165 lines
20 KiB
XML
165 lines
20 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="1C263EE6D296653016B8E94C9A17B12F">A report of sea cucumbers collected on the first dedicated deep-sea biological survey of Australia’s Indian Ocean Territories around Christmas and Cocos (Keeling) Islands (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="B2784EDD49650C477901F3B389FE2791">Burghardt, Ingo</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="EF715D961CA4DF52A61CB8B7AA510726">Haines, Margaret L.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:date id="ECEC7C69D602D6A1C64BF12925C7B47B">2024</mods:date>
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<subSubSection id="8399E8CE5258FF9AFF36EE27FE0DFA29" box="[140,472,1396,1418]" pageId="44" pageNumber="251" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="CB3CBB455258FF9AFF36EE27FE0DFA29" blockId="44.[140,472,1396,1418]" box="[140,472,1396,1418]" pageId="44" pageNumber="251">
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<heading id="90740C295258FF9AFF36EE27FE0DFA29" box="[140,472,1396,1418]" fontSize="9" level="2" pageId="44" pageNumber="251" reason="6">
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Order
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<taxonomicName id="0C83C0C65258FF9AFF77EE27FE0DFA29" ID-CoL="7NFC8" authority="Haeckel, 1896" authorityName="Haeckel" authorityYear="1896" box="[205,472,1396,1418]" class="Holothuroidea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Molpadida" pageId="44" pageNumber="251" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="order">
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<emphasis id="F9F767575258FF9AFF77EE27FE97FA29" bold="true" box="[205,322,1396,1418]" pageId="44" pageNumber="251">Molpadida</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="AF12C6B45258FF9AFEF3EE27FE0DFA29" author="Haeckel, E." box="[329,472,1396,1418]" pageId="44" pageNumber="251" pagination="348 - 504" refId="ref58819" refString="Haeckel, E. 1896. Systematische phylogenie der Echinodermen. Pp. 348 - 504 in: Haeckel, E. (ed), Systematische Phylogenie der Wirbellossen Thiere (Invertebrata): Zweiter Theil des Entwurfs einer systematischen Stammengeschichte. Reimer: Berlin." type="book chapter" year="1896">Haeckel, 1896</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="8399E8CE5258FF9AFF36EEF3FD2CF8CD" pageId="44" pageNumber="251" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph id="CB3CBB455258FF9AFF36EEF3FCD4F984" blockId="44.[140,772,1440,1575]" pageId="44" pageNumber="251">
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<emphasis id="F9F767575258FF9AFF36EEF3FF2FFA16" box="[140,250,1440,1461]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="251">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
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(following
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<bibRefCitation id="AF12C6B45258FF9AFECAEEF3FDB7FA15" author="O'Loughlin, P. M. & Skarbnik-Lopez, J. & Mackenzie, M. & VandenSpiegel, D." box="[368,610,1440,1462]" pageId="44" pageNumber="251" pagination="59 - 93" refId="ref61736" refString="O'Loughlin, P. M., Skarbnik-Lopez, J., Mackenzie, M., and VandenSpiegel, D. 2015. Sea cucumbers of the Kerguelen Plateau, with descriptions of new genus and species (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea). Memoirs of Museum Victoria 73: 59 - 93. https: // doi. org / 10.24199 / j. mmv. 2015.73.07." type="journal article" year="2015">O’Loughlin et al., 2015</bibRefCitation>
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). “Tentacles 15, digitate; body stout, lacking tube feet, usually with an evident tail; anal papillae, tentacle ampullae and respiratory trees present; ossicles may include tables, cups, rods, perforated plates and modified anchors; phosphatic bodies often present.”
