164 lines
26 KiB
XML
164 lines
26 KiB
XML
<document id="1FFB5D55CA6B6FDEA57A2F3243A443DD" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.3713489" ID-GBIF-Dataset="efffd5d4-3199-4586-a05e-413f0ea69f36" ID-ISSN="1942-1354" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3713489" ID-ZooBank="DA65E553-0721-48FA-A774-85F8ABDBB5FD" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1584472074522" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Vlasak, Josef" docDate="2018" docId="03A2D6017008EC260282FEBBFE61CCEA" docLanguage="en" docName="InsectaMundi.0671.1-8.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Insecta Mundi 671" docStyle="DocumentStyle:6D85C66E4B52897F25DA165649BC06DC.3:InsectaMundi.2009-2020.journal_article" docStyleId="6D85C66E4B52897F25DA165649BC06DC" docStyleName="InsectaMundi.2009-2020.journal_article" docStyleVersion="3" docTitle="Enaphalodes archboldi Lingafelter and Chemsak 2002" docType="treatment" docVersion="5" lastPageNumber="2" masterDocId="FF9BAE79700BEC250242FFB6FFFBCA4F" masterDocTitle="Notes on the natural history of Enaphalodes archboldi Lingafelter and Chemsak, 2002 and E. bingkirki Lingafelter and Santos-Silva, 2018 (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae)" masterLastPageNumber="8" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="2" updateTime="1698729353130" updateUser="plazi" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-NC-3.0">
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<mods:title id="E8D6425329BD42F0C8EC25D30FE429D6">Notes on the natural history of Enaphalodes archboldi Lingafelter and Chemsak, 2002 and E. bingkirki Lingafelter and Santos-Silva, 2018 (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="CC75B576B26F56B78F0DA7F7C48BD118">Vlasak, Josef</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="0D4A0F19C0D181047D46F5C29ECCD260">Insecta Mundi</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="95015E801F81F718EFC2935C22090B25">
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<mods:date id="F0854B3294FC82FCB757EEF235184B72">2018</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="C7204B5CAEECD1A007B4002367AAE829">2018-11-30</mods:number>
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<mods:identifier id="AE912BC8887ECCDBD48CC322DDF0A567" type="DOI">10.5281/zenodo.3713489</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="9199E9EA56EE3387AF8D42021ED41617" type="ISSN">1942-1354</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="03A2D6017008EC260282FEBBFE61CCEA" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3717350" ID-GBIF-Taxon="162629059" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3717350" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03A2D6017008EC260282FEBBFE61CCEA" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A2D6017008EC260282FEBBFE61CCEA" lastPageNumber="2" pageId="3" pageNumber="2">
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<subSubSection id="C311349C7008EC260282FEBBFDFECB6A" box="[192,517,269,293]" pageId="3" pageNumber="2" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BB467177008EC260282FEBBFDFECB6A" blockId="3.[192,1441,269,1701]" box="[192,517,269,293]" pageId="3" pageNumber="2">
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<heading id="D0FCD07B7008EC260282FEBBFDFECB6A" box="[192,517,269,293]" level="2" pageId="3" pageNumber="2">
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<emphasis id="B97FBB057008EC260282FEBBFDFECB6A" bold="true" box="[192,517,269,293]" pageId="3" pageNumber="2">
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<taxonomicName id="4C0B1C947008EC260282FEBBFE04CB6A" ID-CoL="6F8K2" authorityName="Lingafelter and Chemsak" authorityYear="2002" box="[192,511,269,293]" class="Insecta" family="Cerambycidae" genus="Enaphalodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="2" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="archboldi">
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<emphasis id="B97FBB057008EC260282FEBBFE04CB6A" bold="true" box="[192,511,269,293]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="2">Enaphalodes archboldi</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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.
