343 lines
27 KiB
XML
343 lines
27 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/jhr.94.94263" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1314-2607-94-13" ID-Pensoft-UUID="ADCFB8021287566FB2D7E8A8711D5CAE" ID-ZooBank="6CB807239A47403FABEC9AF8AE7F417F" ModsDocID="1314-2607-94-13" checkinTime="1671601504499" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Burks, Roger, Mitroiu, Mircea-Dan, Fusu, Lucian, Heraty, John M., Jansta, Petr, Heydon, Steve, Papilloud, Natalie Dale-Skey, Peters, Ralph S., Tselikh, Ekaterina V., Woolley, James B., van Noort, Simon, Baur, Hannes, Cruaud, Astrid, Darling, Christopher, Haas, Michael, Hanson, Paul, Krogmann, Lars & Rasplus, Jean-Yves" docDate="2022" docId="E692FEEC28D856C1BC6E7D18BA203F55" docLanguage="en" docName="JourHymenoptRes 94: 13-88" docOrigin="Journal of Hymenoptera Research 94" docPubDate="2022-12-20" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/jhr.94.94263" docTitle="Idioporus LaSalle & Polaszek 1997" docType="treatment" docVersion="1" id="ADCFB8021287566FB2D7E8A8711D5CAE" lastPageNumber="13" masterDocId="ADCFB8021287566FB2D7E8A8711D5CAE" masterDocTitle="From hell's heart I stab at thee! A determined approach towards a monophyletic Pteromalidae and reclassification of Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera)" masterLastPageNumber="88" masterPageNumber="13" pageNumber="13" updateTime="1671601504499" updateUser="pensoft">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>From hell's heart I stab at thee! A determined approach towards a monophyletic Pteromalidae and reclassification of Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera)</mods:title>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Burks, Roger</mods:namePart>
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<mods:nameIdentifier type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3032-7939</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:affiliation>Department of Entomology, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier type="email">burks.roger@gmail.com</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Mitroiu, Mircea-Dan</mods:namePart>
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<mods:nameIdentifier type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1368-7721</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:affiliation>Faculty of Biology, Alexandru Ioan Cuza University, Iasi, Romania</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Fusu, Lucian</mods:namePart>
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<mods:nameIdentifier type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0819-026X</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:affiliation>Faculty of Biology, Alexandru Ioan Cuza University, Iasi, Romania</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Heraty, John M.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:nameIdentifier type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9246-5651</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:affiliation>Department of Entomology, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Jansta, Petr</mods:namePart>
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<mods:nameIdentifier type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6409-3603</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:affiliation>Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic & Department of Entomology, State Museum of Natural History, Stuttgart, Germany</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Heydon, Steve</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Papilloud, Natalie Dale-Skey</mods:namePart>
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<mods:nameIdentifier type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7582-0386</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:affiliation>Insects Division, Natural History Museum, London, UK</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Peters, Ralph S.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Zoologisches Forschungsmuseum Alexander Koenig, Leibniz Institute for the Analysis of Biodiversity Change, Bonn, Germany</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Tselikh, Ekaterina V.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:nameIdentifier type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9184-043X</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:affiliation>Zoological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Woolley, James B.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Department of Entomology, Texas A & M University, College Station, TX, USA</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>van Noort, Simon</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Research and Exhibitions Department, South African Museum, Iziko Museums of South Africa, PO Box 61, Cape Town 8000 South Africa & Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cape Town, Private Bag, Rondebosch, 7701, South Africa</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Baur, Hannes</mods:namePart>
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<mods:nameIdentifier type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1360-3487</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:affiliation>Department of Invertebrates, Natural History Museum Bern, Bern, Switzerland & Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Cruaud, Astrid</mods:namePart>
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<mods:nameIdentifier type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8932-4199</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:affiliation>CBGP, INRAE, CIRAD, IRD, Montpellier SupAgro, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Darling, Christopher</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Department of Natural History, Royal Ontario Museum, Toronto, ON, M 5 S 2 C 6, Canada & Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M 5 S 1 A 1, Canada</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Haas, Michael</mods:namePart>
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<mods:nameIdentifier type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6869-6698</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:affiliation>Department of Entomology, State Museum of Natural History, Stuttgart, Germany</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Hanson, Paul</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Escuela de Biologia, Universidad de Costa Rica, San Pedro de Montes de Oca, San Jose 11501 - 2060, Costa Rica</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Krogmann, Lars</mods:namePart>
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<mods:nameIdentifier type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3724-1735</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:affiliation>Department of Entomology, State Museum of Natural History, Stuttgart, Germany & Institute of Biology, Biological Systematics (190 n) University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Rasplus, Jean-Yves</mods:namePart>
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<mods:nameIdentifier type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8614-6665</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:affiliation>CBGP, INRAE, CIRAD, IRD, Montpellier SupAgro, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Journal of Hymenoptera Research</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:date>2022</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="pubDate">
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<mods:number>2022-12-20</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>94</mods:number>
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||
</mods:detail>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>13</mods:start>
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<mods:end>88</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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</mods:relatedItem>
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<mods:location>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/jhr.94.94263</mods:url>
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</mods:location>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/jhr.94.94263</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1314-2607-94-13</mods:identifier>
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<treatment LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:E692FEEC28D856C1BC6E7D18BA203F55" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/E692FEEC28D856C1BC6E7D18BA203F55" lastPageNumber="13" pageId="0" pageNumber="13">
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="13" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="13">
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<taxonomicName LSID="E692FEEC-28D8-56C1-BC6E-7D18BA203F55" authority="new status" authorityName="LaSalle & Polaszek" authorityYear="1997" family="Lyciscidae" higherTaxonomySource="treatment-meta" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" rank="family">Lyciscidae new status</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="13" type="reference_group">
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||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="13">
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||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Boucek" authorityYear="1958" family="Lyciscidae" higherTaxonomySource="treatment-meta" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" rank="tribe" tribe="Lyciscini">Lyciscini</taxonomicName>
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||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Bouček">Boucek</normalizedToken>
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, 1958. Type genus:
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Lyciscidae" genus="Lycisca" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Lycisca" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Lycisca</taxonomicName>
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Spinola, 1840.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="13" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="13">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="13">
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Antenna with 8 or 7 flagellomeres, including usually a single clavomere but sometimes with 2 or (in males) 3 clavomeres. Eyes ventrally divergent (Fig.
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 25–30" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figures 25 - 30. 25 - 27 Idioporus affinis LaSalle & Polaszek (Idioporidae) 25 antenna 26 mesosoma lateral 27 protibial spur and basitarsal comb. 28 Lycisca nebulipennis Strand (Lyciscidae) head frontal view 29 Lycisca ignicaudata Westwood (Lyciscidae): pronotum and mesonotum dorsal view 30 Agamerion cleptideum (Westwood) (Lyciscidae): mesosoma lateral view." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.94.94263.figures25-30" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/781068" pageId="0" pageNumber="13">28</figureCitation>
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). Clypeus with or without transverse subapical groove. Labrum exposed or hidden behind clypeus, sclerotized and with a row of submarginal setae extending anteriorly (Fig.
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 25–30" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figures 25 - 30. 25 - 27 Idioporus affinis LaSalle & Polaszek (Idioporidae) 25 antenna 26 mesosoma lateral 27 protibial spur and basitarsal comb. 28 Lycisca nebulipennis Strand (Lyciscidae) head frontal view 29 Lycisca ignicaudata Westwood (Lyciscidae): pronotum and mesonotum dorsal view 30 Agamerion cleptideum (Westwood) (Lyciscidae): mesosoma lateral view." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.94.94263.figures25-30" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/781068" pageId="0" pageNumber="13">28</figureCitation>
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). Mandibles with 2 or 3 teeth, sometimes with a truncation in place of the dorsal teeth. Subforaminal bridge with elongate lower tentorial bridge and secondary tentorial pits that extend to the convergent hypostomal carina, with or without a postgenal groove and postgenal lamina, or (
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<taxonomicName lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Solenurinae">Solenurinae</taxonomicName>
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) with a postgenal bridge that externally separates the lower tentorial bridge from the convergent hypostomal carina. Pronotum with a smooth median longitudinal line or carina (Fig.
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 25–30" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figures 25 - 30. 25 - 27 Idioporus affinis LaSalle & Polaszek (Idioporidae) 25 antenna 26 mesosoma lateral 27 protibial spur and basitarsal comb. 28 Lycisca nebulipennis Strand (Lyciscidae) head frontal view 29 Lycisca ignicaudata Westwood (Lyciscidae): pronotum and mesonotum dorsal view 30 Agamerion cleptideum (Westwood) (Lyciscidae): mesosoma lateral view." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.94.94263.figures25-30" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/781068" pageId="0" pageNumber="13">29</figureCitation>
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). Notauli complete. Mesoscutellum usually without a frenum (Fig.
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 25–30" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figures 25 - 30. 25 - 27 Idioporus affinis LaSalle & Polaszek (Idioporidae) 25 antenna 26 mesosoma lateral 27 protibial spur and basitarsal comb. 28 Lycisca nebulipennis Strand (Lyciscidae) head frontal view 29 Lycisca ignicaudata Westwood (Lyciscidae): pronotum and mesonotum dorsal view 30 Agamerion cleptideum (Westwood) (Lyciscidae): mesosoma lateral view." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.94.94263.figures25-30" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/781068" pageId="0" pageNumber="13">30</figureCitation>
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) or (
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<taxonomicName lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Solenurinae">Solenurinae</taxonomicName>
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) with a frenum indicated by lateral frenal arms (Fig.
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 31–36" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figures 31 - 36. 31, 32 Solenura sp. (Lyscicidae, Solenurinae) 31 antenna 32 mesosoma lateral 33 Macromesus sp. (Macromesidae): head frontal view 34 Macromesus amphiretus Walker (Macromesidae), propodeum 35, 36 Trichilogaster acaciaelongifoliae (Froggatt) (Melanosomellidae) 35 head frontal 36 mesosoma lateral view." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.94.94263.figures31-36" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/781069" pageId="0" pageNumber="13">32</figureCitation>
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); without or (rarely) with axillular sulcus. Mesopleural area without an expanded acropleuron; mesepimeron not extending over anterior margin of metapleuron. All legs with 5 tarsomeres; protibial spur stout and curved; basitarsal comb longitudinal; metafemur with or without ventral teeth or expansion, with apical spurs arising from a truncate metatibial apex when the metafemur has ventral teeth. Metasoma with syntergum, therefore without epipygium, although a complex set of carinae sometimes present on syntergum.
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</paragraph>
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<caption doi="10.3897/jhr.94.94263.figures31-36" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/781069" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" start="Figures 31–36" startId="F6">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="13">
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="13">Figures 31-36.</emphasis>
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="13">31, 32</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Westwood" authorityYear="1868" class="Insecta" family="Macromesidae" genus="Solenura" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Solenura" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="13">Solenura</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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sp. (
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<taxonomicName family="Lyscicidae" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" rank="family">Lyscicidae</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Solenurinae">Solenurinae</taxonomicName>
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)
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="13">31</emphasis>
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antenna
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="13">32</emphasis>
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mesosoma lateral
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="13">33</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Walker" authorityYear="1848" class="Insecta" family="Melanosomellidae" genus="Macromesus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Macromesus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="13">Macromesus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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sp. (
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<taxonomicName family="Macromesidae" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" rank="family">Macromesidae</taxonomicName>
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): head frontal view
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="13">34</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Walker" authorityYear="1848" class="Insecta" family="Melanosomellidae" genus="Macromesus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Macromesus amphiretus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="amphiretus">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="13">Macromesus amphiretus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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Walker (
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<taxonomicName family="Macromesidae" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" rank="family">Macromesidae</taxonomicName>
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), propodeum
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="13">35, 36</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Froggatt" baseAuthorityYear="1892" class="Insecta" family="Pteromalidae" genus="Trichilogaster" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Trichilogaster acaciaelongifoliae" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="acaciaelongifoliae">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="13">Trichilogaster acaciaelongifoliae</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(Froggatt) (
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<taxonomicName family="Melanosomellidae" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" rank="family">Melanosomellidae</taxonomicName>
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)
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="13">35</emphasis>
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head frontal
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="13">36</emphasis>
|
||
mesosoma lateral view.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="13" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="13">Discussion.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="13">
|
||
The family
|
||
<taxonomicName family="Lyciscidae" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" rank="family">Lyciscidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
was potentially a major part of what
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Boucek, Z" journalOrPublisher="CAB International, Wallingford, UK" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" refId="B6" refString="Boucek, Z, 1988. Australasian Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera). A biosystematic revision of genera of fourteen families, with a reclassification of species. CAB International, Wallingford, UK" title="Australasian Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera). A biosystematic revision of genera of fourteen families, with a reclassification of species." year="1988">
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Bouček">Boucek</normalizedToken>
|
||
(1988)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
had in mind when describing his concept of
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Walker" baseAuthorityYear="1833" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Cleonyminae">Cleonyminae</taxonomicName>
|
||
as a monophyletic lineage, being "certainly one of the oldest in
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Dalman" authorityYear="1820" family="Pteromalidae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" rank="family">Pteromalidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, as seems to be supported by their association with wood-boring beetles." However,
|
||
<taxonomicName family="Lyciscidae" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" rank="family">Lyciscidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
itself appears to be relatively young and separate from
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Walker" baseAuthorityYear="1833" family="Cleonymidae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" rank="family">Cleonymidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
and all other members of the former sense of
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Walker" baseAuthorityYear="1833" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Cleonyminae">Cleonyminae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, based upon next-generation molecular data (Cruaud et al., submitted).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="13">
|
||
<taxonomicName family="Lyciscidae" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" rank="family">Lyciscidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
are relatively generalized and are therefore easily confused with many other large-bodied
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Mayr" authorityYear="1905" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="superFamily" superFamily="Chalcidoidea">Chalcidoidea</taxonomicName>
|
||
. While the longitudinal median smooth strip or carina of the pronotum is distinctive, it can be difficult to assess in some taxa depending on the position of the head. However,
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Neapterolelapinae">Neapterolelapinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
differ from
|
||
<taxonomicName family="Lyciscidae" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" rank="family">Lyciscidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
chiefly in the lack of this feature. Many
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Walker" authorityYear="1833" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Eupelmidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
are similar to
|
||
<taxonomicName family="Lyciscidae" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" rank="family">Lyciscidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
but females and some males have an expanded, convex and pad-like acropleuron that covers most or all of the mesopleural area. In all
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Chalcedectidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Chalcedectidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
the metafemur has ventral teeth, a feature also present in some
|
||
<taxonomicName family="Lyciscidae" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" rank="family">Lyciscidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, but in
|
||
<taxonomicName family="Lyciscidae" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" rank="family">Lyciscidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
the metatibia is truncate where the metatibial spurs insert, whereas in
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Chalcedectidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Chalcedectidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
the spurs are either absent or placed on a ventroapical projection.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="13">
|
||
<taxonomicName family="Lyciscidae" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" rank="family">Lyciscidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
differ from many other large-bodied
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Mayr" authorityYear="1905" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="superFamily" superFamily="Chalcidoidea">Chalcidoidea</taxonomicName>
|
||
in lacking a frenum. In
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Walker" baseAuthorityYear="1833" family="Cleonymidae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" rank="family">Cleonymidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
the notauli are incomplete.
|
||
<taxonomicName family="Pelecinellidae" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" rank="family">Pelecinellidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
differ in having an elongate petiole with long setae perpendicular to its longitudinal axis.
|
||
<taxonomicName family="Macromesidae" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" rank="family">Macromesidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
do not have ventrally divergent eyes, and often instead have ventrally convergent eyes.
|
||
<taxonomicName family="Eunotidae" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" rank="family">Eunotidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
have a much shorter pronotum without a distinctive anterior neck.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="13">
|
||
For
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Solenurinae">Solenurinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, identification can be more difficult due to the presence of a frenal arm, which is shared with a greater number of other chalcidoids. While
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Westwood" authorityYear="1868" class="Insecta" family="Macromesidae" genus="Solenura" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Solenura" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="13">Solenura</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Westwood itself is a highly distinctive genus with an elongate gaster,
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Surenshan & Narendran" authorityYear="1997" class="Insecta" family="Spalangiidae" genus="Grooca" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Grooca" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="13">Grooca</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Sureshan & Narendran has a shorter gaster similar to that of many other
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Surenshan & Narendran" authorityYear="1997" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" rank="superFamily" superFamily="Chalcidoidea">Chalcidoidea</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Confusion is most likely with other groups that have ventrally divergent eyes, such as
|
||
<taxonomicName family="Coelocybidae" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" rank="family">Coelocybidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
which differ in having strong setae on or nearly adjacent to the frenal groove.
|
||
<taxonomicName family="Herbertiidae" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" rank="family">Herbertiidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName family="Pirenidae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Micradelinae">Micradelinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
have a different antenna with 10 or 11 flagellomeres.
|
||
<taxonomicName family="Pteromalidae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Ditropinotellinae">Ditropinotellinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
differ in having a distinctive T-shaped and elongate syntergum that resembles an elongate epipygium.
|
||
<taxonomicName family="Moranilidae" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" rank="family">Moranilidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
may appear similar to
|
||
<taxonomicName family="Lyciscidae" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" rank="family">Lyciscidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
when comparing the lists of features, but in practice are easily distinguished. Some
|
||
<taxonomicName family="Moranilidae" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" rank="family">Moranilidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
do not have ventrally divergent eyes (
|
||
<taxonomicName family="Asaphidae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Asaphesinae">Asaphesinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
), while others have a much smaller body with a different antennal flagellum that is strongly clavate and or with transverse funiculars.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |