361 lines
37 KiB
XML
361 lines
37 KiB
XML
<document ID-CLB-Dataset="297102" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.7316519" ID-GBIF-Dataset="38aee501-3c26-4686-9c32-a0991b651db7" ID-ISBN="0-8018-8221-4" checkinTime="1670905099958" checkinUser="guido" docAuthor="Wilson, Don E. & Reeder, DeeAnn" docDate="2005" docId="4A1F92B9996B75713C7545A8C31B79A7" docLanguage="en" docName="MammalSpeciesofTheWorld.2005.Artiodactyla.637-722.xml" docOrigin="Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1, Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press" docTitle="Bos taurus Linnaeus 1758" docType="treatment" docVersion="5" id="AB6A4FBA464988A6B3A53F4B8CD52B4B" lastPageNumber="692" masterDocId="AB6A4FBA464988A6B3A53F4B8CD52B4B" masterDocTitle="Order Artiodactyla" masterLastPageNumber="722" masterPageNumber="637" pageNumber="692" updateTime="1716783024384" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title id="6EBF62BA78F74373528DB1F45B70847F">Order Artiodactyla</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="97DFF674AD41FF1F3D62EB35B6378C3E">Wilson, Don E.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="7548FD5A71031B195FEABF86408BCA4A">Reeder, DeeAnn</mods:namePart>
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<mods:dateIssued id="9251CECAA445C1CB6E978D01AFC0B3DB">2005</mods:dateIssued>
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<mods:publisher id="CA64AF627467A2ABE575757238222A4F">The Johns Hopkins University Press</mods:publisher>
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<mods:titleInfo id="BE6D7C13B5E247B93A90879A06855834">
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<mods:title id="AC90CF05D66D676A566265C1A115C0E6">Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part id="5C00C6BD27863EFF382F163CEC4551B2">
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<treatment id="4A1F92B9996B75713C7545A8C31B79A7" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11336731" ID-GBIF-Taxon="231541293" ID-Zenodo-Dep="11336731" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:4A1F92B9996B75713C7545A8C31B79A7" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/4A1F92B9996B75713C7545A8C31B79A7" lastPageNumber="692" pageNumber="692" sourceUrl="http://www.departments.bucknell.edu/biology/resources/msw3/browse.asp?id=14200687">
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<subSubSection id="B8C6A828A663D26DA14B775235471D9B" pageNumber="692" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="B8F06631FDABC16FB68E3489F23B7B94" pageNumber="692">
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<taxonomicName id="76989E6FEFE131604DB0CCBAC323CC78" ID-CoL="MLQ5" authority="Linnaeus 1758" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Bos" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageNumber="692" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="taurus">
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<emphasis id="A8484C03AFBFA317CEE6E07C8AF89C94" italics="true" pageNumber="692">Bos taurus</emphasis>
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Linnaeus 1758
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</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="3C2E7DC778A893BD9F87F0E381183722" pageNumber="692" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="96473DC4F1F78B953E4F173228B971EB" pageNumber="692">
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<treatmentCitation id="313CAA2AAF293C3F12B9506136A59580" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3916389" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3916389" LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:4C90C4FA-6296-4972-BE6A-5EF578677D64" author="Linnaeus" authority="Linnaeus 1758" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Bos" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/80F7388E4BC26B8776DCEE1EC2042A83" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" page="71" pageNumber="692" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="taurus" title="Bos taurus" volumeTitle="Syst. Nat., 10th ed., Vol. 1" year="1758">
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<taxonomicName id="5DEE162F2171A81FE87E4AA6D15CF98F" ID-CoL="MLQ5" authority="Linnaeus 1758" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Bos" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageNumber="692" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="taurus">
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<emphasis id="575B3F62C43563F0DCECA9A9D050E745" italics="true" pageNumber="692">Bos taurus</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="65F7F4CB2CCCFAF44A751F9D1E8564AF" author="Linnaeus, C." refId="ref213949" refString="Linnaeus, C. 1758. Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classis, ordines, genera, species cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tenth ed. Vol. 1. Laurentii Salvii, Stockholm, 824 pp." year="1758">Linnaeus 1758</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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,
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<bibCitation id="1FD2DE3E070B60E825DA6599307287BB" author="Linnaeus" pageNumber="692" pagination="71" title="Bos taurus" volumeTitle="Syst. Nat., 10th ed., Vol. 1" year="1758">Syst. Nat., 10th ed., Vol. 1: 71</bibCitation>
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</treatmentCitation>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="0D4E6BEF8FA1BF9AA38AE26CA6B3A0FF" pageNumber="692" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="90FD9962D7AC41977841454EEA992493" pageNumber="692">
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<emphasis id="7E539FE7A8D8F97943B305FD7EB7B786" inLineHeading="true" pageNumber="692">Type Locality:</emphasis>
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<materialsCitation id="BA2A266F212F97EA151394BE24556B6E" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="4867329488" country="Sweden" pageNumber="692" stateProvince="Uppsala">
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<bibRefCitation id="1EECB7DFBC7373DF021066998DDF845B" author="Linnaeus, C." refId="ref213949" refString="Linnaeus, C. 1758. Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classis, ordines, genera, species cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tenth ed. Vol. 1. Laurentii Salvii, Stockholm, 824 pp." year="1758">Linnaeus (1758)</bibRefCitation>
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stated "
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<emphasis id="72D6965FF9B695BFB184FBDF1336FAAC" italics="true" pageNumber="692">Habitat in</emphasis>
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Poloniae
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<emphasis id="0F2EA9B1A8A195D5EC30F70D830A943B" italics="true" pageNumber="692">
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depressis graminosis
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<taxonomicName id="A43E3C278930BDC5CECD379B369C281B" authority="Urus" authorityName="Urus" class="Mammalia" family="Camelidae" genus="Camelus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ferus">ferus Urus</taxonomicName>
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</emphasis>
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". "Urus" applies to the aurochs because Linnaeus' only source was Caesar in his "Gallic Wars" where the aurochs is described (
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<bibRefCitation id="1A42FA750F531987ECDDA36B65EFE1CC" author="Lydekker, R." refId="ref218797" refString="Lydekker, R. 1912. The ox and its kindred. Methuen & Co. Ltd., London, 271 pp." year="1912">Lydekker, 1912</bibRefCitation>
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). Other authors have used the name "urus" for the European
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<taxonomicName id="82BC6A4C41184C92F29F401AEA339CEC" authorityName="H. Smith" authorityYear="1827" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Bison" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Bison</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicName id="948F7AC0B9AAD573896AC21E6FAF54C1" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Bison" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bonasus">
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<emphasis id="F2E5C74102C936A281663A028239B4BA" italics="true" pageNumber="692">Bison bonasus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, in the 18th Century thought to be the wild form of domestic cattle.
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<bibRefCitation id="07B889C9E05AD31D9E1715CB1D327BB8" author="Thomas, O." refId="ref353417" refString="Thomas, O. 1911 a. The mammals of the tenth edition of Linnaeus; an attempt to fix the types of the genera and the exact bases and localities of the species. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1911: 120 - 158." year="1911">
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Thomas (1911
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<emphasis id="EEBCB5731236D0C7E27E87610C1CE380" italics="true" pageNumber="692">a</emphasis>
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:154)
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</bibRefCitation>
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proposed to restrict the type locality to
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<collectingCountry id="111080F91E16190684EAC4FAEDF4DA7D" name="Sweden">Sweden</collectingCountry>
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,
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<collectingRegion id="595399B2BC30AD647EA59D8A7382721F" country="Sweden" name="Uppsala">Upsala</collectingRegion>
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, applying
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<taxonomicName id="B3F70312F50A78AFC0FC9574AE579FE6" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Bos" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="taurus">
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<emphasis id="B36E469FF1F54D09A466C7BBCEDE6BCA" italics="true" pageNumber="692">taurus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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to domestic cattle
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</materialsCitation>
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.
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="E658E5EBA183517ACF2188141785537C" pageNumber="692" type="vernacular_names">
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||
<paragraph id="873B5678EC8382C4208A266AE8E7E1EA" pageNumber="692">
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||
<emphasis id="2E9E8A18B5987BD471337A0F5893029B" inLineHeading="true" pageNumber="692">Vernacular Names:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="4CB42FEB2D866B5DCE2BF4D7EAE2B11C" language="eng" pageNumber="692">Aurochs</vernacularName>
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.
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="F8C27E92C1FDFBEA8701116ACDC56436" pageNumber="692" type="child_taxa">
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||
<paragraph id="1169C8E5D9B04880635762437FFE2027" pageNumber="692">
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<emphasis id="665D9F4EC59925056FCFBC2BA8D470B5" inLineHeading="true" pageNumber="692">Subspecies:</emphasis>
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:
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="645A9B3FA989EEE95634C62BA2810D3A" pageNumber="692">
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Subspecies
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<taxonomicName id="4479DAC1294C0D04A3AD1201031BF2D7" authority="Linnaeus 1758" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Bos" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageNumber="692" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="taurus" subSpecies="taurus">
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<emphasis id="1005B254CB0418FB5F67F1C023E20B67" italics="true" pageNumber="692">Bos taurus</emphasis>
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subsp.
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<emphasis id="E2D1058CE96804657868B5F6588E4925" italics="true" pageNumber="692">taurus</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="8E86896193108A6B2FAA92CF1248DDD9" author="Linnaeus, C." refId="ref213949" refString="Linnaeus, C. 1758. Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classis, ordines, genera, species cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tenth ed. Vol. 1. Laurentii Salvii, Stockholm, 824 pp." year="1758">Linnaeus 1758</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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||
</paragraph>
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||
<paragraph id="B53B84049B7EB3D8A5801018AF860FEE" pageNumber="692">
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Subspecies
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<taxonomicName id="58D3BBE30FCA3E49657EFDFD7FB1C67F" authority="Linnaeus 1758" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Bos" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageNumber="692" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="taurus" subSpecies="indicus">
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<emphasis id="FFB35A321B20F419DA692A0639254C60" italics="true" pageNumber="692">Bos taurus</emphasis>
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subsp.
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<emphasis id="06F1F93C7C465397117BBB9E57440DC1" italics="true" pageNumber="692">indicus</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="BF345852C68FC79AA3D2B9DDBD6EE041" author="Linnaeus, C." refId="ref213949" refString="Linnaeus, C. 1758. Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classis, ordines, genera, species cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tenth ed. Vol. 1. Laurentii Salvii, Stockholm, 824 pp." year="1758">Linnaeus 1758</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="6D6A51B63AA23F12D3DBA2B507CB1290" pageNumber="692">
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Subspecies
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<taxonomicName id="C4CA1F39CF9A7355E1DC05FDEE2C8030" authority="Bojanus 1827" authorityName="Bojanus" authorityYear="1827" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Bos" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageNumber="692" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="taurus" subSpecies="primigenius">
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<emphasis id="E1BB33B8647735B367D341EFCE86DF5F" italics="true" pageNumber="692">Bos taurus</emphasis>
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subsp.
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<emphasis id="52A176258DA2E8480FE12D43C8902EF3" italics="true" pageNumber="692">primigenius</emphasis>
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Bojanus 1827
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</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="7D46AE91E2566DF29610A11783B6E95A" pageNumber="692" type="distribution">
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||
<paragraph id="8AB3F2D9430CF048A09024B42B242690" pageNumber="692">
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<emphasis id="7398B311002EA7D447920FDCE7F7D025" inLineHeading="true" pageNumber="692">Distribution:</emphasis>
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Extinct in the wild, except in Jaktorowka Forest,
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<collectingRegion id="F1831DCBA5458A342DAB95E15E3B7741" country="Poland" name="Mazowieckie">Masovia</collectingRegion>
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,
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<collectingCountry id="CC74B7F6F847A2CA2BEFE519597D299D" name="Poland">Poland</collectingCountry>
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, by commencement of 15th century; last wild individual reputed to have died in 1627. Distributed worldwide under domestication; feral populations in
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<collectingCountry id="04141388D45B8EFCD9219C41B04E7BDF" name="Spain">Spain</collectingCountry>
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,
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<collectingCountry id="F9B559E12D3A4E5A11C50A58771CFFD0" name="France">France</collectingCountry>
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,
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<collectingCountry id="04B3C8873FFB6CEDC39035C0E98CE771" name="Australia">Australia</collectingCountry>
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, New
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<collectingCountry id="6A06CC157C0E5E9771BCE226FB53651A" name="Guinea-Bissau">Guinea</collectingCountry>
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,
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<collectingCountry id="F9381A26102730E6ECEC3043693DB9C1" name="United States of America">USA</collectingCountry>
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,
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<collectingCountry id="D7127AD0C5E406A779D4809FCC7EC6A7" name="Colombia">Colombia</collectingCountry>
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,
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<collectingCountry id="672B1263C0B496F516D58AA0E8ADFDE3" name="Argentina">Argentina</collectingCountry>
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and many islands, including Hawaiian, Galapagos,
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<collectingCountry id="958EA7471E89A6B9A4FBB86A3B48DE4B" name="Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</collectingCountry>
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/
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<collectingCountry id="DA233337EB4398DC151B9F6529B260AA" name="Haiti">Haiti</collectingCountry>
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,
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<collectingCountry id="2F930A2C51F2BEA05DF6DC6508EBDD4E" name="Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha">Tristan da Cunha</collectingCountry>
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, New Amsterdam and Juan Fernandez Isls.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="3A87C7D29A3F93B0D9C16402ED64A8DA" pageNumber="692" type="conservation">
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||
<paragraph id="D78EFB3D0D7A8B022D1D459CEDC149C8" pageNumber="692">
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||
<emphasis id="9A41214D3142C61140718ADF64E31483" inLineHeading="true" pageNumber="692">Conservation:</emphasis>
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<collectionCode id="9082D3ADD2D06DEC201C8E6D001ED03E">IUCN</collectionCode>
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||
– Endangered as
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<taxonomicName id="CC5952053119417CC622E512F7A31F00" authorityName="Peter & Feiler" authorityYear="1994" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Pseudonovibos" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="spiralis">
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<emphasis id="978CFF869DFD39F485C1747B729AEABF" italics="true" pageNumber="692">Pseudonovibos spiralis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(but see comments).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="50DB97047E52C7080A80EC03D64F355D" pageNumber="692" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="226CDF70AAD847B3D6649332FAF965EF" pageNumber="692">
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||
<emphasis id="2ED9A4757196022A461D8634E903A718" inLineHeading="true" pageNumber="692">Discussion:</emphasis>
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Includes †
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<taxonomicName id="DBDC1DDFB0F8A85EEAD40F2027D9E795" authorityName="Bojanus" authorityYear="1827" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Bos" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="primigenius">
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||
<emphasis id="6E3302AA7512DD2EDB55F29061C6E160" italics="true" pageNumber="692">primigenius</emphasis>
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||
</taxonomicName>
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(extinct wild ancestor surviving into 17th Century) and
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<taxonomicName id="F76FB879B8B0922666ACB2C5AC24A5D2" baseAuthorityName="Gmelin" baseAuthorityYear="1788" class="Mammalia" family="Tragulidae" genus="Tragulus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="indicus">
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||
<emphasis id="3F3DF41220ABFD03F7B58B7E5EBA9349" italics="true" pageNumber="692">indicus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
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; but see
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<bibRefCitation id="29FC697F2779E13787763C9A746AA22D" author="Corbet, G. B." refId="ref67548" refString="Corbet, G. B. 1978 c. The mammals of the Palaearctic region: A taxonomic review. British Museum (Natural History), London, 314 pp." year="1978">
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||
Corbet (1978
|
||
<emphasis id="598F77A14A7C1B1B3CDB73A8AC813CD7" italics="true" pageNumber="692">c</emphasis>
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||
:206)
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||
</bibRefCitation>
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||
. Studies of mtDNA suggest two independent domestications of cattle (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D31422C637750F6D11A86273FFBDC50B" author="Loftus, R. J. & D. E. MacHugh & D. G. Bradley & P. M. Sharp & P. Cunningham" refId="ref215367" refString="Loftus, R. J., D. E. MacHugh, D. G. Bradley, P. M. Sharp, and P. Cunningham. 1994. Evidence for two independent domestications of cattle. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, U. S. A., 91: 2757 - 2761." year="1994">Loftus et al. 1994</bibRefCitation>
|
||
),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="CEDD5EA948B37E19320A7D3BFFFFD440" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Bos" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="taurus">
|
||
<emphasis id="47C9226FBD200024D76E6BA6606647CA" italics="true" pageNumber="692">taurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7DF142A39248E344655BDEAB98F8D4F4" baseAuthorityName="Gmelin" baseAuthorityYear="1788" class="Mammalia" family="Tragulidae" genus="Tragulus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="indicus">
|
||
<emphasis id="A11254828DF6057DCFD2F3C17509673B" italics="true" pageNumber="692">indicus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, originating presumably from Eurasiatic and Indian populations. Formal synonymy disputed.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="5671AA35332DD6AB58FFB78696092584" author="Gentry, A. & J. Clutton-Brock & C. P. Groves" refId="ref117778" refString="Gentry, A., J. Clutton-Brock, and C. P. Groves. 1996. Case 3010. Proposed conservation of usage of 15 mammal specific names based on wild species which are antedated by or contemporary with those based on domestic animals. Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature, 53: 28 - 37." year="1996">Gentry et al. (1996)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
proposed that majority usage be confirmed by adoption of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4BFC5F58972E45803B9D1253EA4F79F5" authorityName="Bojanus" authorityYear="1827" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Bos" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="primigenius">
|
||
<emphasis id="117FDE5A56CF684C971B96C7F12F626B" italics="true" pageNumber="692">Bos primigenius</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as the name for the wild taxon of Aurochsen. They asked the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature to use its plenary powers to rule that the name for this wild species is not invalid by virtue of being antedated by the name based on the domestic form. A ruling has now been made in their favour (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="6CD083C9B9D9CB2DDBB345F1B104719E" author="International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature" refId="ref168639" refString="International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature. 2003 a. Opinion 2027. Usage of 17 specific names based on wild species which are pre-dated by or contemporary with those based on domestic animals (Lepidoptera, Osteichthyes, Mammalia): Conserved. Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature, 60: 81 - 84." year="2003">
|
||
International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, 2003
|
||
<emphasis id="E1389FAEA41F85AA6B42C2EF9A101FD6" italics="true" pageNumber="692">a</emphasis>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). It may still be valid for those who consider
|
||
<taxonomicName id="72F1A0634A8B1D32430144EF6582D284" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Bos" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="taurus">
|
||
<emphasis id="12628AF32B1DCCA0D9BD6D2C588F8EFC" italics="true" pageNumber="692">B. taurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E5A23C483692DD50B793A6C3B6A6E3B9" authorityName="Bojanus" authorityYear="1827" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Bos" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="primigenius">
|
||
<emphasis id="5E2B84ADA5684FF59BFF3A612729C061" italics="true" pageNumber="692">B. primigenius</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
to be conspecific to employ the senior name for the name of the species (see
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4FD857F682227DA9A640D7CC58EDE97A" author="Bock, W. J." refId="ref34305" refString="Bock, W. J. 1997. Comments on the proposed conservation of usage of 15 mammal specific names based on wild species which are antedated by or contemporary with those based on domestic animals. Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature, 54: 124 - 125." year="1997">Bock, 1997</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Provisionally,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="89AB64292DAD09C9C5499693917F29CF" baseAuthorityName="Gmelin" baseAuthorityYear="1788" class="Mammalia" family="Tragulidae" genus="Tragulus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="indicus">
|
||
<emphasis id="5181C8A9821F66FC45811158949A14A7" italics="true" pageNumber="692">indicus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and †
|
||
<taxonomicName id="54AA485E2CD4EC62C18CEF275E4B73FD" authorityName="Bojanus" authorityYear="1827" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Bos" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="primigenius">
|
||
<emphasis id="8A4FDA85F685B9E6BF50C76AA57CECEB" italics="true" pageNumber="692">primigenius</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are here listed as subspecies of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="43A7917A6E26DDFBACB9C2813F11FC7D" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Bos" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="taurus">
|
||
<emphasis id="9E448A3B5A9A6B50594C11462561AF9C" italics="true" pageNumber="692">taurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="B189584CC8E465FF2DD0E1C26D66343E" author="Kretzoi, M." refId="ref198078" refString="Kretzoi, M. 1942. Praokkupierte und durch altere zu ersetzende Saugetier namen. Foldtini Kozlony, 72: 345 - 349." year="1942">Kretzoi (1942)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
noted that
|
||
<emphasis id="848E40922847CE004D93003746264693" italics="true" pageNumber="692">urus</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="3E97E814CCBCFADCC2B8BB65C96C7D14" author="Linnaeus, C." refId="ref213949" refString="Linnaeus, C. 1758. Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classis, ordines, genera, species cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tenth ed. Vol. 1. Laurentii Salvii, Stockholm, 824 pp." year="1758">Linnaeus, 1758</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and †
|
||
<taxonomicName id="324CC26BC48C2C358B05A17076C18048" authority="von Schlotheim, 1820" authorityName="von Schlotheim" authorityYear="1820" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Bison" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="priscus">
|
||
<emphasis id="73FB9AA265F83B18EEBE1BDBC2867417" italics="true" pageNumber="692">priscus</emphasis>
|
||
von Schlotheim, 1820
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
antedate †
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C1B960F35614C0AF4B3793FE882A9F46" authority="Bojanus, 1827" authorityName="Bojanus" authorityYear="1827" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Bos" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="primigenius">
|
||
<emphasis id="077056CEBFDC2A275DEB973897317E13" italics="true" pageNumber="692">primigenius</emphasis>
|
||
Bojanus, 1827
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The citation in
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8465ACFBB077814B69B1202EADCA555C" author="Linnaeus, C." refId="ref213949" refString="Linnaeus, C. 1758. Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classis, ordines, genera, species cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tenth ed. Vol. 1. Laurentii Salvii, Stockholm, 824 pp." year="1758">Linnaeus (1758:71)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
is as follows: "
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5C896CFDE7E87F825CBA2D0E51EC020E" authority="Taurus" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Bos" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">BOS</taxonomicName>
|
||
… Taurus …
|
||
<emphasis id="22B4B8F1150FA1E891C3378BCBE3B7B5" italics="true" pageNumber="692">a</emphasis>
|
||
. Urus.
|
||
<emphasis id="81ECD689C86D7592ABEC4248B43C6323" italics="true" pageNumber="692">
|
||
Caesar bello Gallico
|
||
<collectionCode id="C3D6FC03E4BCE2B0FA4E881003CBDBA9" country="Norway" name="Mykotektet, National Veterinary Institute">VI</collectionCode>
|
||
. C. 5. Habitat in
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Poloniae
|
||
<emphasis id="1653AF2DB6D8880716A22F3486663E1F" italics="true" pageNumber="692">
|
||
depressis graminosis
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E23FC81AB4077E8380CF176A6CCF3728" authority="Urus" authorityName="Urus" class="Mammalia" family="Camelidae" genus="Camelus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ferus">ferus Urus</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
[Only distribution given by Linnaeus for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E136663A17524BD07960E194C425DD51" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Bos" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="taurus">
|
||
<emphasis id="5306909A4F247B50A854EA7B23BCCDAA" italics="true" pageNumber="692">Bos taurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
]. " The name
|
||
<emphasis id="54EE0915EA04C82117972A2F7603260B" italics="true" pageNumber="692">urus</emphasis>
|
||
Linnaeus is varietal and such names are regarded as available. Independently,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="246DB2DDA3D2B965BD889809159233C6" author="Harper, F." refId="ref140746" refString="Harper, F. 1945. Extinct and vanishing mammals of the Old World. Special Publication, American Committee for International Wild Life Protection, New York, 12: 1 - 850." year="1945">Harper (1945)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
questioned whether †
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3BF49F94E1277ADB8FF9565460FEF19B" authorityName="Bojanus" authorityYear="1827" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Bos" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="primigenius">
|
||
<emphasis id="612996032A9636675DBEB9A6D1E87DCC" italics="true" pageNumber="692">primigenius</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was an available name but it is now conserved (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="294176138E3C472A0A1B56E4A436A734" author="International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature" refId="ref168639" refString="International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature. 2003 a. Opinion 2027. Usage of 17 specific names based on wild species which are pre-dated by or contemporary with those based on domestic animals (Lepidoptera, Osteichthyes, Mammalia): Conserved. Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature, 60: 81 - 84." year="2003">
|
||
International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, 2003
|
||
<emphasis id="8D6E4FDFE27A150E42E7A48C65D3538C" italics="true" pageNumber="692">a</emphasis>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Until the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature rules on
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F9458513A4D9AC42B65FE264360813F7" author="Kretzoi, M." refId="ref198078" refString="Kretzoi, M. 1942. Praokkupierte und durch altere zu ersetzende Saugetier namen. Foldtini Kozlony, 72: 345 - 349." year="1942">Kretzoi's (1942)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
paper, †
|
||
<taxonomicName id="ECF77D701B2517DF80487AF87582C1BF" authorityName="Bojanus" authorityYear="1827" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Bos" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="primigenius">
|
||
<emphasis id="86521006AE8E5C85325EDAA2DA484FC1" italics="true" pageNumber="692">primigenius</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is retained as the name for the Aurochs.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FFEC06FACE0DFE90FD1275E7D701C684" author="Fitzinger, L. J." refId="ref102753" refString="Fitzinger, L. J. 1860, 1861. Wissenschaftlich-populare Naturgeschichte der Saugethiere in ihren sammtlichen Hauptformen. Nebst einer Einleitung in die Naturgeschichte uberhaupt un in die Lehre von den Thieren insbesondere. Vienna, Am der Kaiserlich-Koniglichen Hof-und Staatsdruckerei, 5 volumes." year="1860">Fitzinger (1860)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
listed 102 mostly new binomial or trinomial names for European domestic cattle. Only those cited by other authors are included above.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="348FEE0086F8E545A0746B0C4234F574" authorityName="Peter & Feiler" authorityYear="1994" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Pseudonovibos" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="spiralis">
|
||
<emphasis id="4F74EFEA43B31CADA2843C90EF5554BA" italics="true" pageNumber="692">Pseudonovibos spiralis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was named from isolated horns (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="20250FBA0A7B5BA19C5F0E6B1FC518C6" author="Peter, W. P. & A. Feiler" refId="ref281962" refString="Peter, W. P., and A. Feiler. 1994 a. Horner von einer unbekannten Bovidenart aus Vietnam (Mammalia: Ruminantia). Faunistische Abhandlungen. Staatliches Museum fur Tierkunde Dresden, 19: 247 - 253." year="1994">
|
||
Peter and Feiler, 1994
|
||
<emphasis id="89ED8CB42D3F343ECFC4013410E4608B" italics="true" pageNumber="692">a</emphasis>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="45822D6390FE54CC46280A5891D0FDAD" italics="true" pageNumber="692">b</emphasis>
|
||
); since known from frontlets with horns
|
||
<emphasis id="A186C4E966DCC3EBB99B0EB87C200077" italics="true" pageNumber="692">in situ</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="BE0627DDE4D53A12136B8FDCF9184EC0" author="Dioli, M." refId="ref85301" refString="Dioli, M. 1995. A clarification about the morphology of the horns of the female kouprey. A new unknown bovid species from Cambodia. Mammalia, 59: 663 - 667." year="1995">Dioli, 1995</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="502DDEC3A9EB4FE78F77229B3D63531F" author="Dioli, M." refId="ref85336" refString="Dioli, M. 1997. Notes on the morphology of the horns of a new artiodactyl mammal from Cambodia: Pseudonovibos spiralis. Journal of Zoology, London, 241: 527 - 531." year="1997">1997</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="55C571F622F48B597350883748D77404" author="Timm, R. M. & J. H. Brandt" refId="ref356626" refString="Timm, R. M., and J. H. Brandt. 2001. Pseudonovibos spiralis (Artiodactyla: Bovidae): New information on this enigmatic South-east Asian ox. Journal of Zoology, London, 253: 157 - 166." year="2001">Timm and Brandt, 2001</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), some of which had previously been mistaken for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E9B335866162B70F046809E8B50A9AE2" authority="(Hoffman, 1986)" baseAuthorityName="Hoffman" baseAuthorityYear="1986" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Bos" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sauveli">
|
||
<emphasis id="8A64CCDE74A91F32F8FD76BEAADA38C9" italics="true" pageNumber="692">Bos sauveli</emphasis>
|
||
(Hoffman, 1986)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. History and phylogenetic relationships discussed by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="A6EE35B0BC18C74A1B1A59BBDFEF9925" author="Timm, R. M. & J. H. Brandt" refId="ref356626" refString="Timm, R. M., and J. H. Brandt. 2001. Pseudonovibos spiralis (Artiodactyla: Bovidae): New information on this enigmatic South-east Asian ox. Journal of Zoology, London, 253: 157 - 166." year="2001">Timm and Brandt (2001)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
who recommended the vernacular name Khting Vor (Khting = gaur, and Vor = spiral climbing plant). Further material examined has been found to consist of horns and associated frontlets of domestic cattle, with the horns modified by carving and twisting when softened by heat (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="2D9F0F7FC3AC7ADBFA1719D9BDAB96A3" author="Hassanin, A. & A. Seveau & H. Thomas & H. Bocherens & D. Billiou & B. X. Nguyen" refId="ref142295" refString="Hassanin, A., A. Seveau, H. Thomas, H. Bocherens, D. Billiou, and B. X. Nguyen. 2001. Evidence from DNA that the mysterious ' linh duong' (Pseudonovibos spiralis) is not a new bovid. Comptes Rendus de l'Academie des Sciences. Serie III, Sciences de la Vie, 324: 71 - 80." year="2001">Thomas et al., 2001</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), and this view is supported by evidence from DNA (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="DEF62DA4F62D506F48EE7D37E3FA5894" author="Hassanin, A. & A. Seveau & H. Thomas & H. Bocherens & D. Billiou & B. X. Nguyen" refId="ref142295" refString="Hassanin, A., A. Seveau, H. Thomas, H. Bocherens, D. Billiou, and B. X. Nguyen. 2001. Evidence from DNA that the mysterious ' linh duong' (Pseudonovibos spiralis) is not a new bovid. Comptes Rendus de l'Academie des Sciences. Serie III, Sciences de la Vie, 324: 71 - 80." year="2001">Hassanin et al., 2001</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), but not all specimens, including the type, have been confirmed to be artefacts. A review of the evidence (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D15FB3075827F0F6DF6549407C4668F6" author="Brandt, J. H. & M. Dioli & A. Hasssanin & R. A. Melville & L. E. Olson & A. Seveau & R. M. Timm" refId="ref40040" refString="Brandt, J. H., M. Dioli, A. Hasssanin, R. A. Melville, L. E. Olson, A. Seveau, and R. M. Timm. 2001. Debate on the authenticity of Pseudonovibos spiralis as a new species of wild bovid from Vietnam and Cambodia. Journal of Zoology, 255: 437 - 444." year="2001">Brandt et al., 2001</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) leaves the status of this name equivocal; Brandt, Dioli, Olson, and Timm insist that some specimens are not artefacts and accept assignment to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="15977F56BF55CCAC085ADC72A2035A57" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Bos" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B13520C1488BA6105C766873302F9079" italics="true" pageNumber="692">Bos</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
; Seveau suggests that the
|
||
<typeStatus id="D32D2BDCB4851C419B8BED34EF22C0FF">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
consists of modified buffalo horns, in which case
|
||
<taxonomicName id="58EFB69C484629974B5ECAF9510815FB" authorityName="Peter & Feiler" authorityYear="1994" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Pseudonovibos" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="spiralis">
|
||
<emphasis id="72E754E45F0831AEEBCAC667E108C868" italics="true" pageNumber="692">Pseudonovibos spiralis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
would be a synonym of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1F40053446DDDE7BAA52E1853F783FBB" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Bubalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bubalis">
|
||
<emphasis id="C4D27F7E9BC8105F9D95D4A73D36A756" italics="true" pageNumber="692">Bubalus bubalis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(a new name would be necessary for the genuine specimens, if that is what they are); Melville finds the circumstantial evidence for this bovine occurring in Indochina to be flawed. Genetic analysis of another specimen by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC195A8FB421AA77C3A6CF3089210455" author="Kuznetsov, G. V. & E. E. Kalikov & N. B. Petrov & N. V. Ivanova & A. A. Lomov & M. V. Kholodova & A. B. Poltaraus" refId="ref202443" refString="Kuznetsov, G. V., E. E. Kalikov, N. B. Petrov, N. V. Ivanova, A. A. Lomov, M. V. Kholodova, and A. B. Poltaraus. 2002. Mitochondrial 12 S and DNA sequence relationships suggest that the enigmatic bovid " linh duong " Pseudonovibos spiralis is closely related to buffalo. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 23: 91 - 94." year="2002">Kuznetsov et al. (2002)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
suggested affinities with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7DE42D1B1764263DE10D5C247DB60358" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Bubalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bubalis">
|
||
<emphasis id="64C70D743E6A6F467C9CCE08D1BCF6C8" italics="true" pageNumber="692">Bubalis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Further review by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C2E017C184C1B8F01FD8A9213EE054B5" author="Galbreath, G. J. & R. A. Melville" refId="ref111047" refString="Galbreath, G. J., and R. A. Melville. 2003. Pseudonovibos spiralis: Epitaph. Journal of Zoology, London, 259: 169 - 170." year="2003">Galbreath and Melville (2003)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
suggests that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0B495D56E19D362EE276A8F599EFFF8E" authorityName="Peter & Feiler" authorityYear="1994" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Pseudonovibos" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="spiralis">
|
||
<emphasis id="7AEA07E48721DA4B34B9F34BA10B1BA6" italics="true" pageNumber="692">Pseudonovibos spiralis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
should not be regarded as a valid species unless new incontrovertable evidence is obtained.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |