 5 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10965822" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10965822/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="14">Fig. 3c</figureCitation>
) compared to the cranium size; their length along the anterior surface ranges from 
<quantity id="4CF5F1BDFFA8BD46E291EF3D792EFAE5" box="[467,605,1370,1393]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.775" metricValueMax="2.8" metricValueMin="2.75" pageId="5" pageNumber="14" unit="mm" value="277.5" valueMax="280.0" valueMin="275.0">275–280 mm</quantity>
(˙O 1427, ˙O 3187, ˙O 3476) to 
<quantity id="4CF5F1BDFFA8BD46E207EF1D7AE9FA05" box="[325,410,1402,1425]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.2" pageId="5" pageNumber="14" unit="mm" value="420.0">420 mm</quantity>
(˙O 3124). They are keelless and slightly twisted homonymously. In frontal view, they appear openly lyrated with an internal distance at the apexes reaching 
<quantity id="4CF5F1BDFFA8BD46E3E4EFBD7B8FFA65" box="[166,252,1498,1521]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="5" pageNumber="14" unit="mm" value="400.0">400 mm</quantity>
(˙O 3187, ˙O 3124) and the divergence angle ranging from 55 to 80 
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. In lateral view, they delineate a very open “S”; their anterior edge is convex at the proximal fifth, then gently concave, leading to straight up or slightly forward re-curved tips (
<figureCitation id="133640DDFFA8BD46E258EC3E7AF9F9E4" box="[282,394,1625,1648]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="2.[124,191,1440,1462]" captionTargetBox="[229,1359,182,1406]" captionTargetId="figure-14@2.[226,1360,177,1409]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Figure 1. Gangraia anatolica gen. and sp. nov. from ˙orakyerler, Turkey. Holotype cranium ˙O 3187 in (a) dorsal, (b) ventral, (c) caudal, (d) right lateral, and (e) frontal views. (f) Detail of the dorsal parietal surface; (g) close up of auditory bulla; (h) antero-medial view of the left horn core; and (i) ventral view of the frontals. (a)–(e) Scale bar: 5 cm; (f)–(i) not to scale. Abbreviations: stylf: stylohyal fossa; aub: auditory bulla; intpr: interparietal; pboss: parietal boss; tmpc: temporal crest; tps: temporo-parietal suture; cors: coronal suture; pstcf: postcornual fossa; orb: orbit; mfrs: median frontal sinus; lfrs: lateral frontal sinus; homts: homonymous torsion; trrdg: transverse ridges; and bhcsw: basal horn core swelling." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10965818" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10965818/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="14">Figs. 1d, h</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="133640DDFFA8BD46E2D6EC3E7AC0F9E4" box="[404,435,1625,1648]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="3.[124,191,1275,1297]" captionTargetBox="[266,1315,177,1241]" captionTargetId="figure-14@3.[264,1322,177,1244]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Figure 2. Gangraia anatolica gen. and sp. nov., from ˙orakyerler, Turkey. Paratype cranium ˙O 3476 (a) and female frontlet ˙O 1427 (b); (1) frontal views; (2) caudal views; (a3) dorsal view; (a4) close up of the base of the left horn core in lateral view showing the single sinus occupying the pedicle and the basal horn core (arrows indicate the pedicle–horn core contact); (a5) close up of the dorsal parietal surface with marked anatomical details; and (b3) lateral view. The arrow in (b1) indicates the frontal sinus occupying the pedicle. Abbreviations: bhcs: basal horn core sinus; phdpr: post horn core depression; pboss: parietal boss; tmpc: temporal crest; tps: temporo-parietal suture; nc: nuchal crest; intpr: interparietal; and sulc: sulcus. (a1)–(a3) and (b1)–(b3) scale bar: 5 cm; (a4) and (a5) not to scale." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10965820" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10965820/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="14">2a</figureCitation>
. 