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C311349C7008EC26004EFEBBFE61CCEA" pageId="3" pageNumber="2" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="8BB467177008EC26004EFEBBFAE8CBCA" blockId="3.[192,1441,269,1701]" pageId="3" pageNumber="2">
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Observations on the life history of
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<taxonomicName id="4C0B1C947008EC2601EEFEB8FBB9CB6A" authorityName="Lingafelter and Chemsak" authorityYear="2002" box="[940,1090,269,293]" class="Insecta" family="Cerambycidae" genus="Enaphalodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="2" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="archboldi">
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<emphasis id="B97FBB057008EC2601EEFEB8FBB9CB6A" box="[940,1090,269,293]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="2">E. archboldi</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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were made in
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<date id="FFB541D77008EC2606B2FEBBFA7ACB69" box="[1264,1409,269,294]" pageId="3" pageNumber="2" value="2018-03">
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March
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<quantity id="4CF3CAF27008EC260704FEB8FA7ACB69" box="[1350,1409,270,294]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.125719999999999" pageId="3" pageNumber="2" unit="in" value="2018.0">2018</quantity>
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</date>
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in Marion County,
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<collectingRegion id="49CFA9F57008EC2603CBFE9BFE1DCB0A" box="[393,486,301,325]" country="United States of America" name="Florida" pageId="3" pageNumber="2">Florida</collectingRegion>
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. Larval workings were initially noticed as cut-off stems of scrub oaks felled on the ground. The size of the larvae and the unique larval workings suggested that it may belong either to
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<taxonomicName id="4C0B1C947008EC26029DFEDBFDF2CBCA" authority="Knull" authorityName="Knull" authorityYear="1948" box="[223,521,365,389]" class="Insecta" family="Cerambycidae" genus="Romulus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="2" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="globosus">
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<emphasis id="B97FBB057008EC26029DFEDBFE47CBCA" box="[223,444,365,389]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="2">Romulus globosus</emphasis>
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Knull
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</taxonomicName>
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or
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<taxonomicName id="4C0B1C947008EC260072FED8FD3CCBCA" authorityName="Lingafelter and Chemsak" authorityYear="2002" box="[560,711,365,389]" class="Insecta" family="Cerambycidae" genus="Enaphalodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="2" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="archboldi">
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<emphasis id="B97FBB057008EC260072FED8FD3CCBCA" box="[560,711,365,389]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="2">E. archboldi</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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. Rearing revealed that it was the latter species.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BB467177008EC2602AAFE38FCBCC9C9" blockId="3.[192,1441,269,1701]" pageId="3" pageNumber="2">
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<taxonomicName id="4C0B1C947008EC2602AAFE38FE86CBEA" authorityName="Lingafelter and Chemsak" authorityYear="2002" box="[232,381,397,421]" class="Insecta" family="Cerambycidae" genus="Enaphalodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="2" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="archboldi">
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<emphasis id="B97FBB057008EC2602AAFE38FE86CBEA" box="[232,381,397,421]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="2">E. archboldi</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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develops in living stems (typically
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<quantity id="4CF3CAF27008EC26015CFE3BFC97CBEA" box="[798,876,397,421]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.5" metricValueMax="5.0" metricValueMin="2.0" pageId="3" pageNumber="2" unit="cm" value="3.5" valueMax="5.0" valueMin="2.0">2-5 cm</quantity>
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in diameter) of scrub oaks (habitat and cut oak in
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<figureCitation id="13307B927008EC2602A2FE1BFEC7CB89" box="[224,316,429,454]" captionStart="Figures 1–2" captionStartId="5.[192,287,1848,1870]" captionTargetBox="[192,1440,213,1814]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[192,1440,213,1816]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figures 1–2. Scrub-oak habitat where Enaphalodes archboldi was found. 1) Opened areas with small oak scrubs and sand patches where most specimens were collected. 2) Severed stem that fell on the ground. These could be seen at a distance." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3713491" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3713491/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="2">Fig. 1-2</figureCitation>
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) and pupates in the roots. Larvae were found in
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<taxonomicName id="4C0B1C947008EC2601D0FE18FB30CB8A" authority="Willd." authorityName="Willd." box="[914,1227,429,453]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Quercus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="3" pageNumber="2" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="myrtifolia">
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<emphasis id="B97FBB057008EC2601D0FE18FB83CB8A" box="[914,1144,429,453]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="2">Quercus myrtifolia</emphasis>
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Willd.
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</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="4C0B1C947008EC260695FE18FEFBCBAA" authority="Ashe" authorityName="Ashe" authorityYear="1929" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Quercus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="3" pageNumber="2" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="inopina">
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<emphasis id="B97FBB057008EC260695FE18FA5BCB8A" box="[1239,1440,430,453]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="2">Quercus inopina</emphasis>
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Ashe
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</taxonomicName>
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, and
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<taxonomicName id="4C0B1C947008EC260302FE78FCFDCBAA" authority="Small. Oviposition" authorityName="Small. Oviposition" box="[320,774,461,485]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Quercus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="3" pageNumber="2" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="geminata">
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<emphasis id="B97FBB057008EC260302FE78FDE6CBAA" box="[320,541,462,485]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="2">Quercus geminata</emphasis>
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Small. Oviposition
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</taxonomicName>
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occurs in lower portions of the stem, about
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<quantity id="4CF3CAF27008EC26075AFE7BFAA4CBAA" box="[1304,1375,461,485]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="3" pageNumber="2" unit="cm" value="50.0">50 cm</quantity>
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or so above ground, although the height is quite variable. This statement is based on tracking larval galleries to their beginning. The young larva works its way down, usually circling the stem initially (
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<figureCitation id="13307B927008EC26075FFDBBFA9AC869" box="[1309,1377,525,550]" captionStart="Figures 3–4" captionStartId="6.[192,287,1848,1870]" captionTargetBox="[192,1440,278,1814]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[192,1440,278,1814]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figures 3–4. Signs of the workings of young larvae. 3) Crack in the bark where the larva circled the stem. 4) Subcortical gallery heading down the stem." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3713493" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3713493/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="2">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
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) and then continues boring straight down just beneath the bark (
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<figureCitation id="13307B927008EC2601D5FD9BFC25C809" box="[919,990,557,582]" captionStart="Figures 3–4" captionStartId="6.[192,287,1848,1870]" captionTargetBox="[192,1440,278,1814]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[192,1440,278,1814]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figures 3–4. Signs of the workings of young larvae. 3) Crack in the bark where the larva circled the stem. 4) Subcortical gallery heading down the stem." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3713493" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3713493/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="2">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
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). This relatively small and gradually widening subcortical gallery causes various perturbations in the bark such as cracks and swellings (
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<figureCitation id="13307B927008EC260732FDFBFF2BC8C9" captionStart="Figures 3–4" captionStartId="6.[192,287,1848,1870]" captionTargetBox="[192,1440,278,1814]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[192,1440,278,1814]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figures 3–4. Signs of the workings of young larvae. 3) Crack in the bark where the larva circled the stem. 4) Subcortical gallery heading down the stem." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3713493" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3713493/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="2">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
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). Sometimes the portion of the stem with the gallery inside becomes recessed as the surrounding living tissue grows and gains in circumference (
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<figureCitation id="13307B927008EC2600F5FD3BFD06C8EA" box="[695,765,653,677]" captionStart="Figures 5–6" captionStartId="7.[192,287,1790,1812]" captionTargetBox="[192,1440,221,1757]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[192,1440,221,1757]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figures 5–6. Signs of the workings of young larvae. 5) Recessed portion of the stem with a gallery below bark. The shadow in the middle of the stem indicates the ridge between the normally-growing left side and the right side where the growth was stunned by larval activity under the bark. 6) Granular frass expelled at the ground level. Unlike the frass around already girdled stems (Fig. 7–8) this one is fresh, suggesting that the larva would continue its development until the following year." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3713495" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3713495/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="2">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
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). Slightly above the ground the larva completely severs the stem. Judging by the significant amount of expelled granular frass, it probably spends considerable time in this area (
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<figureCitation id="13307B927008EC2603DDFD7BFE04C8AA" box="[415,511,717,741]" captionStart-0="Figures 5–6" captionStart-1="Figures 7–8" captionStartId-0="7.[192,287,1790,1812]" captionStartId-1="8.[192,287,1790,1812]" captionTargetBox-0="[192,1440,221,1757]" captionTargetBox-1="[192,1440,221,1757]" captionTargetId-0="figure@7.[192,1440,221,1757]" captionTargetId-1="figure@8.[192,1440,221,1757]" captionTargetPageId-0="7" captionTargetPageId-1="8" captionText-0="Figures 5–6. Signs of the workings of young larvae. 5) Recessed portion of the stem with a gallery below bark. The shadow in the middle of the stem indicates the ridge between the normally-growing left side and the right side where the growth was stunned by larval activity under the bark. 6) Granular frass expelled at the ground level. Unlike the frass around already girdled stems (Fig. 7–8) this one is fresh, suggesting that the larva would continue its development until the following year." captionText-1="Figures 7–8. Expelled frass on the ground. 7) Severed stem next to a pile of frass. The bottom part is not apparent because it is covered by the frass and leaves. 8) Bottom part of the severed stem with regions of tightly packed granular frass. The red arrow points to the upper side of the stem." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3713495" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3713497" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/3713495/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/3713497/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="2">Fig. 6-8</figureCitation>
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). Below this girdle, the larva constructs a short tunnel (
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<quantity id="4CF3CAF27008EC2606F1FD78FAD9C8AA" box="[1203,1314,718,742]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" metricValueMax="2.0" metricValueMin="1.0" pageId="3" pageNumber="2" unit="cm" value="15.0" valueMax="20.0" valueMin="10.0">10-20 cm</quantity>
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long) into the roots. The tunnel is kept empty (
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<figureCitation id="13307B927008EC2600CAFD5BFD2BC949" box="[648,720,749,774]" captionStart="Figures 9–10" captionStartId="9.[192,287,1790,1812]" captionTargetBox="[192,1440,221,1757]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[192,1440,221,1757]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Figures 9–10. Gallery in the root crown and an old emergence hole. 9) Beginning of the empty tunnel heading down the roots. 10) Old emergence hole." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3713499" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3713499/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="2">Fig. 9</figureCitation>
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) and it is later used for pupation. Girdled stems break off and can be readily seen in the vegetation (
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<figureCitation id="13307B927008EC260087FCBBFCF6C969" box="[709,781,781,806]" captionStart="Figures 1–2" captionStartId="5.[192,287,1848,1870]" captionTargetBox="[192,1440,213,1814]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[192,1440,213,1816]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figures 1–2. Scrub-oak habitat where Enaphalodes archboldi was found. 1) Opened areas with small oak scrubs and sand patches where most specimens were collected. 2) Severed stem that fell on the ground. These could be seen at a distance." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3713491" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3713491/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="2">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation id="13307B927008EC26015BFCB8FCD1C969" box="[793,810,782,806]" captionStart="Figures 7–8" captionStartId="8.[192,287,1790,1812]" captionTargetBox="[192,1440,221,1757]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[192,1440,221,1757]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Figures 7–8. Expelled frass on the ground. 7) Severed stem next to a pile of frass. The bottom part is not apparent because it is covered by the frass and leaves. 8) Bottom part of the severed stem with regions of tightly packed granular frass. The red arrow points to the upper side of the stem." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3713497" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3713497/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="2">7</figureCitation>
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). Both girdled ends are covered with tightly packed granular frass left by larval activity (
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<figureCitation id="13307B927008EC2600C6FC9BFD31C909" box="[644,714,813,838]" captionStart="Figures 7–8" captionStartId="8.[192,287,1790,1812]" captionTargetBox="[192,1440,221,1757]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[192,1440,221,1757]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Figures 7–8. Expelled frass on the ground. 7) Severed stem next to a pile of frass. The bottom part is not apparent because it is covered by the frass and leaves. 8) Bottom part of the severed stem with regions of tightly packed granular frass. The red arrow points to the upper side of the stem." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3713497" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3713497/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="2">Fig. 8</figureCitation>
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). Prior to pupation the larva seals the tunnel with a fibrous plug. Adult beetles emerge through this tunnel after removing larval frass. Empty emergence holes from previous years can be seen in the field (
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<figureCitation id="13307B927008EC2600A0FCDBFCC2C9C9" box="[738,825,877,902]" captionStart="Figures 9–10" captionStartId="9.[192,287,1790,1812]" captionTargetBox="[192,1440,221,1757]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[192,1440,221,1757]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Figures 9–10. Gallery in the root crown and an old emergence hole. 9) Beginning of the empty tunnel heading down the roots. 10) Old emergence hole." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3713499" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3713499/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="2">Fig. 10</figureCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BB467177008EC2602AAFC3BFD50CE49" blockId="3.[192,1441,269,1701]" pageId="3" pageNumber="2">
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Overall, larval habits of
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<taxonomicName id="4C0B1C947008EC260055FC38FD54C9EA" authorityName="Lingafelter and Chemsak" authorityYear="2002" box="[535,687,909,933]" class="Insecta" family="Cerambycidae" genus="Enaphalodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="2" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="archboldi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97FBB057008EC260055FC38FD54C9EA" box="[535,687,909,933]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="2">E. archboldi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are similar to several other elaphidiine beetles, for instance,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0B1C947008EC260282FC1BFDDBC98A" authority="(Wickham)" baseAuthorityName="Wickham" baseAuthorityYear="1905" box="[192,544,941,965]" class="Insecta" family="Cerambycidae" genus="Neaneflus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="2" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fuchsii">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97FBB057008EC260282FC1BFE69C98A" box="[192,402,941,965]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="2">Neaneflus fuchsii</emphasis>
|
||
(Wickham)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
or
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0B1C947008EC26000AFC1BFBD9C989" authority="(LeConte)" baseAuthorityName="LeConte" baseAuthorityYear="1862" box="[584,1058,941,966]" class="Insecta" family="Cerambycidae" genus="Aneflomorpha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="2" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="subpubescens">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97FBB057008EC26000AFC1BFC65C98A" box="[584,926,941,965]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="2">Aneflomorpha subpubescens</emphasis>
|
||
(LeConte)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. In all these species, the larvae start feeding in living stems, then girdle the stem at the ground level and travel down into the roots where they pupate (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9A1AE67008EC2603F6FC5BFD65CE49" author="Heffern, J. H. & J. Vlasak & R. L. Alten" box="[436,670,1005,1030]" pageId="3" pageNumber="2" pagination="739 - 750" refId="ref2502" refString="Heffern, J. H., J. Vlasak, and R. L. Alten. 2018. Larval host plant records, distributional records, and biological information on North American Cerambycidae (Coleoptera). The Coleopterists Bulletin 72 (4): 739 - 750." type="journal article" year="2018">Heffern et al. 2018</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB467177008EC2602AAFBB8FC0ECF2A" blockId="3.[192,1441,269,1701]" pageId="3" pageNumber="2">
|
||
In early March, large larvae that appeared mature were found in the tunnel. Typically, only one larva was found per stem, although two thicker stems contained two larvae each. The larvae were placed into rearing vials as described previously (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9A1AE67008EC2600D4FBFBFCCFCE29" author="Vlasak, J." box="[662,820,1101,1126]" pageId="3" pageNumber="2" pagination="316 - 320" refId="ref2801" refString="Vlasak, J. 2014. New larval host records for North American Cerambycidae (Coleoptera). The Coleopterists Bulletin 68 (2): 316 - 320." type="journal article" year="2014">Vlasak 2014</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Several roots were also removed and placed into rearing containers. Transformation started many months later. The first pupa appeared in the second week of June and most larvae transformed into pupae in early to mid-July. The first adult transformed in the first week of July, followed by most adults in mid to late July and early August. The first adult emerged from the roots in the last week of July, the rest in early to mid-August. Only about 50% of larvae transformed into adult beetles. The rest slowly declined, shrank and, although still alive, were eventually discarded. A similar situation was observed in the roots; in mid-August the remaining roots were opened and, with the exception of one teneral adult, they contained shrunken larvae that did not appear to be in good health. The reason for their decline is unclear.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB467177008EC2602AAFADBFCA1CC69" blockId="3.[192,1441,269,1701]" pageId="3" pageNumber="2">
|
||
Although adult beetles are apparently rare, larval workings were seen frequently in the beetle’s habitat. Approximately twenty larvae were found along a stretch of a forest trail about 0.5 miles long; most workings were visible directly from the trail. About half as many stems where the beetle emerged in previous years were also encountered. Similar frequency was observed inside the scrub-oak vegetation but the beetle seemed to be more common (or at least was easier found) in open, sandy areas where one could walk relatively freely among oak shrubs (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13307B927008EC260146F9BBFCB3CC69" box="[772,840,1549,1574]" captionStart="Figures 1–2" captionStartId="5.[192,287,1848,1870]" captionTargetBox="[192,1440,213,1814]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[192,1440,213,1816]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figures 1–2. Scrub-oak habitat where Enaphalodes archboldi was found. 1) Opened areas with small oak scrubs and sand patches where most specimens were collected. 2) Severed stem that fell on the ground. These could be seen at a distance." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3713491" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3713491/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="2">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB467177008EC2602AAF998FE61CCEA" blockId="3.[192,1441,269,1701]" pageId="3" pageNumber="2">
|
||
It has been reported that most specimens in collections (41 out of 46) are females (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9A1AE67008EC2606A2F99BFE82CC29" author="Lingafelter, S. W. & J. A. Chemsak" pageId="3" pageNumber="2" pagination="569 - 581" refId="ref2595" refString="Lingafelter, S. W., and J. A. Chemsak. 2002. A new species of Enaphalodes Haldeman from Florida (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) with review of genus, synonymy, and key to species. The Coleopterists Bulletin. 56 (4): 569 - 581." type="journal article" year="2002">Lingafelter and Chemsak 2002</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). In this study,
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D0DAC9E7008EC26007AF9F8FD40CC2A" box="[568,699,1613,1638]" pageId="3" pageNumber="2" type="female">12 females</specimenCount>
|
||
and
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D0DAC9E7008EC2600BAF9FBFC9ECC2A" box="[760,869,1613,1637]" pageId="3" pageNumber="2" type="male">16 males</specimenCount>
|
||
were reared, suggesting that the apparent sex bias is likely a result of the collection method (specimens were collected at lights) and not a true bias in the population.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |