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<document id="6D826538776554C38EF0695E2C5BA8BA" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.5400552" ID-ISSN="1638-9387" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5400552" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1630333747485" checkinUser="marcus" docAuthor="Klautau, Michelle &amp; Borojevic, Radovan" docDate="2001" docId="03F31301FFCA4303FCD4DF16FED35DA5" docLanguage="en" docName="Zoosystema.2001.23.3.395-410.pdf" docOrigin="Zoosystema 23 (3)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:64A3174DE33E974D4EB6573A0A793B12.4:Zoosystema.2000-2008.journal_article.type2" docStyleId="64A3174DE33E974D4EB6573A0A793B12" docStyleName="Zoosystema.2000-2008.journal_article.type2" docStyleVersion="4" docTitle="Clathrina aurea Sole-Cava, Klautau, Boury-Esnault, Borojevic &amp; Thorpe 1991" docType="treatment" docVersion="3" lastPageNumber="403" masterDocId="FFCA6B79FFCC430BFFA8DA2AFFDC5B24" masterDocTitle="Sponges of the genus Clathrina Gray, 1867 from Arraial do Cabo, Brazil" masterLastPageNumber="410" masterPageNumber="395" pageNumber="401" updateTime="1699232065988" updateUser="plazi" zenodo-license-document="CC0-1.0" zenodo-license-figures="CC0-1.0" zenodo-license-treatments="UNSPECIFIED">
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<mods:title id="425FD9D954A34A51949ACD2A746293DC">Sponges of the genus Clathrina Gray, 1867 from Arraial do Cabo, Brazil</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="634486400D1BF23EFBECE0017A31A5FF">Klautau, Michelle</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="EAC3C9E940D145865DC3CB77DE836900">Centro Federal de Educação Tecnológica de Química, Unidade Rio de Janeiro Rua Senador Furtado 121 - 125, Maracanã, 20270 - 021 Rio de Janeiro (Brazil) mkmt @ centroin. com. br</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="E9F7E6F721295BD07B07A9562B221246">Borojevic, Radovan</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="2CAC68441088388535BA1818FF658239">Departamento de Histologia e Embriologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Caixa Postal 68021 21941 - 970 Rio de Janeiro (Brazil) radovan @ iq. ufrj. br</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:title id="03B8C551FDC1A6033B70DB1F7F663050">Zoosystema</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="AA350768FE1BFF7169A48442DBE5D9CF">2001</mods:date>
<mods:detail id="03DB2A76BB7ABAD4C05C5BC2B6E3B082" type="volume">
<mods:number id="032726CBF5B95099E1620829F8A1683E">23</mods:number>
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<mods:identifier id="D1B67F532C102A60BD33DB282E3B5EE2" type="DOI">10.5281/zenodo.5400552</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="3B98285006307A14D76015180B38A7EF" type="ISSN">1638-9387</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="03F31301FFCA4303FCD4DF16FED35DA5" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03F31301FFCA4303FCD4DF16FED35DA5" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F31301FFCA4303FCD4DF16FED35DA5" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="403" pageId="6" pageNumber="401">
<subSubSection id="C340F19CFFCA430DFCD4DF16FBBA5EB7" pageId="6" pageNumber="401" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8BE5A217FFCA430DFCD4DF16FBBA5EB7" blockId="6.[788,1173,1339,1458]" pageId="6" pageNumber="401">
<heading id="D0AD157BFFCA430DFCD4DF16FBBA5EB7" centered="true" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="6" pageNumber="401" reason="3">
<taxonomicName id="4C5AD994FFCA430DFCD4DF16FBBA5EB7" ID-CoL="VSTM" authority="Sole-Cava, Klautau, Boury-Esnault, Borojevic &amp; Thorpe, 1991" authorityName="Sole-Cava, Klautau, Boury-Esnault, Borojevic &amp; Thorpe" authorityYear="1991" class="Calcarea" family="Clathrinidae" genus="Clathrina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clathrinida" pageId="6" pageNumber="401" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="aurea">
<emphasis id="B92E7E05FFCA430DFCD4DF16FBF15E71" bold="true" box="[892,1069,1339,1366]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="401">Clathrina aurea</emphasis>
Solé-Cava, Klautau, Boury-Esnault, Borojevic &amp; Thorpe, 1991
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C340F19CFFCA430DFCD4DFB2FBF15E96" box="[892,1069,1432,1458]" pageId="6" pageNumber="401" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BE5A217FFCA430DFCD4DFB2FBF15E96" blockId="6.[788,1173,1339,1458]" box="[892,1069,1432,1458]" pageId="6" pageNumber="401">
(
<figureCitation id="1361BE92FFCA430DFC2CDFB2FC195E96" box="[900,965,1432,1458]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="7.[151,162,1378,1395]" captionTargetBox="[151,686,166,1356]" captionTargetId="figure-21@7.[151,685,166,927]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIG. 4. — Clathrina aurea Solé-Cava et al., 1991; A, underwater photo by E. Hajdu; B, spicules, holotype (LBIM.C.1989.1), triactines. Scale bars: A, 1 cm; B, 100 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5400560" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5400560/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="401">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
;
<tableCitation id="C6D897ACFFCA430DFC79DFB2FBF95E96" box="[977,1061,1432,1458]" captionStart="TABLE" captionStartId="7.[438,449,1504,1521]" captionText="TABLE 4. — Clathrina aurea Solé-Cava et al., 1991, spicule size." pageId="6" pageNumber="401">Table 4</tableCitation>
)
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C340F19CFFCA430DFD62DFFBFB0B5ECD" box="[714,1239,1488,1513]" pageId="6" pageNumber="401" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="8BE5A217FFCA430DFD62DFFBFB0B5ECD" blockId="6.[714,1248,1488,1665]" box="[714,1239,1488,1513]" pageId="6" pageNumber="401">
<taxonomicName id="4C5AD994FFCA430DFD62DFFBFBAE5ECD" ID-CoL="VSTM" authority="Sole-Cava et al., 1991: 382" authorityName="Sole-Cava" authorityPageNumber="382" authorityYear="1991" box="[714,1138,1488,1513]" class="Calcarea" family="Clathrinidae" genus="Clathrina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clathrinida" pageId="6" pageNumber="401" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="aurea">
<emphasis id="B92E7E05FFCA430DFD62DFFBFCBD5EC3" box="[714,865,1488,1513]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="401">Clathrina aurea</emphasis>
Solé-Cava
<emphasis id="B92E7E05FFCA430DFC78DFFAFC235ECD" box="[976,1023,1488,1513]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="401">et al.</emphasis>
, 1991: 382
</taxonomicName>
, tabs 1; 2.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C340F19CFFCA430DFD62DFDCFC805DA5" pageId="6" pageNumber="401" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="8BE5A217FFCA430DFD62DFDCFC5E5D66" blockId="6.[714,1248,1488,1665]" pageId="6" pageNumber="401">
<materialsCitation id="3B32A84AFFCA430DFD62DFDCFC5E5D66" collectingDate="1987-11-15" collectionCode="TYPE, MATERIAL, LBIM" collectorName="E. Hajdu &amp; Museum &amp; d'Histoire &amp; Paris" pageId="6" pageNumber="401" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="holotype">
<collectionCode id="ED4B3AD2FFCA430DFD62DFDCFCAD5D28" box="[714,881,1526,1549]" pageId="6" pageNumber="401">TYPE MATERIAL</collectionCode>
. —
<typeStatus id="54E11CB5FFCA430DFC0EDFDDFBCD5D2B" box="[934,1041,1527,1551]" pageId="6" pageNumber="401" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
,
<date id="FFE484D7FFCA430DFBB7DFDDFB7D5D2B" box="[1055,1185,1527,1551]" pageId="6" pageNumber="401" value="1987-11-15">
<collectingDate id="EFA07D3FFFCA430DFBB7DFDDFB7D5D2B" box="[1055,1185,1527,1551]" pageId="6" pageNumber="401" value="1987-11-15">15.XI.1987</collectingDate>
</date>
, coll.
<collectorName id="26AFC7C1FFCA430DFD62DC3AFCFB5D0D" box="[714,807,1552,1577]" pageId="6" pageNumber="401">E. Hajdu</collectorName>
,
<collectorName id="26AFC7C1FFCA430DFC99DC3BFC545D0D" box="[817,904,1553,1577]" pageId="6" pageNumber="401">Muséum</collectorName>
national
<collectorName id="26AFC7C1FFCA430DFC4DDC3BFB945D0D" box="[997,1096,1553,1577]" pageId="6" pageNumber="401">d’Histoire</collectorName>
naturelle,
<collectorName id="26AFC7C1FFCA430DFB18DC3BFB035D0D" box="[1200,1247,1553,1577]" pageId="6" pageNumber="401">Paris</collectorName>
(
<collectionCode id="ED4B3AD2FFCA430DFD79DC00FCCA5D66" box="[721,790,1578,1602]" pageId="6" pageNumber="401">LBIM</collectionCode>
.C.1989.1).
</materialsCitation>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE5A217FFCA430DFD62DC65FC805DA5" blockId="6.[714,1248,1488,1665]" pageId="6" pageNumber="401">
<collectionCode id="ED4B3AD2FFCA430DFD62DC65FCBF5D41" box="[714,867,1615,1638]" pageId="6" pageNumber="401">
<typeStatus id="54E11CB5FFCA430DFD62DC65FD205D40" box="[714,764,1615,1638]" pageId="6" pageNumber="401">TYPE</typeStatus>
LOCALITY
</collectionCode>
. — Arraial do Cabo (Anjos),
<collectingRegion id="499E6CF5FFCA430DFB33DC7AFCCE5DA5" country="Brazil" name="Rio de Janeiro" pageId="6" pageNumber="401">Rio de Janeiro</collectingRegion>
,
<collectingCountry id="F34DE287FFCA430DFCB4DC43FC845DA5" box="[796,856,1641,1665]" name="Brazil" pageId="6" pageNumber="401">Brazil</collectingCountry>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C340F19CFFCB430CFD62DA8DFC3E5BF3" pageId="7" pageNumber="402" type="etymology">
<paragraph id="8BE5A217FFCB430CFD62DA8DFC3E5BF3" blockId="7.[714,1247,166,333]" pageId="7" pageNumber="402">
ETYMOLOGY. — From Latin
<emphasis id="B92E7E05FFCB430CFC5ADA8CFBE65B99" box="[1010,1082,166,189]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="402">Aureus:</emphasis>
golden. For the yellow colour of the cormus.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C340F19CFFCB430CFD62DAC2FCB85A69" pageId="7" pageNumber="402" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="8BE5A217FFCB430CFD62DAC2FCB85A69" blockId="7.[714,1247,166,333]" pageId="7" pageNumber="402">
<collectionCode id="ED4B3AD2FFCB430CFD62DAC2FCEA5BDA" box="[714,822,232,255]" pageId="7" pageNumber="402">MATERIAL</collectionCode>
EXAMINED. —
<emphasis id="B92E7E05FFCB430CFC77DAC3FB525A25" bold="true" box="[991,1166,233,257]" pageId="7" pageNumber="402">Oasis Coralino.</emphasis>
Forno, Anjos, Enseada, Pontal do Atalaia, Pedra Vermelha, several specimens collected in small crevices in the Oasis Coralino.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C340F19CFFCB430CFD62DBADFB0758E6" pageId="7" pageNumber="402" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BE5A217FFCB430CFD62DBADFC875ABB" blockId="7.[714,1247,396,959]" box="[714,859,391,417]" pageId="7" pageNumber="402">DESCRIPTION</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE5A217FFCB430CFD62DB82FBFD59A6" blockId="7.[714,1247,396,959]" pageId="7" pageNumber="402">
Living specimens of this species have a clathrate golden-yellow cormus, which becomes beige in alcohol. The cormus is composed of large, irregular and loosely anastomosed tubes, where several oscula are spread. No water-collecting tubes are present (
<figureCitation id="1361BE92FFCB430CFC8FD862FCA25946" box="[807,894,584,610]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="7.[151,162,1378,1395]" captionTargetBox="[151,686,166,1356]" captionTargetId="figure-21@7.[151,685,166,927]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIG. 4. — Clathrina aurea Solé-Cava et al., 1991; A, underwater photo by E. Hajdu; B, spicules, holotype (LBIM.C.1989.1), triactines. Scale bars: A, 1 cm; B, 100 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5400560" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5400560/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="402">Fig. 4A</figureCitation>
). Special characteristics were not found on the histological slides.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE5A217FFCB430CFD62D8A2FC885806" blockId="7.[714,1247,396,959]" pageId="7" pageNumber="402">
The skeleton has no special organisation. It is composed of equiangular and equiradiate triactines (
<figureCitation id="1361BE92FFCB430CFC89D8E2FCA959C6" box="[801,885,712,738]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="7.[151,162,1378,1395]" captionTargetBox="[151,686,166,1356]" captionTargetId="figure-21@7.[151,685,166,927]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIG. 4. — Clathrina aurea Solé-Cava et al., 1991; A, underwater photo by E. Hajdu; B, spicules, holotype (LBIM.C.1989.1), triactines. Scale bars: A, 1 cm; B, 100 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5400560" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5400560/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="402">Fig. 4B</figureCitation>
;
<tableCitation id="C6D897ACFFCB430CFCD7D8E2FC0859C6" box="[895,980,712,738]" captionStart="TABLE" captionStartId="7.[438,449,1504,1521]" captionText="TABLE 4. — Clathrina aurea Solé-Cava et al., 1991, spicule size." pageId="7" pageNumber="402">Table 4</tableCitation>
). Actines are characteristically undulated at the distal part, and their ends are rounded.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE5A217FFCB430CFD62D90DFB0758E6" blockId="7.[714,1247,396,959]" pageId="7" pageNumber="402">
<taxonomicName id="4C5AD994FFCB430CFD62D90DFCF65865" box="[714,810,807,833]" class="Calcarea" family="Clathrinidae" genus="Clathrina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clathrinida" pageId="7" pageNumber="402" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="aurea">
<emphasis id="B92E7E05FFCB430CFD62D90DFCF65865" box="[714,810,807,833]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="402">C. aurea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is common in the warm water of the Oasis Coralino. Its habitat is sciaphilous which means it is exposed to very little sunlight, and protected from the action of waves. It is frequently found on the roof of small caves or in crevices.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C340F19CFFCB430CFD62D9CDFB035E86" pageId="7" pageNumber="402" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8BE5A217FFCB430CFD62D9CDFCF258DB" blockId="7.[714,1247,999,1442]" box="[714,814,999,1025]" pageId="7" pageNumber="402">REMARKS</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE5A217FFCB430CFD62DE22FB035E86" blockId="7.[714,1247,999,1442]" pageId="7" pageNumber="402">
<taxonomicName id="4C5AD994FFCB430CFD62DE22FCAD5F05" box="[714,881,1032,1058]" class="Calcarea" family="Clathrinidae" genus="Clathrina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clathrinida" pageId="7" pageNumber="402" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="aurea">
<emphasis id="B92E7E05FFCB430CFD62DE22FCAD5F05" box="[714,881,1032,1058]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="402">Clathrina aurea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is morphologically very similar to its sibling
<taxonomicName id="4C5AD994FFCB430CFC96DE0DFBA85F66" authority="(Schmidt, 1864)" baseAuthorityName="Schmidt" baseAuthorityYear="1864" box="[830,1140,1063,1090]" class="Calcarea" family="Grantiidae" genus="Grantia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leucosolenida" pageId="7" pageNumber="402" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="clathrus">
<emphasis id="B92E7E05FFCB430CFC96DE0DFC6F5F66" box="[830,947,1063,1090]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="402">C. clathrus</emphasis>
(Schmidt, 1864)
</taxonomicName>
from the Mediterranean Sea. Both species are yellow and have only triactines with undulate actines and rounded ends. Comparing both populations by allozyme analysis (Solé-Cava
<emphasis id="B92E7E05FFCB430CFB8EDE82FB835FE6" box="[1062,1119,1192,1218]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="402">et al.</emphasis>
1991), we found very low levels of genetic identity between them, indicating no gene flow between the Mediterranean and the Atlantic populations and, consequently, no cospecificity. Although they are morphologically very similar, some differences can be recognised between specimens of the two species. The spicules of
<taxonomicName id="4C5AD994FFCB430CFC42DFADFBBA5E86" baseAuthorityName="Schmidt" baseAuthorityYear="1864" box="[1002,1126,1415,1442]" class="Calcarea" family="Grantiidae" genus="Grantia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leucosolenida" pageId="7" pageNumber="402" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="clathrus">
<emphasis id="B92E7E05FFCB430CFC42DFADFBBA5E86" box="[1002,1126,1415,1442]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="402">C. clathrus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are larger
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<caption id="DF25F29FFFCB430CFF3FDF48FE3A5EBA" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5400560" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5400560" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5400560/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="402" startId="7.[151,162,1378,1395]" targetBox="[151,686,166,1356]" targetPageId="7">
<paragraph id="8BE5A217FFCB430CFF3FDF48FE3A5EBA" blockId="7.[151,684,1378,1439]" pageId="7" pageNumber="402">
FIG. 4.
<emphasis id="B92E7E05FFCB430CFF79DF48FF385E57" box="[209,228,1378,1395]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="402">—</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C5AD994FFCB430CFF42DF48FDF65E57" authority="Sole-Cava et al., 1991" authorityName="Sole-Cava" authorityYear="1991" box="[234,554,1378,1395]" class="Calcarea" family="Clathrinidae" genus="Clathrina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clathrinida" pageId="7" pageNumber="402" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="aurea">
<emphasis id="B92E7E05FFCB430CFF42DF48FEB45E57" box="[234,360,1378,1395]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="402">Clathrina aurea</emphasis>
Solé-Cava
<emphasis id="B92E7E05FFCB430CFE64DF48FE2A5E57" box="[460,502,1378,1395]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="402">et al.</emphasis>
, 1991
</taxonomicName>
;
<emphasis id="B92E7E05FFCB430CFD9DDF48FD9E5E57" bold="true" box="[565,578,1378,1395]" pageId="7" pageNumber="402">A</emphasis>
, underwater photo by E. Hajdu;
<emphasis id="B92E7E05FFCB430CFEE9DF52FE925EAD" bold="true" box="[321,334,1400,1417]" pageId="7" pageNumber="402">B</emphasis>
, spicules, holotype (LBIM.C.1989.1), triactines. Scale bars: A, 1 cm; B, 100 µm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="DF25F29FFFCB430CFE1EDFCAFC1E5ED5" box="[438,962,1504,1521]" pageId="7" pageNumber="402" startId="7.[438,449,1504,1521]">
<paragraph id="8BE5A217FFCB430CFE1EDFCAFC1E5ED5" blockId="7.[438,962,1504,1521]" box="[438,962,1504,1521]" pageId="7" pageNumber="402">
TABLE 4. —
<taxonomicName id="4C5AD994FFCB430CFDBDDFCAFC8E5ED5" authority="Sole-Cava et al., 1991" authorityName="Sole-Cava" authorityYear="1991" box="[533,850,1504,1521]" class="Calcarea" family="Clathrinidae" genus="Clathrina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clathrinida" pageId="7" pageNumber="402" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="aurea">
<emphasis id="B92E7E05FFCB430CFDBDDFCAFD4E5ED5" box="[533,658,1504,1521]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="402">Clathrina aurea</emphasis>
Solé-Cava
<emphasis id="B92E7E05FFCB430CFD5CDFCAFCC15ED5" box="[756,797,1504,1521]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="402">et al.</emphasis>
, 1991
</taxonomicName>
, spicule size.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BE5A217FFCB430CFF16DC3EFB6F5D57" pageId="7" pageNumber="402">
<table id="F95A50B7FFCBBCF4FF3FDC3EFB6F5D57" box="[151,1203,1556,1651]" gridcols="8" gridrows="2" pageId="7" pageNumber="402" rowsContinueIn="9.[157,1203,1538,1640]">
<tr id="356AA055FFCBBCF4FF3FDC3EFB6F5D60" box="[151,1203,1556,1604]" gridrow="0" pageId="7" pageNumber="402">
<th id="76BBC929FFCBBCF4FF3FDC3EFED55D60" box="[151,265,1556,1604]" gridcol="0" gridrow="0" pageId="7" pageNumber="402">
<emphasis id="B92E7E05FFCB430CFF16DC3EFED55D0C" bold="true" box="[190,265,1556,1576]" pageId="7" pageNumber="402">Spicule</emphasis>
</th>
<td id="76BBC929FFCBBCF4FE37DC3EFE185D60" box="[415,452,1556,1604]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="7" pageNumber="402">
<emphasis id="B92E7E05FFCB430CFE37DC1AFE185D60" bold="true" box="[415,452,1584,1604]" pageId="7" pageNumber="402">min</emphasis>
</td>
<td id="76BBC929FFCBBCF4FD98DC3EFD035D60" box="[560,735,1556,1604]" colspan="2" colspanRight="1" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="7" pageNumber="402">
<emphasis id="B92E7E05FFCB430CFDE1DC3EFDB45D60" bold="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="402">Length (µm) mean</emphasis>
σ
</td>
<td id="76BBC929FFCBBCF4FC81DC3EFC885D60" box="[809,852,1556,1604]" gridcol="4" gridrow="0" pageId="7" pageNumber="402">
<emphasis id="B92E7E05FFCB430CFC81DC1AFC885D60" bold="true" box="[809,852,1584,1604]" pageId="7" pageNumber="402">max</emphasis>
</td>
<td id="76BBC929FFCBBCF4FC3DDC3EFB995D60" box="[917,1093,1556,1604]" colspan="2" colspanRight="1" gridcol="5" gridrow="0" pageId="7" pageNumber="402">
<emphasis id="B92E7E05FFCB430CFC1EDC3EFC115D60" bold="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="402">Width (µm) mean</emphasis>
σ
</td>
<td id="76BBC929FFCBBCF4FB33DC3EFB6F5D60" box="[1179,1203,1556,1604]" gridcol="7" gridrow="0" pageId="7" pageNumber="402">
<emphasis id="B92E7E05FFCB430CFB37DC3EFB705D0C" bold="true" box="[1183,1196,1556,1576]" pageId="7" pageNumber="402">n</emphasis>
</td>
</tr>
<tr id="356AA055FFCBBCF4FF3FDC75FB6F5D57" box="[151,1203,1631,1651]" gridrow="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="402">
