treatments-xml/data/E8/51/1E/E8511E53FFCAEF6A6A8AFC76FB99F9F3.xml
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<document id="1FAE38529C103891341CB94F871E8C8D" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.6391684" ID-ISSN="1942-1354" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6391684" ID-ZooBank="CBD29188-143B-44DF-BE21-1654D50D8621" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1648501406612" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Phillips, Robert A." docDate="2022" docId="E8511E53FFCAEF6A6A8AFC76FB99F9F3" docLanguage="en" docName="InsectaMundi.2022.0907.1-214.pdf" docOrigin="Insecta Mundi 2022 (907)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:F9976E9B7F8A094D890004515A7A0592.3:InsectaMundi.2020-.journal_article" docStyleId="F9976E9B7F8A094D890004515A7A0592" docStyleName="InsectaMundi.2020-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="3" docTitle="Leptoconops (Holoconops) arnaudi Clastrier and Wirth" docType="treatment" docVersion="3" lastPageNumber="21" masterDocId="1468662BFFDCEF7C6A4AFFC3FFCCFFE4" masterDocTitle="Culicoides Latreille and Leptoconops Skuse biting midges of the southwestern United States with emphasis on the Canyonlands of southeastern Utah (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae)" masterLastPageNumber="214" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="21" updateTime="1699308763882" updateUser="plazi" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-NC-3.0">
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<mods:title id="3F31E37E83B987C636368372E75E3E05">Culicoides Latreille and Leptoconops Skuse biting midges of the southwestern United States with emphasis on the Canyonlands of southeastern Utah (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae)</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:name id="75C9299C4E6BE8DD2799284B4DE364FE" type="personal">
<mods:role id="41C58FCF6F0F136B6DE491E15BD361B1">
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</mods:role>
<mods:namePart id="0A2FEE746AB5D7AF11908B658DDE456A">Phillips, Robert A.</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="0E0837D58BCACBF8E1B8AA90F3E2C091">2962 Desert Road Moab, UT 84532 USA</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:title id="275DBAB375E4DAF7E4437AACAFD6852C">Insecta Mundi</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:part id="674FA7FB0A57F308A8723136CA733172">
<mods:date id="12DEEDB7430C05D2D50D4B42C44D689D">2022</mods:date>
<mods:detail id="7D93231F4FB1384FB2DDCA880F0F21B2" type="pubDate">
<mods:number id="0A447934DBABF9E091980754FF6EE6E2">2022-01-28</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="93AE5442750462E2C8D5025672129979">2022</mods:number>
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<mods:detail id="30A07FE1A45A11846CB64EA7B2FB20EA" type="issue">
<mods:number id="69FE5EB9B15E43522007A0194E778441">907</mods:number>
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<mods:identifier id="2B59D41CD25228D8A7BBC630B396B4EA" type="DOI">10.5281/zenodo.6391684</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="F8DA5A51155A2705668F0B1F9B4CF6F0" type="ISSN">1942-1354</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="97D577F49942DB2C068CA550387DAAEF" type="Zenodo-Dep">6391684</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="C96FD3C99F78E246807F67F632EBA543" type="ZooBank">CBD29188-143B-44DF-BE21-1654D50D8621</mods:identifier>
</mods:mods>
<treatment id="E8511E53FFCAEF6A6A8AFC76FB99F9F3" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6391714" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6391714" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:E8511E53FFCAEF6A6A8AFC76FB99F9F3" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/E8511E53FFCAEF6A6A8AFC76FB99F9F3" lastPageNumber="21" pageId="22" pageNumber="21">
<subSubSection id="28E2FCCEFFCAEF6A6A8AFC76FCB3FC36" box="[192,895,948,978]" pageId="22" pageNumber="21" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="6047AF45FFCAEF6A6A8AFC76FCB3FC36" blockId="22.[192,895,948,978]" box="[192,895,948,978]" pageId="22" pageNumber="21">
<heading id="3B0F1829FFCAEF6A6A8AFC76FCB3FC36" box="[192,895,948,978]" fontSize="12" level="2" pageId="22" pageNumber="21" reason="2">
<taxonomicName id="A7F8D4C6FFCAEF6A6A8AFC76FCB3FC36" ID-CoL="8CHST" authority="Clastrier and Wirth" authorityName="Clastrier and Wirth" box="[192,895,948,978]" class="Insecta" family="Ceratopogonidae" genus="Leptoconops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="arnaudi" subGenus="Holoconops">
<emphasis id="528C7357FFCAEF6A6A8AFC76FCB3FC36" bold="true" box="[192,895,948,978]" pageId="22" pageNumber="21">
<emphasis id="528C7357FFCAEF6A6A8AFC76FE91FC35" bold="true" box="[192,349,949,977]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="21">Leptoconops</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="528C7357FFCAEF6A6B24FC77FDCCFC35" bold="true" box="[366,512,948,977]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="21">Holoconops</emphasis>
)
<emphasis id="528C7357FFCAEF6A685BFC77FDB5FC35" bold="true" box="[529,633,948,977]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="21">arnaudi</emphasis>
Clastrier and Wirth
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="28E2FCCEFFCAEF6A6AAAFC23FD38FB0E" pageId="22" pageNumber="21" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="6047AF45FFCAEF6A6AAAFC23FD1FFBF1" blockId="22.[224,1440,991,1258]" pageId="22" pageNumber="21">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="40E8886BFFCAEF6A6AAAFC23FD1FFBF1" pageId="22" pageNumber="21">
<treatmentCitation id="E1598954FFCAEF6A6AAAFC23FCB5FC13" author="Clastrier J &amp; Wirth WW" box="[224,889,991,1015]" page="29" pageId="22" pageNumber="21" year="1978">
<taxonomicName id="A7F8D4C6FFCAEF6A6AAAFC23FCB5FC13" ID-CoL="8CHST" authority="Clastrier and Wirth, 1978: 29" authorityName="Clastrier and Wirth" authorityPageNumber="29" authorityYear="1978" box="[224,889,991,1015]" class="Insecta" family="Ceratopogonidae" genus="Leptoconops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="arnaudi" subGenus="Holoconops">
<emphasis id="528C7357FFCAEF6A6AAAFC23FE91FC13" box="[224,349,992,1015]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="21">Leptoconops</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="528C7357FFCAEF6A6B26FC1CFE2DFC13" box="[364,481,991,1015]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="21">Holoconops</emphasis>
)
<emphasis id="528C7357FFCAEF6A6BBAFC1CFD8FFC13" box="[496,579,991,1015]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="21">arnaudi</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="0469D2B4FFCAEF6A6800FC1CFCB5FC13" author="Clastrier J &amp; Wirth WW" box="[586,889,991,1015]" pageId="22" pageNumber="21" pagination="1 - 58" refId="ref128879" refString="Clastrier J, Wirth WW. 1978. The Leptoconops kerteszi complex in North America (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). United States Department of Agriculture Technical Bulletin 1573: 1 - 58." type="journal article" year="1978">Clastrier and Wirth, 1978: 29</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</treatmentCitation>
(key; female, male; fig. female antenna, palpus, spermathecae, male palpus, genitalia;
<collectingRegion id="A23C61A7FFCAEF6A6810FC3EFD0BFBF1" box="[602,711,1021,1045]" country="United States of America" name="California" pageId="22" pageNumber="21">California</collectingRegion>
).
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6047AF45FFCAEF6A6AAAFBDEFDA5FBB6" blockId="22.[224,1440,991,1258]" pageId="22" pageNumber="21">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="40E8886BFFCAEF6A6AAAFBDEFDA5FBB6" pageId="22" pageNumber="21">
<taxonomicName id="A7F8D4C6FFCAEF6A6AAAFBDEFE31FBD0" ID-CoL="8CHTL" authority="Kieffer" authorityName="Kieffer" authorityYear="1908" box="[224,509,1052,1076]" class="Insecta" family="Ceratopogonidae" genus="Leptoconops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="kerteszi">
<emphasis id="528C7357FFCAEF6A6AAAFBDEFE7CFBD0" box="[224,432,1052,1076]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="21">Leptoconops kerteszi</emphasis>
<materialsCitation id="D090A518FFCAEF6A6BFCFBDFFE31FBD0" box="[438,509,1052,1076]" county="Sonoma County" location="Sonoma County" pageId="22" pageNumber="21" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="California">Kieffer</materialsCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, misidentified:
<treatmentCitation id="E1598954FFCAEF6A68D3FBDFFBDEFBD0" author="Freeborn SB &amp; Zimmerman EC" box="[665,1042,1052,1076]" page="261" pageId="22" pageNumber="21" year="1934">
<bibRefCitation id="0469D2B4FFCAEF6A68D3FBDFFBDEFBD0" author="Freeborn SB &amp; Zimmerman EC" box="[665,1042,1052,1076]" pageId="22" pageNumber="21" pagination="257 - 262" refId="ref130551" refString="Freeborn SB, Zimmerman EC. 1934. The males of Leptoconops torrens, Tns., and L. kerteszi, Kieff. Bulletin of Entomological Research 25: 257 - 262." type="journal article" year="1934">Freeborn and Zimmerman 1934: 261</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
(male; fig. male wing, genitalia, female wing;
<collectingCounty id="8926D7C9FFCAEF6A6B75FBF9FE2BFBB6" box="[319,487,1082,1106]" pageId="22" pageNumber="21">Sonoma County</collectingCounty>
,
<collectingRegion id="A23C61A7FFCAEF6A6BBAFBF9FD91FBB6" box="[496,605,1082,1106]" country="United States of America" name="California" pageId="22" pageNumber="21">California</collectingRegion>
).
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6047AF45FFCAEF6A6AAAFB9AFC04FB6B" blockId="22.[224,1440,991,1258]" pageId="22" pageNumber="21">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="40E8886BFFCAEF6A6AAAFB9AFC04FB6B" pageId="22" pageNumber="21">
<taxonomicName id="A7F8D4C6FFCAEF6A6AAAFB9AFDC1FB95" ID-CoL="3TML2" authority="(Kieffer)" baseAuthorityName="Kieffer" box="[224,525,1113,1137]" class="Insecta" family="Ceratopogonidae" genus="Holoconops" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="kerteszi">
<emphasis id="528C7357FFCAEF6A6AAAFB9AFE60FB95" box="[224,428,1113,1137]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="21">Holoconops kerteszi</emphasis>
(Kieffer)
</taxonomicName>
, misidentified:
<treatmentCitation id="E1598954FFCAEF6A68E5FB9AFC0BFB94" author="Smith LM &amp; Lowe H." box="[687,967,1112,1137]" page="158" pageId="22" pageNumber="21" year="1948">
<bibRefCitation id="0469D2B4FFCAEF6A68E5FB9AFC0BFB94" author="Smith LM &amp; Lowe H." box="[687,967,1112,1137]" pageId="22" pageNumber="21" pagination="157 - 183" refId="ref140641" refString="Smith LM, Lowe H. 1948. The black gnats of California. Hilgardia 18: 157 - 183." type="journal article" year="1948">
<collectingRegion id="A23C61A7FFCAEF6A68E5FB9AFD21FB95" box="[687,749,1113,1137]" country="Bermuda" name="Smith's" pageId="22" pageNumber="21">Smith</collectingRegion>
and Lowe 1948: 158
</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
(as the Bodega black gnat; distribution, egg, larva, female pupa, male pupa, female adult, male adult, biology; fig.).
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6047AF45FFCAEF6A6AAAFB55FD38FB0E" blockId="22.[224,1440,991,1258]" pageId="22" pageNumber="21">
<taxonomicName id="A7F8D4C6FFCAEF6A6AAAFB55FDF7FB49" ID-CoL="8CHTL" authorityName="Kieffer" authorityYear="1908" box="[224,571,1173,1198]" class="Insecta" family="Ceratopogonidae" genus="Leptoconops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="kerteszi" subGenus="Holoconops">
<emphasis id="528C7357FFCAEF6A6AAAFB55FE91FB49" box="[224,349,1174,1197]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="21">Leptoconops</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="528C7357FFCAEF6A6B21FB56FE2CFB49" box="[363,480,1173,1197]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="21">Holoconops</emphasis>
)
<emphasis id="528C7357FFCAEF6A6BA7FB56FDF7FB49" box="[493,571,1173,1197]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="21">kerteszi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, misidentified:
<bibRefCitation id="0469D2B4FFCAEF6A6890FB56FC45FB4A" author="Wirth WW" box="[730,905,1173,1198]" pageId="22" pageNumber="21" pagination="95 - 266" refId="ref142682" refString="Wirth WW. 1952 a. The Heleidae of California. University of California Publications in Entomology 9: 95 - 266." type="journal article" year="1952">Wirth 1952a: 113</bibRefCitation>
(in part; key; female; male genitalia; biology).
<bibRefCitation id="0469D2B4FFCAEF6A6F2AFB56FE15FB28" author="Wirth WW &amp; Atchley WR" pageId="22" pageNumber="21" pagination="1 - 57" refId="ref142906" refString="Wirth WW, Atchley WR. 1973. A review of the North American Leptoconops (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). Graduate Studies Texas Tech University 5: 1 - 57." type="journal article" year="1973">Wirth and Atchley 1973: 45</bibRefCitation>
(in part; key; female, male; fig. female wing, head, genitalia, spermathecae, hind tibial comb, fore tarsomeres 1 and 2, male genitalia; biology).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="28E2FCCEFFCAEF6A6A8AFB39FAA9FA0A" pageId="22" pageNumber="21" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="6047AF45FFCAEF6A6A8AFB39FBE1FAF1" blockId="22.[192,1069,1274,1301]" box="[192,1069,1274,1301]" pageId="22" pageNumber="21">
<emphasis id="528C7357FFCAEF6A6A8AFB39FE90FAF0" bold="true" box="[192,348,1274,1300]" pageId="22" pageNumber="21">Distribution.</emphasis>
Coastal
<collectingRegion id="A23C61A7FFCAEF6A6BF4FB39FDFEFAF0" box="[446,562,1274,1300]" country="United States of America" name="California" pageId="22" pageNumber="21">California</collectingRegion>
beaches (Sonoma, Marin, Ventura counties).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6047AF45FFCAEF6A6A8AFAE7FD93FA47" blockId="22.[192,1441,1316,1443]" pageId="22" pageNumber="21">
<emphasis id="528C7357FFCAEF6A6A8AFAE7FEB8FADA" bold="true" box="[192,372,1316,1342]" pageId="22" pageNumber="21">Larval ecology.</emphasis>
Larvae have been collected from
<quantity id="A70002A0FFCAEF6A68B2FAE7FC81FADA" box="[760,845,1316,1342]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" metricValueMax="8.0" metricValueMin="2.0" pageId="22" pageNumber="21" unit="cm" value="5.0" valueMax="8.0" valueMin="2.0">28 cm</quantity>
deep in moist to saturated brackish sandy soil with 640 ppm chloride within a zone occasionally inundated by high tides (
<bibRefCitation id="0469D2B4FFCAEF6A69A5FA86FB20FABB" author="Smith LM &amp; Lowe H." box="[1007,1260,1349,1376]" pageId="22" pageNumber="21" pagination="157 - 183" refId="ref140641" refString="Smith LM, Lowe H. 1948. The black gnats of California. Hilgardia 18: 157 - 183." type="journal article" year="1948">
<collectingRegion id="A23C61A7FFCAEF6A69A5FA86FBF8FABB" box="[1007,1076,1349,1375]" country="Bermuda" name="Smith's" pageId="22" pageNumber="21">Smith</collectingRegion>
and Lowe 1948
</bibRefCitation>
, as
<taxonomicName id="A7F8D4C6FFCAEF6A6F50FA85FA5DFABB" authorityName="Kieffer" authorityYear="1908" box="[1306,1425,1349,1376]" class="Insecta" family="Ceratopogonidae" genus="Leptoconops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="kerteszi">
<emphasis id="528C7357FFCAEF6A6F50FA85FAE0FABB" box="[1306,1324,1350,1375]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="21">H</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="528C7357FFCAEF6A6F76FA86FA5DFABB" box="[1340,1425,1349,1375]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="21">kerteszi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
). They found eggs JuneAugust and determined it takes the larvae 810 months to mature and then pupate MarchAugust of the following year.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6047AF45FFCAEF6A6A8AFA71FAA9FA0A" blockId="22.[192,1440,1458,1518]" pageId="22" pageNumber="21">
<emphasis id="528C7357FFCAEF6A6A8AFA71FEBBFA28" bold="true" box="[192,375,1458,1484]" pageId="22" pageNumber="21">Adult behavior.</emphasis>
Males have been collected swarming on the downwind side of objects near shore MarchOctober, and females have been observed to bite humans, dogs, and cats (
<bibRefCitation id="0469D2B4FFCAEF6A698AFA17FB7BFA0A" author="Smith LM &amp; Lowe H." box="[960,1207,1492,1518]" pageId="22" pageNumber="21" pagination="157 - 183" refId="ref140641" refString="Smith LM, Lowe H. 1948. The black gnats of California. Hilgardia 18: 157 - 183." type="journal article" year="1948">
<collectingRegion id="A23C61A7FFCAEF6A698AFA17FBC9FA0A" box="[960,1029,1492,1518]" country="Bermuda" name="Smith's" pageId="22" pageNumber="21">Smith</collectingRegion>
and Lowe 1948
</bibRefCitation>
, as
<taxonomicName id="A7F8D4C6FFCAEF6A6E95FA17FA99FA0A" authorityName="Kieffer" authorityYear="1908" box="[1247,1365,1492,1518]" class="Insecta" family="Ceratopogonidae" genus="Leptoconops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="kerteszi">
<emphasis id="528C7357FFCAEF6A6E95FA17FB3FFA09" box="[1247,1267,1492,1517]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="21">H</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="528C7357FFCAEF6A6F4AFA17FA99FA0A" box="[1280,1365,1492,1518]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="21">kerteszi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="28E2FCCEFFCAEF6A6A8AFA3EFB99F9F3" box="[192,1109,1533,1560]" pageId="22" pageNumber="21" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="6047AF45FFCAEF6A6A8AFA3EFB99F9F3" blockId="22.[192,1109,1533,1560]" box="[192,1109,1533,1560]" pageId="22" pageNumber="21">
<emphasis id="528C7357FFCAEF6A6A8AFA3EFEFCF9F3" bold="true" box="[192,304,1533,1559]" pageId="22" pageNumber="21">Remarks.</emphasis>
This is the infamous Bodega black gnat. No
<taxonomicName id="A7F8D4C6FFCAEF6A696FFA3DFC50F9F3" box="[805,924,1533,1560]" class="Insecta" family="Ceratopogonidae" genus="Leptoconops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="arnaudi">
<emphasis id="528C7357FFCAEF6A696FFA3DFCF8F9F3" box="[805,820,1534,1559]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="21">L</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="528C7357FFCAEF6A690BFA3EFC50F9F3" box="[833,924,1533,1559]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="21">arnaudi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
were examined.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>