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="CB3CBB455258FF9AFF36ED6EFD2CF8CD" blockId="44.[140,772,1597,1903]" pageId="44" pageNumber="251">
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<emphasis id="F9F767575258FF9AFF36ED6EFF39F9F1" box="[140,236,1597,1618]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="251">Remarks.</emphasis>
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The
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<taxonomicName id="0C83C0C65258FF9AFE99ED6EFE45F9F0" authorityName="Haeckel" authorityYear="1896" box="[291,400,1597,1619]" class="Holothuroidea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Molpadida" pageId="44" pageNumber="251" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="order">Molpadida</taxonomicName>
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are burrowing holothuroids lacking any tube feet and with a sausage-like body often tapered to a tail. Despite the absence of tube feet,
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<taxonomicName id="0C83C0C65258FF9AFDB4ED25FDAEF92F" authorityName="Haeckel" authorityYear="1896" box="[526,635,1654,1676]" class="Holothuroidea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Molpadida" pageId="44" pageNumber="251" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="order">Molpadida</taxonomicName>
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do not group with the Apodida, though their position within the Neoholothuriida remains uncertain (
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<bibRefCitation id="AF12C6B45258FF9AFDA4EDFCFD2DF967" author="Miller, A. K. & Kerr, A. M. & Paulay, G. & Reich, M. & Wilson, N. G. & Carvajal, J. I. & Rouse, G. W." box="[542,760,1711,1733]" pageId="44" pageNumber="251" pagination="110 - 131" refId="ref60588" refString="Miller, A. K., Kerr, A. M., Paulay, G., Reich, M., Wilson, N. G., Carvajal, J. I., and Rouse, G. W. 2017. Molecular phylogeny of extant Holothuroidea (Echinodermata). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 111: 110 - 131. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. ympev. 2017.02.014." type="journal article" year="2017">Miller et al., 2017</bibRefCitation>
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||
).
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<taxonomicName id="0C83C0C65258FF9AFF36ED98FF2CF942" authorityName="Haeckel" authorityYear="1896" box="[140,249,1739,1761]" class="Holothuroidea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Molpadida" pageId="44" pageNumber="251" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="order">Molpadida</taxonomicName>
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often bury themselves in mud or silt and are known from the subtidal zone down to abyssal depths (
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<bibRefCitation id="AF12C6B45258FF9AFDCEEDB4FF14F8BA" author="Pawson D. & Vance D. & Ahearn C." pageId="44" pageNumber="251" pagination="311 - 327" refId="ref62276" refString="Pawson D., Vance D., and Ahearn C. 2001. Western Atlantic sea cucumbers of the Order Molpadiida (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea). Bulletin of the Biological Society of Washington 10: 311 - 327." type="journal article" year="2001">Pawson et al., 2001</bibRefCitation>
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). They are represented worldwide by three families, with only
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<taxonomicName id="0C83C0C65258FF9AFF73EC73FEE8F895" authorityName="Heding" authorityYear="1931" box="[201,317,1824,1846]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Caudinidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Molpadida" pageId="44" pageNumber="251" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="family">Caudinidae</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="0C83C0C65258FF9AFE38EC73FDD4F895" authorityName="Muller" authorityYear="1850" box="[386,513,1824,1846]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Molpadiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Molpadida" pageId="44" pageNumber="251" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="family">Molpadiidae</taxonomicName>
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currently recorded for
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<collectingCountry id="B394FBD55258FF9AFF36EC6EFF39F8F0" box="[140,236,1853,1875]" name="Australia" pageId="44" pageNumber="251">Australia</collectingCountry>
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. Only
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<taxonomicName id="0C83C0C65258FF9AFE95EC6EFE7BF8F0" authorityName="Muller" authorityYear="1850" box="[303,430,1853,1875]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Molpadiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Molpadida" pageId="44" pageNumber="251" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="family">Molpadiidae</taxonomicName>
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was represented in IOT material, with two lots of
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<taxonomicName id="0C83C0C65258FF9AFE8AEC0AFE46F8CD" box="[304,403,1881,1902]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Molpadiidae" genus="Molpadia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Molpadida" pageId="44" pageNumber="251" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="F9F767575258FF9AFE8AEC0AFE46F8CD" box="[304,403,1881,1902]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="251">Molpadia</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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from two stations at
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<quantity id="0C7B16A05258FF9AFDD2EC0AFD20F8CD" box="[616,757,1881,1903]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.3025" metricValueMax="4.766" metricValueMin="3.839" pageId="44" pageNumber="251" unit="m" value="4302.5" valueMax="4766.0" valueMin="3839.0">3839–4766 m</quantity>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="8399E8CE5258FF9AFC93E815FB53FCFF" box="[809,1158,838,860]" pageId="44" pageNumber="251" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="CB3CBB455258FF9AFC93E815FB53FCFF" blockId="44.[809,1158,839,860]" box="[809,1158,838,860]" pageId="44" pageNumber="251">
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Family
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<taxonomicName id="0C83C0C65258FF9AFCCDE815FB53FCFF" ID-CoL="7NJTR" authority="Muller, 1850" authorityName="Muller" authorityYear="1850" box="[887,1158,838,860]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Molpadiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Molpadida" pageId="44" pageNumber="251" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="family">
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<emphasis id="F9F767575258FF9AFCCDE815FC2AFCFF" bold="true" box="[887,1023,838,860]" pageId="44" pageNumber="251">Molpadiidae</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="AF12C6B45258FF9AFBBFE815FB53FCFF" author="Muller, J." box="[1029,1158,838,860]" pageId="44" pageNumber="251" pagination="129 - 155" refId="ref61006" refString="Muller, J. 1850. Anatomische studien uber die Echinodermen. Archiv fur Anatomie, Physiologie und wissenschaftliche Medicin 1850: 129 - 155." type="journal article" year="1850">Müller, 1850</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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||
</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="8399E8CE5258FF9AFC93E821FC6FFAC6" pageId="44" pageNumber="251" type="diagnosis">
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||
<paragraph id="CB3CBB455258FF9AFC93E821FB5CFBB4" blockId="44.[808,1441,882,1048]" pageId="44" pageNumber="251">
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||
<emphasis id="F9F767575258FF9AFC93E821FC42FC24" box="[809,919,882,903]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="251">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
|
||
(following
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<bibRefCitation id="AF12C6B45258FF9AFBABE821FAD2FC2B" author="O'Loughlin, P. M. & Skarbnik-Lopez, J. & Mackenzie, M. & VandenSpiegel, D." box="[1041,1287,882,904]" pageId="44" pageNumber="251" pagination="59 - 93" refId="ref61736" refString="O'Loughlin, P. M., Skarbnik-Lopez, J., Mackenzie, M., and VandenSpiegel, D. 2015. Sea cucumbers of the Kerguelen Plateau, with descriptions of new genus and species (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea). Memoirs of Museum Victoria 73: 59 - 93. https: // doi. org / 10.24199 / j. mmv. 2015.73.07." type="journal article" year="2015">O’Loughlin et al., 2015</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, after
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||
<bibRefCitation id="AF12C6B45258FF9AFAF7E821FC88FC07" author="Pawson, D. L." pageId="44" pageNumber="251" pagination="97 - 123" refId="ref62072" refString="Pawson, D. L. 1977. Molpadiid sea cucumbers (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea) of the southern Atlantic, Pacific, and Indian Oceans. Antarctic Research Series Volume 26: Biology of Antarctic Seas 6: 97 - 123." type="book chapter" year="1977">Pawson, 1977</bibRefCitation>
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||
). “Tentacles claw shaped or with terminal digits and few small lateral digits. Tentacle ampullae long or reduced. Spicules derived from tri-radiate tables with three-pillared spire. Tail with tables with round to oblong disc or long fusiform rods. Phosphatic deposits often present.”