<figureCitation id="133640DDFFA8BD46E2FAEC3E7A9DF9E4" box="[440,494,1625,1648]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="2.[124,191,1440,1462]" captionTargetBox="[229,1359,182,1406]" captionTargetId="figure-14@2.[226,1360,177,1409]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Figure 1. Gangraia anatolica gen. and sp. nov. from ˙orakyerler, Turkey. Holotype cranium ˙O 3187 in (a) dorsal, (b) ventral, (c) caudal, (d) right lateral, and (e) frontal views. (f) Detail of the dorsal parietal surface; (g) close up of auditory bulla; (h) antero-medial view of the left horn core; and (i) ventral view of the frontals. (a)–(e) Scale bar: 5 cm; (f)–(i) not to scale. Abbreviations: stylf: stylohyal fossa; aub: auditory bulla; intpr: interparietal; pboss: parietal boss; tmpc: temporal crest; tps: temporo-parietal suture; cors: coronal suture; pstcf: postcornual fossa; orb: orbit; mfrs: median frontal sinus; lfrs: lateral frontal sinus; homts: homonymous torsion; trrdg: transverse ridges; and bhcsw: basal horn core swelling." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10965818" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10965818/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="14">1, b.1</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="133640DDFFA8BD46E2BAEC3E7967F9E4" box="[504,532,1625,1648]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="4.[124,191,998,1020]" captionTargetBox="[226,1360,177,966]" captionTargetId="figure-14@4.[226,1360,177,966]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figure 3. Gangraia anatolica gen. and sp. nov., from ˙orakyerler, Turkey. Paratype cranium ˙O 3124 in (a) dorsal, (b) ventral, (c) right lateral, and (d) caudal view. Scale bar: 5 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10965822" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10965822/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="14">3c</figureCitation>
). They are moderately to strongly compressed rostrocaudally (mean compression index 58 %) with an oval to elliptical cross section throughout their length, flattened posterior, and slightly more convex anterior surface. In ˙O 3187, CO 3476, and ˙O 683, the horn cores taper rather fast upwards but more regularly on ˙O 3124 and ˙O 1427. The horn core surface shows clear developmental transverse ridges all along its length (
<figureCitation id="133640DDFFA8BD46E1DDED5E7989F8C4" box="[671,762,1849,1872]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="2.[124,191,1440,1462]" captionTargetBox="[229,1359,182,1406]" captionTargetId="figure-14@2.[226,1360,177,1409]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Figure 1. Gangraia anatolica gen. and sp. nov. from ˙orakyerler, Turkey. Holotype cranium ˙O 3187 in (a) dorsal, (b) ventral, (c) caudal, (d) right lateral, and (e) frontal views. (f) Detail of the dorsal parietal surface; (g) close up of auditory bulla; (h) antero-medial view of the left horn core; and (i) ventral view of the frontals. (a)–(e) Scale bar: 5 cm; (f)–(i) not to scale. Abbreviations: stylf: stylohyal fossa; aub: auditory bulla; intpr: interparietal; pboss: parietal boss; tmpc: temporal crest; tps: temporo-parietal suture; cors: coronal suture; pstcf: postcornual fossa; orb: orbit; mfrs: median frontal sinus; lfrs: lateral frontal sinus; homts: homonymous torsion; trrdg: transverse ridges; and bhcsw: basal horn core swelling." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10965818" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10965818/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="14">Figs. 1h</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="133640DDFFA8BD46E33EED3F7BEBF8FB" box="[124,152,1880,1903]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="3.[124,191,1275,1297]" captionTargetBox="[266,1315,177,1241]" captionTargetId="figure-14@3.[264,1322,177,1244]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Figure 2. Gangraia anatolica gen. and sp. nov., from ˙orakyerler, Turkey. Paratype cranium ˙O 3476 (a) and female frontlet ˙O 1427 (b); (1) frontal views; (2) caudal views; (a3) dorsal view; (a4) close up of the base of the left horn core in lateral view showing the single sinus occupying the pedicle and the basal horn core (arrows indicate the pedicle–horn core contact); (a5) close up of the dorsal parietal surface with marked anatomical details; and (b3) lateral view. The arrow in (b1) indicates the frontal sinus occupying the pedicle. Abbreviations: bhcs: basal horn core sinus; phdpr: post horn core depression; pboss: parietal boss; tmpc: temporal crest; tps: temporo-parietal suture; nc: nuchal crest; intpr: interparietal; and sulc: sulcus. (a1)–(a3) and (b1)–(b3) scale bar: 5 cm; (a4) and (a5) not to scale." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10965820" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10965820/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="14">2a</figureCitation>
). Thin irregular longitudinal furrows run along the horn core surface, but more deep and distinct grooves can also be seen, especially in the basal part at the middle of the anterior surface (one to two grooves vanished from the upper and lower third) and at the posterior surface (one main deep groove vanishing towards the two extremes) (
<figureCitation id="133640DDFFA8BD46E650E9FB7EF2FC27" box="[1298,1409,924,947]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="2.[124,191,1440,1462]" captionTargetBox="[229,1359,182,1406]" captionTargetId="figure-14@2.[226,1360,177,1409]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Figure 1. Gangraia anatolica gen. and sp. nov. from ˙orakyerler, Turkey. Holotype cranium ˙O 3187 in (a) dorsal, (b) ventral, (c) caudal, (d) right lateral, and (e) frontal views. (f) Detail of the dorsal parietal surface; (g) close up of auditory bulla; (h) antero-medial view of the left horn core; and (i) ventral view of the frontals. (a)–(e) Scale bar: 5 cm; (f)–(i) not to scale. Abbreviations: stylf: stylohyal fossa; aub: auditory bulla; intpr: interparietal; pboss: parietal boss; tmpc: temporal crest; tps: temporo-parietal suture; cors: coronal suture; pstcf: postcornual fossa; orb: orbit; mfrs: median frontal sinus; lfrs: lateral frontal sinus; homts: homonymous torsion; trrdg: transverse ridges; and bhcsw: basal horn core swelling." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10965818" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10965818/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="14">Figs. 1c, e</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="133640DDFFA8BD46E6CEE9FB7EDAFC27" box="[1420,1449,924,947]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="4.[124,191,998,1020]" captionTargetBox="[226,1360,177,966]" captionTargetId="figure-14@4.[226,1360,177,966]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figure 3. Gangraia anatolica gen. and sp. nov., from ˙orakyerler, Turkey. Paratype cranium ˙O 3124 in (a) dorsal, (b) ventral, (c) right lateral, and (d) caudal view. Scale bar: 5 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10965822" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10965822/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="14">3d</figureCitation>
). Cranial and horn core dimensions are given in 
<tableCitation id="C68F69E3FFA8BD46E66CE9DB7EF4FC47" box="[1326,1415,956,979]" captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="5.[124,180,177,199]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Table 1. Gangraia anatolica gen. and sp. nov., from ˙orakyerler, Turkey: measurements of holotype (˙O 3187) and paratype crania (in millimetres except if marked otherwise)." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF720CD0FFA8BD46E33EEAD67972FF70" pageId="5" pageNumber="14" tableUuid="DF720CD0FFA8BD46E33EEAD67972FF70">Tables 1</tableCitation>
and 
<tableCitation id="C68F69E3FFA8BD46E071E9BB7830FC67" box="[819,835,988,1011]" captionStart="Table 2" captionStartId="6.[124,180,177,199]" captionTargetId="graphics-40@6.[158,1429,256,642]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Table 2. Gangraia anatolica gen. and sp. nov., from ˙orakyerler, Turkey: measurements of horn cores (in millimetres except if marked otherwise). Abbreviations: max.: maximum; min.: minimum." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF720CD0FFABBD45E33EEAD679B5FF70" pageId="5" pageNumber="14" tableUuid="DF720CD0FFABBD45E33EEAD679B5FF70">2</tableCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>