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<mods:title id="338ED72DD0924EE4D7AE9EC74F3F6322">Epidendrum scandens: an unusual new orchid species endemic to the Cordillera de Talamanca in Costa Rica</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="1777F61930DD5623461A164F86D8326C">Karremans, Adam P.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="CBC8E04182371F04D700CEE6C27614EF">Centro de Investigación Jardín Botánico Lankester, Universidad de Costa Rica, P. O. Box 302 - 7050, Cartago, Costa Rica. &amp; Escuela de Biología, Universidad de Costa Rica, Apdo 11501 - 2060, San José, Costa Rica. &amp; adam. karremans @ ucr. ac. cr; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0001 - 5987 - 7710</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:affiliation id="053ECC648C0B2AD87C55B97D3B94D33C">Centro de Investigación Jardín Botánico Lankester, Universidad de Costa Rica, P. O. Box 302 - 7050, Cartago, Costa Rica. &amp; Escuela de Biología, Universidad de Costa Rica, Apdo 11501 - 2060, San José, Costa Rica. &amp; gustavo. rojasalvarado @ ucr. ac. cr; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0002 - 8918 - 0823</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="B486EEBB8DB11B3B852E789B2B94A57C">Chinchilla, Isler F.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="47FC0942EFEF63E72308369932597E77">Centro de Investigación Jardín Botánico Lankester, Universidad de Costa Rica, P. O. Box 302 - 7050, Cartago, Costa Rica. &amp; Escuela de Biología, Universidad de Costa Rica, Apdo 11501 - 2060, San José, Costa Rica. &amp; isler. chinchilla @ ucr. ac. cr; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0002 - 4250 - 1642</mods:affiliation>
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<emphasis id="7AFD1939947FFFB6FF7DA5EA61D40320" box="[136,384,1268,1294]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="291">Epidendrum scandens</emphasis>
Karremans, Chinchilla &amp; Rojas-Alv.
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, 
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<emphasis id="7AFD1939947FFFB6FCDAA5EB631C0320" box="[815,840,1269,1294]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="291">sp</emphasis>
. 
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.
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(
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).
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: 
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(Macho Gaff), después del puesto de guardaparques del sector 
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, 
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, cuenca del 
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, camino a 
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, epífitas en árboles al lado del camino, 
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&amp; 
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9012
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(
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: JBL-spirit!;
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.
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<paragraph id="4836C52B947FFFB6FF7DA4EE65DE00CC" blockId="1.[136,1452,1520,2087]" pageId="1" pageNumber="291">
Among the members of the 
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<emphasis id="7AFD1939947FFFB6FE3FA4EE62EB0024" box="[458,703,1520,1546]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="291">Epidendrum rugosum</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="2C18B8DA947FFFB6FD33A4EE63E50025" author="Ames, O." box="[710,945,1520,1547]" pageId="1" pageNumber="291" pagination="74 - 75" refId="ref2857" refString="Ames, O. (1923) Epidendrum rugosum. In: Ames, O. (Ed.) Schedulae orchidianae 6. Earnshaw Press, Boston, pp. 74 - 75. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 156824" type="book chapter" year="1923">Ames (1923: 74–75)</bibRefCitation>
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subgroup (Ramosum group), 
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<emphasis id="7AFD1939947FFFB6FAFCA4EF65C40024" box="[1289,1424,1520,1546]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="291">E. scandens</emphasis>
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is immediately recognized by the large plants with an elongate, scandent, climbing stem, notoriously branching flexuous, becoming liana-like. The overall floral morphology is similar to several species in the group and especially reminiscent of 
<taxonomicName id="8F89BEA8947FFFB6FF52A74262C10058" authority="Karremans (2021: 338)" authorityName="Karremans" authorityPageNumber="338" authorityYear="2021" box="[167,661,1628,1655]" class="Liliopsida" family="Orchidaceae" genus="Epidendrum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="1" pageNumber="291" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="colibri">
<emphasis id="7AFD1939947FFFB6FF52A74261D00058" box="[167,388,1628,1654]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="291">Epidendrum colibri</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="2C18B8DA947FFFB6FE79A74362C10058" author="Karremans, A. P." box="[396,661,1628,1655]" pageId="1" pageNumber="291" pagination="299 - 369" refId="ref3541" refString="Karremans, A. P. (2021) With great biodiversity comes great responsibility: The underestimated diversity of Epidendrum (Orchidaceae). Harvard Papers in Botany 26: 299 - 369. https: // doi. org / 10.3100 / hpib. v 26 iss 2.2021. n 1" type="journal article" year="2021">Karremans (2021: 338)</bibRefCitation>
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. From the latter, the new species is distinguished by the 2–3-flowered inflorescence that is extremely discrete in relation to the stem, the yellowish, non-spreading flowers partially hidden by the large floral bracts and the significantly smaller dimensions of all floral organs. Several species in the group share the apical thickening of the lip, but in 
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<emphasis id="7AFD1939947FFFB6FDC6A7D762ED00CC" box="[563,697,1736,1762]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="291">E. scandens</emphasis>
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the apex presents an unusually conspicuously bulbous swelling.
</paragraph>
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<emphasis id="7AFD1939947FFFB6FF48A7F261050128" bold="true" box="[189,337,1772,1798]" pageId="1" pageNumber="291">Description:</emphasis>
—Epiphytic, large, scandent, climbing herb. The flexuous stems becoming more than 
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long, forming branched mats that can cover a bush or small tree and drop to the ground. Roots up to 
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long, 
<quantity id="8F7168CE947FFFB6FAB9A60E65DA0105" box="[1356,1422,1808,1835]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="1" pageNumber="291" unit="mm" value="1.0">1 mm</quantity>
in diameter, fleshy, present at the base of the stem to near the apex. Stems 
<quantity id="8F7168CE947FFFB6FC3CA62A647C0161" box="[969,1064,1844,1871]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" metricValueMax="3.0" metricValueMin="2.0" pageId="1" pageNumber="291" unit="mm" value="2.5" valueMax="3.0" valueMin="2.0">2–3 mm</quantity>
in diameter, branching, climbing, cane-like, terete, conspicuously covered by verrucose sheaths; usually climbing on the surrounding vegetation. Leaves distributed along the stem, deciduous, concentrating close to the apex with age; leaf sheath 
<quantity id="8F7168CE947FFFB6FB08A662653E01B9" box="[1277,1386,1916,1943]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.95" metricValueMax="3.0" metricValueMin="0.9" pageId="1" pageNumber="291" unit="mm" value="19.5" valueMax="30.0" valueMin="9.0">9–30 mm</quantity>
long, tubular, verrucose with age, green-yellowish with dark brown warts, becoming scarious with age; blade 1.2–3.3 × 
<quantity id="8F7168CE947FFFB6FF7DA6DA615F01F1" box="[136,267,1988,2015]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.5" metricValueMax="6.0" metricValueMin="3.0" pageId="1" pageNumber="291" unit="cm" value="0.44999999999999996" valueMax="0.6" valueMin="0.3">0.3–0.6 cm</quantity>
, thick, coriaceous, oblong to lanceolate, emarginated, with unequally lobes. Inflorescence short, erect, 
<quantity id="8F7168CE947FFFB6FF7DA6F661560E2D" box="[136,258,2024,2051]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.15" metricValueMax="2.3" metricValueMin="2.0" pageId="1" pageNumber="291" unit="mm" value="21.5" valueMax="23.0" valueMin="20.0">20–23 mm</quantity>
long from the branches, racemose, subsecund, distichous, congested. Floral bracts 8–13 × 
<quantity id="8F7168CE947FFFB6FAF5A6F665340E2D" box="[1280,1376,2024,2051]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.5" metricValueMax="6.0" metricValueMin="5.0" pageId="1" pageNumber="291" unit="mm" value="5.5" valueMax="6.0" valueMin="5.0">5–6 mm</quantity>
, wider apically, ovate, acute, verrucose, greenish, or pale yellow to scarious with age, covering and exceeding the ovary. Flowers resupinate, 2–3 open simultaneously; the sepals, petals, lip and column, pale yellow. Ovary 
<quantity id="8F7168CE947DFFB4FB13A18065380697" box="[1254,1388,158,185]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.4" metricValueMax="8.3" metricValueMin="6.5" pageId="3" pageNumber="293" unit="mm" value="7.4" valueMax="8.3" valueMin="6.5">6.5–8.3 mm</quantity>
long, terete, trisulcate, thick, fleshy. Sepals free, spreading, ovate to elliptic, acute, apiculate, apically carinate; dorsal sepal 8.5–10.0 × 
<quantity id="8F7168CE947DFFB4FEFEA1F861C3072F" box="[267,407,230,257]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.45" metricValueMax="3.6" metricValueMin="3.3" pageId="3" pageNumber="293" unit="mm" value="3.45" valueMax="3.6" valueMin="3.3">3.3–3.6 mm</quantity>
; lateral sepals 8.5–10.0 × 3.7–4.0 mm. Petals 8.0–8.8 × 
<quantity id="8F7168CE947DFFB4FBE9A1F864F3072F" box="[1052,1191,230,257]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.65" metricValueMax="1.8" metricValueMin="1.5" pageId="3" pageNumber="293" unit="mm" value="1.65" valueMax="1.8" valueMin="1.5">1.5–1.8 mm</quantity>
, free, spreading, linear to narrowly-triangular, acute, inconspicuously apiculate. Lip 7.8–8.3 × 
<quantity id="8F7168CE947DFFB4FC47A0146469070B" box="[946,1085,266,293]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.45" metricValueMax="3.5" metricValueMin="3.4" pageId="3" pageNumber="293" unit="mm" value="3.45" valueMax="3.5" valueMin="3.4">3.4–3.5 mm</quantity>
, trilobed, lacking a basal callus, fleshy, fused to the column, free blade 5.5–6.0 mm long, triangular, acute, margins thickened, elevated, the apex notoriously bulbous-thickened. Column 4.5–5.0 mm long, subclavate, fleshy, slightly bent with respect to the ovary. Anther cap subovoid, thin, 4-celled. Pollinia 4, obovoid, laterally compressed, caudicles soft and granulose. Fruits an ellipsoid capsule, ca. 3.0 × 
<quantity id="8F7168CE947DFFB4FE4CA084625D079B" box="[441,521,410,437]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" pageId="3" pageNumber="293" unit="cm" value="1.5">1.5 cm</quantity>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<caption id="1CF695A3947CFFB5FF7DA64B60EC01F9" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10212856" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10212856" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10212856/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="292" startId="2.[136,229,1877,1899]" targetBox="[151,1435,187,1850]" targetPageId="2" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="4836C52B947CFFB5FF7DA64B60EC01F9" blockId="2.[136,1451,1877,2007]" pageId="2" pageNumber="292">
<emphasis id="7AFD1939947CFFB5FF7DA64B60AE0144" bold="true" box="[136,250,1877,1899]" pageId="2" pageNumber="292">FIGURE 1</emphasis>
. Lankester Composite Dissection Plate of 
<taxonomicName id="8F89BEA8947CFFB5FD53A64B632A0144" box="[678,894,1877,1898]" class="Liliopsida" family="Orchidaceae" genus="Epidendrum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="2" pageNumber="292" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="scandens">
<emphasis id="7AFD1939947CFFB5FD53A64B632A0144" box="[678,894,1877,1898]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="292">Epidendrum scandens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. 
<emphasis id="7AFD1939947CFFB5FC7EA64B63C80144" bold="true" box="[907,924,1877,1898]" pageId="2" pageNumber="292">A</emphasis>
. Habit. 
<emphasis id="7AFD1939947CFFB5FC05A64864520145" bold="true" box="[1008,1030,1878,1899]" pageId="2" pageNumber="292">B.</emphasis>
Inflorescence with flower in 3/4 view. 
<emphasis id="7AFD1939947CFFB5FA61A64B65FF0145" bold="true" box="[1428,1451,1877,1899]" pageId="2" pageNumber="292">C.</emphasis>
Inflorescence with flowers in frontal view. 
<emphasis id="7AFD1939947CFFB5FDC5A664621301A1" bold="true" box="[560,583,1914,1935]" pageId="2" pageNumber="292">D.</emphasis>
Perianth dissected. 
<emphasis id="7AFD1939947CFFB5FCF9A664634801A1" bold="true" box="[780,796,1914,1935]" pageId="2" pageNumber="292">E</emphasis>
. Ovary, column and lip in lateral view and longitudinal section. 
<emphasis id="7AFD1939947CFFB5FA6CA66465FF01A1" bold="true" box="[1433,1451,1914,1935]" pageId="2" pageNumber="292">F.</emphasis>
Ovary and column in ventral (left) and lateral (right) views. Photographs by A.P. Karremans, LCDP by G. Rojas-Alvarado based on the type.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<subSubSection id="009396A0947DFFB4FF48A0A0621E04FA" pageId="3" pageNumber="293" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="4836C52B947DFFB4FF48A0A0621E04FA" blockId="3.[136,1452,158,725]" pageId="3" pageNumber="293">
<emphasis id="7AFD1939947DFFB4FF48A0A061B807F6" bold="true" box="[189,492,446,472]" pageId="3" pageNumber="293">Distribution and habitat:</emphasis>
—The species is only known from the Cordillera de Talamanca in 
<collectingCountry id="309E85BB947DFFB4FB14A0A0650B07F6" box="[1249,1375,446,472]" name="Costa Rica" pageId="3" pageNumber="293">Costa Rica</collectingCountry>
, in the very wet to pluvial montane forest, between 2610 and 
<quantity id="8F7168CE947DFFB4FD17A0FC636307D3" box="[738,823,482,509]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.85" pageId="3" pageNumber="293" unit="m" value="2850.0">2850 m</quantity>
in elevation (
<figureCitation id="D0B2D9AE947DFFB4FC38A0FC647B07D2" box="[973,1071,482,508]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="3.[136,229,2038,2060]" captionTargetBox="[154,1405,779,2010]" captionTargetId="figure-299@3.[151,1436,749,2013]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 2. Distribution of Epidendrum scandens based on the only specimens currently known of this species." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10212858" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10212858/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="293">Figure 2</figureCitation>
). The plant of 
<taxonomicName id="8F89BEA8947DFFB4FB3AA0FD650107D2" box="[1231,1365,482,509]" class="Liliopsida" family="Orchidaceae" genus="Epidendrum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="3" pageNumber="293" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="scandens">
<emphasis id="7AFD1939947DFFB4FB3AA0FD64B407D2" box="[1231,1248,483,508]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="293">E</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="7AFD1939947DFFB4FB1BA0FC650107D2" box="[1262,1365,482,508]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="293">scandens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
usually grow up to 
<quantity id="8F7168CE947DFFB4FEFEA3186163040F" box="[267,311,518,545]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="3" pageNumber="293" unit="m" value="4.0">4 m</quantity>