|
||
</paragraph>
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||
<paragraph id="CB3CBB455258FF9AFC93EF7DFC6FFAC6" blockId="44.[807,1440,1070,1381]" pageId="44" pageNumber="251">
|
||
<emphasis id="F9F767575258FF9AFC93EF7DFC5FFBE0" box="[809,906,1070,1091]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="251">Remarks.</emphasis>
|
||
Ossicles of some species will gradually transform into light orange or red phosphatic deposits (
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<bibRefCitation id="AF12C6B45258FF9AFAB1EF18FC88FBDE" author="Pawson D. & Vance D. & Ahearn C." pageId="44" pageNumber="251" pagination="311 - 327" refId="ref62276" refString="Pawson D., Vance D., and Ahearn C. 2001. Western Atlantic sea cucumbers of the Order Molpadiida (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea). Bulletin of the Biological Society of Washington 10: 311 - 327." type="journal article" year="2001">Pawson et al., 2001</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Genera and species within
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||
<taxonomicName id="0C83C0C65258FF9AFBCBEF3BFB25FBDD" authorityName="Muller" authorityYear="1850" box="[1137,1264,1128,1150]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Molpadiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Molpadida" pageId="44" pageNumber="251" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="family">Molpadiidae</taxonomicName>
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||
are differentiated by
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<typeStatus id="143805E75258FF9AFCFFEFD6FCA4FB39" box="[837,881,1157,1178]" pageId="44" pageNumber="251">type</typeStatus>
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or combination of ossicles which include tri-radiate and fusiform tables, fusiform rods, racquets, anchor plates and anchors; and presence or absence of phosphatic deposits (
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<bibRefCitation id="AF12C6B45258FF9AFADFEFECFC42FB53" author="Rowe, F. W. E. & O'Hara, T. & Bardsley, T. M." pageId="44" pageNumber="251" pagination="447 - 490" refId="ref62806" refString="Rowe, F. W. E., O'Hara, T., and Bardsley, T. M. 2017. Class Holothuroidea. Pp. 447 - 490 in: Byrne, M. and O'Hara, T. D. (eds), Australian echinoderms: biology, ecology and evolution. CSIRO Publishing: Clayton South. https: // doi. org / 10.1071 / 9781486307630" type="book chapter" year="2017">Rowe et al., 2017</bibRefCitation>
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||
). Of the three currently accepted genera worldwide,
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<taxonomicName id="0C83C0C65258FF9AFC93EFABFC05FAAE" authorityName="Pawson" authorityYear="1963" box="[809,976,1272,1293]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Molpadiidae" genus="Heteromolpadia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Molpadida" pageId="44" pageNumber="251" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="F9F767575258FF9AFC93EFABFC05FAAE" box="[809,976,1272,1293]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="251">Heteromolpadia</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="0C83C0C65258FF9AFBB9EFABFBB3FAAE" box="[1027,1126,1272,1293]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Molpadiidae" genus="Molpadia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Molpadida" pageId="44" pageNumber="251" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="F9F767575258FF9AFBB9EFABFBB3FAAE" box="[1027,1126,1272,1293]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="251">Molpadia</emphasis>
|
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</taxonomicName>
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have been previously recorded from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="B394FBD55258FF9AFCDDEE46FC13FA88" box="[871,966,1301,1323]" name="Australia" pageId="44" pageNumber="251">Australia</collectingCountry>
|
||
, with only
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0C83C0C65258FF9AFBFDEE46FB7FFA89" box="[1095,1194,1301,1322]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Molpadiidae" genus="Molpadia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Molpadida" pageId="44" pageNumber="251" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="F9F767575258FF9AFBFDEE46FB7FFA89" box="[1095,1194,1301,1322]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="251">Molpadia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
being widespread. We found one
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0C83C0C65258FF9AFC20EE61FBEEFAE4" authority="OTU" authorityName="OTU" box="[922,1083,1330,1351]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Molpadiidae" genus="Molpadia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Molpadida" pageId="44" pageNumber="251" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="F9F767575258FF9AFC20EE61FC28FAE4" box="[922,1021,1330,1351]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="251">Molpadia</emphasis>
|
||
OTU
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in the IOT material,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0C83C0C65258FF9AFA9AEE61FCBDFAC7" baseAuthorityName="Theel" baseAuthorityYear="1886" class="Holothuroidea" family="Molpadiidae" genus="Molpadia" isUncertain="true" kingdom="Animalia" order="Molpadida" pageId="44" pageNumber="251" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="blakei">
|
||
<emphasis id="F9F767575258FF9AFA9AEE61FA56FAE4" box="[1312,1411,1330,1351]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="251">Molpadia</emphasis>
|
||
cf
|
||
<emphasis id="F9F767575258FF9AFC93EE1CFCBDFAC7" box="[809,872,1359,1380]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="251">blakei</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(2 lots).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |