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<document id="2EB153C1CEA968738FAF22D9ACA4EB90" ID-CLB-Dataset="31071" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.4369.3.1" ID-GBIF-Dataset="34826a1d-7146-4d75-9585-b226f798ffdb" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="1135772" ID-ZooBank="97CAA2FC-F3CC-407B-8768-2BB9DE037C86" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1515148404056" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Mooi, Rich, Martínez, Sergio A., Del Río, Claudia J. &amp; Ramos, Maria Inês Feijó" docDate="2018" docId="0392BB4BFFB7F54F7D92FAAAFC5AFB4D" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.4369.3.1.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 4369 (3)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Placatenella complanata" docType="treatment" docVersion="8" lastPageNumber="310" masterDocId="FFABC333FFB2F5467D05FFF7FFE2FFA5" masterDocTitle="Late Oligocene - Miocene non-lunulate sand dollars of South America: Revision of abertellid taxa and descriptions of two new families, two new genera, and a new species" masterLastPageNumber="326" masterPageNumber="301" pageNumber="306" updateTime="1698512411552" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title id="534564E763A1C8C8DFDA5053513D7D3E">Late Oligocene - Miocene non-lunulate sand dollars of South America: Revision of abertellid taxa and descriptions of two new families, two new genera, and a new species</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="2315EA51B85D93F82813596A642D5C37">Mooi, Rich</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="669B27811D667557E4741986818D2715">Martínez, Sergio A.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="AEFD832BE4BCEFC146B457779CDBF401">Del Río, Claudia J.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="D94177C3FFD477A8E8222AE77C6C0A9F">Ramos, Maria Inês Feijó</mods:namePart>
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<treatment id="0392BB4BFFB7F54F7D92FAAAFC5AFB4D" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5961789" ID-GBIF-Taxon="139582386" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5961789" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:0392BB4BFFB7F54F7D92FAAAFC5AFB4D" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/0392BB4BFFB7F54F7D92FAAAFC5AFB4D" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="310" pageId="5" pageNumber="306">
<subSubSection id="C32159D6FFB7F5437D92FAAAFEC1FA3D" pageId="5" pageNumber="306" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8B840A5DFFB7F5437D92FAAAFD84FAD2" blockId="5.[151,614,1373,1432]" box="[151,614,1373,1399]" pageId="5" pageNumber="306">
<heading id="D0CCBD31FFB7F5437D92FAAAFD84FAD2" bold="true" box="[151,614,1373,1399]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="306" reason="1">
<taxonomicName id="4C3B71DEFFB7F5437D92FAAAFD84FAD2" authority="(Brito, 1981)" baseAuthorityName="Brito" baseAuthorityYear="1981" box="[151,614,1373,1399]" class="Echinoidea" family="Eoscutellidae" genus="Placatenella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clypeasteroida" pageId="5" pageNumber="306" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="complanata">
<emphasis id="B94FD64FFFB7F5437D92FAAAFD84FAD2" bold="true" box="[151,614,1373,1399]" pageId="5" pageNumber="306">
<emphasis id="B94FD64FFFB7F5437D92FAAAFE23FAD2" bold="true" box="[151,449,1373,1399]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="306">Placatenella complanata</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFAA77ACFFB7F5437CD5FAAAFDBCFAD2" author="Brito" box="[464,606,1373,1399]" pageId="5" pageNumber="306" refString="Brito, I. M. (1981) Contribuicao a paleontologia do Estado do Para. A ocorrencia de Abertella (Echinoidea, Clypeasteroidea) na Formacao Pirabas. Boletim do Museu Paraense Emilio Goeldi, Nova Serie, Geologia, 23, 1 - 8." type="journal article" year="1981">Brito, 1981</bibRefCitation>
)
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B840A5DFFB7F5437D92FA88FEC1FA3D" blockId="5.[151,614,1373,1432]" box="[151,291,1407,1432]" pageId="5" pageNumber="306">
<figureCitation id="130016D8FFB7F5437D92FA88FEFDFA3D" box="[151,287,1407,1432]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 1" captionStart-1="FIGURE 2" captionStart-2="FIGURE 3" captionStart-3="FIGURE 4" captionStartId-0="3.[151,250,1776,1798]" captionStartId-1="6.[151,250,1734,1756]" captionStartId-2="7.[151,250,1570,1592]" captionStartId-3="8.[151,250,1388,1410]" captionTargetBox-0="[162,1426,462,1692]" captionTargetBox-1="[151,1436,625,1713]" captionTargetBox-2="[151,1436,553,1548]" captionTargetBox-3="[175,1412,218,1356]" captionTargetId-0="figure@3.[151,1436,451,1700]" captionTargetId-1="figure@6.[151,1436,625,1713]" captionTargetId-2="figure@7.[151,1436,553,1548]" captionTargetId-3="figure@8.[151,1436,193,1377]" captionTargetPageId-0="3" captionTargetPageId-1="6" captionTargetPageId-2="7" captionTargetPageId-3="8" captionText-0="FIGURE 1. Localities for taxa discussed in the text. Inset at lower left centers on the Santa Cruz region of Patagonia. Numbered occurrences correspond to unequivocal Iheringiella patagonensis localities (inside boxed region in main map): 1. Pampa Castillo, Chile (Andre Wyss, pers. comm.); 2. Cañadón El Lobo, Santa Cruz, Argentina (CPBA 16493-95); 3. Oven Point/Sholl's Tomb, Santa Cruz, Argentina (Ortmann 1902), Punta Cuevas, Santa Cruz, Argentina (MACN 4586 and Cuitiño 2011), Playa La Mina, Santa Cruz, Argentina (Cuitiño 2011); 4. Meseta Chica, Bajo de San Julián, Santa Cruz, Argentina (MACN 5144 and Cuitiño 2011); 5. Upper Rio Chalia, Santa Cruz, Argentina (Ortmann 1902); 6. Puerto Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, Argentina (ROM 5433M, 5468M, 5469M); 7. Sector Flamenco, Tierra del Fuego, Chile (Larrain 1984)—reported to be from Eocene strata, but this is questionable (Mooi et al. 2000)." captionText-1="FIGURE 2. Placatenella complanata (Brito, 1981), photographs. A: Aboral surface of holotype, MNRJ 5460-I. B: Oral surface of holotype, MNRJ 5460-I. C: Aboral surface of MNRJ 5536-I, with deep, narrow posterior notch. D: Oral surface of MNRJ 5536-I. Scale bars 10 mm in length." captionText-2="FIGURE 3. Placatenella complanata (Brito, 1981), photographs. A: Detail of petal in ambulacrum III of MPEG 886-I showing pores of trailing tube feet (arrow indicating most distal pore pair). B: Detail of oral surface near posterior edge of MPEG 2405-I showingperiproct at margin, insidenotch (p), and continuity of posterior interambulacral post-basicoronals with basicoronal 1 (arrow).Scale bars 10 mm in length." captionText-3="FIGURE 4. Comparison of oral plate architecture of Iheringiella patagonensis (Desor, 1847) (based on ROM 5433M), Abertella gualichensisMartínez et al., 2005(based on the holotype,MACN-Pi 4706),Abertella pirabensis(Marchesini Santos, 1958) (reconstruction based on the holotype and only known specimen, DNPM 4493, details of interambulcrum 2 inferred by comparison with interambulacrum 4, and of ambulacrum V by comparison with ambulacrum I), and Placatenella complanata (Brito, 1981) (based on the holotype, MNRJ 5460-I, as well as MNRJ 5536-I, MPEG 886-I, MPEG 2405-I). Food grooves indicated by dotted lines, peristome and periproctin solid black, interambulacra shaded, scale bars 10 mm in length." httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/1135774/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/1135776/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/1135778/files/figure.png" httpUri-3="https://zenodo.org/record/1135780/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="306">Figures 1–4</figureCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C32159D6FFB7F5437D92FA3FFC90FA59" pageId="5" pageNumber="306" type="description">
<paragraph id="8B840A5DFFB7F5437D92FA3FFD9DFA7B" blockId="5.[151,882,1480,1533]" box="[151,639,1480,1502]" pageId="5" pageNumber="306">
1981
<taxonomicName id="4C3B71DEFFB7F5437DD5FA3FFE08FA7B" authority="Brito" authorityName="Brito" authorityYear="1981" box="[208,490,1480,1502]" class="Echinoidea" family="Abertellidae" genus="Abertella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clypeasteroida" pageId="5" pageNumber="306" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="complanata">
<emphasis id="B94FD64FFFB7F5437DD5FA3FFE4EFA7B" box="[208,428,1480,1502]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="306">Abertella complanata</emphasis>
Brito
</taxonomicName>
: 3–4, figs 1–2.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B840A5DFFB7F5437D92FA11FC90FA59" blockId="5.[151,882,1480,1533]" box="[151,882,1510,1533]" pageId="5" pageNumber="306">
2000
<taxonomicName id="4C3B71DEFFB7F5437DD5FA11FD0BFA59" authority="Marchesini Santos-Mooi et al." authorityName="Marchesini Santos-Mooi et al." box="[208,745,1510,1533]" class="Echinoidea" family="Abertellidae" genus="Abertella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clypeasteroida" pageId="5" pageNumber="306" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="pirabensis">
<emphasis id="B94FD64FFFB7F5437DD5FA11FE7CFA59" box="[208,414,1510,1532]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="306">Abertella pirabensis</emphasis>
Marchesini Santos—Mooi
<emphasis id="B94FD64FFFB7F5437FB3FA1FFD0BFA59" box="[694,745,1510,1533]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="306">et al.</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
: 266, in part.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C32159D6FFB7F5437D92F9DEFE3AF89B" pageId="5" pageNumber="306" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="8B840A5DFFB7F5437D92F9DEFE3AF89B" blockId="5.[151,1437,1577,2034]" pageId="5" pageNumber="306">
<emphasis id="B94FD64FFFB7F5437D92F9DEFEF3F9E7" bold="true" box="[151,273,1577,1602]" pageId="5" pageNumber="306">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
As for the genus, which is emended from Brito's (1981: 3) original diagnosis or description (it is not stated which). Brito's information does not diagnose the species because it does not distinguish it from other members of the genus
<taxonomicName id="4C3B71DEFFB7F5437CA9F986FDF7F92C" authorityName="Durham" authorityYear="1953" box="[428,533,1649,1673]" class="Echinoidea" family="Abertellidae" genus="Abertella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clypeasteroida" pageId="5" pageNumber="306" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B94FD64FFFB7F5437CA9F986FDF7F92C" box="[428,533,1649,1673]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="306">Abertella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
to which it was originally assigned (translated from the Portuguese): &quot;Test flattened, flat on the oral and convex on the aboral surface, with a semicircular outline, and a marked anal indentation, a small but sharp indentation in the anterior ambulacrum, and only a sinuosity in the paired ambulacra. Petals closed, measuring approximately two-thirds of the test radius with the poriferous zones slightly narrower than the interporiferous. Central peristome, from which extend five food grooves that soon fork. Periproct ventral in the posterior indentation.&quot;
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C32159D6FFB7F5437DC2F8BEFB2FF86B" pageId="5" pageNumber="306" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="8B840A5DFFB7F5437DC2F8BEFB2FF86B" blockId="5.[151,1437,1577,2034]" pageId="5" pageNumber="306">
<materialsCitation id="3B530000FFB7F5437DC2F8BEFCE1F823" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1802482788" collectionCode="MNRJ" country="Brazil" location="Museu Nacional" pageId="5" pageNumber="306" specimenCode="MNRJ 5460" specimenCount="2" stateProvince="Rio de Janeiro" typeStatus="holotype">
<emphasis id="B94FD64FFFB7F5437DC2F8BEFDAEF8C7" bold="true" box="[199,588,1865,1890]" pageId="5" pageNumber="306">
<typeStatus id="5480B4FFFFB7F5437DC2F8BEFEE0F8C7" box="[199,258,1865,1890]" pageId="5" pageNumber="306">Type</typeStatus>
and other material studied.
</emphasis>
The
<typeStatus id="5480B4FFFFB7F5437F81F8BEFD0BF8C7" box="[644,745,1865,1890]" pageId="5" pageNumber="306" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
,
<specimenCode id="DB9DA226FFB7F5437FF1F8BDFC63F8C7" box="[756,897,1865,1890]" collectionCode="MNRJ" country="Brazil" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/zi1i-a0b5" name="Museu Nacional/Universidade Federal de Rio de Janeiro" pageId="5" pageNumber="306">MNRJ 5460</specimenCode>
-I, is the only originally described specimen, and is housed at the
<location id="8EE45C86FFB7F5437C4CF899FDE1F823" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:0392BB4BFFB7F54F7D92FAAAFC5AFB4D:8EE45C86FFB7F5437C4CF899FDE1F823" box="[329,515,1901,1926]" country="Brazil" name="Museu Nacional" pageId="5" pageNumber="306" stateProvince="Rio de Janeiro">Museu Nacional</location>
,
<collectingRegion id="49FFC4BFFFB7F5437F0BF89AFD53F823" box="[526,689,1901,1926]" country="Brazil" name="Rio de Janeiro" pageId="5" pageNumber="306">Rio de Janeiro</collectingRegion>
,
<collectingCountry id="F32C4ACDFFB7F5437FBEF89AFCE1F823" box="[699,771,1901,1926]" name="Brazil" pageId="5" pageNumber="306">Brazil</collectingCountry>
</materialsCitation>
. We also examined other specimens assigned to this species by
<bibRefCitation id="EFAA77ACFFB7F5437DBCF866FEA4F80F" author="Brito" box="[185,326,1937,1962]" pageId="5" pageNumber="306" refString="Brito, I. M. (1986) Abertella complanata Brito (Echinoidea, Clypeasteroida) da Formacao Pirabas (Para, Brasil). Boletim do Museu Paraense Emilio Goeldi, Nova Serie, Geologia, 28, 1 - 4." type="journal article" year="1986">Brito (1986)</bibRefCitation>
, including MNRJ 5536-I, MPEG-886-I, MPEG
<date id="FF852C9DFFB7F5437E65F866FC4CF80F" box="[864,942,1937,1962]" bridgedPair="-" pageId="5" pageNumber="306" value="1753-01">1753-I</date>
, MPEG
<date id="FF852C9DFFB7F5437908F866FBBBF80F" box="[1037,1113,1937,1962]" bridgedPair="-" pageId="5" pageNumber="306" value="2405-01">2405-I</date>
, and DNPM 6217. These are generally of higher quality than the holotype, revealing new information concerning the species.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C32159D6FFB7F54F7DC2F82EFBEEFF5D" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="310" pageId="5" pageNumber="306" type="description">
<paragraph id="8B840A5DFFB7F5407DC2F82EFB97FF70" blockId="5.[151,1437,1577,2034]" lastBlockId="6.[151,1437,151,573]" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="307" pageId="5" pageNumber="306">
<emphasis id="B94FD64FFFB7F5437DC2F82EFEBBF857" bold="true" box="[199,345,2009,2034]" pageId="5" pageNumber="306">Description.</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFAA77ACFFB7F5437C67F82EFDEDF857" author="Brito" box="[354,527,2009,2034]" pageId="5" pageNumber="306" refString="Brito, I. M. (1986) Abertella complanata Brito (Echinoidea, Clypeasteroida) da Formacao Pirabas (Para, Brasil). Boletim do Museu Paraense Emilio Goeldi, Nova Serie, Geologia, 28, 1 - 4." type="journal article" year="1986">Brito (1986: 2)</bibRefCitation>
expanded upon the original description/diagnosis of the species based on new material, adding that there were five distinct genital pores. This is evidently an error, as Brito's (1986) own photos and original description indicate four gonopores. Our emended description is as follows.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B840A5DFFB4F5407DC2FF28FBB6FD98" blockId="6.[151,1437,151,573]" pageId="6" pageNumber="307">
<typeStatus id="5480B4FFFFB4F5407DC2FF28FECDFF5D" box="[199,303,223,248]" pageId="6" pageNumber="307" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
(
<figureCitation id="130016D8FFB4F5407C3BFF28FE54FF5D" box="[318,438,223,248]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1734,1756]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,625,1713]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[151,1436,625,1713]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 2. Placatenella complanata (Brito, 1981), photographs. A: Aboral surface of holotype, MNRJ 5460-I. B: Oral surface of holotype, MNRJ 5460-I. C: Aboral surface of MNRJ 5536-I, with deep, narrow posterior notch. D: Oral surface of MNRJ 5536-I. Scale bars 10 mm in length." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1135776/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="307">Fig. 2A, B</figureCitation>
) approximately
<quantity id="4CC3A7B8FFB4F5407F6AFF28FD5DFF52" box="[623,703,223,248]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" pageId="6" pageNumber="307" unit="mm" value="25.0">25 mm</quantity>
TL (measured as described in
<tableCitation id="C6B93FE6FFB4F540791CFF28FB89FF5D" box="[1049,1131,223,248]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="19.[151,239,152,175]" captionText="TABLE 1. Camachoaster maquedensis n. gen., n. sp.: measurements (in mm) of holotype and both paratypes from the Chenque Formation, Punta Maqueda, Santa Cruz Province, Argentina." pageId="6" pageNumber="307">Table 1</tableCitation>
, from junction of perradial suture of ambulacrum III with anterior edge of test to junction of interradial suture of interambulacrum 5 with posterior edge of test [
<emphasis id="B94FD64FFFB4F5407C93FEDFFE5BFE9A" box="[406,441,296,319]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="307">i.e.</emphasis>
inside notch]). Largest known specimen (
<bibRefCitation id="EFAA77ACFFB4F5407E91FED0FBBDFEE5" author="Brito" box="[916,1119,295,320]" pageId="6" pageNumber="307" refString="Brito, I. M. (1986) Abertella complanata Brito (Echinoidea, Clypeasteroida) da Formacao Pirabas (Para, Brasil). Boletim do Museu Paraense Emilio Goeldi, Nova Serie, Geologia, 28, 1 - 4." type="journal article" year="1986">
Brito 1986:
<figureCitation id="130016D8FFB4F540791AFED0FBBDFEE5" box="[1055,1119,295,320]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1776,1798]" captionTargetBox="[162,1426,462,1692]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[151,1436,451,1700]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 1. Localities for taxa discussed in the text. Inset at lower left centers on the Santa Cruz region of Patagonia. Numbered occurrences correspond to unequivocal Iheringiella patagonensis localities (inside boxed region in main map): 1. Pampa Castillo, Chile (Andre Wyss, pers. comm.); 2. Cañadón El Lobo, Santa Cruz, Argentina (CPBA 16493-95); 3. Oven Point/Sholl's Tomb, Santa Cruz, Argentina (Ortmann 1902), Punta Cuevas, Santa Cruz, Argentina (MACN 4586 and Cuitiño 2011), Playa La Mina, Santa Cruz, Argentina (Cuitiño 2011); 4. Meseta Chica, Bajo de San Julián, Santa Cruz, Argentina (MACN 5144 and Cuitiño 2011); 5. Upper Rio Chalia, Santa Cruz, Argentina (Ortmann 1902); 6. Puerto Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, Argentina (ROM 5433M, 5468M, 5469M); 7. Sector Flamenco, Tierra del Fuego, Chile (Larrain 1984)—reported to be from Eocene strata, but this is questionable (Mooi et al. 2000)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1135774/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="307">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
</bibRefCitation>
) approximately
<quantity id="4CC3A7B8FFB4F540781EFED0FA8EFE9A" box="[1307,1388,295,320]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.5" pageId="6" pageNumber="307" unit="mm" value="45.0">45 mm</quantity>
TL, almost
<quantity id="4CC3A7B8FFB4F5407DEDFEBBFED5FEC1" box="[232,311,332,357]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.5" pageId="6" pageNumber="307" unit="mm" value="55.0">55 mm</quantity>
in test width at widest point. Best preserved specimen (MNRJ 5536-I,
<figureCitation id="130016D8FFB4F5407957FEBBFB2AFEC1" box="[1106,1224,332,357]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1734,1756]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,625,1713]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[151,1436,625,1713]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 2. Placatenella complanata (Brito, 1981), photographs. A: Aboral surface of holotype, MNRJ 5460-I. B: Oral surface of holotype, MNRJ 5460-I. C: Aboral surface of MNRJ 5536-I, with deep, narrow posterior notch. D: Oral surface of MNRJ 5536-I. Scale bars 10 mm in length." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1135776/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="307">Fig. 2C, D</figureCitation>
) approximately
<quantity id="4CC3A7B8FFB4F5407885FEBBFF21FE22" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.8" pageId="6" pageNumber="307" unit="mm" value="38.0">38 mm</quantity>
TL (
<figureCitation id="130016D8FFB4F5407DF8FE98FE9BFE2D" box="[253,377,367,392]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1734,1756]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,625,1713]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[151,1436,625,1713]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 2. Placatenella complanata (Brito, 1981), photographs. A: Aboral surface of holotype, MNRJ 5460-I. B: Oral surface of holotype, MNRJ 5460-I. C: Aboral surface of MNRJ 5536-I, with deep, narrow posterior notch. D: Oral surface of MNRJ 5536-I. Scale bars 10 mm in length." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1135776/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="307">Fig. 2C, D</figureCitation>
),
<quantity id="4CC3A7B8FFB4F5407C8AFE98FE3DFE22" box="[399,479,367,392]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.7" pageId="6" pageNumber="307" unit="mm" value="57.0">57 mm</quantity>
test width. Ratio of width to length including lobes on either side of notch 1.17. All ensuing percentage calculations for species are from MNRJ 5536-I (Fig, 2C, D). Aboral surface slightly domed, oral surface flat. Highest point of test approximately 17% TL, located at apical system. Very sharply defined, parallel-sided, narrow posterior notch in largest specimens, depth just over 25% TL, width 10% TL, notch slightly widening near ambitus in
<typeStatus id="5480B4FFFFB4F5407CB8FE08FDFDFDBD" box="[445,543,511,536]" pageId="6" pageNumber="307" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
(
<figureCitation id="130016D8FFB4F5407F2AFE08FD49FDBD" box="[559,683,511,536]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1734,1756]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,625,1713]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[151,1436,625,1713]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 2. Placatenella complanata (Brito, 1981), photographs. A: Aboral surface of holotype, MNRJ 5460-I. B: Oral surface of holotype, MNRJ 5460-I. C: Aboral surface of MNRJ 5536-I, with deep, narrow posterior notch. D: Oral surface of MNRJ 5536-I. Scale bars 10 mm in length." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1135776/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="307">Fig. 2A, B</figureCitation>
). Broad but shallow marginal indentations present where perradial suture meets ambitus in each ambulacrum, particularly in posterior paired ambulacra.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF445AD5FFB4F5407D92F931FDAEF8BF" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1135776/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="307" targetBox="[151,1436,625,1713]" targetPageId="6">
<paragraph id="8B840A5DFFB4F5407D92F931FDAEF8BF" blockId="6.[151,1436,1734,1818]" pageId="6" pageNumber="307">
<emphasis id="B94FD64FFFB4F5407D92F931FEF5F979" bold="true" box="[151,279,1734,1756]" pageId="6" pageNumber="307">FIGURE 2.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C3B71DEFFB4F5407C27F931FD58F979" authority="(Brito, 1981)" authorityName="Brito" authorityYear="1981" baseAuthorityName="Brito" baseAuthorityYear="1981" box="[290,698,1734,1756]" class="Echinoidea" family="Eoscutellidae" genus="Placatenella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clypeasteroida" pageId="6" pageNumber="307" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="complanata">
<emphasis id="B94FD64FFFB4F5407C27F931FDC6F979" box="[290,548,1734,1756]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="307">Placatenella complanata</emphasis>
(Brito, 1981)
</taxonomicName>
, photographs. A: Aboral surface of holotype, MNRJ 5460-I. B: Oral surface of holotype, MNRJ 5460-I. C: Aboral surface of MNRJ 5536-I, with deep, narrow posterior notch. D: Oral surface of MNRJ 5536-I. Scale bars 10 mm in length.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8B840A5DFFB4F5417DC2F8B6FB86FE51" blockId="6.[151,1437,1857,2026]" lastBlockId="7.[151,1437,151,501]" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="308" pageId="6" pageNumber="307">
Apical system monobasal, pentagonal (not star-shaped), 49% TL from ocular III to anterior edge of test, length 11% TL, numerous hydropores scattered over madreporic plate. Four gonopores, one in each of paired interambulacra and located at suture between madreporic plate and first adapical plates of interambulacral column. Ambulacra petaloid adapically. Posterior paired petals (I and V) noticeably longest, each extending 67% of corresponding test radius, but 39% TL; anterior paired petals (II and IV) 59% of corresponding test radius, but 33% TL; anterior unpaired (III) shortest, 68% of corresponding test radius, but 31% TL. Petal V width at widest point 16% TL, interporiferous zone 7% TL; petal IV width 18% TL, interporiferous zone 10% TL; petal III width 16% TL, interporiferous zone 9% TL. Petals lyrate, almost closed distally, with four or five trailing tube feet (
<emphasis id="B94FD64FFFB5F541785BFF16FA7EFF5D" box="[1374,1436,225,248]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="308">sensu</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFAA77ACFFB5F5417D92FEF3FEF1FEB9" author="Mooi" box="[151,275,260,285]" pageId="7" pageNumber="308" refString="Mooi, R. (1989) Living and fossil genera of the Clypeasteroida (Echinoidea: Echinodermata): An illustrated key and annotated checklist. Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology, 488, 1 - 51. https: // doi. org / 10.5479 / si. 00810282.488" type="journal article" year="1989">Mooi 1989</bibRefCitation>
) at distal end of each column of respiratory tube feet (
<figureCitation id="130016D8FFB5F5417E69FEF3FC27FEB9" box="[876,965,260,285]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1570,1592]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,553,1548]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[151,1436,553,1548]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 3. Placatenella complanata (Brito, 1981), photographs. A: Detail of petal in ambulacrum III of MPEG 886-I showing pores of trailing tube feet (arrow indicating most distal pore pair). B: Detail of oral surface near posterior edge of MPEG 2405-I showingperiproct at margin, insidenotch (p), and continuity of posterior interambulacral post-basicoronals with basicoronal 1 (arrow).Scale bars 10 mm in length." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1135778/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="308">Fig. 3A</figureCitation>
). Respiratory tube foot pore pairs strongly conjugated, inner pore slightly elongate or almost circular, outer pore extremely elongated, comprising about half length of pore pair, apparently subdivided by stereom septae. Four or five occluded plates present at tips of petals. At ambitus, ambulacra strongly widened, forming strip-like ambital plates that follow contour of shallow indentation at each perradius, and curving strongly adapically to form test wall along each side of posterior notch (
<figureCitation id="130016D8FFB5F5417D9AFE40FF07FE75" box="[159,229,439,464]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="8.[151,250,1388,1410]" captionTargetBox="[175,1412,218,1356]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[151,1436,193,1377]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 4. Comparison of oral plate architecture of Iheringiella patagonensis (Desor, 1847) (based on ROM 5433M), Abertella gualichensisMartínez et al., 2005(based on the holotype,MACN-Pi 4706),Abertella pirabensis(Marchesini Santos, 1958) (reconstruction based on the holotype and only known specimen, DNPM 4493, details of interambulcrum 2 inferred by comparison with interambulacrum 4, and of ambulacrum V by comparison with ambulacrum I), and Placatenella complanata (Brito, 1981) (based on the holotype, MNRJ 5460-I, as well as MNRJ 5536-I, MPEG 886-I, MPEG 2405-I). Food grooves indicated by dotted lines, peristome and periproctin solid black, interambulacra shaded, scale bars 10 mm in length." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1135780/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="308">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
). Ambulacra all in agreement with Lovén’s Rule (
<emphasis id="B94FD64FFFB5F5417E24FE4EFCBDFE75" box="[801,863,441,464]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="308">sensu</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFAA77ACFFB5F5417E62FE40FBD2FE75" author="David" box="[871,1072,439,464]" pageId="7" pageNumber="308" refString="David, B., Mooi, R. &amp; Telford, M. (1996) The ontogenetic basis of Loven's Rule clarifies homologies of the echinoid peristome. In: Emson, R., Smith, A. B. &amp; Campbell, A. (Eds.), Echinoderm Research 1995. A. A. Balkema, Rotterdam, pp. 155 - 164." type="journal article" year="1996">
David
<emphasis id="B94FD64FFFB5F5417EB1FE4EFC04FE75" box="[948,998,440,464]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="308">et al</emphasis>
. 1996
</bibRefCitation>
). Ambulacral basicoronal plates all similar, narrow and straight with almost parallel radial sutures on each side (
<figureCitation id="130016D8FFB5F5417917FE2BFBB5FE51" box="[1042,1111,476,501]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="8.[151,250,1388,1410]" captionTargetBox="[175,1412,218,1356]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[151,1436,193,1377]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 4. Comparison of oral plate architecture of Iheringiella patagonensis (Desor, 1847) (based on ROM 5433M), Abertella gualichensisMartínez et al., 2005(based on the holotype,MACN-Pi 4706),Abertella pirabensis(Marchesini Santos, 1958) (reconstruction based on the holotype and only known specimen, DNPM 4493, details of interambulcrum 2 inferred by comparison with interambulacrum 4, and of ambulacrum V by comparison with ambulacrum I), and Placatenella complanata (Brito, 1981) (based on the holotype, MNRJ 5460-I, as well as MNRJ 5536-I, MPEG 886-I, MPEG 2405-I). Food grooves indicated by dotted lines, peristome and periproctin solid black, interambulacra shaded, scale bars 10 mm in length." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1135780/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="308">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF445AD5FFB5F5417D92F9D5FD7BF936" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1135778/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="308" targetBox="[151,1436,553,1548]" targetPageId="7">
<paragraph id="8B840A5DFFB5F5417D92F9D5FD7BF936" blockId="7.[151,1436,1570,1683]" pageId="7" pageNumber="308">
<emphasis id="B94FD64FFFB5F5417D92F9D5FEF5F992" bold="true" box="[151,279,1570,1592]" pageId="7" pageNumber="308">FIGURE 3.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C3B71DEFFB5F5417C26F9D5FD5FF99D" authority="(Brito, 1981)" authorityName="Brito" authorityYear="1981" baseAuthorityName="Brito" baseAuthorityYear="1981" box="[291,701,1570,1592]" class="Echinoidea" family="Eoscutellidae" genus="Placatenella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clypeasteroida" pageId="7" pageNumber="308" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="complanata">
<emphasis id="B94FD64FFFB5F5417C26F9D5FDC4F99D" box="[291,550,1570,1592]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="308">Placatenella complanata</emphasis>
(Brito, 1981)
</taxonomicName>
, photographs. A: Detail of petal in ambulacrum III of MPEG 886-I showing pores of trailing tube feet (arrow indicating most distal pore pair). B: Detail of oral surface near posterior edge of MPEG 2405-I showing periproct at margin, inside notch (p), and continuity of posterior interambulacral post-basicoronals with basicoronal 1 (arrow). Scale bars 10 mm in length.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8B840A5DFFB5F5417DC2F94CFC95F851" blockId="7.[151,1436,1723,2036]" pageId="7" pageNumber="308">
Interambulacra narrow and straight on oral surface, narrowing towards ambitus, but containing paired, zig-zag plates right up to madreporic plate. On oral surface, two postbasicoronal plates in each half-interambulacrum in interambulacrum 5, about four in interambulacra 1 and 4, and about five in interambulacra 2 and 3. Widest point of each interambulacrum about two thirds of way from basicoronal to ambitus, narrowing distally to about half that width so that paired interambulacra only about 14% width of adjacent ambulacra at ambitus. In each paired interambulacrum, first postbasicoronal greatly elongated, nearly five times as long as wide, about twice length of corresponding second postbasicoronal. Unpaired posterior interambulacrum 5 very narrow near basicoronal, widening distally, then narrowing as it approaches ambitus inside notch (
<figureCitation id="130016D8FFB5F5417ED4F840FBF5F86A" box="[977,1047,1975,2000]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="8.[151,250,1388,1410]" captionTargetBox="[175,1412,218,1356]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[151,1436,193,1377]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 4. Comparison of oral plate architecture of Iheringiella patagonensis (Desor, 1847) (based on ROM 5433M), Abertella gualichensisMartínez et al., 2005(based on the holotype,MACN-Pi 4706),Abertella pirabensis(Marchesini Santos, 1958) (reconstruction based on the holotype and only known specimen, DNPM 4493, details of interambulcrum 2 inferred by comparison with interambulacrum 4, and of ambulacrum V by comparison with ambulacrum I), and Placatenella complanata (Brito, 1981) (based on the holotype, MNRJ 5460-I, as well as MNRJ 5536-I, MPEG 886-I, MPEG 2405-I). Food grooves indicated by dotted lines, peristome and periproctin solid black, interambulacra shaded, scale bars 10 mm in length." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1135780/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="308">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
). All interambulacral basicoronals broadly in contact with both corresponding first postbasicoronals.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF445AD5FFBAF54E7D92FA9BFAD2F9B9" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1135780/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="309" targetBox="[175,1412,218,1356]" targetPageId="8">
<paragraph id="8B840A5DFFBAF54E7D92FA9BFAD2F9B9" blockId="8.[151,1436,1388,1564]" pageId="8" pageNumber="309">
<emphasis id="B94FD64FFFBAF54E7D92FA9BFEF5FA24" bold="true" box="[151,279,1388,1410]" pageId="8" pageNumber="309">FIGURE 4.</emphasis>
Comparison of oral plate architecture of
<taxonomicName id="4C3B71DEFFBAF54E7FD8FA9BFB63FA27" authority="(Desor, 1847)" authorityName="Desor" authorityYear="1847" baseAuthorityName="Desor in Agassiz &amp; Desor" baseAuthorityYear="1847" box="[733,1153,1388,1410]" class="Echinoidea" family="Monophorasteridae" genus="Iheringiella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clypeasteroida" pageId="8" pageNumber="309" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="patagonensis">
<emphasis id="B94FD64FFFBAF54E7FD8FA9BFC04FA27" box="[733,998,1388,1410]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="309">Iheringiella patagonensis</emphasis>
(Desor, 1847)
</taxonomicName>
(based on ROM 5433M),
<taxonomicName id="4C3B71DEFFBAF54E7D92FA7CFDB0FA04" authority="Martinez et al., 2005" authorityName="Martinez et al." authorityYear="2005" box="[151,594,1419,1441]" class="Echinoidea" family="Abertellidae" genus="Abertella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clypeasteroida" pageId="8" pageNumber="309" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="gualichensis">
<emphasis id="B94FD64FFFBAF54E7D92FA7CFE98FA04" box="[151,378,1419,1441]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="309">Abertella gualichensis</emphasis>
Martínez
<emphasis id="B94FD64FFFBAF54E7CE5FA7BFDF1FA04" box="[480,531,1419,1441]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="309">et al.</emphasis>
, 2005
</taxonomicName>
(based on the holotype, MACN-Pi 4706),
<taxonomicName id="4C3B71DEFFBAF54E7EFBFA7CFF30FA65" authority="(Marchesini Santos, 1958)" authorityName="Marchesini Santos" authorityYear="1958" baseAuthorityName="Marchesini Santos" baseAuthorityYear="1958" class="Echinoidea" family="Abertellidae" genus="Abertella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clypeasteroida" pageId="8" pageNumber="309" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="pirabensis">
<emphasis id="B94FD64FFFBAF54E7EFBFA7CFB2FFA04" box="[1022,1229,1419,1441]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="309">Abertella pirabensis</emphasis>
(Marchesini Santos, 1958)
</taxonomicName>
(reconstruction based on the holotype and only known specimen, DNPM 4493, details of interambulcrum 2 inferred by comparison with interambulacrum 4, and of ambulacrum V by comparison with ambulacrum I), and
<taxonomicName id="4C3B71DEFFBAF54E7998FA3FFEFFFA58" authority="(Brito, 1981)" authorityName="Brito" authorityYear="1981" baseAuthorityName="Brito" baseAuthorityYear="1981" class="Echinoidea" family="Eoscutellidae" genus="Placatenella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clypeasteroida" pageId="8" pageNumber="309" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="complanata">
<emphasis id="B94FD64FFFBAF54E7998FA3FFA7EFA7B" box="[1181,1436,1480,1502]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="309">Placatenella complanata</emphasis>
(Brito, 1981)
</taxonomicName>
(based on the holotype, MNRJ 5460-I, as well as MNRJ 5536-I, MPEG 886-I, MPEG 2405-I). Food grooves indicated by dotted lines, peristome and periproct in solid black, interambulacra shaded, scale bars 10 mm in length.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8B840A5DFFBAF54E7DC2F9BFFD2CF968" blockId="8.[151,1436,1608,2029]" pageId="8" pageNumber="309">
Peristome circular, relatively small, about 4% TL, with distinct perradial process in each ambulacrum extending into peristome beyond slight bulge containing sphaeridium (
<figureCitation id="130016D8FFBAF54E7EB8F99BFBF4F920" box="[957,1046,1644,1669]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1570,1592]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,553,1548]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[151,1436,553,1548]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 3. Placatenella complanata (Brito, 1981), photographs. A: Detail of petal in ambulacrum III of MPEG 886-I showing pores of trailing tube feet (arrow indicating most distal pore pair). B: Detail of oral surface near posterior edge of MPEG 2405-I showingperiproct at margin, insidenotch (p), and continuity of posterior interambulacral post-basicoronals with basicoronal 1 (arrow).Scale bars 10 mm in length." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1135778/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="309">Fig. 3B</figureCitation>
). Anterior edge of peristome 60% TL from anterior edge of test. Periproct small, about 4% TL, situated at ambitus in anterior wall of posterior notch, between second and third pair of postbasicoronals.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B840A5DFFBAF54E7DC2F92FFE06F89C" blockId="8.[151,1436,1608,2029]" pageId="8" pageNumber="309">Aboral tuberculation homogeneous. Very slight enlargement of tubercles in oral interambulacral regions relative to those in ambulacral regions. In specimens with best preservation of surface detail, distinct tube foot pores visible in food grooves.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B840A5DFFBAF54E7DC2F8B3FE8AF848" blockId="8.[151,1436,1608,2029]" pageId="8" pageNumber="309">
Food grooves well developed (
<figureCitation id="130016D8FFBAF54E7F20F8B3FD94F8F8" box="[549,630,1860,1885]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1734,1756]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,625,1713]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[151,1436,625,1713]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 2. Placatenella complanata (Brito, 1981), photographs. A: Aboral surface of holotype, MNRJ 5460-I. B: Oral surface of holotype, MNRJ 5460-I. C: Aboral surface of MNRJ 5536-I, with deep, narrow posterior notch. D: Oral surface of MNRJ 5536-I. Scale bars 10 mm in length." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1135776/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="309">Figs. 2</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="130016D8FFBAF54E7F86F8B2FD70F8F8" box="[643,658,1861,1885]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1570,1592]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,553,1548]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[151,1436,553,1548]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 3. Placatenella complanata (Brito, 1981), photographs. A: Detail of petal in ambulacrum III of MPEG 886-I showing pores of trailing tube feet (arrow indicating most distal pore pair). B: Detail of oral surface near posterior edge of MPEG 2405-I showingperiproct at margin, insidenotch (p), and continuity of posterior interambulacral post-basicoronals with basicoronal 1 (arrow).Scale bars 10 mm in length." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1135778/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="309">3</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="130016D8FFBAF54E7FA5F8B2FD52F8F8" box="[672,688,1861,1885]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="8.[151,250,1388,1410]" captionTargetBox="[175,1412,218,1356]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[151,1436,193,1377]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 4. Comparison of oral plate architecture of Iheringiella patagonensis (Desor, 1847) (based on ROM 5433M), Abertella gualichensisMartínez et al., 2005(based on the holotype,MACN-Pi 4706),Abertella pirabensis(Marchesini Santos, 1958) (reconstruction based on the holotype and only known specimen, DNPM 4493, details of interambulcrum 2 inferred by comparison with interambulacrum 4, and of ambulacrum V by comparison with ambulacrum I), and Placatenella complanata (Brito, 1981) (based on the holotype, MNRJ 5460-I, as well as MNRJ 5536-I, MPEG 886-I, MPEG 2405-I). Food grooves indicated by dotted lines, peristome and periproctin solid black, interambulacra shaded, scale bars 10 mm in length." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1135780/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="309">4</figureCitation>