in length on shrubs or trees, some of them through their elongated stems may descend to the ground and grow on top of the organic substrate or on rocks, often covering the phorophyte (
<figureCitation id="D0B2D9AE947DFFB4FBA1A33464E3046A" box="[1108,1207,554,580]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="4.[136,229,1856,1878]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,1001,1832]" captionTargetId="figure-376@4.[151,1436,1001,1832]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 3. Epidendrum scandens in situ. A. Plants growing over the understory plants and soil organic matter (Chinchilla et al. 5284). B. Closeup of the scandent growth of the stems (Karremans &amp; Contreras Fernández 9012). Photographs by I. Chinchilla (A) and A.P. Karremans (B)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10212860" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10212860/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="293">Figure 3</figureCitation>
). It also occurs when fragments of the orchid stem fall from the trunk to the ground, and the plant can continue to grow on the substrate. Wonderfully, they can even form a kind of grassland around the trunk of the phorophyte, the latter mostly in plants growing in windy places. In the field, plants have been observed flowering in November and December, and bearing mature fruits in September and October.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<caption id="1CF695A3947DFFB4FF7DA6E864EA0E22" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10212858" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10212858" box="[136,1214,2038,2060]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10212858/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="293" startId="3.[136,229,2038,2060]" targetBox="[154,1405,779,2010]" targetPageId="3" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="4836C52B947DFFB4FF7DA6E864EA0E22" blockId="3.[136,1214,2038,2060]" box="[136,1214,2038,2060]" pageId="3" pageNumber="293">
<emphasis id="7AFD1939947DFFB4FF7DA6E860A30E25" bold="true" box="[136,247,2038,2060]" pageId="3" pageNumber="293">FIGURE 2</emphasis>
. Distribution of 
<taxonomicName id="8F89BEA8947DFFB4FE62A6E862380E25" box="[407,620,2038,2059]" class="Liliopsida" family="Orchidaceae" genus="Epidendrum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="3" pageNumber="293" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="scandens">
<emphasis id="7AFD1939947DFFB4FE62A6E862380E25" box="[407,620,2038,2059]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="293">Epidendrum scandens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
based on the only specimens currently known of this species.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<subSubSection id="009396A0947AFFB3FF48A18061F806F2" pageId="4" pageNumber="294" type="etymology">
<paragraph id="4836C52B947AFFB3FF48A18061F806F2" blockId="4.[136,1452,158,976]" pageId="4" pageNumber="294">
<emphasis id="7AFD1939947AFFB3FF48A180611C0696" bold="true" box="[189,328,158,184]" pageId="4" pageNumber="294">Etymology:</emphasis>
—The specific epithet comes from the Latin 
<taxonomicName id="8F89BEA8947AFFB3FCBFA18063E50696" box="[842,945,158,184]" class="Liliopsida" family="Orchidaceae" genus="Epidendrum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="4" pageNumber="294" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="scandens">
<emphasis id="7AFD1939947AFFB3FCBFA18063E50696" box="[842,945,158,184]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="294">scandens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, meaning scandent, in allusion to the highly unusual habit of the plant.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="009396A0947AFFB3FF48A1FB6085079A" pageId="4" pageNumber="294" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="4836C52B947AFFB3FF48A1FB6085079A" blockId="4.[136,1452,158,976]" pageId="4" pageNumber="294">
<emphasis id="7AFD1939947AFFB3FF48A1FB621606D1" bold="true" box="[189,578,229,255]" pageId="4" pageNumber="294">Additional specimens examined:</emphasis>
— 
<materialsCitation id="F8E1CF76947AFFB3FDABA1F8608E0742" collectingDate="2021-06-25" collectingDateMax="2023-05-27" collectingDateMin="2021-06-25" collectorName="A. P. Karremans" country="Costa Rica" county="El Guarco" elevation="2610" latitude="9.369942" location="Madreselva" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="-83.4527" municipality="San Isidro" pageId="4" pageNumber="294" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Cartago">
<collectingCountry id="309E85BB947AFFB3FDABA1F86351072E" box="[606,773,230,256]" name="Costa Rica" pageId="4" pageNumber="294">COSTA RICA</collectingCountry>
. 
