182 lines
20 KiB
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182 lines
20 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.543.6050" ID-GBIF-Dataset="5b2a81dd-d9c7-4fb8-b370-de5ccd8e868d" ID-PMC="PMC4714327" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-543-1" ID-PubMed="26798286" ID-ZBK="4E2375F0A3824F3CB7A4DCC5148A67B0" ModsDocAuthor="" ModsDocDate="2015" ModsDocID="1313-2970-543-1" ModsDocOrigin="ZooKeys 543" ModsDocTitle="Introduced Pheidole of the world: taxonomy, biology and distribution" checkinTime="1451243644414" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Sarnat, Eli M., Fischer, Georg, Guenard, Benoit & Economo, Evan P." docDate="2015" docId="ED714072331727DDA4F6B00604F66699" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 543: 1-109" docOrigin="ZooKeys 543" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.543.6050" docTitle="Pheidole rugosula Forel" docType="treatment" docVersion="4" lastPageNumber="49" masterDocId="FFA8D443FFA05A6960070473FFDEFF83" masterDocTitle="Introduced Pheidole of the world: taxonomy, biology and distribution" masterLastPageNumber="109" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="49" updateTime="1668162291239" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Introduced Pheidole of the world: taxonomy, biology and distribution</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Sarnat, Eli M.</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Fischer, Georg</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Guenard, Benoit</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Economo, Evan P.</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:relatedItem type="host">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>ZooKeys</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:date>2015</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>543</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>1</mods:start>
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<mods:end>109</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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</mods:relatedItem>
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<mods:location>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.543.6050</mods:url>
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</mods:location>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.543.6050</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1313-2970-543-1</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ZBK">4E2375F0A3824F3CB7A4DCC5148A67B0</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ZooBank">4E2375F0A3824F3CB7A4DCC5148A67B0</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="127872339" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:ED714072331727DDA4F6B00604F66699" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/ED714072331727DDA4F6B00604F66699" lastPageNumber="49" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">
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<subSubSection pageId="48" pageNumber="49" type="multiple">
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<paragraph pageId="48" pageNumber="49">
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<pageBreakToken pageId="48" pageNumber="49" start="start">Taxon</pageBreakToken>
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classification Animalia Hymenoptera Formicidae
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="48" pageNumber="49" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph pageId="48" pageNumber="49">
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<taxonomicName authority="Forel" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole rugosula" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rugosula">Pheidole rugosula Forel</taxonomicName>
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Figs 86, 88N
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="48" pageNumber="49" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph pageId="48" pageNumber="49">
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Pheidole</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicName lsidName="rugosula" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" rank="species" species="rugosula">rugosula</taxonomicName>
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.
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" infraspecific-rank="var." kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole variabilis var. rugosula" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="variety" species="variabilis" variety="rugosula">Pheidole variabilis var. rugosula</taxonomicName>
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<bibRefCitation author="Forel, A" journalOrPublisher="Revue Suisse de Zoologie" pageId="58" pageNumber="59" pagination="405 - 548" title="Fourmis nouvelles d'Australie." url="10.5962/bhl.part.13793" volume="10" year="1902 a">Forel 1902a</bibRefCitation>
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: 423 (s.w.) AUSTRALIA, Bong-Bong, N.S.W. (Froggatt). Raised to species
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<bibRefCitation author="Berry, JA" journalOrPublisher="New Zealand Journal of Zoology" pageId="53" pageNumber="54" pagination="25 - 33" title="Species of Pheidole Westwood (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) established in New Zealand." url="10.1080/03014223.1997.9518103" volume="24" year="1997">Berry et al. 1997</bibRefCitation>
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: 29.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="48" pageNumber="49">
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Pheidole</taxonomicName>
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Note: The elevation to species rank proposed by
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<bibRefCitation author="Berry, JA" journalOrPublisher="New Zealand Journal of Zoology" pageId="53" pageNumber="54" pagination="25 - 33" title="Species of Pheidole Westwood (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) established in New Zealand." url="10.1080/03014223.1997.9518103" volume="24" year="1997">Berry et al. (1997)</bibRefCitation>
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had been heretofore overlooked by
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<bibRefCitation author="Bolton, B" journalOrPublisher="Harvard University Press, Cambridge" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" title="An online catalog of the ants of the world" url="http://antcat.org" year="2014">Bolton (2014)</bibRefCitation>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="48" pageNumber="49" type="diagnosis among introduced">
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<paragraph pageId="48" pageNumber="49">
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Diagnosis among introduced
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Pheidole</taxonomicName>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="48" pageNumber="49">Yellowish brown. MajorHW 0.88, HL 0.94, SL 0.45, CI 94, SI 51 (n=1). Head subquadrate (Fig. 7); with distinct parallel rugae extending from frontal lobes posterior to apices of frontal carinae. Shorter lengths of rugae present across entire posterior region of head and extending to posterior margin in full-face view (Fig. 24). Promesonotum in profile forming a single dome (Fig. 4), lacking a distinct mound or prominence on the posterior slope. Promesonotal dorsum glossy with thin but distinct subparallel striae running oblique to the longitudinal midline (Fig. 20). Pronotal striae in dorsal view mostly oblique (Fig. 20). Postpetiole not swollen relative to petiole (Fig. 3). MinorHW 0.45, HL 0.48, SL 0.41, CI 95, SI 91 (n=1). Head with well-defined, long segments of rugae running longitudinally from below the eyes to the posterior head margin (Fig. 38). Frontal carinae distinct and reaching towards the posterior head margin, although they may occasionally be interrupted (Fig. 38). Punctate ground sculpture present on lateral surfaces of head and just mesad of the frontal carinae, but median portion of head with a large glossy section (Fig. 38). Antennal scapes reach but do not surpass posterior head margin (Fig. 41). Promesonotum in profile forming a single dome (Fig. 42), lacking a distinct mound or prominence on the posterior slope. Postpetiole not swollen relative to petiole (Fig. 3).</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="48" pageNumber="49" type="identification, taxonomy and systematics">
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<paragraph pageId="48" pageNumber="49">Identification, taxonomy and systematics.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="48" pageNumber="49">
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole rugosula" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rugosula">Pheidole rugosula</taxonomicName>
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is a small, brownish yellow, short-limbed species with moderate head sculpturing that most likely belongs to the Australian-New Guinea clade that includes close relatives of
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole variabilis" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="variabilis">Pheidole variabilis</taxonomicName>
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Mayr. The head sculpturing of both the major (Fig. 10) and the minor (Fig. 38) is distinct among all other
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Pheidole</taxonomicName>
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species treated here. These characters easily separate
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole rugosula" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rugosula">Pheidole rugosula</taxonomicName>
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from
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole megacephala" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="megacephala">Pheidole megacephala</taxonomicName>
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(Fig. 24, Fig. 36). These same characters, together with a more sculptured promesonotal dorsum (Fig. 20, major) and stout propodeal spines, can be used to separate
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole rugosula" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rugosula">Pheidole rugosula</taxonomicName>
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from its two other congeners that are established in New Zealand,
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole proxima" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="proxima">Pheidole proxima</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole vigilans" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vigilans">Pheidole vigilans</taxonomicName>
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(which is also much larger, major HW> 1.20 mm). There is a bewildering diversity of native Australian (and to a lesser extent New Guinea)
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Pheidole</taxonomicName>
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that approach the morphology of
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole rugosula" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rugosula">Pheidole rugosula</taxonomicName>
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. Additional characters for identifying New Zealand
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Pheidole</taxonomicName>
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species are provided in
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<bibRefCitation author="Berry, JA" journalOrPublisher="New Zealand Journal of Zoology" pageId="53" pageNumber="54" pagination="25 - 33" title="Species of Pheidole Westwood (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) established in New Zealand." url="10.1080/03014223.1997.9518103" volume="24" year="1997">Berry et al. (1997)</bibRefCitation>
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. A significant revision of the
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole variabilis" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="variabilis">Pheidole variabilis</taxonomicName>
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group is required before
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole rugosula" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rugosula">Pheidole rugosula</taxonomicName>
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can be reliably separated from these species.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="48" pageNumber="49" type="biology">
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<paragraph pageId="48" pageNumber="49">Biology.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="48" pageNumber="49">
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In New Zealand,
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole rugosula" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rugosula">Pheidole rugosula</taxonomicName>
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is strongly associated with human disturbance and is the most commonly encountered of the four
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Pheidole</taxonomicName>
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species established in New Zealand (
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<bibRefCitation author="Berry, JA" journalOrPublisher="New Zealand Journal of Zoology" pageId="53" pageNumber="54" pagination="25 - 33" title="Species of Pheidole Westwood (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) established in New Zealand." url="10.1080/03014223.1997.9518103" volume="24" year="1997">Berry et al. 1997</bibRefCitation>
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). It has been recorded frequently from gardens, orchards, structures and urban areas. The species was reported nesting in compost, in the soil of vegetable gardens, in the soil of lawns, and near rubbish baskets (
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<bibRefCitation author="Berry, JA" journalOrPublisher="New Zealand Journal of Zoology" pageId="53" pageNumber="54" pagination="25 - 33" title="Species of Pheidole Westwood (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) established in New Zealand." url="10.1080/03014223.1997.9518103" volume="24" year="1997">Berry et al. 1997</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation pageId="48" pageNumber="49">Harris et al. 2005b</bibRefCitation>
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). It has also been recorded as scavenging dead arthropods, human food waste, nuts and seeds, and is often found associated with rotting fruit (
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<bibRefCitation author="Berry, JA" journalOrPublisher="New Zealand Journal of Zoology" pageId="53" pageNumber="54" pagination="25 - 33" title="Species of Pheidole Westwood (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) established in New Zealand." url="10.1080/03014223.1997.9518103" volume="24" year="1997">Berry et al. 1997</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation pageId="48" pageNumber="49">Harris et al. 2005b</bibRefCitation>
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). Other collection records suggest
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole rugosula" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rugosula">Pheidole rugosula</taxonomicName>
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will forage arboreally.
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<bibRefCitation author="Berry, JA" journalOrPublisher="New Zealand Journal of Zoology" pageId="53" pageNumber="54" pagination="25 - 33" title="Species of Pheidole Westwood (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) established in New Zealand." url="10.1080/03014223.1997.9518103" volume="24" year="1997">Berry et al. (1997)</bibRefCitation>
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also mention that label data suggests the species was collected several times attacking ootheca of mantids, including those of the native mantid
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Mantidae" genus="Orthodera" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Orthodera novaezealandiae" order="Mantodea" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="novaezealandiae">Orthodera novaezealandiae</taxonomicName>
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(Colenso).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="48" pageNumber="49" type="distribution">
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<paragraph pageId="48" pageNumber="49">Distribution.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="48" pageNumber="49">
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole rugosula" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rugosula">Pheidole rugosula</taxonomicName>
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is believed to be native to the New South Wales region of Australia. The only country where the species has established is New Zealand (
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<bibRefCitation author="Berry, JA" journalOrPublisher="New Zealand Journal of Zoology" pageId="53" pageNumber="54" pagination="25 - 33" title="Species of Pheidole Westwood (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) established in New Zealand." url="10.1080/03014223.1997.9518103" volume="24" year="1997">Berry et al. 1997</bibRefCitation>
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).
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<bibRefCitation author="Berry, JA" journalOrPublisher="New Zealand Journal of Zoology" pageId="53" pageNumber="54" pagination="25 - 33" title="Species of Pheidole Westwood (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) established in New Zealand." url="10.1080/03014223.1997.9518103" volume="24" year="1997">Berry et al. (1997)</bibRefCitation>
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published museum records of
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole rugosula" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rugosula">Pheidole rugosula</taxonomicName>
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from New Zealand. The first known occurrence of
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole rugosula" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rugosula">Pheidole rugosula</taxonomicName>
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in New Zealand is from Takapuna, where it was collected in 1958 and it had reached Auckland by 1963. Since then it has been found across the Auckland and Waikato regions.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="48" pageNumber="49" type="risk statement">
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<paragraph pageId="48" pageNumber="49">Risk statement.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="48" pageNumber="49">
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole rugosula" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rugosula">Pheidole rugosula</taxonomicName>
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is considered to be a nuisance pest around urban areas in New Zealand (
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<bibRefCitation pageId="48" pageNumber="49">Harris et al. 2005b</bibRefCitation>
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), where foragers are attracted to pet food left out and to windfall fruit. Although it occurs in native habitats in New Zealand, its impacts are unknown. Collection data indicating a
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole rugosula" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rugosula">Pheidole rugosula</taxonomicName>
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attack of native mantids suggest it could have some negative impact on native biodiversity, however.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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</treatment>
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</document> |