), restricted to oral surface, with primary bifurcation near adapical ends of ambulacral basicoronal plates. After this branch point, food grooves continuously diverging as they approach ambitus. Secondary branching faint in all specimens, apparently poorly developed. Slight depressions along perradial sutures on oral surface forming extremely shallow channels reminiscent of rudimentary pressure drainage channels.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B840A5DFFBBF54F7DC2FF60FBEEFF5D" blockId="9.[151,1437,151,1256]" pageId="9" pageNumber="310">
<materialsCitation id="3B530000FFBBF54F7DC2FF60FC97FF5D" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1802482789" country="Brazil" county="Colonia Pedro Teixeira" location="Miocene Pirabas Formation" municipality="Capanema" pageId="9" pageNumber="310" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Para" typeStatus="holotype">
<emphasis id="B94FD64FFFBBF54F7DC2FF60FEBBFF15" bold="true" box="[199,345,151,176]" pageId="9" pageNumber="310">Occurrence.</emphasis>
Known from the
<typeStatus id="5480B4FFFFBBF54F7F2EFF60FD6FFF15" box="[555,653,151,176]" pageId="9" pageNumber="310" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
collected from the early
<location id="8EE45C86FFBBF54F7EB7FF60FB0DFF15" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:0392BB4BFFB7F54F7D92FAAAFC5AFB4D:8EE45C86FFBBF54F7EB7FF60FB0DFF15" box="[946,1263,151,176]" country="Brazil" county="Colonia Pedro Teixeira" municipality="Capanema" name="Miocene Pirabas Formation" pageId="9" pageNumber="310" stateProvince="Para">Miocene Pirabas Formation</location>
in the town of
<location id="8EE45C86FFBBF54F7D92FF4BFF09FF70" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:0392BB4BFFB7F54F7D92FAAAFC5AFB4D:8EE45C86FFBBF54F7D92FF4BFF09FF70" box="[151,235,188,213]" country="Brazil" county="Colonia Pedro Teixeira" municipality="Capanema" name="Castelo" pageId="9" pageNumber="310" stateProvince="Para">Castelo</location>
on the island of
<location id="8EE45C86FFBBF54F7CB2FF4BFDC0FF70" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:0392BB4BFFB7F54F7D92FAAAFC5AFB4D:8EE45C86FFBBF54F7CB2FF4BFDC0FF70" box="[439,546,188,213]" country="Brazil" county="Colonia Pedro Teixeira" municipality="Capanema" name="Fortaleza" pageId="9" pageNumber="310" stateProvince="Para">Fortaleza</location>
, State of
<collectingRegion id="49FFC4BFFFBBF54F7F90FF4BFD28FF71" box="[661,714,188,212]" country="Brazil" name="Para" pageId="9" pageNumber="310">Pará</collectingRegion>
,
<collectingCountry id="F32C4ACDFFBBF54F7FDDFF4BFCFDFF70" box="[728,799,188,213]" name="Brazil" pageId="9" pageNumber="310">Brazil</collectingCountry>
, and from several additional specimens from the same formation,
<quantity id="4CC3A7B8FFBBF54F7C16FF28FEAEFF5D" box="[275,332,223,248]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="9" pageNumber="310" unit="km" value="5.0">5 km</quantity>
north of
<collectingMunicipality id="6BE09027FFBBF54F7CB1FF17FDCFFF5D" box="[436,557,224,248]" pageId="9" pageNumber="310">Capanema</collectingMunicipality>
, near
<collectingCounty id="62E572D1FFBBF54F7F6AFF28FC97FF5D" box="[623,885,223,248]" pageId="9" pageNumber="310">Colônia Pedro Teixeira</collectingCounty>
</materialsCitation>
,
<materialsCitation id="3B530000FFBBF54F7E85FF17FBEAFF5D" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1802482787" box="[896,1032,223,248]" country="Brazil" location="Para" pageId="9" pageNumber="310" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Para" typeStatus="holotype">
<collectingRegion id="49FFC4BFFFBBF54F7E85FF17FC57FF5D" box="[896,949,224,248]" country="Brazil" name="Para" pageId="9" pageNumber="310">Pará</collectingRegion>
,
<collectingCountry id="F32C4ACDFFBBF54F7EC5FF28FBEAFF5D" box="[960,1032,223,248]" name="Brazil" pageId="9" pageNumber="310">Brazil</collectingCountry>
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C32159D6FFBBF54F7DC2FEF3FC5AFB4D" pageId="9" pageNumber="310" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8B840A5DFFBBF54F7DC2FEF3FE19FD99" blockId="9.[151,1437,151,1256]" pageId="9" pageNumber="310">
<emphasis id="B94FD64FFFBBF54F7DC2FEF3FED9FEB8" bold="true" box="[199,315,260,285]" pageId="9" pageNumber="310">Remarks.</emphasis>
See the description of the family for etymology of the genus name. None of Brito's (1981, 1986) descriptions illustrates oral plate patterns, but these are crucial to interpreting the taxonomic placement of
<taxonomicName id="4C3B71DEFFBBF54F7D92FEBBFE51FEC1" baseAuthorityName="Brito" baseAuthorityYear="1981" box="[151,435,332,356]" class="Echinoidea" family="Eoscutellidae" genus="Placatenella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clypeasteroida" pageId="9" pageNumber="310" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="complanata">
<emphasis id="B94FD64FFFBBF54F7D92FEBBFE51FEC1" box="[151,435,332,356]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="310">Placatenella complanata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Our investigations indicate that
<taxonomicName id="4C3B71DEFFBBF54F7E3FFEBBFC2AFEC1" authority="Mooi &amp; Martínez &amp; Del Río &amp; Ramos, 2018" authorityName="Mooi &amp; Martínez &amp; Del Río &amp; Ramos" authorityYear="2018" box="[826,968,332,356]" class="Echinoidea" family="Eoscutellidae" genus="Placatenella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clypeasteroida" pageId="9" pageNumber="306" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus" status="gen. nov.">
<emphasis id="B94FD64FFFBBF54F7E3FFEBBFC2AFEC1" box="[826,968,332,356]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="310">Placatenella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is very different in many respects from
<taxonomicName id="4C3B71DEFFBBF54F7D92FE87FE99FE2D" baseAuthorityName="Marchesini Santos" baseAuthorityYear="1958" box="[151,379,368,392]" class="Echinoidea" family="Abertellidae" genus="Abertella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clypeasteroida" pageId="9" pageNumber="310" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="pirabensis">
<emphasis id="B94FD64FFFBBF54F7D92FE87FE99FE2D" box="[151,379,368,392]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="310">Abertella pirabensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Although these two taxa are found near each other in similar stratigraphic circumstances, it is clear that Mooi
<emphasis id="B94FD64FFFBBF54F7C4EFE62FE9EFE09" box="[331,380,404,428]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="310">et al</emphasis>
. 2005 were incorrect in assuming that
<taxonomicName id="4C3B71DEFFBBF54F7E31FE62FC36FE09" baseAuthorityName="Brito" baseAuthorityYear="1981" box="[820,980,404,428]" class="Echinoidea" family="Eoscutellidae" genus="Placatenella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clypeasteroida" pageId="9" pageNumber="310" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="complanata">
<emphasis id="B94FD64FFFBBF54F7E31FE62FC36FE09" box="[820,980,404,428]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="310">P. complanata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C3B71DEFFBBF54F7909FE63FB42FE09" baseAuthorityName="Marchesini Santos" baseAuthorityYear="1958" box="[1036,1184,404,428]" class="Echinoidea" family="Abertellidae" genus="Abertella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clypeasteroida" pageId="9" pageNumber="310" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="pirabensis">
<emphasis id="B94FD64FFFBBF54F7909FE63FB42FE09" box="[1036,1184,404,428]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="310">A. pirabensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
were conspecific, and that examination of Brito's (1986) additional material of the former was not going to shed light on the morphology of the latter. It was only through re-examination of the
<typeStatus id="5480B4FFFFBBF54F7FF9FE2AFCCEFE50" box="[764,812,477,501]" pageId="9" pageNumber="310">type</typeStatus>
material of both taxa that the major differences became apparent, particularly in oral view. For example, the periproct is on the oral surface in
<taxonomicName id="4C3B71DEFFBBF54F7971FDF7FAEBFDBD" baseAuthorityName="Marchesini Santos" baseAuthorityYear="1958" box="[1140,1289,512,536]" class="Echinoidea" family="Abertellidae" genus="Abertella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clypeasteroida" pageId="9" pageNumber="310" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="pirabensis">
<emphasis id="B94FD64FFFBBF54F7971FDF7FAEBFDBD" box="[1140,1289,512,536]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="310">A. pirabensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(see below), not marginal as in
<taxonomicName id="4C3B71DEFFBBF54F7C62FDD3FE16FD99" authority="Mooi &amp; Martínez &amp; Del Río &amp; Ramos, 2018" authorityName="Mooi &amp; Martínez &amp; Del Río &amp; Ramos" authorityYear="2018" box="[359,500,548,572]" class="Echinoidea" family="Eoscutellidae" genus="Placatenella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clypeasteroida" pageId="9" pageNumber="306" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus" status="gen. nov.">
<emphasis id="B94FD64FFFBBF54F7C62FDD3FE16FD99" box="[359,500,548,572]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="310">Placatenella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B840A5DFFBBF54F7DC2FDB0FCA9FC49" blockId="9.[151,1437,151,1256]" pageId="9" pageNumber="310">
The interambulacra of
<taxonomicName id="4C3B71DEFFBBF54F7CCFFDBFFDBCFDC5" baseAuthorityName="Marchesini Santos" baseAuthorityYear="1958" box="[458,606,584,608]" class="Echinoidea" family="Abertellidae" genus="Abertella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clypeasteroida" pageId="9" pageNumber="310" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="pirabensis">
<emphasis id="B94FD64FFFBBF54F7CCFFDBFFDBCFDC5" box="[458,606,584,608]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="310">A. pirabensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are all discontinuous (
<figureCitation id="130016D8FFBBF54F7E64FDB0FC44FDC5" box="[865,934,583,608]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="8.[151,250,1388,1410]" captionTargetBox="[175,1412,218,1356]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[151,1436,193,1377]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 4. Comparison of oral plate architecture of Iheringiella patagonensis (Desor, 1847) (based on ROM 5433M), Abertella gualichensisMartínez et al., 2005(based on the holotype,MACN-Pi 4706),Abertella pirabensis(Marchesini Santos, 1958) (reconstruction based on the holotype and only known specimen, DNPM 4493, details of interambulcrum 2 inferred by comparison with interambulacrum 4, and of ambulacrum V by comparison with ambulacrum I), and Placatenella complanata (Brito, 1981) (based on the holotype, MNRJ 5460-I, as well as MNRJ 5536-I, MPEG 886-I, MPEG 2405-I). Food grooves indicated by dotted lines, peristome and periproctin solid black, interambulacra shaded, scale bars 10 mm in length." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1135780/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="310">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
), as is typical for all adult specimens of any species of
<taxonomicName id="4C3B71DEFFBBF54F7C14FD9BFE9BFD21" authorityName="Durham" authorityYear="1953" box="[273,377,620,644]" class="Echinoidea" family="Abertellidae" genus="Abertella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clypeasteroida" pageId="9" pageNumber="310" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B94FD64FFFBBF54F7C14FD9BFE9BFD21" box="[273,377,620,644]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="310">Abertella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. In all specimens of
<taxonomicName id="4C3B71DEFFBBF54F7F69FD9BFD18FD21" authority="Mooi &amp; Martínez &amp; Del Río &amp; Ramos, 2018" authorityName="Mooi &amp; Martínez &amp; Del Río &amp; Ramos" authorityYear="2018" box="[620,762,620,644]" class="Echinoidea" family="Eoscutellidae" genus="Placatenella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clypeasteroida" pageId="9" pageNumber="306" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus" status="gen. nov.">
<emphasis id="B94FD64FFFBBF54F7F69FD9BFD18FD21" box="[620,762,620,644]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="310">Placatenella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in which plate patterns can be discerned either completely (
<figureCitation id="130016D8FFBBF54F7D9AFD78FF07FD0D" box="[159,229,655,680]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="8.[151,250,1388,1410]" captionTargetBox="[175,1412,218,1356]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[151,1436,193,1377]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 4. Comparison of oral plate architecture of Iheringiella patagonensis (Desor, 1847) (based on ROM 5433M), Abertella gualichensisMartínez et al., 2005(based on the holotype,MACN-Pi 4706),Abertella pirabensis(Marchesini Santos, 1958) (reconstruction based on the holotype and only known specimen, DNPM 4493, details of interambulcrum 2 inferred by comparison with interambulacrum 4, and of ambulacrum V by comparison with ambulacrum I), and Placatenella complanata (Brito, 1981) (based on the holotype, MNRJ 5460-I, as well as MNRJ 5536-I, MPEG 886-I, MPEG 2405-I). Food grooves indicated by dotted lines, peristome and periproctin solid black, interambulacra shaded, scale bars 10 mm in length." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1135780/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="310">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
), or in part (including the
<typeStatus id="5480B4FFFFBBF54F7F11FD78FD98FD0D" box="[532,634,655,680]" pageId="9" pageNumber="310" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
), all interambulacra are continuous. Unusual among scutelliforms, and perhaps unlike any known species of abertellid,
<taxonomicName id="4C3B71DEFFBBF54F7FB4FD42FCB2FD69" baseAuthorityName="Brito" baseAuthorityYear="1981" box="[689,848,692,716]" class="Echinoidea" family="Eoscutellidae" genus="Placatenella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clypeasteroida" pageId="9" pageNumber="310" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="complanata">
<emphasis id="B94FD64FFFBBF54F7FB4FD42FCB2FD69" box="[689,848,692,716]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="310">P. complanata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
typically has more oral postbasicoronal plates in the anterior paired interambulacra than in the posterior paired interambulacra. In addition, the oral tuberculation of
<taxonomicName id="4C3B71DEFFBBF54F7D92FD0BFEC7FCB1" authority="Mooi &amp; Martínez &amp; Del Río &amp; Ramos, 2018" authorityName="Mooi &amp; Martínez &amp; Del Río &amp; Ramos" authorityYear="2018" box="[151,293,764,788]" class="Echinoidea" family="Eoscutellidae" genus="Placatenella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clypeasteroida" pageId="9" pageNumber="306" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus" status="gen. nov.">
<emphasis id="B94FD64FFFBBF54F7D92FD0BFEC7FCB1" box="[151,293,764,788]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="310">Placatenella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is more strongly differentiated in the interambulacral and ambulacral regions, and the regions between the branches of the food grooves are more depressed along the perradial suture, than in
<taxonomicName id="4C3B71DEFFBBF54F7969FCD7FB36FC9D" authorityName="Durham" authorityYear="1953" box="[1132,1236,800,824]" class="Echinoidea" family="Abertellidae" genus="Abertella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clypeasteroida" pageId="9" pageNumber="310" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B94FD64FFFBBF54F7969FCD7FB36FC9D" box="[1132,1236,800,824]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="310">Abertella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. In
<taxonomicName id="4C3B71DEFFBBF54F7804FCD7FA76FC9D" baseAuthorityName="Marchesini Santos" baseAuthorityYear="1958" box="[1281,1428,800,824]" class="Echinoidea" family="Abertellidae" genus="Abertella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clypeasteroida" pageId="9" pageNumber="310" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="pirabensis">
<emphasis id="B94FD64FFFBBF54F7804FCD7FA76FC9D" box="[1281,1428,800,824]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="310">A. pirabensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, tuberculation of the oral surface is very uniform, and the surface itself is nearly planar, without significant perradial depressions.
<emphasis id="B94FD64FFFBBF54F7C2CFC9FFE5AFC25" box="[297,440,872,896]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="310">Placatanella</emphasis>
also differs from
<taxonomicName id="4C3B71DEFFBBF54F7F80FC9FFCF9FC25" baseAuthorityName="Marchesini Santos" baseAuthorityYear="1958" box="[645,795,872,896]" class="Echinoidea" family="Abertellidae" genus="Abertella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clypeasteroida" pageId="9" pageNumber="310" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="pirabensis">
<emphasis id="B94FD64FFFBBF54F7F80FC9FFCF9FC25" box="[645,795,872,896]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="310">A. pirabensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in petal shape. In the former, the petals are more lyrate, whereas in the latter, the two columns of pore pairs are more parallel, and remain so for a great portion of the petals' lengths. In addition, the petals of
<taxonomicName id="4C3B71DEFFBBF54F7F1CFC47FD4DFC6D" baseAuthorityName="Marchesini Santos" baseAuthorityYear="1958" box="[537,687,944,968]" class="Echinoidea" family="Abertellidae" genus="Abertella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clypeasteroida" pageId="9" pageNumber="310" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="pirabensis">
<emphasis id="B94FD64FFFBBF54F7F1CFC47FD4DFC6D" box="[537,687,944,968]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="310">A. pirabensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
vary less in length, are distinctly narrower relative to test length, and have narrower interporiferous zones than in
<taxonomicName id="4C3B71DEFFBBF54F7FB3FC23FCA6FC49" authority="Mooi &amp; Martínez &amp; Del Río &amp; Ramos, 2018" authorityName="Mooi &amp; Martínez &amp; Del Río &amp; Ramos" authorityYear="2018" box="[694,836,980,1004]" class="Echinoidea" family="Eoscutellidae" genus="Placatenella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clypeasteroida" pageId="9" pageNumber="306" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus" status="gen. nov.">
<emphasis id="B94FD64FFFBBF54F7FB3FC23FCA6FC49" box="[694,836,980,1004]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="310">Placatenella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B840A5DFFBBF54F7DC2FC00FC5AFB4D" blockId="9.[151,1437,151,1256]" pageId="9" pageNumber="310">
The posterior notch of
<taxonomicName id="4C3B71DEFFBBF54F7CC3FC0FFDB6FBB5" authority="Mooi &amp; Martínez &amp; Del Río &amp; Ramos, 2018" authorityName="Mooi &amp; Martínez &amp; Del Río &amp; Ramos" authorityYear="2018" box="[454,596,1016,1040]" class="Echinoidea" family="Eoscutellidae" genus="Placatenella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clypeasteroida" pageId="9" pageNumber="306" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus" status="gen. nov.">
<emphasis id="B94FD64FFFBBF54F7CC3FC0FFDB6FBB5" box="[454,596,1016,1040]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="310">Placatenella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is remarkable for its depth and narrowness. This condition is unmatched in other South American non-lunulates, including the abertellids and the other genus of placatenellid,
<taxonomicName id="4C3B71DEFFBBF54F79F6FBEBFA77FB91" authority="Mooi &amp; Martínez &amp; Del Río &amp; Ramos, 2018" authorityName="Mooi &amp; Martínez &amp; Del Río &amp; Ramos" authorityYear="2018" box="[1267,1429,1052,1076]" class="Echinoidea" family="Abertellidae" genus="Camachoaster" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clypeasteroida" pageId="9" pageNumber="310" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus" status="gen. nov.">
<emphasis id="B94FD64FFFBBF54F79F6FBEBFA77FB91" box="[1267,1429,1052,1076]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="310">Camachoaster</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The only species in the Americas that has a posterior notch similar to that of
<taxonomicName id="4C3B71DEFFBBF54F790BFBB6FB52FBFD" baseAuthorityName="Brito" baseAuthorityYear="1981" box="[1038,1200,1088,1112]" class="Echinoidea" family="Eoscutellidae" genus="Placatenella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clypeasteroida" pageId="9" pageNumber="310" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="complanata">
<emphasis id="B94FD64FFFBBF54F790BFBB6FB52FBFD" box="[1038,1200,1088,1112]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="310">P. complanata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is
<taxonomicName id="4C3B71DEFFBBF54F79D1FBB7FEDEFBD8" authority="Durham, 1957" authorityName="Durham" authorityYear="1957" class="Echinoidea" family="Abertellidae" genus="Abertella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clypeasteroida" pageId="9" pageNumber="310" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="palmeri">
<emphasis id="B94FD64FFFBBF54F79D1FBB7FA7EFBFD" box="[1236,1436,1088,1112]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="310">Abertella palmeri</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFAA77ACFFBBF54F7D92FB93FEDEFBD8" author="Durham" box="[151,316,1124,1149]" pageId="9" pageNumber="310" refString="Durham, J. W. (1957) Notes on echinoids. Journal of Paleontology, 31 (3), 625 - 631." type="journal article" year="1957">Durham, 1957</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, which stands out in this respect even among the abertellids. However,
<taxonomicName id="4C3B71DEFFBBF54F7959FB93FB30FBD9" authorityName="Durham" authorityYear="1957" box="[1116,1234,1124,1148]" class="Echinoidea" family="Abertellidae" genus="Abertella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clypeasteroida" pageId="9" pageNumber="310" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="palmeri">
<emphasis id="B94FD64FFFBBF54F7959FB93FB30FBD9" box="[1116,1234,1124,1148]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="310">A. palmeri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is easily assigned to the genus
<taxonomicName id="4C3B71DEFFBBF54F7C29FB7FFE76FB05" authorityName="Durham" authorityYear="1953" box="[300,404,1160,1184]" class="Echinoidea" family="Abertellidae" genus="Abertella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clypeasteroida" pageId="9" pageNumber="310" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B94FD64FFFBBF54F7C29FB7FFE76FB05" box="[300,404,1160,1184]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="310">Abertella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, having all interambulacra markedly discontinuous, and the periproct on the oral surface. The test outline of
<taxonomicName id="4C3B71DEFFBBF54F7C71FB5BFE0EFB61" authorityName="Durham" authorityYear="1957" box="[372,492,1196,1220]" class="Echinoidea" family="Abertellidae" genus="Abertella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clypeasteroida" pageId="9" pageNumber="310" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="palmeri">
<emphasis id="B94FD64FFFBBF54F7C71FB5BFE0EFB61" box="[372,492,1196,1220]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="310">A. palmeri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is also much more strongly alate (
<emphasis id="B94FD64FFFBBF54F7E7BFB5AFC5EFB61" box="[894,956,1197,1220]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="310">sensu</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFAA77ACFFBBF54F7EC3FB5BFB68FB61" author="Mooi" box="[966,1162,1196,1221]" pageId="9" pageNumber="310" refString="Mooi, R., Martinez, S. &amp; Parma, S. G. (2000) Phylogenetic systematics of Tertiary monophorasterid sand dollars (Clypeasteroida: Echinoidea) from South America. Journal of Paleontology, 74 (2), 263 - 281. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / S 0022336000031486" type="journal article" year="2000">
Mooi
<emphasis id="B94FD64FFFBBF54F7909FB5AFBA5FB61" box="[1036,1095,1196,1220]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="310">et al.</emphasis>
2000
</bibRefCitation>
) than in
<taxonomicName id="4C3B71DEFFBBF54F79F6FB5AFA77FB61" baseAuthorityName="Brito" baseAuthorityYear="1981" box="[1267,1429,1196,1220]" class="Echinoidea" family="Eoscutellidae" genus="Placatenella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clypeasteroida" pageId="9" pageNumber="310" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="complanata">
<emphasis id="B94FD64FFFBBF54F79F6FB5AFA77FB61" box="[1267,1429,1196,1220]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="310">P. complanata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. There can be little question that these two forms are not closely related.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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