<th id="76BBC929FFCBBCF4FF3FDC75FED55D57" box="[151,265,1631,1651]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="402">Triactines</th>
<td id="76BBC929FFCBBCF4FE37DC75FE185D57" box="[415,452,1631,1651]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="402">65</td>
<td id="76BBC929FFCBBCF4FD98DC75FD845D57" box="[560,600,1631,1651]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="402">74</td>
<td id="76BBC929FFCBBCF4FD68DC75FD035D57" box="[704,735,1631,1651]" gridcol="3" gridrow="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="402">± 5</td>
<td id="76BBC929FFCBBCF4FC81DC75FC885D57" box="[809,852,1631,1651]" gridcol="4" gridrow="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="402">83</td>
<td id="76BBC929FFCBBCF4FC3DDC75FC6B5D57" box="[917,951,1631,1651]" gridcol="5" gridrow="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="402">6</td>
<td id="76BBC929FFCBBCF4FB8EDC75FB995D57" box="[1062,1093,1631,1651]" gridcol="6" gridrow="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="402">± 1</td>
<td id="76BBC929FFCBBCF4FB33DC75FB6F5D57" box="[1179,1203,1631,1651]" gridcol="7" gridrow="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="402">30</td>
</tr>
</table>
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF25F29FFFC44303FF3FD895FBE259C2" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5400562" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5400562" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5400562/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="403" startId="8.[151,162,703,720]" targetBox="[154,1247,166,669]" targetPageId="8">
<paragraph id="8BE5A217FFC44303FF3FD895FBE259C2" blockId="8.[151,1247,703,814]" pageId="8" pageNumber="403">
FIG. 5.
<emphasis id="B92E7E05FFC44303FF79D895FF3859F4" box="[209,228,703,720]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="403">—</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C5AD994FFC44303FF42D895FD8A59F4" authority="Sole-Cava et al., 1971" authorityName="Sole-Cava" authorityYear="1971" box="[234,598,703,720]" class="Calcarea" family="Clathrinidae" genus="Clathrina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clathrinida" pageId="8" pageNumber="403" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="brasiliensis">
<emphasis id="B92E7E05FFC44303FF42D895FE4959F4" box="[234,405,703,720]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="403">Clathrina brasiliensis</emphasis>
Solé-Cava
<emphasis id="B92E7E05FFC44303FE50D895FDFE59F4" box="[504,546,703,720]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="403">et al.</emphasis>
, 1971
</taxonomicName>
, holotype (LBIM.C.1989.2);
<emphasis id="B92E7E05FFC44303FCE9D895FC9259F4" bold="true" box="[833,846,703,720]" pageId="8" pageNumber="403">A</emphasis>
, spicules;
<emphasis id="B92E7E05FFC44303FC01D895FC6A59F4" bold="true" box="[937,950,703,720]" pageId="8" pageNumber="403">B</emphasis>
, tripod, as a large triactine and the spined apical actine of a tetractine. Abbreviations:
<emphasis id="B92E7E05FFC44303FD95D8FFFD9759C2" bold="true" box="[573,587,725,742]" pageId="8" pageNumber="403">tr</emphasis>
, triactines;
<emphasis id="B92E7E05FFC44303FD03D8FFFD6059C2" bold="true" box="[683,700,725,742]" pageId="8" pageNumber="403">te</emphasis>
, tetractines. Scale bars: A, 100 µm; B, 50 µm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<subSubSection id="C340F19CFFC44303FE09D937FED35DA5" pageId="8" pageNumber="403" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BE5A217FFC44303FE09D937FC06580A" blockId="8.[151,1247,703,814]" box="[417,986,797,814]" pageId="8" pageNumber="403">
TABLE 5. —
<taxonomicName id="4C5AD994FFC44303FDA8D937FCB6580A" authority="Sole-Cava et al., 1971" authorityName="Sole-Cava" authorityYear="1971" box="[512,874,797,814]" class="Calcarea" family="Clathrinidae" genus="Clathrina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clathrinida" pageId="8" pageNumber="403" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="brasiliensis">
<emphasis id="B92E7E05FFC44303FDA8D937FD76580A" box="[512,682,797,814]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="403">Clathrina brasiliensis</emphasis>
Solé-Cava
<emphasis id="B92E7E05FFC44303FCA4D937FCE9580A" box="[780,821,797,814]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="403">et al.</emphasis>
, 1971
</taxonomicName>
, spicule size.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE5A217FFC44303FF16D97BFB6858DC" pageId="8" pageNumber="403">
<table id="F95A50B7FFC4BCF4FF35D97BFB6858DC" box="[157,1204,849,1016]" gridcols="8" gridrows="6" pageId="8" pageNumber="403" rowsContinueFrom="6.[163,1204,230,419]">
<tr id="356AA055FFC4BCF4FF35D97BFB685841" box="[157,1204,849,869]" gridrow="0" pageId="8" pageNumber="403" rowspan-1="1" rowspan-4="1">
<th id="76BBC929FFC4BCF4FF35D97BFEC45841" box="[157,280,849,869]" gridcol="0" gridrow="0" pageId="8" pageNumber="403">
<emphasis id="B92E7E05FFC44303FF16D97BFED55841" bold="true" box="[190,265,849,869]" pageId="8" pageNumber="403">Spicule</emphasis>
</th>
<th id="76BBC929FFC4BCF4FD98D97BFD395841" box="[560,741,849,869]" colspan="2" colspanRight="1" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="8" pageNumber="403">
<emphasis id="B92E7E05FFC44303FDE1D97BFD1E5841" bold="true" box="[585,706,849,869]" pageId="8" pageNumber="403">Length (µm)</emphasis>
</th>
<th id="76BBC929FFC4BCF4FC3DD97BFB995841" box="[917,1093,849,869]" colspan="2" colspanRight="1" gridcol="5" gridrow="0" pageId="8" pageNumber="403">
<emphasis id="B92E7E05FFC44303FC1ED97BFBFF5841" bold="true" box="[950,1059,849,869]" pageId="8" pageNumber="403">Width (µm)</emphasis>
</th>
<th id="76BBC929FFC4BCF4FB34D97BFB685841" box="[1180,1204,849,869]" gridcol="7" gridrow="0" pageId="8" pageNumber="403">
<emphasis id="B92E7E05FFC44303FB37D97BFB705841" bold="true" box="[1183,1196,849,869]" pageId="8" pageNumber="403">n</emphasis>
</th>
</tr>
<tr id="356AA055FFC4BCF4FF35D947FB6858A5" box="[157,1204,877,897]" gridrow="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="403" rowspan-0="1" rowspan-7="1">
<td id="76BBC929FFC4BCF4FE37D947FE1858A5" box="[415,452,877,897]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="403">
<emphasis id="B92E7E05FFC44303FE37D947FE1858A5" bold="true" box="[415,452,877,897]" pageId="8" pageNumber="403">min</emphasis>
</td>
<td id="76BBC929FFC4BCF4FD98D947FDB458A5" box="[560,616,877,897]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="403">
<emphasis id="B92E7E05FFC44303FD98D947FDB458A5" bold="true" box="[560,616,877,897]" pageId="8" pageNumber="403">mean</emphasis>
</td>
<td id="76BBC929FFC4BCF4FD12D947FD3958A5" box="[698,741,877,897]" gridcol="3" gridrow="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="403">σ</td>
<td id="76BBC929FFC4BCF4FC81D947FC8858A5" box="[809,852,877,897]" gridcol="4" gridrow="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="403">
<emphasis id="B92E7E05FFC44303FC81D947FC8858A5" bold="true" box="[809,852,877,897]" pageId="8" pageNumber="403">max</emphasis>
</td>
<td id="76BBC929FFC4BCF4FC3DD947FC1158A5" box="[917,973,877,897]" gridcol="5" gridrow="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="403">
<emphasis id="B92E7E05FFC44303FC3DD947FC1158A5" bold="true" box="[917,973,877,897]" pageId="8" pageNumber="403">mean</emphasis>
</td>
<td id="76BBC929FFC4BCF4FB8ED947FB9958A5" box="[1062,1093,877,897]" gridcol="6" gridrow="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="403">σ</td>
</tr>
<tr id="356AA055FFC4BCF4FF35D9B6FB685894" box="[157,1204,924,944]" gridrow="2" pageId="8" pageNumber="403">
<th id="76BBC929FFC4BCF4FF35D9B6FEC45894" box="[157,280,924,944]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="8" pageNumber="403">Triactines</th>
<td id="76BBC929FFC4BCF4FE37D9B6FE185894" box="[415,452,924,944]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="8" pageNumber="403">61</td>
<td id="76BBC929FFC4BCF4FD98D9B6FDB45894" box="[560,616,924,944]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="8" pageNumber="403">78</td>
<td id="76BBC929FFC4BCF4FD12D9B6FD395894" box="[698,741,924,944]" gridcol="3" gridrow="2" pageId="8" pageNumber="403">± 11</td>
<td id="76BBC929FFC4BCF4FC81D9B6FC885894" box="[809,852,924,944]" gridcol="4" gridrow="2" pageId="8" pageNumber="403">102</td>
<td id="76BBC929FFC4BCF4FC3DD9B6FC115894" box="[917,973,924,944]" gridcol="5" gridrow="2" pageId="8" pageNumber="403">11</td>
<td id="76BBC929FFC4BCF4FB8ED9B6FB995894" box="[1062,1093,924,944]" gridcol="6" gridrow="2" pageId="8" pageNumber="403">± 2</td>
<td id="76BBC929FFC4BCF4FB34D9B6FB685894" box="[1180,1204,924,944]" gridcol="7" gridrow="2" pageId="8" pageNumber="403">20</td>
</tr>
<tr id="356AA055FFC4BCF4FF35D99EFB6858EC" box="[157,1204,948,968]" gridrow="3" pageId="8" pageNumber="403">
<th id="76BBC929FFC4BCF4FF35D99EFEC458EC" box="[157,280,948,968]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="8" pageNumber="403">Tetractines</th>
<td id="76BBC929FFC4BCF4FE37D99EFE1858EC" box="[415,452,948,968]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="8" pageNumber="403">57</td>
<td id="76BBC929FFC4BCF4FD98D99EFDB458EC" box="[560,616,948,968]" gridcol="2" gridrow="3" pageId="8" pageNumber="403">75</td>
<td id="76BBC929FFC4BCF4FD12D99EFD3958EC" box="[698,741,948,968]" gridcol="3" gridrow="3" pageId="8" pageNumber="403">± 10</td>
<td id="76BBC929FFC4BCF4FC81D99EFC8858EC" box="[809,852,948,968]" gridcol="4" gridrow="3" pageId="8" pageNumber="403">91</td>
<td id="76BBC929FFC4BCF4FC3DD99EFC1158EC" box="[917,973,948,968]" gridcol="5" gridrow="3" pageId="8" pageNumber="403">10</td>
<td id="76BBC929FFC4BCF4FB8ED99EFB9958EC" box="[1062,1093,948,968]" gridcol="6" gridrow="3" pageId="8" pageNumber="403">± 1</td>
<td id="76BBC929FFC4BCF4FB34D99EFB6858EC" box="[1180,1204,948,968]" gridcol="7" gridrow="3" pageId="8" pageNumber="403">20</td>
</tr>
<tr id="356AA055FFC4BCF4FF35D9E6FB6858C4" box="[157,1204,972,992]" gridrow="4" pageId="8" pageNumber="403">
<th id="76BBC929FFC4BCF4FF35D9E6FEC458C4" box="[157,280,972,992]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="8" pageNumber="403">Apical actine</th>
<td id="76BBC929FFC4BCF4FE37D9E6FE1858C4" box="[415,452,972,992]" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="8" pageNumber="403">17</td>
<td id="76BBC929FFC4BCF4FD98D9E6FDB458C4" box="[560,616,972,992]" gridcol="2" gridrow="4" pageId="8" pageNumber="403">36</td>
<td id="76BBC929FFC4BCF4FD12D9E6FD3958C4" box="[698,741,972,992]" gridcol="3" gridrow="4" pageId="8" pageNumber="403">± 9</td>
<td id="76BBC929FFC4BCF4FC81D9E6FC8858C4" box="[809,852,972,992]" gridcol="4" gridrow="4" pageId="8" pageNumber="403">50</td>
<td id="76BBC929FFC4BCF4FC3DD9E6FC1158C4" box="[917,973,972,992]" gridcol="5" gridrow="4" pageId="8" pageNumber="403">8</td>
<td id="76BBC929FFC4BCF4FB8ED9E6FB9958C4" box="[1062,1093,972,992]" gridcol="6" gridrow="4" pageId="8" pageNumber="403">± 2</td>
<td id="76BBC929FFC4BCF4FB34D9E6FB6858C4" box="[1180,1204,972,992]" gridcol="7" gridrow="4" pageId="8" pageNumber="403">20</td>
</tr>
<tr id="356AA055FFC4BCF4FF35D9CEFB6858DC" box="[157,1204,996,1016]" gridrow="5" pageId="8" pageNumber="403">
<th id="76BBC929FFC4BCF4FF35D9CEFEC458DC" box="[157,280,996,1016]" gridcol="0" gridrow="5" pageId="8" pageNumber="403">Tripods</th>
<td id="76BBC929FFC4BCF4FE37D9CEFE1858DC" box="[415,452,996,1016]" gridcol="1" gridrow="5" pageId="8" pageNumber="403">67</td>
<td id="76BBC929FFC4BCF4FD98D9CEFDB458DC" box="[560,616,996,1016]" gridcol="2" gridrow="5" pageId="8" pageNumber="403">81</td>
<td id="76BBC929FFC4BCF4FD12D9CEFD3958DC" box="[698,741,996,1016]" gridcol="3" gridrow="5" pageId="8" pageNumber="403">± 8</td>
<td id="76BBC929FFC4BCF4FC81D9CEFC8858DC" box="[809,852,996,1016]" gridcol="4" gridrow="5" pageId="8" pageNumber="403">96</td>
<td id="76BBC929FFC4BCF4FC3DD9CEFC1158DC" box="[917,973,996,1016]" gridcol="5" gridrow="5" pageId="8" pageNumber="403">11</td>
<td id="76BBC929FFC4BCF4FB8ED9CEFB9958DC" box="[1062,1093,996,1016]" gridcol="6" gridrow="5" pageId="8" pageNumber="403">± 2</td>
<td id="76BBC929FFC4BCF4FB34D9CEFB6858DC" box="[1180,1204,996,1016]" gridcol="7" gridrow="5" pageId="8" pageNumber="403">20</td>
</tr>
</table>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE5A217FFC44303FF3FDE62FF245EA5" blockId="8.[151,684,1095,1666]" pageId="8" pageNumber="403">
(92 µm [± 7 µm] / 6 µm [± 1 µm]) than those of
<emphasis id="B92E7E05FFC44303FF3FDE4DFF275FA5" box="[151,251,1127,1153]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="403">
<taxonomicName id="4C5AD994FFC44303FF3FDE4DFF2B5FA5" box="[151,247,1127,1153]" class="Calcarea" family="Clathrinidae" genus="Clathrina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clathrinida" pageId="8" pageNumber="403" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="aurea">C. aurea</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
Moreover, the organisation of the cormus in each species is different. While
<taxonomicName id="4C5AD994FFC44303FDE7DEADFD705F85" box="[591,684,1159,1185]" class="Calcarea" family="Clathrinidae" genus="Clathrina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clathrinida" pageId="8" pageNumber="403" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="aurea">
<emphasis id="B92E7E05FFC44303FDE7DEADFD705F85" box="[591,684,1159,1185]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="403">C. aurea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has several oscula spread through the tubes,
<taxonomicName id="4C5AD994FFC44303FF3FDEEDFED15FC6" baseAuthorityName="Schmidt" baseAuthorityYear="1864" box="[151,269,1223,1250]" class="Calcarea" family="Grantiidae" genus="Grantia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leucosolenida" pageId="8" pageNumber="403" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="clathrus">
<emphasis id="B92E7E05FFC44303FF3FDEEDFED15FC6" box="[151,269,1223,1250]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="403">C. clathrus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has water-collecting tubes, i.e. tubes that collect the excurrent water and conduct it to a few apical oscula. We could also consider the shape of the end of the actines, which is more rounded and protuberant in
<taxonomicName id="4C5AD994FFC44303FE74DF6DFD8E5E46" baseAuthorityName="Schmidt" baseAuthorityYear="1864" box="[476,594,1351,1378]" class="Calcarea" family="Grantiidae" genus="Grantia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leucosolenida" pageId="8" pageNumber="403" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="clathrus">
<emphasis id="B92E7E05FFC44303FE74DF6DFD8E5E46" box="[476,594,1351,1378]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="403">C. clathrus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
than in
<taxonomicName id="4C5AD994FFC44303FF3FDF4DFF2D5EA5" box="[151,241,1383,1409]" class="Calcarea" family="Clathrinidae" genus="Clathrina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clathrinida" pageId="8" pageNumber="403" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="aurea">
<emphasis id="B92E7E05FFC44303FF3FDF4DFF2D5EA5" box="[151,241,1383,1409]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="403">C. aurea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE5A217FFC44303FF3FDFA2FED35DA5" blockId="8.[151,684,1095,1666]" pageId="8" pageNumber="403">
Another species that can be confused with
<taxonomicName id="4C5AD994FFC44303FF3FDF8DFF2E5EE5" box="[151,242,1447,1473]" class="Calcarea" family="Clathrinidae" genus="Clathrina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clathrinida" pageId="8" pageNumber="403" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="aurea">
<emphasis id="B92E7E05FFC44303FF3FDF8DFF2E5EE5" box="[151,242,1447,1473]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="403">C. aurea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is its New Caledonian sibling
<taxonomicName id="4C5AD994FFC44303FDEBDF8DFE1C5EC6" authority="Borojevic &amp; Klautau, 2000" authorityName="Borojevic &amp; Klautau" authorityYear="2000" class="Calcarea" family="Clathrinidae" genus="Clathrina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clathrinida" pageId="8" pageNumber="403" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="chrysea">
<emphasis id="B92E7E05FFC44303FDEBDF8DFD705EE6" box="[579,684,1447,1474]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="403">C. chrysea</emphasis>
Borojevic &amp; Klautau, 2000
</taxonomicName>
.
<taxonomicName id="4C5AD994FFC44303FE61DFEDFDED5EC6" authorityName="Borojevic &amp; Klautau" authorityYear="2000" box="[457,561,1479,1506]" class="Calcarea" family="Clathrinidae" genus="Clathrina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clathrinida" pageId="8" pageNumber="403" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="chrysea">
<emphasis id="B92E7E05FFC44303FE61DFEDFDED5EC6" box="[457,561,1479,1506]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="403">C. chrysea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
also has no water collecting tubes. However, instead of triactines with round ended actines, the triactines of
<taxonomicName id="4C5AD994FFC44303FF3FDC0DFEDD5D66" authorityName="Borojevic &amp; Klautau" authorityYear="2000" box="[151,257,1575,1602]" class="Calcarea" family="Clathrinidae" genus="Clathrina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clathrinida" pageId="8" pageNumber="403" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="chrysea">
<emphasis id="B92E7E05FFC44303FF3FDC0DFEDD5D66" box="[151,257,1575,1602]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="403">C. chrysea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are sharp and they are larger (105 µm [± 9 µm] / 10 µm [± 1 µm]) than those of
<taxonomicName id="4C5AD994FFC44303FF3FDC4DFED45DA6" baseAuthorityName="Schmidt" baseAuthorityYear="1864" box="[151,264,1639,1666]" class="Calcarea" family="Grantiidae" genus="Grantia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leucosolenida" pageId="8" pageNumber="403" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="clathrus">
<emphasis id="B92E7E05FFC44303FF3FDC4DFED45DA6" box="[151,264,1639,1666]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="403">C. clathrus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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