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<mods:title id="7E644AF8D126195B4BD1645BB3CD90B3">A Revision of the rhopalocerus Species Group of Bembecinus Costa (Hymenoptera: Crabronidae: Bembicinae)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="E23A86085AD2E477F3D373786616B5CD">Gess, Friedrich W.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="28850DE1D4AF79AFB2C4F74660E333B0">Gess, Sarah K.</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="A2F0C191677FFFE923DCF17730654FE1">Albany Museum and Rhodes University, Grahamstown, 6139 South Africa, s. gess @ ru. ac. za</mods:affiliation>
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<paragraph id="F45B6248FFB11E71FE11FCF9A14EC85C" blockId="3.[221,1075,863,921]" box="[411,884,863,890]" pageId="3" pageNumber="210">
<heading id="AF13D524FFB11E71FE11FCF9A14EC85C" bold="true" box="[411,884,863,890]" centered="true" fontSize="10" level="2" pageId="3" pageNumber="210" reason="5">
<emphasis id="C690BE5AFFB11E71FE11FCF9A14EC85C" bold="true" box="[411,884,863,890]" pageId="3" pageNumber="210">
Key to Species Groups of
<taxonomicName id="33E419CBFFB11E71FD6AFCF9A14EC85C" ID-CoL="62GHP" authority="Gess &amp; Pulawski &amp; Gess, 2015" authorityName="Gess &amp; Pulawski &amp; Gess" authorityYear="2015" box="[736,884,863,890]" class="Insecta" family="Crabronidae" genus="Bembecinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="210" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="C690BE5AFFB11E71FD6AFCF9A14EC85C" bold="true" box="[736,884,863,890]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="210">Bembecinus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="BCFE31C3FFB11E71FF57FC25A609C8BE" box="[221,1075,899,921]" pageId="3" pageNumber="210" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="F45B6248FFB11E71FF57FC25A609C8BE" blockId="3.[221,1075,863,921]" box="[221,1075,899,921]" pageId="3" pageNumber="210">
(based on
<bibRefCitation id="90751FB9FFB11E71FECBFC25A385C8BE" author="BOHART, R. M." box="[321,447,899,921]" pageId="3" pageNumber="210" pagination="163 - 177" refId="ref30189" refString="BOHART, R. M. 1997. Notes on Bembecinus of southern Africa, Madagascar, and Australia with descriptions of new species (Hymenoptera, Sphecidae, Nyssoninae, Stizini). Journal of Hymenoptera Research 6: 163 - 177." type="journal article" year="1997">Bohart, 1997</bibRefCitation>
, with modifications derived from the manuscript key of F. Gess)
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="BCFE31C3FFB11E71FFF1FC12A6A8CD98" pageId="3" pageNumber="210" type="key">
<key id="80753579FFB11E71FFF1FC12A6A8CD98" pageId="3" pageNumber="210">
<keyStep id="4F107AEDFFB11E71FFF1FC12A6B4CF0B" pageId="3" pageNumber="210">
<paragraph id="F45B6248FFB11E71FFF1FC12A31BCF2B" blockId="3.[123,1174,948,1726]" pageId="3" pageNumber="210">
<keyLead id="4F15C17DFFB11E71FFF1FC12A31BCF2B" pageId="3" pageNumber="210">
1a. Male flagellomere IX produced into a spine beneath....................
<taxonomicName id="33E419CBFFB11E71FC6EFC13A674C8EA" ID-CoL="LD8F" baseAuthorityName="Fabricius" baseAuthorityYear="1781" box="[996,1102,948,972]" class="Insecta" family="Crabronidae" genus="Bembecinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="210" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tridens">
<emphasis id="C690BE5AFFB11E71FC6EFC13A674C8EA" box="[996,1102,948,972]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="210">B. tridens</emphasis>
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group (including
<emphasis id="C690BE5AFFB11E71FEACFC72A06DC8CA" box="[294,599,980,1004]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="210">
discolor, irwini,
<taxonomicName id="33E419CBFFB11E71FE69FC72A06DC8CA" ID-CoL="LD5J" baseAuthorityName="F. Smith" baseAuthorityYear="1856" box="[483,599,980,1004]" class="Insecta" family="Crabronidae" genus="Bembecinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="210" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="loriculatus">loriculatus</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
,
<emphasis id="C690BE5AFFB11E71FDE0FC72A630C8CA" box="[618,1034,980,1004]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="210">meridionalis, peregrinus, spinicornis,</emphasis>
and
<taxonomicName id="33E419CBFFB11E71FBC1FC72A6AFC8CA" ID-CoL="LD8F" baseAuthorityName="Fabricius" baseAuthorityYear="1781" box="[1099,1173,980,1004]" class="Insecta" family="Crabronidae" genus="Bembecinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="210" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tridens">
<emphasis id="C690BE5AFFB11E71FBC1FC72A6AFC8CA" box="[1099,1173,980,1004]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="210">tridens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
subgroups)
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="F45B6248FFB11E71FFF1FBB3A6B4CF0B" blockId="3.[123,1174,948,1726]" box="[123,1166,1045,1069]" pageId="3" pageNumber="210">
<keyLead id="4F15C17DFFB11E71FFF1FBB3A6B4CF0B" box="[123,1166,1045,1069]" pageId="3" pageNumber="210">1b. Male flagellomere IX simple.................................................. 2</keyLead>
</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="F45B6248FFB11E71FFF1FB9DA05BCFB2" blockId="3.[123,1174,948,1726]" pageId="3" pageNumber="210">
<keyLead id="4F15C17DFFB11E71FFF1FB9DA05BCFB2" pageId="3" pageNumber="210">
2a. Male flagellum relatively slender; male sterna simple; female foretarsus with apical tarsomere and arolium not unusually large. Afrotropical and Australian Regions.......
<taxonomicName id="33E419CBFFB11E71FC7AFBFAA674CF55" ID-CoL="LD2X" baseAuthorityName="de Saussure" baseAuthorityYear="1854" box="[1008,1102,1115,1139]" class="Insecta" family="Crabronidae" genus="Bembecinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="210" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="caffer">
<emphasis id="C690BE5AFFB11E71FC7AFBFAA674CF55" box="[1008,1102,1115,1139]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="210">B. caffer</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
group (including
<taxonomicName id="33E419CBFFB11E71FEAAFBDAA364CFB2" ID-CoL="LD2X" baseAuthorityName="de Saussure" baseAuthorityYear="1854" box="[288,350,1148,1172]" class="Insecta" family="Crabronidae" genus="Bembecinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="210" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="caffer">
<emphasis id="C690BE5AFFB11E71FEAAFBDAA364CFB2" box="[288,350,1148,1172]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="210">caffer</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<emphasis id="C690BE5AFFB11E71FE19FBDAA3D9CFB5" box="[403,483,1148,1171]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="210">inermis</emphasis>
subgroups)
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="F45B6248FFB11E71FFF1FB3AA6AACE33" blockId="3.[123,1174,948,1726]" pageId="3" pageNumber="210">
<keyLead id="4F15C17DFFB11E71FFF1FB3AA6AACE33" pageId="3" pageNumber="210">
2b. Male and female flagellum moderately to strongly clavate; male sterna mainly simple, with prong on sternum II in
<taxonomicName id="33E419CBFFB11E71FE3BFB1AA0ADCFF2" authority="(F. Smith)" baseAuthorityName="F. Smith" box="[433,663,1212,1236]" class="Insecta" family="Crabronidae" genus="Larra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="210" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cinguliger">
<emphasis id="C690BE5AFFB11E71FE3BFB1AA025CFF2" box="[433,543,1212,1236]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="210">cinguliger</emphasis>
(F. Smith)
</taxonomicName>
,
<emphasis id="C690BE5AFFB11E71FD22FB1AA134CFF2" box="[680,782,1212,1236]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="210">escalerae</emphasis>
(Turner), and
<emphasis id="C690BE5AFFB11E71FC38FB1AA61DCFF2" box="[946,1063,1212,1236]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="210">flavopictus</emphasis>
(Arnold); female foretarsus with apical tarsomere and arolium much larger than on other legs. Afrotropical Region................................................................ 3
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
</keyStep>
<keyStep id="4F107AEDFFB11E71FFF1FA85A6A8CD98" pageId="3" pageNumber="210">
<paragraph id="F45B6248FFB11E71FFF1FA85A6A8CEFA" blockId="3.[123,1174,948,1726]" pageId="3" pageNumber="210">
<keyLead id="4F15C17DFFB11E71FFF1FA85A6A8CEFA" pageId="3" pageNumber="210">
3a. Flagellum moderately clavate (
<figureCitation id="6CDF7ECDFFB11E71FE60FA85A00ECE1D" box="[490,564,1315,1339]" captionStart="FIGURE" captionStartId="4.[155,167,499,518]" captionTargetBox="[120,1174,216,479]" captionTargetId="figure-1073@4.[120,1176,216,480]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 2. Species group characters exemplified by Bembecinus rhopalocerus: a female clypeus and labrum, b female antenna, c non-emarginate posterolateral edge of propodeum." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11512320" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11512320/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="210">Fig. 2b</figureCitation>
); lateral margin of propodeal declivity only slightly compressed, not excised (
<figureCitation id="6CDF7ECDFFB11E71FE19FAE5A3E4CE7D" box="[403,478,1347,1371]" captionStart="FIGURE" captionStartId="4.[155,167,499,518]" captionTargetBox="[120,1174,216,479]" captionTargetId="figure-1073@4.[120,1176,216,480]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 2. Species group characters exemplified by Bembecinus rhopalocerus: a female clypeus and labrum, b female antenna, c non-emarginate posterolateral edge of propodeum." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11512320" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11512320/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="210">Fig. 2c</figureCitation>
); clypeus sub-triangular, only slightly wider than long (
<figureCitation id="6CDF7ECDFFB11E71FBB0FAE5A6BFCE7D" box="[1082,1157,1347,1371]" captionStart="FIGURE" captionStartId="4.[155,167,499,518]" captionTargetBox="[120,1174,216,479]" captionTargetId="figure-1073@4.[120,1176,216,480]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 2. Species group characters exemplified by Bembecinus rhopalocerus: a female clypeus and labrum, b female antenna, c non-emarginate posterolateral edge of propodeum." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11512320" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11512320/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="210">Fig. 2a</figureCitation>
); length of labrum about 0.71.0 × its width (
<figureCitation id="6CDF7ECDFFB11E71FD06FAC5A0E2CE5D" box="[652,728,1379,1403]" captionStart="FIGURE" captionStartId="4.[155,167,499,518]" captionTargetBox="[120,1174,216,479]" captionTargetId="figure-1073@4.[120,1176,216,480]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 2. Species group characters exemplified by Bembecinus rhopalocerus: a female clypeus and labrum, b female antenna, c non-emarginate posterolateral edge of propodeum." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11512320" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11512320/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="210">Fig. 2a</figureCitation>
); female forebasitarsus with a sand rake composed of a small number of long spines; male sternum II simple. Nesting in friable (sandy) soil; nest excavation by means of the raking of dry sand; burrow entrance without a turret (F. Gess and S. Gess 1971; F.
<bibRefCitation id="90751FB9FFB11E71FE64FA62A064CEFA" author="GESS, F. W." box="[494,606,1476,1500]" pageId="3" pageNumber="210" pagination="1 - 80" refId="ref30445" refString="GESS, F. W. 1981. Some aspects of an ethological study of the aculeate wasps and the bees of a karroid area in the vicinity of Grahamstown, South Africa. Annals of the Cape Provincial Museums (natural History) 14 (1): 1 - 80." type="journal article" year="1981">Gess 1981</bibRefCitation>
).......................
<taxonomicName id="33E419CBFFB11E71FC2AFA63A677CEFA" ID-CoL="LD7K" box="[928,1101,1476,1500]" class="Insecta" family="Crabronidae" genus="Bembecinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="210" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rhopalocerus">
<emphasis id="C690BE5AFFB11E71FC2AFA63A677CEFA" box="[928,1101,1476,1500]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="210">B. rhopalocerus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
group
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="F45B6248FFB11E71FFF1FA42A6A8CD98" blockId="3.[123,1174,948,1726]" pageId="3" pageNumber="210">
<keyLead id="4F15C17DFFB11E71FFF1FA42A6A8CD98" pageId="3" pageNumber="210">
3b. Flagellum conspicuously clavate; lateral margin of propodeal declivity strongly compressed, widely and deeply excised; clypeus more than twice as wide as long; length of labrum about 0.30.4 × its width; female forebasitarsus with dense row of short cilia; male sternum II simple in
<taxonomicName id="33E419CBFFB11E71FE9BF9E3A02ECD7B" ID-CoL="LD6N" authority="Handlirsch" authorityName="Handlirsch" box="[273,532,1605,1629]" class="Insecta" family="Crabronidae" genus="Bembecinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="210" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="oxydorcus">
<emphasis id="C690BE5AFFB11E71FE9BF9E3A3B8CD7B" box="[273,386,1605,1629]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="210">oxydorcus</emphasis>
Handlirsch
</taxonomicName>
, with prong in
<taxonomicName id="33E419CBFFB11E71FC8BF9E3A636CD7B" authority="(F. Smith)" baseAuthorityName="F. Smith" box="[769,1036,1605,1629]" class="Insecta" family="Crabronidae" genus="Larra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="210" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cinguliger">
<emphasis id="C690BE5AFFB11E71FC8BF9E3A149CD7B" box="[769,883,1605,1629]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="210">cinguliger</emphasis>
(F. Smith)
</taxonomicName>
,
<emphasis id="C690BE5AFFB11E71FBA1F9E3A6AFCD7B" box="[1067,1173,1605,1629]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="210">escalerae</emphasis>
(R. Turner), and
<emphasis id="C690BE5AFFB11E71FEE2F9C3A3E7CD5B" box="[360,477,1637,1661]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="210">flavopictus</emphasis>
(Arnold). Nesting in non-friable (clayey) soil; nest excavation aided by use of water; burrow entrance surmounted by turret (F. Gess and S.
<bibRefCitation id="90751FB9FFB11E71FB9EF923A6B4CDBB" author="GESS, F. W. &amp; AND S. K." box="[1044,1166,1669,1693]" pageId="3" pageNumber="210" pagination="21 - 46" refId="ref30498" refString="GESS, F. W., AND S. K. GESS. 1975. Ethological studies of Bembecinus cinguliger (Smith) and B. oxydorcus (Handl.) (Hymenoptera: Sphecidae), two southern African turret-building wasps. Annals of the Cape Provincial Museums (natural History) 11 (2): 21 - 46." type="journal article" year="1975">Gess, 1975</bibRefCitation>
; S.
<bibRefCitation id="90751FB9FFB11E71FF4DF900A304CD98" author="GESS, F. W." box="[199,318,1702,1726]" pageId="3" pageNumber="210" pagination="1 - 80" refId="ref30445" refString="GESS, F. W. 1981. Some aspects of an ethological study of the aculeate wasps and the bees of a karroid area in the vicinity of Grahamstown, South Africa. Annals of the Cape Provincial Museums (natural History) 14 (1): 1 - 80." type="journal article" year="1981">Gess, 1981</bibRefCitation>
)...............................................
<taxonomicName id="33E419CBFFB11E71FC48F900A677CD9B" ID-CoL="LD6N" box="[962,1101,1701,1725]" class="Insecta" family="Crabronidae" genus="Bembecinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="210" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="oxydorcus">
<emphasis id="C690BE5AFFB11E71FC48F900A677CD9B" box="[962,1101,1701,1725]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="210">B. oxydorcus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
group
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</treatment>
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