<collectingRegion id="8A4D0BC9947AFFB3FCE5A1F86339072E" box="[784,877,230,256]" country="Costa Rica" name="Cartago" pageId="4" pageNumber="294">Cartago</collectingRegion>
: El Guarco, 
<collectingMunicipality id="A8525F51947AFFB3FC0FA1F86424072E" box="[1018,1136,230,256]" pageId="4" pageNumber="294">San Isidro</collectingMunicipality>
, 
<location id="4D5693F0947AFFB3FB89A1F86556072E" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:C020743D947FFFB2FF7DA5EA61E507F6:4D5693F0947AFFB3FB89A1F86556072E" box="[1148,1282,230,256]" country="Costa Rica" county="El Guarco" latitude="9.369942" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="-83.4527" municipality="San Isidro" name="Madreselva" pageId="4" pageNumber="294" stateProvince="Cartago">Madreselva</location>
, 
<location id="4D5693F0947AFFB3FAF8A1F865F3072E" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:C020743D947FFFB2FF7DA5EA61E507F6:4D5693F0947AFFB3FAF8A1F865F3072E" box="[1293,1447,230,256]" country="Costa Rica" county="El Guarco" latitude="9.369942" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="-83.4527" municipality="San Isidro" name="Tres de Junio" pageId="4" pageNumber="294" stateProvince="Cartago">Tres de Junio</location>
, 
<location id="4D5693F0947AFFB3FF7DA0146187070A" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:C020743D947FFFB2FF7DA5EA61E507F6:4D5693F0947AFFB3FF7DA0146187070A" box="[136,467,266,292]" country="Costa Rica" county="El Guarco" latitude="9.369942" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="-83.4527" municipality="San Isidro" name="Carretera Interamericana Sur" pageId="4" pageNumber="294" stateProvince="Cartago">Carretera Interamericana Sur</location>
, km 67, entrada a la finca El Jaular, 
<geoCoordinate id="2DBDA3EC947AFFB3FC88A01463AC070A" box="[893,1016,266,292]" degrees="9" direction="north" minutes="40" orientation="latitude" pageId="4" pageNumber="294" precision="15" seconds="13" value="9.670279">9°40’13”N</geoCoordinate>
<geoCoordinate id="2DBDA3EC947AFFB3FBF4A01464C4070B" box="[1025,1168,266,293]" degrees="83" direction="west" minutes="51" orientation="longitude" pageId="4" pageNumber="294" precision="15" seconds="56" value="-83.865555">83°51’56”W</geoCoordinate>
, 
<quantity id="8F7168CE947AFFB3FB6BA01464A3070A" box="[1182,1271,266,292]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.61" pageId="4" pageNumber="294" unit="m" value="2610.0">
<elevation id="C3A42218947AFFB3FB6BA01464A3070A" box="[1182,1271,266,292]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.61" pageId="4" pageNumber="294" unit="m" value="2610.0">2610 m</elevation>
</quantity>
, bosque pluvial montano, en bosque secundario de Robles a orillas de la carretera, 
<date id="3C37E3EB947AFFB3FC80A03063AA0766" box="[885,1022,302,329]" pageId="4" pageNumber="294" value="2021-06-25">
<collectingDate id="2C731A03947AFFB3FC80A03063AA0766" box="[885,1022,302,329]" pageId="4" pageNumber="294" value="2021-06-25">25 jun 2021</collectingDate>
</date>
, 
<emphasis id="7AFD1939947AFFB3FBFFA03065FF0766" box="[1034,1451,302,328]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="294">
<collectorName id="E57CA0FD947AFFB3FBFFA03064EE0766" box="[1034,1210,302,328]" pageId="4" pageNumber="294">A.P. Karremans</collectorName>
&amp; I. 
<taxonomicName id="8F89BEA8947AFFB3FB03A03065380766" authorityName="Bennett" authorityYear="1829" box="[1270,1388,302,328]" class="Insecta" family="Encyrtidae" genus="Chinchilla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="294" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Chinchilla</taxonomicName>
8808
</emphasis>
(USJ!).
</materialsCitation>
<materialsCitation id="F8E1CF76947AFFB3FF14A04C6099079A" collectingDate="2023-05-27" collectingDateMax="2023-05-27" collectingDateMin="2021-06-25" collectionCode="USJ" collectorName="I. Chinchilla et al." country="Saint Pierre and Miquelon" county="El Guarco" elevation="2778" latitude="9.369942" location="Puntarenas" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="-83.4527" municipality="San Isidro" pageId="4" pageNumber="294" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Puntarenas">
<collectingRegion id="8A4D0BC9947AFFB3FF14A04C61340742" box="[225,352,338,364]" country="Costa Rica" name="Puntarenas" pageId="4" pageNumber="294">Puntarenas</collectingRegion>
: Pérez Zeledón, 
<collectingCountry id="309E85BB947AFFB3FDE9A04C62C60742" box="[540,658,338,364]" name="Saint Pierre and Miquelon" pageId="4" pageNumber="294">San Pedro</collectingCountry>
, a la orilla del sendero hacia Cerro Ena, entre Quebrada Los Monchos y el páramo de Ena, 
<geoCoordinate id="2DBDA3EC947AFFB3FE8AA068624807BE" box="[383,540,374,400]" degrees="9" direction="north" minutes="22" orientation="latitude" pageId="4" pageNumber="294" precision="1" seconds="11.79" value="9.369942">9°22’11.79”N</geoCoordinate>
<geoCoordinate id="2DBDA3EC947AFFB3FDD2A068628D07BE" box="[551,729,374,400]" degrees="83" direction="west" minutes="27" orientation="longitude" pageId="4" pageNumber="294" precision="1" seconds="09.72" value="-83.4527">83°27’09.72”W</geoCoordinate>
, 
<quantity id="8F7168CE947AFFB3FD1DA068631607BE" box="[744,834,374,400]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.778" pageId="4" pageNumber="294" unit="m" value="2778.0">
<elevation id="C3A42218947AFFB3FD1DA068631607BE" box="[744,834,374,400]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.778" pageId="4" pageNumber="294" unit="m" value="2778.0">2778 m</elevation>
</quantity>
, 
<date id="3C37E3EB947AFFB3FCA4A06863B907BE" box="[849,1005,374,400]" pageId="4" pageNumber="294" value="2023-05-27">
<collectingDate id="2C731A03947AFFB3FCA4A06863B907BE" box="[849,1005,374,400]" pageId="4" pageNumber="294" value="2023-05-27">27 may 2023</collectingDate>
</date>
, 
<emphasis id="7AFD1939947AFFB3FC09A069654107BE" box="[1020,1301,374,400]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="294">
I. 
<taxonomicName id="8F89BEA8947AFFB3FBE2A06864D907BE" authorityName="Bennett" authorityYear="1829" box="[1047,1165,374,400]" class="Insecta" family="Encyrtidae" genus="Chinchilla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="294" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Chinchilla</taxonomicName>
et al. 5284
</emphasis>
(JBL-spirit!; 
<collectionCode id="2E985DEE947AFFB3FF7DA0846094079A" box="[136,192,410,436]" collectionName="USJ" pageId="4" pageNumber="294">USJ</collectionCode>
!)
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="009396A0947AFFB3FF48A0A3647C04A2" pageId="4" pageNumber="294" type="conservation">
<paragraph id="4836C52B947AFFB3FF48A0A3647C04A2" blockId="4.[136,1452,158,976]" pageId="4" pageNumber="294">
<emphasis id="7AFD1939947AFFB3FF48A0A361EC07F6" bold="true" box="[189,440,445,472]" pageId="4" pageNumber="294">Conservation status:</emphasis>
— 
<taxonomicName id="8F89BEA8947AFFB3FE21A0A0628507F6" box="[468,721,446,472]" class="Liliopsida" family="Orchidaceae" genus="Epidendrum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="4" pageNumber="294" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="scandens">
<emphasis id="7AFD1939947AFFB3FE21A0A0628507F6" box="[468,721,446,472]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="294">Epidendrum scandens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is endemic to 
<collectingCountry id="309E85BB947AFFB3FC70A0A0645207F6" box="[901,1030,446,472]" name="Costa Rica" pageId="4" pageNumber="294">Costa Rica</collectingCountry>
, known from three locations on the Cordillera de Talamanca. Its extent of occurrence (EOO) was estimated at 
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with an Area of Occupancy (AOO) of 
<quantity id="8F7168CE947AFFB3FF0FA3186114040E" box="[250,320,518,544]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.2" pageId="4" pageNumber="294" unit="km" value="12.0">12 km</quantity>
<superScript id="BFFC6863947AFFB3FEB5A318611C043A" attach="left" box="[320,328,518,532]" fontSize="6" pageId="4" pageNumber="294">2</superScript>
. Fortunately, the localities where this species has been collected are within the montane pluvial forest in the La Amistad International Park and Tapantí-Macizo de La Muerte National Park. Therefore, the species has not been identified as being vulnerable to severe threats. Hence, the species is assessed as Least Concern (LC) following the guidelines and criteria of the IUCN Petitions and Standards Committee (2022).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="009396A0947AFFB2FF48A38B61E507F6" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="295" pageId="4" pageNumber="294" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="4836C52B947AFFB3FF48A38B608505FE" blockId="4.[136,1452,158,976]" pageId="4" pageNumber="294">
<emphasis id="7AFD1939947AFFB3FF48A38B61990481" bold="true" box="[189,461,661,687]" pageId="4" pageNumber="294">Taxonomic Discussion:</emphasis>
—The new species belongs to the 
<taxonomicName id="8F89BEA8947AFFB3FCCAA38863EF049E" box="[831,955,662,688]" class="Liliopsida" family="Orchidaceae" genus="Epidendrum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="4" pageNumber="294" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="ramosum">‘Ramosum</taxonomicName>
group’, 
<taxonomicName id="8F89BEA8947AFFB3FBE3A38864DE049E" authorityName="Ames" authorityYear="1923" box="[1046,1162,662,688]" class="Liliopsida" family="Orchidaceae" genus="Epidendrum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="4" pageNumber="294" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="rugosum">‘Rugosum</taxonomicName>
subgroup’ which feature a branched plant habit, a few-flowered distichous inflorescence, subsecund borne from short secondary stems, verrucose leaf-sheathes and floral bracts often shorter than the ovary, flowers are typically glabrous, concolorous white, green, yellow, or purple, the sepals apically carinate, the petals narrowly lanceolate or linear, the anther cap frequently white with purple markings (
<bibRefCitation id="2C18B8DA947AFFB3FE71A2386217056E" author="Karremans, A. P." box="[388,579,806,832]" pageId="4" pageNumber="294" pagination="299 - 369" refId="ref3541" refString="Karremans, A. P. (2021) With great biodiversity comes great responsibility: The underestimated diversity of Epidendrum (Orchidaceae). Harvard Papers in Botany 26: 299 - 369. https: // doi. org / 10.3100 / hpib. v 26 iss 2.2021. n 1" type="journal article" year="2021">Karremans 2021</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="2C18B8DA947AFFB3FDB8A2386366056E" author="Hagsater, E. &amp; Santiago, A. &amp; Sanchez, S. &amp; Jimenez, M." box="[589,818,806,832]" pageId="4" pageNumber="294" pagination="139 - 276" refId="ref3353" refString="Hagsater, E., Santiago, A., Sanchez, S. &amp; Jimenez, M. (2023) Epidendrum. In: Ulloa, C., Hernandez, H. M., Davidse, G., Barrie, F. R. &amp; Knapp, S. (Eds.) Orchidaceae. Flora Mesoamericana. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, pp. 139 - 276." type="book chapter" year="2023">
Hágsater 
<emphasis id="7AFD1939947AFFB3FD42A23962BB056E" box="[695,751,806,832]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="294">et al.</emphasis>
2023
</bibRefCitation>
). Members of this subgroup are generally found growing at mid to high elevations, and although many are restricted in distribution, they tend to be locally abundant. In Middle America, 34 species of the 
<taxonomicName id="8F89BEA8947AFFB3FE4EA270627B05A6" authorityName="Ames" authorityYear="1923" box="[443,559,878,904]" class="Liliopsida" family="Orchidaceae" genus="Epidendrum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="4" pageNumber="294" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="rugosum">‘Rugosum</taxonomicName>
subgroup’ have been recorded, all of them are endemic to the region (
<bibRefCitation id="2C18B8DA947AFFB3FAB3A27061510582" author="Hagsater, E. &amp; Santiago, A. &amp; Sanchez, S. &amp; Jimenez, M." pageId="4" pageNumber="294" pagination="139 - 276" refId="ref3353" refString="Hagsater, E., Santiago, A., Sanchez, S. &amp; Jimenez, M. (2023) Epidendrum. In: Ulloa, C., Hernandez, H. M., Davidse, G., Barrie, F. R. &amp; Knapp, S. (Eds.) Orchidaceae. Flora Mesoamericana. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, pp. 139 - 276." type="book chapter" year="2023">
Hágsater 
<emphasis id="7AFD1939947AFFB3FF7DA28D60950582" box="[136,193,914,940]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="294">et al.</emphasis>
2023
</bibRefCitation>
). 
<collectingCountry id="309E85BB947AFFB3FEE2A28C61C50582" box="[279,401,914,940]" name="Costa Rica" pageId="4" pageNumber="294">Costa Rica</collectingCountry>
registers 30 species, including the novelty proposed here, and is the center of diversity of the group.
</paragraph>
<caption id="1CF695A3947AFFB3FF7DA65E614A01B0" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10212860" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10212860" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10212860/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="294" startId="4.[136,229,1856,1878]" targetBox="[151,1436,1001,1832]" targetPageId="4" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="4836C52B947AFFB3FF7DA65E614A01B0" blockId="4.[136,1452,1856,1950]" pageId="4" pageNumber="294">
<emphasis id="7AFD1939947AFFB3FF7DA65E60AA0178" bold="true" box="[136,254,1856,1878]" pageId="4" pageNumber="294">FIGURE 3.</emphasis>
<emphasis id="7AFD1939947AFFB3FEF1A65F62480178" box="[260,540,1857,1878]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="294">
<taxonomicName id="8F89BEA8947AFFB3FEF1A65F618D0178" box="[260,473,1857,1878]" class="Liliopsida" family="Orchidaceae" genus="Epidendrum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="4" pageNumber="294" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="scandens">Epidendrum scandens</taxonomicName>
in situ
</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="7AFD1939947AFFB3FDDDA65F62140178" bold="true" box="[552,576,1857,1878]" pageId="4" pageNumber="294">A.</emphasis>
Plants growing over the understory plants and soil organic matter (
<emphasis id="7AFD1939947AFFB3FB3EA65F65C90178" box="[1227,1437,1857,1878]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="294">
<taxonomicName id="8F89BEA8947AFFB3FB3EA65F65640178" authorityName="Bennett" authorityYear="1829" box="[1227,1328,1857,1878]" class="Insecta" family="Encyrtidae" genus="Chinchilla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="294" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Chinchilla</taxonomicName>
et al. 5284
</emphasis>
). 
<emphasis id="7AFD1939947AFFB3FF7DA67B60CC0154" bold="true" box="[136,152,1893,1914]" pageId="4" pageNumber="294">B</emphasis>
. Closeup of the scandent growth of the stems (
<emphasis id="7AFD1939947AFFB3FD9CA67B63A80154" box="[617,1020,1893,1914]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="294">Karremans &amp; Contreras Fernández 9012</emphasis>
). Photographs by I. Chinchilla (A) and A.P. Karremans (B).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="4836C52B947BFFB2FF48A18061E507F6" blockId="5.[136,1452,158,473]" pageId="5" pageNumber="295">
Among the members of the 
<taxonomicName id="8F89BEA8947BFFB2FE0DA18062380696" authorityName="Ames" authorityYear="1923" box="[504,620,158,184]" class="Liliopsida" family="Orchidaceae" genus="Epidendrum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="5" pageNumber="295" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="rugosum">‘Rugosum</taxonomicName>
subgroup’, which normally have short, bushy, erect plants, 
<taxonomicName id="8F89BEA8947BFFB2FAF9A18165C60696" box="[1292,1426,158,184]" class="Liliopsida" family="Orchidaceae" genus="Epidendrum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="5" pageNumber="295" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="scandens">
<emphasis id="7AFD1939947BFFB2FAF9A18165C60696" box="[1292,1426,158,184]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="295">E. scandens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is immediately recognized by the large plants with an elongate, scandent, climbing stem, notoriously branching flexuous, becoming liana-like. The 2–3-flowered inflorescence is extremely discrete in relation to the stem, and the flowers are partially hidden by large floral bracts. The glabrous, pale yellow flowers with ovate to elliptic sepals that are apically carinate, the petals linear to narrowly lanceolate and the triangular lip with the margins thickened are rather typical of the group. 
<taxonomicName id="8F89BEA8947BFFB2FED6A04C63440742" authority="Karremans (2021: 338)" authorityName="Karremans" authorityPageNumber="338" authorityYear="2021" box="[291,784,338,365]" class="Liliopsida" family="Orchidaceae" genus="Epidendrum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="5" pageNumber="295" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="colibri">
<emphasis id="7AFD1939947BFFB2FED6A04C62540742" box="[291,512,338,364]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="295">Epidendrum colibri</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="2C18B8DA947BFFB2FDFDA04D63440742" author="Karremans, A. P." box="[520,784,338,365]" pageId="5" pageNumber="295" pagination="299 - 369" refId="ref3541" refString="Karremans, A. P. (2021) With great biodiversity comes great responsibility: The underestimated diversity of Epidendrum (Orchidaceae). Harvard Papers in Botany 26: 299 - 369. https: // doi. org / 10.3100 / hpib. v 26 iss 2.2021. n 1" type="journal article" year="2021">Karremans (2021: 338)</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
which has a somewhat scandent habit, has a rather similar flower morphology, but the inflorescences bear 4-5, greenish-cream flowers with radiating purple stripes on the lip (
<emphasis id="7AFD1939947BFFB2FA78A06965FF07BE" box="[1421,1451,375,400]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="295">vs.</emphasis>
flowers 2–3, concolorous yellow), and the dimensions of all floral organs are significantly smaller (e.g. lip 7.8–8.3 × 3.4–3.5 vs. 4.5 × 
<quantity id="8F7168CE947BFFB2FEBEA0A061F107F6" box="[331,421,446,472]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.7" pageId="5" pageNumber="295" unit="mm" value="2.7">2.7 mm</quantity>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>