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<mods:title id="16EBD24066915E3193FDF3A439AEDF67">Craniodental Morphology And Phylogeny Of Marsupials</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="27588E00EAF8D9C84D38D92D52C05F77">Beck, Robin M. D.</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="D1122A9F2522EB2EA55FD444CED40F15">School of Science, Engineering and Environment University of Salford, U. K. &amp; School of Biological, Earth &amp; Environmental Sciences University of New South Wales, Australia &amp; Division of Vertebrate Zoology (Mammalogy) American Museum of Natural History</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="2C482B9D6995A2A2DFC232F1B66FDA2B">Voss, Robert S.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="B407C6F6E9E312BD9943DF7487A4328D">Jansa, Sharon A.</mods:namePart>
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<treatment id="03EFDD5DF6F068E4D900FC8A187DFC48" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7036145" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7036145" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03EFDD5DF6F068E4D900FC8A187DFC48" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03EFDD5DF6F068E4D900FC8A187DFC48" lastPageId="205" lastPageNumber="205" pageId="203" pageNumber="203">
<subSubSection id="C35C3FC0F6F068E2D900FC8A1E3DFCFB" box="[779,1119,804,828]" pageId="203" pageNumber="203" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8BF96C4BF6F068E2D900FC8A1E3DFCFB" blockId="203.[779,1119,804,828]" box="[779,1119,804,828]" pageId="203" pageNumber="203">
<heading id="D0B1DB27F6F068E2D900FC8A1E3DFCFB" box="[779,1119,804,828]" centered="true" fontSize="9" level="2" pageId="203" pageNumber="203" reason="2">
<taxonomicName id="4C4617C8F6F068E2D900FC8A1E3DFCFB" ID-CoL="7J5" authority="Trouessart, 1898" authorityName="Trouessart" authorityYear="1898" box="[779,1119,804,828]" class="Mammalia" family="Caenolestidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Paucituberculata" pageId="203" pageNumber="203" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">
Caenolestidae
<bibRefCitation id="EFD711BAF6F068E2D9A0FC8B1E3DFCFB" author="Trouessart" box="[939,1119,804,828]" firstAuthor="Trouessart" pageId="203" pageNumber="203" refId="ref231236" refString="Trouessart, E. - L. 1898. Catalogus mammalium tam viventium quam fossilium. Fasciculus V. Sirenia, Cetacea, Edentata, Marsupialia, Allotheria, Monotremata, Berolini: R. Friedlander and Sohn." type="book" year="1898">Trouessart, 1898</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C35C3FC0F6F068E2D8C7FCF81924FC48" pageId="203" pageNumber="203" type="synonymic_list">
<paragraph id="8BF96C4BF6F068E2D8C7FCF81924FC48" blockId="203.[683,1215,854,1738]" pageId="203" pageNumber="203">
CONTENTS:
<taxonomicName id="4C4617C8F6F068E2D945FCF819AAFCA9" baseAuthorityName="Luckett and Hong" baseAuthorityYear="2000" box="[846,968,854,878]" class="Mammalia" family="Caenolestidae" genus="Caenolestes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Paucituberculata" pageId="203" pageNumber="203" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B932B059F6F068E2D945FCF819AAFCA9" box="[846,968,854,878]" italics="true" pageId="203" pageNumber="203">Caenolestes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(fig. 35),
<taxonomicName id="4C4617C8F6F068E2DE3AFCF91EE5FCA9" baseAuthorityName="Martin" baseAuthorityYear="2013" box="[1073,1159,855,878]" class="Mammalia" family="Caenolestidae" genus="Lestoros" kingdom="Animalia" order="Paucituberculata" pageId="203" pageNumber="203" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B932B059F6F068E2DE3AFCF91EE5FCA9" box="[1073,1159,855,878]" italics="true" pageId="203" pageNumber="203">Lestoros</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and
<emphasis id="B932B059F6F068E2D8A7FCD91924FC48" box="[684,838,887,911]" italics="true" pageId="203" pageNumber="203">
<taxonomicName id="4C4617C8F6F068E2D8A7FCD91920FC48" authorityName="Osgood" authorityYear="1924" box="[684,834,887,911]" class="Mammalia" family="Caenolestidae" genus="Rhyncholestes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Paucituberculata" pageId="203" pageNumber="203" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Rhyncholestes</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C35C3FC0F6F068E2D8C7FC361E0DFB92" pageId="203" pageNumber="203" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BF96C4BF6F068E2D8C7FC36188EFC16" blockId="203.[683,1215,854,1738]" pageId="203" pageNumber="203">STEM AGE: 19.0 Mya (95% HPD: 14.0–23.9 Mya).</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BF96C4BF6F068E2D8C7FC74188EFBD4" blockId="203.[683,1215,854,1738]" pageId="203" pageNumber="203">CROWN AGE: 10.0 Mya (95% HPD: 6.6–13.2 Mya).</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BF96C4BF6F068E2D8C7FBB21E0DFB92" blockId="203.[683,1215,854,1738]" pageId="203" pageNumber="203">UNAMBIGUOUS CRANIODENTAL SYNAPOMORPHIES: None (but see Comments, below).</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C35C3FC0F6F068E4D8C7FBF1187DFC48" lastPageId="205" lastPageNumber="205" pageId="203" pageNumber="203" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8BF96C4BF6F068E4D8C7FBF11B83FE07" blockId="203.[683,1215,854,1738]" lastBlockId="205.[108,638,226,911]" lastPageId="205" lastPageNumber="205" pageId="203" pageNumber="203">
COMMENTS: As noted above (see
<taxonomicName id="4C4617C8F6F068E2DE21FBF018B7FB50" authorityName="Ameghino" authorityYear="1894" class="Mammalia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Paucituberculata" pageId="203" pageNumber="203" phylum="Chordata" rank="order">Paucituberculata</taxonomicName>
), our dated total-evidence analysis (
<figureCitation id="137D70CEF6F068E2DE60FBD11ED6FB5F" box="[1131,1204,1151,1176]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="181.[108,150,938,959]" captionTargetId="figure-12@181.[241,1216,224,1485]" captionTargetPageId="181" captionText="FIG. 33. (opposite page and at right) Fifty-per- cent majority rule consensus of post-burn-in trees that results from dated Bayesian analysis (using combined tip-and-node dating and separate Independent Gamma Rates [IGR] clock models for the molecular and morpho- logical partitions) of our total evidence data- set. Black dots at nodes indicate ≥0.95 Bayesian posterior probability (“strong support”); dark gray dots indicate 0.75–0.94 Bayesian poste- rior probability (“moderate support”); light gray dots indicate 0.50–0.74 Bayesian poste- rior probability (“weak support”). Nodes with- out dots were constrained a priori so that their ages could be calibrated (see tables 6, 13). Orange bars represent 95% Highest Posterior Density (HPD) intervals on the ages of nodes. For clarity, 95% HPD intervals are not shown for the ages of fossil terminals." pageId="203" pageNumber="203">fig. 33</figureCitation>
) recovers relationships within
<taxonomicName id="4C4617C8F6F068E2D9D4FB0E1EEFFB7F" authorityName="Ameghino" authorityYear="1894" box="[991,1165,1184,1208]" class="Mammalia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Paucituberculata" pageId="203" pageNumber="203" phylum="Chordata" rank="order">Paucituberculata</taxonomicName>
that differ somewhat from other recent studies (
<bibRefCitation id="EFD711BAF6F068E2DE66FB6C197AFB3C" author="Goin, F. J. &amp; M. R. Sanchez-Villagra &amp; A. Abello &amp; R. F. Kay" pageId="203" pageNumber="203" pagination="1267 - 1276" refId="ref206606" refString="Goin, F. J., M. R. Sanchez-Villagra, A. Abello, and R. F. Kay. 2007 b. A new generalized paucituberculatan marsupial from the Oligocene of Bolivia and the origin of ' shrew-like' opossums. Palaeontology 50: 1267 - 1276." type="journal article" year="2007">Goin et al., 2007b</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFD711BAF6F068E2D92CFB4D190AFB3C" author="Goin, F. J. &amp; A. M. Candela &amp; M. A. Abello &amp; E. V. Oliveira" box="[807,872,1251,1275]" pageId="203" pageNumber="203" pagination="867 - 884" refId="ref206706" refString="Goin, F. J., A. M. Candela, M. A. Abello, and E. V. Oliveira. 2009 a. Earliest South American paucituberculatans and their significance in the understanding of ' pseudodiprotodont' marsupial radiations. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 155: 867 - 884." type="journal article" year="2009">2009a</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFD711BAF6F068E2D97CFB4D1E61FB3C" author="Abello, M. A." box="[887,1027,1251,1275]" pageId="203" pageNumber="203" pagination="441 - 465" refId="ref187949" refString="Abello, M. A. 2013. Analysis of dental homologies and phylogeny of Paucituberculata (Mammalia: Marsupialia). Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 109 (2): 441 - 465." type="journal article" year="2013">Abello, 2013</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFD711BAF6F068E2DE19FB4D1883FADB" author="Forasiepi, A. M. &amp; F. J. Goin &amp; M. A. Abello &amp; E. Cerdeno" pageId="203" pageNumber="203" pagination="549 - 564" refId="ref203460" refString="Forasiepi, A. M., F. J. Goin, M. A. Abello, and E. Cerdeno. 2013. A unique, late Oligocene shrew-like marsupial from western Argentina and the evolution of dental morphology. Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 12 (5): 549 - 564." type="journal article" year="2013">Forasiepi et al., 2013</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFD711BAF6F068E2D8E5FAAA19DFFADB" author="Rincon" box="[750,957,1284,1308]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Rincon" pageId="203" pageNumber="203" pagination="455 - 471" refId="ref224192" refString="Rincon, A. D., B. J. Shockey, F. Anaya, and A. Solorzano. 2015. Palaeothentid marsupials of the Salla Beds of Bolivia (late Oligocene): two new species and insights into the post-Eocene radiation of palaeothentoids. Journal of Mammalian Evolution 22 (4): 455 - 471." type="journal article" year="2015">Rincón et al., 2015</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFD711BAF6F068E2D9C0FAAA1EDAFADB" author="Engelman, R. K. &amp; D. A. Croft" box="[971,1208,1284,1308]" pageId="203" pageNumber="203" pagination="444 - 462" refId="ref201109" refString="Engelman, R. K., and D. A. Croft. 2016. Evidence for sexual dimorphism in the early Miocene palaeothentid Acdestis owenii (Marsupialia: Paucituberculata). Ameghiniana 53 (4): 444 - 462." type="journal article" year="2016">Engelman et al., 2016</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFD711BAF6F068E2D8A7FA8B1904FAFA" author="Abello, M. A. &amp; N. Toledo &amp; E. Ortiz-Jaureguizar" box="[684,870,1317,1341]" pageId="203" pageNumber="203" pagination="476 - 493" refId="ref188179" refString="Abello, M. A., N. Toledo, and E. Ortiz-Jaureguizar. 2020. Evolution of South American Paucituberculata (Metatheria: Marsupialia): adaptive radiation and climate changes at the Eocene-Oligocene boundary. Historical Biology 32 (4): 476 - 493." type="journal article" year="2020">Abello et al., 2020</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFD711BAF6F068E2D97BFA8B19C4FAFA" author="Abello, M. A. &amp; G. M. Martin &amp; Y. Cardoso" box="[880,934,1317,1341]" pageId="203" pageNumber="203" pagination="464 - 498" refId="ref188229" refString="Abello, M. A., G. M. Martin, and Y. Cardoso. 2021. Review of the extinct ' shrew-opossums' (Marsupialia: Caenolestidae), with descriptions of two new genera and three new species from the Early Miocene of southern South America. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 193 (2): 464 - 498." type="journal article" year="2021">2021</bibRefCitation>
), specifically in placing the pichipilid palaeothentoid †
<taxonomicName id="4C4617C8F6F068E2D9C0FAE81E4CFA99" baseAuthorityName="Abello" baseAuthorityYear="2007" box="[971,1070,1350,1374]" class="Mammalia" family="Caenolestidae" genus="Pichipilus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Paucituberculata" pageId="203" pageNumber="203" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B932B059F6F068E2D9C0FAE81E4CFA99" box="[971,1070,1350,1374]" italics="true" pageId="203" pageNumber="203">Pichipilus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
closer to the extant caenolestid genera
<taxonomicName id="4C4617C8F6F068E2D9BCFAC91E49FAB8" baseAuthorityName="Luckett and Hong" baseAuthorityYear="2000" box="[951,1067,1383,1407]" class="Mammalia" family="Caenolestidae" genus="Caenolestes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Paucituberculata" pageId="203" pageNumber="203" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B932B059F6F068E2D9BCFAC91E49FAB8" box="[951,1067,1383,1407]" italics="true" pageId="203" pageNumber="203">Caenolestes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C4617C8F6F068E2DE3CFAC61EEBFAB8" baseAuthorityName="Martin" baseAuthorityYear="2013" box="[1079,1161,1384,1407]" class="Mammalia" family="Caenolestidae" genus="Lestoros" kingdom="Animalia" order="Paucituberculata" pageId="203" pageNumber="203" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B932B059F6F068E2DE3CFAC61EEBFAB8" box="[1079,1161,1384,1407]" italics="true" pageId="203" pageNumber="203">Lestoros</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and
<taxonomicName id="4C4617C8F6F068E2D8A7FA26195AFA67" authorityName="Osgood" authorityYear="1924" box="[684,824,1416,1440]" class="Mammalia" family="Caenolestidae" genus="Rhyncholestes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Paucituberculata" pageId="203" pageNumber="203" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B932B059F6F068E2D8A7FA26195AFA67" box="[684,824,1416,1440]" italics="true" pageId="203" pageNumber="203">Rhyncholestes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
than the fossil caenolestid †
<taxonomicName id="4C4617C8F6F068E2DE63FA2618BDFA06" authorityName="Ameghino" authorityYear="1887" class="Mammalia" family="Caenolestidae" genus="Stilotherium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Paucituberculata" pageId="203" pageNumber="203" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B932B059F6F068E2DE63FA2618BDFA06" italics="true" pageId="203" pageNumber="203">Stilotherium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Thus, monophyly of
<taxonomicName id="4C4617C8F6F068E2D9C9FA071E36FA06" authorityName="Trouessart" authorityYear="1898" box="[962,1108,1449,1473]" class="Mammalia" family="Caenolestidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Paucituberculata" pageId="203" pageNumber="203" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Caenolestidae</taxonomicName>
including †
<taxonomicName id="4C4617C8F6F068E2D8B2FA64195BFA25" authorityName="Ameghino" authorityYear="1887" box="[697,825,1482,1506]" class="Mammalia" family="Caenolestidae" genus="Stilotherium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Paucituberculata" pageId="203" pageNumber="203" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B932B059F6F068E2D8B2FA64195BFA25" box="[697,825,1482,1506]" italics="true" pageId="203" pageNumber="203">Stilotherium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is not supported here, contra these other studies. However,
<taxonomicName id="4C4617C8F6F068E2D9A4FA451E46F9C4" baseAuthorityName="Luckett and Hong" baseAuthorityYear="2000" box="[943,1060,1515,1539]" class="Mammalia" family="Caenolestidae" genus="Caenolestes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Paucituberculata" pageId="203" pageNumber="203" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B932B059F6F068E2D9A4FA451E46F9C4" box="[943,1060,1515,1539]" italics="true" pageId="203" pageNumber="203">Caenolestes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C4617C8F6F068E2DE38FA421EE7F9C4" baseAuthorityName="Martin" baseAuthorityYear="2013" box="[1075,1157,1516,1539]" class="Mammalia" family="Caenolestidae" genus="Lestoros" kingdom="Animalia" order="Paucituberculata" pageId="203" pageNumber="203" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B932B059F6F068E2DE38FA421EE7F9C4" box="[1075,1157,1516,1539]" italics="true" pageId="203" pageNumber="203">Lestoros</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and
<taxonomicName id="4C4617C8F6F068E2D8A7F9A2195AF9E3" authorityName="Osgood" authorityYear="1924" box="[684,824,1548,1572]" class="Mammalia" family="Caenolestidae" genus="Rhyncholestes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Paucituberculata" pageId="203" pageNumber="203" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B932B059F6F068E2D8A7F9A2195AF9E3" box="[684,824,1548,1572]" italics="true" pageId="203" pageNumber="203">Rhyncholestes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
form a clade to the exclusion of our fossil terminals in our dated total-evidence analysis, which is congruent with current published evidence. This clade is not supported by any unambiguous synapomorphies, but three traits optimize as synapomorphies under Delayed Transformation: stapes columelliform and microperforate or imperforate (char. 65: 0→1; ci = 0.143; see
<bibRefCitation id="EFD711BAF6F668E4DBE2FEAD1AC1FEFB" author="Gaillard, C. &amp; R. D. E. MacPhee &amp; A. M. Forasiepi" pageId="205" pageNumber="205" pagination="1924761" refId="ref204127" refString="Gaillard, C., R. D. E. MacPhee, and A. M. Forasiepi. 2021. The stapes of stem and extinct Marsupialia: implications for the ancestral condition. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 41 (2): e 1924761." type="journal article" year="2021">Gaillard et al., 2021</bibRefCitation>
); mastoid fenestra present dorsal and medial to the mastoid exposure of petrosal (char. 91: 0→1; ci = 0.200); and fourth lower molar (m4) trigonid structurally simplified, with only the metaconid distinct (char. 164: 0→1; ci = 0.667).
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF393CC3F6F768E5DA66F9261BD5F97C" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6971439" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6971439" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6971439/files/figure.png" pageId="204" pageNumber="204" startId="204.[109,151,1672,1693]" targetBox="[120,1209,224,1625]" targetPageId="204">
<paragraph id="8BF96C4BF6F768E5DA66F9261BD5F97C" blockId="204.[109,1211,1670,1723]" pageId="204" pageNumber="204">
FIG. 35.
<taxonomicName id="4C4617C8F6F768E5DACCF9281BC8F959" baseAuthorityName="Tomes" baseAuthorityYear="1863" box="[199,426,1670,1694]" class="Mammalia" family="Caenolestidae" genus="Caenolestes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Paucituberculata" pageId="204" pageNumber="204" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fuliginosus">
<emphasis id="B932B059F6F768E5DACCF9281BC8F959" box="[199,426,1670,1694]" italics="true" pageId="204" pageNumber="204">Caenolestes fuliginosus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<taxonomicName id="4C4617C8F6F768E5DBB2F9281805F959" authorityName="Ameghino" authorityYear="1894" box="[441,615,1670,1694]" class="Mammalia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Paucituberculata" pageId="204" pageNumber="204" phylum="Chordata" rank="order">Paucituberculata</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C4617C8F6F768E5D87AF9281963F959" authorityName="Trouessart" authorityYear="1898" box="[625,769,1670,1694]" class="Mammalia" family="Caenolestidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Paucituberculata" pageId="204" pageNumber="204" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Caenolestidae</taxonomicName>
; based on UMMZ 155581, an adult female from Provincia Napo, Ecuador).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BF96C4BF6F668E4DA86FE67187DFC48" blockId="205.[108,638,226,911]" pageId="205" pageNumber="205">
The three extant caenolestid genera are estimated here as having diverged from each other relatively recently, during the mid to late Miocene, which is somewhat younger than the estimate for this split in the a posteriori time-scaled phylogeny of
<bibRefCitation id="EFD711BAF6F668E4DA80FDC01B3EFD40" author="Abello, M. A. &amp; N. Toledo &amp; E. Ortiz-Jaureguizar" box="[139,348,622,647]" pageId="205" pageNumber="205" pagination="476 - 493" refId="ref188179" refString="Abello, M. A., N. Toledo, and E. Ortiz-Jaureguizar. 2020. Evolution of South American Paucituberculata (Metatheria: Marsupialia): adaptive radiation and climate changes at the Eocene-Oligocene boundary. Historical Biology 32 (4): 476 - 493." type="journal article" year="2020">Abello et al. (2020</bibRefCitation>
: fig. 2; ~14 Mya) and the molecular-clock estimate of
<bibRefCitation id="EFD711BAF6F668E4DB97FD21181EFD6F" author="Mitchell, K. J." box="[412,636,655,680]" pageId="205" pageNumber="205" pagination="2322 - 2330" refId="ref217043" refString="Mitchell, K. J., et al. 2014. Molecular phylogeny, biogeography, and habitat preference evolution of marsupials. Molecular Biology and Evolution 31 (9): 2322 - 2330." type="journal article" year="2014">Mitchell et al. (2014)</bibRefCitation>
for the split between
<taxonomicName id="4C4617C8F6F668E4DB54FD1E1BBBFD0F" baseAuthorityName="Luckett and Hong" baseAuthorityYear="2000" box="[351,473,688,712]" class="Mammalia" family="Caenolestidae" genus="Caenolestes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Paucituberculata" pageId="205" pageNumber="205" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B932B059F6F668E4DB54FD1E1BBBFD0F" box="[351,473,688,712]" italics="true" pageId="205" pageNumber="205">Caenolestes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C4617C8F6F668E4D81CFD1E1AC3FD2D" authorityName="Osgood" authorityYear="1924" class="Mammalia" family="Caenolestidae" genus="Rhyncholestes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Paucituberculata" pageId="205" pageNumber="205" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B932B059F6F668E4D81CFD1E1AC3FD2D" italics="true" pageId="205" pageNumber="205">Rhyncholestes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(point estimate: 14.3 Mya; 95% HPD: 12.2– 16.0 Mya), but similar to the molecular-clock estimates of
<bibRefCitation id="EFD711BAF6F668E4DAE4FCBA1BB8FCEB" author="Meredith, R. W. &amp; M. Westerman &amp; M. S. Springer" box="[239,474,788,812]" pageId="205" pageNumber="205" pagination="554 - 571" refId="ref216642" refString="Meredith, R. W., M. Westerman, and M. S. Springer. 2009 a. A phylogeny of Diprotodontia (Marsupialia) based on sequences for five nuclear genes. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 51 (3): 554 - 571." type="journal article" year="2009">Meredith et al. (2009a</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFD711BAF6F668E4DBEFFCBA187EFCEB" author="Meredith, R. W." box="[484,540,788,812]" pageId="205" pageNumber="205" pagination="521 - 524" refId="ref216858" refString="Meredith, R. W., et al. 2011. Impacts of the Cretaceous Terrestrial Revolution and KPg extinction on mammal diversification. Science 334: 521 - 524." type="journal article" year="2011">2011</bibRefCitation>
). Besides a report of subfossil remains of
<taxonomicName id="4C4617C8F6F668E4DBCBFC9B1AC5FCA9" baseAuthorityName="Tomes" baseAuthorityYear="1863" class="Mammalia" family="Caenolestidae" genus="Caenolestes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Paucituberculata" pageId="205" pageNumber="205" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fuliginosus">
<emphasis id="B932B059F6F668E4DBCBFC9B1AC5FCA9" italics="true" pageId="205" pageNumber="205">Caenolestes fuliginosus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, there is as yet no fossil record of crownclade
<taxonomicName id="4C4617C8F6F668E4DAA1FCD91879FC48" authority="(Abello et al., 2021)" baseAuthorityName="Abello" baseAuthorityYear="2021" box="[170,539,887,911]" class="Mammalia" family="Caenolestidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Paucituberculata" pageId="205" pageNumber="205" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">
Caenolestidae (
<bibRefCitation id="EFD711BAF6F668E4DB46FCD91871FC48" author="Abello, M. A. &amp; G. M. Martin &amp; Y. Cardoso" box="[333,531,887,911]" pageId="205" pageNumber="205" pagination="464 - 498" refId="ref188229" refString="Abello, M. A., G. M. Martin, and Y. Cardoso. 2021. Review of the extinct ' shrew-opossums' (Marsupialia: Caenolestidae), with descriptions of two new genera and three new species from the Early Miocene of southern South America. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 193 (2): 464 - 498." type="journal article" year="2021">Abello et al., 2021</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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