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<mods:title id="C8244DC833508F46DB65EB0DAAD25093">A morphological appraisal of the new subfamily Epidesmiinae (Lepidoptera: Geometridae) with an overview of all geometrid subfamilies</mods:title>
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GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF 
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<paragraph id="135536AAFFE6FFA4FF79626E921380AC" blockId="4.[145,512,1647,1671]" box="[145,512,1647,1671]" pageId="4" pageNumber="1209">
<heading id="481D81C6FFE6FFA4FF79626E921380AC" box="[145,512,1647,1671]" centered="true" fontSize="9" level="2" pageId="4" pageNumber="1209" reason="2">
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Head and thorax (
<figureCitation id="8BD12A2FFFE6FFA4FE98627391A580AC" box="[368,438,1649,1671]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="5.[163,242,1202,1224]" captionTargetBox="[178,1434,214,1146]" captionTargetId="figure-105@5.[163,1443,195,1163]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 1. Adults of Epidesmiinae genera. Type species of each genus is illustrated, except in Phrataria, where a similar species is illustrated instead. A. Ecphyas holopsara male. Australia, WA, Albany, Torndirrup NP, 5.1.1993, coll. ANIC. B, C. E. holopsara female. Australia, WA, Leeuwin-Naturaliste NP, 5.1.2015, coll. Friedrich. D. Arcina fulgorigera male.Australia, WA, Talling, WA, 200 m, 3.11.2003, coll. ANIC. E, F. A. fulgorigera female. Australia, WA, Icy Ck, Lane Pool Res. 300 m, 6.11.2003, coll. ANIC. G, I. Systatica xanthastis male.Australia, Victoria, East Gippsland, 2.1.2012, 300 m, coll. Friedrich. H. S. xanthastis female. Australia, QLD, Binna Burra Lamington NP, 15.11.1992, 700 m, coll.ANIC. J, L. Phrataria replicataria male. Australia, Victoria, Gisborne, 17.2.1901, coll. NHMUK. K. P. replicataria female. Australia, Victoria, Gisborne, 10.3.1901, coll. NHMUK. M, O. Phrixocomes ptilomacra male. Australia, WA, 37 km SW of Mt. Ragged, 2.11.1977, coll. ANIC. N. P. ptilomacra female. Australia, WA, 37 km SW of Mt. Ragged, 2.11.1977, coll. ANIC. P. Epidesmia tricolor male. (without locality, without date) Pres. by Lady Lochore to B. M. 1946-341, coll. NHMUK. Q, R. E. tricolor female. Australia, NSW, Lindfield, 22.12.1974, coll. ANIC. S. Dichromodes indicataria male. Australia, Victoria (without date). coll. NHMUK. T, U. D. indicataria female. Australia, Victoria (without date). coll. NHMUK.. V. Adeixis inostentata male. New Caledonia, Grand Lac, 19.5.1971, 250 m, coll. NHMUK. W, X. A. inostentata female. New Caledonia, Grand Lac, 19.5.1971, 250 m, coll. NHMUK. Y, AA Abraxaphantes perampla male. Thailand, Chiangmai, Thoeng Dang, 7.4.2006, 500 m, coll. Sihvonen. Z. A. perampla female. Thailand, Chiangmai, Thoeng Dang, 7.4.2006, 500 m, coll. Sihvonen." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5761596" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5761596/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="1209">Figs 1</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="8BD12A2FFFE6FFA4FE2A627091EB80AC" box="[450,504,1649,1670]" captionStart-0="Figure 6" captionStart-1="Figure 7" captionStart-2="Figure 8" captionStart-3="Figure 9" captionStart-4="Figure 10" captionStart-5="Figure 11" captionStart-6="Figure 12" captionStart-7="Figure 13" captionStart-8="Figure 14" captionStart-9="Figure 15" captionStartId-0="11.[163,241,1675,1697]" captionStartId-1="12.[145,224,1675,1697]" captionStartId-2="13.[163,242,1675,1697]" captionStartId-3="14.[145,224,1675,1697]" captionStartId-4="15.[163,241,1675,1697]" captionStartId-5="16.[145,223,1675,1697]" captionStartId-6="17.[163,243,1675,1697]" captionStartId-7="18.[145,224,1675,1697]" captionStartId-8="19.[163,243,1675,1697]" captionStartId-9="20.[145,225,1675,1697]" captionTargetBox-0="[246,1359,195,1630]" captionTargetBox-1="[234,1334,214,1635]" captionTargetBox-2="[257,1351,216,1633]" captionTargetBox-3="[221,1349,202,1632]" captionTargetBox-4="[255,1349,215,1628]" captionTargetBox-5="[226,1344,197,1635]" captionTargetBox-6="[256,1355,208,1634]" captionTargetBox-7="[236,1329,217,1628]" captionTargetBox-8="[245,1364,215,1631]" captionTargetBox-9="[235,1335,219,1632]" captionTargetId-0="figure-25@11.[246,1359,195,1635]" captionTargetId-1="figure-24@12.[231,1339,195,1635]" captionTargetId-2="figure-24@13.[254,1351,195,1635]" captionTargetId-3="figure-24@14.[215,1354,195,1635]" captionTargetId-4="figure-24@15.[251,1355,195,1635]" captionTargetId-5="figure-24@16.[226,1344,195,1635]" captionTargetId-6="figure-24@17.[250,1355,195,1635]" captionTargetId-7="figure-23@18.[233,1336,195,1635]" captionTargetId-8="figure-25@19.[242,1364,195,1635]" captionTargetId-9="figure-24@20.[235,1335,195,1635]" captionTargetPageId-0="11" captionTargetPageId-1="12" captionTargetPageId-2="13" captionTargetPageId-3="14" captionTargetPageId-4="15" captionTargetPageId-5="16" captionTargetPageId-6="17" captionTargetPageId-7="18" captionTargetPageId-8="19" captionTargetPageId-9="20" captionText-0="Figure 6. Selected male structures of Epidesmiinae species. A, labial palps with scales.B, labial palps descaled and pit-organ (vom Rath’s organ) enlarged (Epidesmia chilonaria). C, metathorax furca, dorsal view (E. chilonaria). D, E, tympanal organ with scales and descaled (E. chilonaria). F, hind leg with hair-pencil (Phrataria replicataria). G, part of male reproductive organ (E. chilonaria). Specimen metadata are given in Supporting Information, File S1." captionText-1="Figure 7. Adults and selected structures of Ecphyas holopsara Turner, 1929. A, adult female, wingspan 35 mm. B. male reproductive organ. C, aedeagus. D, male tympanal organ. E, male head and labial palps. F, female reproductive organ. G, elongated signum. H, roundish signum. Specimen metadata are given in Supporting Information, File S1." captionText-2="Figure 8. Adults and selected structures of Systatica xanthastis (Lower, 1894). A, adult male, wingspan 41 mm. B, male reproductive organ. C, aedeagus with everted vesica. D, female tympanal organ. E, male head and labial palps. F, female reproductive organ. G, signum. Specimen metadata are given in Supporting Information, File S1." captionText-3="Figure 9. Adults and selected structures of Adeixis inostentata (Walker, 1861). A, adult female, wingspan 18 mm. B, male reproductive organ. C, aedeagus with everted vesica. D, male tympanal organ. E, female head and labial palps. F, female reproductive organ. G, signum. Specimen metadata are given in Supporting Information, File S1." captionText-4="Figure 10. Adults and selected structures of Arcina fulgorigera (Walker, 1863). A, adult female, wingspan 29 mm. B, male reproductive organ. C, aedeagus with everted vesica. D, ansa of male tympanal organ. E, female head and labial palps. F, female reproductive organ. G, signum. Specimen metadata are given in Supporting Information, File S1." captionText-5="Figure 11. Adults and selected structures of Dichromodes indicataria (Walker, 1866). A, adult female, wingspan 19 mm. B, aedeagus with everted vesica. C, male reproductive organ. D, male third abdominal segment. E, female tympanal organ. F, female head and labial palps. G, female reproductive organ. H, elongated signum. I, roundish signum. Specimen metadata are given in Supporting Information, File S1." captionText-6="Figure 12. Adults and selected structures of Phrixocomes ptilomacra (Lower, 1892). A, adult male, wingspan 23 mm. B, male reproductive organ. C, aedeagus, vesica partly everted (below). D, male tympanal organ. E, male head and labial palps. F, female reproductive organ. G, signum. Specimen metadata are given in Supporting Information, File S1." captionText-7="Figure 13. Adults and selected structures of Abraxaphantes perampla (Swinhoe, 1890). A, adult male, wingspan 72 mm. B, male reproductive organ. C, aedeagus with everted vesica. D, ansa of male tympanal organ. E, Female head and labial palps. F, female reproductive organ. G, elongated signum. H, stellate signum. Specimen metadata are given in Supporting Information, File S1." captionText-8="Figure 14. Adults and selected structures of Epidesmia tricolor Westwood, 1841. A, adult female, wingspan 52 mm. B, male reproductive organ. C, aedeagus with everted vesica. D, ansa of tympanal organ. E, male eighth abdominal segment. F, female head and labial palps. G, female reproductive organ. H, elongated signum. I, stellate signum. Specimen metadata are given in Supporting Information, File S1." captionText-9="Figure 15. Adults and selected structures of Phrataria replicataria Walker, 1866. A, adult male, wingspan 27 mm. B, male reproductive organ. C, aedeagus with everted vesica. D, ansa of male tympanal organ. E, rod extending beyond male tympanal organ. F, male head and labial palps. G, female reproductive organ. H, elongated signum. I, stellate signum. Specimen metadata are given in Supporting Information, File S1." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5761608" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5761610" figureDoi-2="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5761612" figureDoi-3="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5761614" figureDoi-4="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5761616" figureDoi-5="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5761618" figureDoi-6="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5761620" figureDoi-7="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5761622" figureDoi-8="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5761624" figureDoi-9="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5761626" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/5761608/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/5761610/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/5761612/files/figure.png" httpUri-3="https://zenodo.org/record/5761614/files/figure.png" httpUri-4="https://zenodo.org/record/5761616/files/figure.png" httpUri-5="https://zenodo.org/record/5761618/files/figure.png" httpUri-6="https://zenodo.org/record/5761620/files/figure.png" httpUri-7="https://zenodo.org/record/5761622/files/figure.png" httpUri-8="https://zenodo.org/record/5761624/files/figure.png" httpUri-9="https://zenodo.org/record/5761626/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="1209">6–15</figureCitation>
)
</emphasis>
</heading>
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Antennae unipectinate in males, shorter towards the apex (bipectinate in 2/5 
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<emphasis id="219EEAB8FFE6FFA4FE4662B7921080E1" box="[430,515,1718,1739]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="1209">Adeixis</emphasis>
species
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and 
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<emphasis id="219EEAB8FFE6FFA4FD7362B692F980E6" box="[667,746,1719,1740]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="1209">Arcina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
); filiform in females (shortly bipectinate in 
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<emphasis id="219EEAB8FFE6FFA4FD6462D792EA80C1" box="[652,761,1750,1771]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="1209">Systatica</emphasis>
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and 
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<emphasis id="219EEAB8FFE6FFA4FF2D62F591658123" box="[197,374,1780,1801]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="1209">Abraxaphantes</emphasis>
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). Labial palps elongated, second segment longest (less pronounced in 
<taxonomicName id="D4EA4D29FFE6FFA4FD9C631292FB8102" authorityName="Turner" authorityYear="1904" box="[628,744,1811,1832]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Systatica" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="1209" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="219EEAB8FFE6FFA4FD9C631292FB8102" box="[628,744,1811,1832]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="1209">Systatica</emphasis>
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); vom Raths’s organ an elliptical invagination. Frons elongated in many species. Chaetosemata small. Tegula large. Epiphysis small. Spur formula in male and female tibia 0–2–4 (hind leg with 2 + 2 spurs). Male hindleg hair-pencil absent (present in 
<taxonomicName id="D4EA4D29FFE6FFA4FAF765039470871D" authority="Walker, 1866" authorityName="Walker" authorityYear="1866" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Phrataria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="1209" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="replicataria">
<emphasis id="219EEAB8FFE6FFA4FAF7650393AA871C" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="1209">Phrataria replicataria</emphasis>
Walker, 1866
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). Metathorax furca with well-developed apophyses; anterior and basal ventral laminas separate.
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<emphasis id="219EEAB8FFE6FFA4FCC165AC942887EE" box="[809,1083,429,453]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="1209">
Abdomen (
<figureCitation id="8BD12A2FFFE6FFA4FC4365AE93E287EE" box="[939,1009,431,452]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="5.[163,242,1202,1224]" captionTargetBox="[178,1434,214,1146]" captionTargetId="figure-105@5.[163,1443,195,1163]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 1. Adults of Epidesmiinae genera. Type species of each genus is illustrated, except in Phrataria, where a similar species is illustrated instead. A. Ecphyas holopsara male. Australia, WA, Albany, Torndirrup NP, 5.1.1993, coll. ANIC. B, C. E. holopsara female. Australia, WA, Leeuwin-Naturaliste NP, 5.1.2015, coll. Friedrich. D. Arcina fulgorigera male.Australia, WA, Talling, WA, 200 m, 3.11.2003, coll. ANIC. E, F. A. fulgorigera female. Australia, WA, Icy Ck, Lane Pool Res. 300 m, 6.11.2003, coll. ANIC. G, I. Systatica xanthastis male.Australia, Victoria, East Gippsland, 2.1.2012, 300 m, coll. Friedrich. H. S. xanthastis female. Australia, QLD, Binna Burra Lamington NP, 15.11.1992, 700 m, coll.ANIC. J, L. Phrataria replicataria male. Australia, Victoria, Gisborne, 17.2.1901, coll. NHMUK. K. P. replicataria female. Australia, Victoria, Gisborne, 10.3.1901, coll. NHMUK. M, O. Phrixocomes ptilomacra male. Australia, WA, 37 km SW of Mt. Ragged, 2.11.1977, coll. ANIC. N. P. ptilomacra female. Australia, WA, 37 km SW of Mt. Ragged, 2.11.1977, coll. ANIC. P. Epidesmia tricolor male. (without locality, without date) Pres. by Lady Lochore to B. M. 1946-341, coll. NHMUK. Q, R. E. tricolor female. Australia, NSW, Lindfield, 22.12.1974, coll. ANIC. S. Dichromodes indicataria male. Australia, Victoria (without date). coll. NHMUK. T, U. D. indicataria female. Australia, Victoria (without date). coll. NHMUK.. V. Adeixis inostentata male. New Caledonia, Grand Lac, 19.5.1971, 250 m, coll. NHMUK. W, X. A. inostentata female. New Caledonia, Grand Lac, 19.5.1971, 250 m, coll. NHMUK. Y, AA Abraxaphantes perampla male. Thailand, Chiangmai, Thoeng Dang, 7.4.2006, 500 m, coll. Sihvonen. Z. A. perampla female. Thailand, Chiangmai, Thoeng Dang, 7.4.2006, 500 m, coll. Sihvonen." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5761596" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5761596/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="1209">Figs 1</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="8BD12A2FFFE6FFA4FC1565AF942087E9" box="[1021,1075,430,451]" captionStart-0="Figure 6" captionStart-1="Figure 7" captionStart-2="Figure 8" captionStart-3="Figure 9" captionStart-4="Figure 10" captionStart-5="Figure 11" captionStart-6="Figure 12" captionStart-7="Figure 13" captionStart-8="Figure 14" captionStart-9="Figure 15" captionStartId-0="11.[163,241,1675,1697]" captionStartId-1="12.[145,224,1675,1697]" captionStartId-2="13.[163,242,1675,1697]" captionStartId-3="14.[145,224,1675,1697]" captionStartId-4="15.[163,241,1675,1697]" captionStartId-5="16.[145,223,1675,1697]" captionStartId-6="17.[163,243,1675,1697]" captionStartId-7="18.[145,224,1675,1697]" captionStartId-8="19.[163,243,1675,1697]" captionStartId-9="20.[145,225,1675,1697]" captionTargetBox-0="[246,1359,195,1630]" captionTargetBox-1="[234,1334,214,1635]" captionTargetBox-2="[257,1351,216,1633]" captionTargetBox-3="[221,1349,202,1632]" captionTargetBox-4="[255,1349,215,1628]" captionTargetBox-5="[226,1344,197,1635]" captionTargetBox-6="[256,1355,208,1634]" captionTargetBox-7="[236,1329,217,1628]" captionTargetBox-8="[245,1364,215,1631]" captionTargetBox-9="[235,1335,219,1632]" captionTargetId-0="figure-25@11.[246,1359,195,1635]" captionTargetId-1="figure-24@12.[231,1339,195,1635]" captionTargetId-2="figure-24@13.[254,1351,195,1635]" captionTargetId-3="figure-24@14.[215,1354,195,1635]" captionTargetId-4="figure-24@15.[251,1355,195,1635]" captionTargetId-5="figure-24@16.[226,1344,195,1635]" captionTargetId-6="figure-24@17.[250,1355,195,1635]" captionTargetId-7="figure-23@18.[233,1336,195,1635]" captionTargetId-8="figure-25@19.[242,1364,195,1635]" captionTargetId-9="figure-24@20.[235,1335,195,1635]" captionTargetPageId-0="11" captionTargetPageId-1="12" captionTargetPageId-2="13" captionTargetPageId-3="14" captionTargetPageId-4="15" captionTargetPageId-5="16" captionTargetPageId-6="17" captionTargetPageId-7="18" captionTargetPageId-8="19" captionTargetPageId-9="20" captionText-0="Figure 6. Selected male structures of Epidesmiinae species. A, labial palps with scales.B, labial palps descaled and pit-organ (vom Rath’s organ) enlarged (Epidesmia chilonaria). C, metathorax furca, dorsal view (E. chilonaria). D, E, tympanal organ with scales and descaled (E. chilonaria). F, hind leg with hair-pencil (Phrataria replicataria). G, part of male reproductive organ (E. chilonaria). Specimen metadata are given in Supporting Information, File S1." captionText-1="Figure 7. Adults and selected structures of Ecphyas holopsara Turner, 1929. A, adult female, wingspan 35 mm. B. male reproductive organ. C, aedeagus. D, male tympanal organ. E, male head and labial palps. F, female reproductive organ. G, elongated signum. H, roundish signum. Specimen metadata are given in Supporting Information, File S1." captionText-2="Figure 8. Adults and selected structures of Systatica xanthastis (Lower, 1894). A, adult male, wingspan 41 mm. B, male reproductive organ. C, aedeagus with everted vesica. D, female tympanal organ. E, male head and labial palps. F, female reproductive organ. G, signum. Specimen metadata are given in Supporting Information, File S1." captionText-3="Figure 9. Adults and selected structures of Adeixis inostentata (Walker, 1861). A, adult female, wingspan 18 mm. B, male reproductive organ. C, aedeagus with everted vesica. D, male tympanal organ. E, female head and labial palps. F, female reproductive organ. G, signum. Specimen metadata are given in Supporting Information, File S1." captionText-4="Figure 10. Adults and selected structures of Arcina fulgorigera (Walker, 1863). A, adult female, wingspan 29 mm. B, male reproductive organ. C, aedeagus with everted vesica. D, ansa of male tympanal organ. E, female head and labial palps. F, female reproductive organ. G, signum. Specimen metadata are given in Supporting Information, File S1." captionText-5="Figure 11. Adults and selected structures of Dichromodes indicataria (Walker, 1866). A, adult female, wingspan 19 mm. B, aedeagus with everted vesica. C, male reproductive organ. D, male third abdominal segment. E, female tympanal organ. F, female head and labial palps. G, female reproductive organ. H, elongated signum. I, roundish signum. Specimen metadata are given in Supporting Information, File S1." captionText-6="Figure 12. Adults and selected structures of Phrixocomes ptilomacra (Lower, 1892). A, adult male, wingspan 23 mm. B, male reproductive organ. C, aedeagus, vesica partly everted (below). D, male tympanal organ. E, male head and labial palps. F, female reproductive organ. G, signum. Specimen metadata are given in Supporting Information, File S1." captionText-7="Figure 13. Adults and selected structures of Abraxaphantes perampla (Swinhoe, 1890). A, adult male, wingspan 72 mm. B, male reproductive organ. C, aedeagus with everted vesica. D, ansa of male tympanal organ. E, Female head and labial palps. F, female reproductive organ. G, elongated signum. H, stellate signum. Specimen metadata are given in Supporting Information, File S1." captionText-8="Figure 14. Adults and selected structures of Epidesmia tricolor Westwood, 1841. A, adult female, wingspan 52 mm. B, male reproductive organ. C, aedeagus with everted vesica. D, ansa of tympanal organ. E, male eighth abdominal segment. F, female head and labial palps. G, female reproductive organ. H, elongated signum. I, stellate signum. Specimen metadata are given in Supporting Information, File S1." captionText-9="Figure 15. Adults and selected structures of Phrataria replicataria Walker, 1866. A, adult male, wingspan 27 mm. B, male reproductive organ. C, aedeagus with everted vesica. D, ansa of male tympanal organ. E, rod extending beyond male tympanal organ. F, male head and labial palps. G, female reproductive organ. H, elongated signum. I, stellate signum. Specimen metadata are given in Supporting Information, File S1." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5761608" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5761610" figureDoi-2="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5761612" figureDoi-3="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5761614" figureDoi-4="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5761616" figureDoi-5="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5761618" figureDoi-6="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5761620" figureDoi-7="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5761622" figureDoi-8="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5761624" figureDoi-9="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5761626" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/5761608/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/5761610/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/5761612/files/figure.png" httpUri-3="https://zenodo.org/record/5761614/files/figure.png" httpUri-4="https://zenodo.org/record/5761616/files/figure.png" httpUri-5="https://zenodo.org/record/5761618/files/figure.png" httpUri-6="https://zenodo.org/record/5761620/files/figure.png" httpUri-7="https://zenodo.org/record/5761622/files/figure.png" httpUri-8="https://zenodo.org/record/5761624/files/figure.png" httpUri-9="https://zenodo.org/record/5761626/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="1209">6–15</figureCitation>
)
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="135536AAFFE6FFA4FCC165D49449859D" blockId="4.[809,1426,469,951]" pageId="4" pageNumber="1209">
Abdomen slender. Tympanal organs large, almost meeting medially in a few species; tympanal organs approaching 45° angle relative to the abdomen; the posteromedial corner with narrow sclerotizations that extend into second sternite (pronounced in 
<taxonomicName id="D4EA4D29FFE6FFA4FCC1666F93C484A9" authorityName="Swinhoe" authorityYear="1890" box="[809,983,622,643]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Abraxaphantes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="1209" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="219EEAB8FFE6FFA4FCC1666F93C484A9" box="[809,983,622,643]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="1209">Abraxaphantes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="D4EA4D29FFE6FFA4FBF8666F949884A9" authorityName="Duncan &amp; Westwood" authorityYear="1841" box="[1040,1163,622,643]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Epidesmia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="1209" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="219EEAB8FFE6FFA4FBF8666F949884A9" box="[1040,1163,622,643]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="1209">Epidesmia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
). Ansa shape variable, ranging from evenly tapering and narrow rod to bottle-shaped with pickaxe-shaped apex. Second sternite often distinctly sclerotized, in few species with sternotympanal process with free end curved over tympanum (
<figureCitation id="8BD12A2FFFE6FFA4FBE86709945F8534" box="[1024,1100,776,798]" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="11.[163,241,1675,1697]" captionTargetBox="[246,1359,195,1630]" captionTargetId="figure-25@11.[246,1359,195,1635]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="Figure 6. Selected male structures of Epidesmiinae species. A, labial palps with scales.B, labial palps descaled and pit-organ (vom Rath’s organ) enlarged (Epidesmia chilonaria). C, metathorax furca, dorsal view (E. chilonaria). D, E, tympanal organ with scales and descaled (E. chilonaria). F, hind leg with hair-pencil (Phrataria replicataria). G, part of male reproductive organ (E. chilonaria). Specimen metadata are given in Supporting Information, File S1." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5761608" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5761608/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="1209">Figs 6</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="8BD12A2FFFE6FFA4FBB6670994698537" box="[1118,1146,776,797]" captionStart="Figure 14" captionStartId="19.[163,243,1675,1697]" captionTargetBox="[245,1364,215,1631]" captionTargetId="figure-25@19.[242,1364,195,1635]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="Figure 14. Adults and selected structures of Epidesmia tricolor Westwood, 1841. A, adult female, wingspan 52 mm. B, male reproductive organ. C, aedeagus with everted vesica. D, ansa of tympanal organ. E, male eighth abdominal segment. F, female head and labial palps. G, female reproductive organ. H, elongated signum. I, stellate signum. Specimen metadata are given in Supporting Information, File S1." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5761624" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5761624/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="1209">14</figureCitation>
). Abdominal sternites and tergites of both sexes undifferentiated, with few exceptions (e.g. posterior margin of male eighth sternite bilobed and setose in 
<taxonomicName id="D4EA4D29FFE6FFA4FB76676595928553" authorityName="Westwood" authorityYear="1841" box="[1182,1409,868,889]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Epidesmia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="1209" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tricolor">
<emphasis id="219EEAB8FFE6FFA4FB76676595928553" box="[1182,1409,868,889]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="1209">Epidesmia tricolor</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
). Male third sternite with a row of setae in few species (
<emphasis id="219EEAB8FFE6FFA4FCD967A09458859C" box="[817,1099,929,950]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="1209">
<taxonomicName id="D4EA4D29FFE6FFA4FCD967A093BF859C" authorityName="Duncan &amp; Westwood" authorityYear="1841" box="[817,940,929,950]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Epidesmia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="1209" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Epidesmia</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="D4EA4D29FFE6FFA4FC5F67A09458859C" authorityName="Guenee" authorityYear="1857" box="[951,1099,929,950]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Dichromodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="1209" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Dichromodes</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
).
</paragraph>
</subSection>
<subSection id="7A652F41FFE6FFA4FCC167F19392807F" pageId="4" pageNumber="1209" type="multiple">
<paragraph id="135536AAFFE6FFA4FCC167F19432822C" blockId="4.[809,1057,1008,1031]" box="[809,1057,1008,1031]" pageId="4" pageNumber="1209">
<heading id="481D81C6FFE6FFA4FCC167F19432822C" box="[809,1057,1008,1031]" centered="true" fontSize="9" level="2" pageId="4" pageNumber="1209" reason="2">
<emphasis id="219EEAB8FFE6FFA4FCC167F19432822C" box="[809,1057,1008,1031]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="1209">
Wings (
<figureCitation id="8BD12A2FFFE6FFA4FC6C67F393DA822C" box="[900,969,1009,1031]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="5.[163,242,1202,1224]" captionTargetBox="[178,1434,214,1146]" captionTargetId="figure-105@5.[163,1443,195,1163]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 1. Adults of Epidesmiinae genera. Type species of each genus is illustrated, except in Phrataria, where a similar species is illustrated instead. A. Ecphyas holopsara male. Australia, WA, Albany, Torndirrup NP, 5.1.1993, coll. ANIC. B, C. E. holopsara female. Australia, WA, Leeuwin-Naturaliste NP, 5.1.2015, coll. Friedrich. D. Arcina fulgorigera male.Australia, WA, Talling, WA, 200 m, 3.11.2003, coll. ANIC. E, F. A. fulgorigera female. Australia, WA, Icy Ck, Lane Pool Res. 300 m, 6.11.2003, coll. ANIC. G, I. Systatica xanthastis male.Australia, Victoria, East Gippsland, 2.1.2012, 300 m, coll. Friedrich. H. S. xanthastis female. Australia, QLD, Binna Burra Lamington NP, 15.11.1992, 700 m, coll.ANIC. J, L. Phrataria replicataria male. Australia, Victoria, Gisborne, 17.2.1901, coll. NHMUK. K. P. replicataria female. Australia, Victoria, Gisborne, 10.3.1901, coll. NHMUK. M, O. Phrixocomes ptilomacra male. Australia, WA, 37 km SW of Mt. Ragged, 2.11.1977, coll. ANIC. N. P. ptilomacra female. Australia, WA, 37 km SW of Mt. Ragged, 2.11.1977, coll. ANIC. P. Epidesmia tricolor male. (without locality, without date) Pres. by Lady Lochore to B. M. 1946-341, coll. NHMUK. Q, R. E. tricolor female. Australia, NSW, Lindfield, 22.12.1974, coll. ANIC. S. Dichromodes indicataria male. Australia, Victoria (without date). coll. NHMUK. T, U. D. indicataria female. Australia, Victoria (without date). coll. NHMUK.. V. Adeixis inostentata male. New Caledonia, Grand Lac, 19.5.1971, 250 m, coll. NHMUK. W, X. A. inostentata female. New Caledonia, Grand Lac, 19.5.1971, 250 m, coll. NHMUK. Y, AA Abraxaphantes perampla male. Thailand, Chiangmai, Thoeng Dang, 7.4.2006, 500 m, coll. Sihvonen. Z. A. perampla female. Thailand, Chiangmai, Thoeng Dang, 7.4.2006, 500 m, coll. Sihvonen." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5761596" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5761596/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="1209">Figs 1</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="8BD12A2FFFE6FFA4FC3E67F093F7822C" box="[982,996,1009,1030]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="6.[145,223,1536,1558]" captionTargetBox="[153,1417,195,1488]" captionTargetId="figure-23@6.[145,1425,195,1496]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figure 2. Adults of Epidesmiinae, showing different resting positions (A–E) and a ‘dancing’ specimen of Phrataria bijugata, see text for details. Photos printed with permission, see Acknowledgements for details. A, Systatica xanthastis, Australia, Queensland, Tamborine Mtn., 8 Oct. 2016, photo Nicholas Fisher. B, Dichromodes atrosignata, Australia, Victoria, Wilsons Promontory, 22 Sept. 2006, photo Peter Marriott. C, Phrixocomes ophiuca, Australia, Victoria, Davis Creek, Mallacoota, 1 Nov. 2010, photo Marilyn Hewish. D, Abraxaphantes perampla, Thailand, 19 Feb. 2012, photo Tim Stratford. E,Epidesmia tricolor, Australia, New South Wales, 16 Feb. 2009, photo Denis Wilson. F, Phrataria bijugata, Australia, Victoria, Eppalock, 24 Jan. 2012, photo Steve Williams." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5761600" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5761600/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="1209">2</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="8BD12A2FFFE6FFA4FC1867F093ED822C" box="[1008,1022,1009,1030]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="9.[163,243,1675,1697]" captionTargetBox="[250,1356,195,1632]" captionTargetId="figure-25@9.[249,1356,195,1635]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Figure 4. Female wing venation of Epidesmia tricolor Westwood, 1841. Part of hindwing is shown enlarged. Australia, NSW, Lindfield, 22.12.1974. Preparation number: LMR22 (coll. ANIC)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5761604" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5761604/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="1209">4</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="8BD12A2FFFE6FFA4FBE367F3940A822D" box="[1035,1049,1010,1031]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="10.[145,223,1194,1216]" captionTargetBox="[147,1425,197,1154]" captionTargetId="figure-410@10.[145,1425,195,1154]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Figure 5. Detail of female fore wing venation of Epidesmia tricolor Westwood, 1841.Australia, NSW, Lindfield, 22.12.1974. Preparation number: LMR22 (coll. ANIC)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5761606" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5761606/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="1209">5</figureCitation>
)
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="135536AAFFE6FFA4FCC160199392807F" blockId="4.[809,1426,1048,1622]" pageId="4" pageNumber="1209">
Pattern, size and shape variable (
<figureCitation id="8BD12A2FFFE6FFA4FB4D601994F08207" box="[1189,1251,1048,1070]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="5.[163,242,1202,1224]" captionTargetBox="[178,1434,214,1146]" captionTargetId="figure-105@5.[163,1443,195,1163]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 1. Adults of Epidesmiinae genera. Type species of each genus is illustrated, except in Phrataria, where a similar species is illustrated instead. A. Ecphyas holopsara male. Australia, WA, Albany, Torndirrup NP, 5.1.1993, coll. ANIC. B, C. E. holopsara female. Australia, WA, Leeuwin-Naturaliste NP, 5.1.2015, coll. Friedrich. D. Arcina fulgorigera male.Australia, WA, Talling, WA, 200 m, 3.11.2003, coll. ANIC. E, F. A. fulgorigera female. Australia, WA, Icy Ck, Lane Pool Res. 300 m, 6.11.2003, coll. ANIC. G, I. Systatica xanthastis male.Australia, Victoria, East Gippsland, 2.1.2012, 300 m, coll. Friedrich. H. S. xanthastis female. Australia, QLD, Binna Burra Lamington NP, 15.11.1992, 700 m, coll.ANIC. J, L. Phrataria replicataria male. Australia, Victoria, Gisborne, 17.2.1901, coll. NHMUK. K. P. replicataria female. Australia, Victoria, Gisborne, 10.3.1901, coll. NHMUK. M, O. Phrixocomes ptilomacra male. Australia, WA, 37 km SW of Mt. Ragged, 2.11.1977, coll. ANIC. N. P. ptilomacra female. Australia, WA, 37 km SW of Mt. Ragged, 2.11.1977, coll. ANIC. P. Epidesmia tricolor male. (without locality, without date) Pres. by Lady Lochore to B. M. 1946-341, coll. NHMUK. Q, R. E. tricolor female. Australia, NSW, Lindfield, 22.12.1974, coll. ANIC. S. Dichromodes indicataria male. Australia, Victoria (without date). coll. NHMUK. T, U. D. indicataria female. Australia, Victoria (without date). coll. NHMUK.. V. Adeixis inostentata male. New Caledonia, Grand Lac, 19.5.1971, 250 m, coll. NHMUK. W, X. A. inostentata female. New Caledonia, Grand Lac, 19.5.1971, 250 m, coll. NHMUK. Y, AA Abraxaphantes perampla male. Thailand, Chiangmai, Thoeng Dang, 7.4.2006, 500 m, coll. Sihvonen. Z. A. perampla female. Thailand, Chiangmai, Thoeng Dang, 7.4.2006, 500 m, coll. Sihvonen." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5761596" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5761596/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="1209">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
). Colour varies from different shades of brown to yellowish, grey and white. Wingspan from 
<quantity id="D4129B4FFFE6FFA4FBD0605494C38241" box="[1080,1232,1109,1131]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.5" metricValueMax="7.0" metricValueMin="2.0" pageId="4" pageNumber="1209" unit="mm" value="45.0" valueMax="70.0" valueMin="20.0">20 to 70 mm</quantity>
. Forewing outer margin distinctly convex (
<taxonomicName id="D4EA4D29FFE6FFA4FB84607594C282A3" authorityName="Turner" authorityYear="1929" box="[1132,1233,1140,1161]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Ecphyas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="1209" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="219EEAB8FFE6FFA4FB84607594C282A3" box="[1132,1233,1140,1161]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="1209">Ecphyas</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="D4EA4D29FFE6FFA4FAF96075959282A3" authorityName="Turner" authorityYear="1904" box="[1297,1409,1140,1161]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Systatica" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="1209" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="219EEAB8FFE6FFA4FAF96075959282A3" box="[1297,1409,1140,1161]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="1209">Systatica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), weakly convex or concave. Forewing apex acute or rounded. Forewing venation: two areoles formed by R + Rs1–4; Rs1–Rs3 often stalked; cross-veins between M1 and M3 reduced, weakly tubular. CuA1 not stalked with M3. Hindwing venation: Sc + R1 parallel for long-distance with Rs; cross-veins between M1 and M3 reduced, weakly tubular. M2 tubular. One tubular A vein. Frenulum small. Resting posture of wings varies from planiform (for instance 
<taxonomicName id="D4EA4D29FFE6FFA4FCC161A693898396" authorityName="Turner" authorityYear="1904" box="[809,922,1447,1468]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Systatica" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="1209" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="219EEAB8FFE6FFA4FCC161A693898396" box="[809,922,1447,1468]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="1209">Systatica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) to tectiform (for instance 
<taxonomicName id="D4EA4D29FFE6FFA4FB0761A7959B8391" authorityName="Turner" authorityYear="1930" box="[1263,1416,1446,1467]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Phrixocomes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="1209" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="219EEAB8FFE6FFA4FB0761A7959B8391" box="[1263,1416,1446,1467]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="1209">Phrixocomes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) and potentially veliform (the latter is supported by a distinctly coloured underside and frequent observations of specimens with the wings partly or fully vertically folded over the abdomen in 
<taxonomicName id="D4EA4D29FFE6FFA4FAFE6220959A801C" authorityName="Walker" authorityYear="1863" box="[1302,1417,1569,1590]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Phrataria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="1209" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="219EEAB8FFE6FFA4FAFE6220959A801C" box="[1302,1417,1569,1590]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="1209">Phrataria</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) (
<figureCitation id="8BD12A2FFFE6FFA4FCD962419361807F" box="[817,882,1600,1622]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="6.[145,223,1536,1558]" captionTargetBox="[153,1417,195,1488]" captionTargetId="figure-23@6.[145,1425,195,1496]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figure 2. Adults of Epidesmiinae, showing different resting positions (A–E) and a ‘dancing’ specimen of Phrataria bijugata, see text for details. Photos printed with permission, see Acknowledgements for details. A, Systatica xanthastis, Australia, Queensland, Tamborine Mtn., 8 Oct. 2016, photo Nicholas Fisher. B, Dichromodes atrosignata, Australia, Victoria, Wilsons Promontory, 22 Sept. 2006, photo Peter Marriott. C, Phrixocomes ophiuca, Australia, Victoria, Davis Creek, Mallacoota, 1 Nov. 2010, photo Marilyn Hewish. D, Abraxaphantes perampla, Thailand, 19 Feb. 2012, photo Tim Stratford. E,Epidesmia tricolor, Australia, New South Wales, 16 Feb. 2009, photo Denis Wilson. F, Phrataria bijugata, Australia, Victoria, Eppalock, 24 Jan. 2012, photo Steve Williams." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5761600" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5761600/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="1209">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSection>
<subSection id="7A652F41FFE6FFA5FCC1628F93AE814C" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="1210" pageId="4" pageNumber="1209" type="multiple">
<paragraph id="135536AAFFE6FFA4FCC1628F944C808F" blockId="4.[809,1119,1678,1702]" box="[809,1119,1678,1702]" pageId="4" pageNumber="1209">
<heading id="481D81C6FFE6FFA4FCC1628F944C808F" box="[809,1119,1678,1702]" centered="true" fontSize="9" level="2" pageId="4" pageNumber="1209" reason="2">
<emphasis id="219EEAB8FFE6FFA4FCC1628F944C808F" box="[809,1119,1678,1702]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="1209">
Male genitalia (
<figureCitation id="8BD12A2FFFE6FFA4FC0262919444808F" box="[1002,1111,1680,1701]" captionStart-0="Figure 6" captionStart-1="Figure 7" captionStart-2="Figure 8" captionStart-3="Figure 9" captionStart-4="Figure 10" captionStart-5="Figure 11" captionStart-6="Figure 12" captionStart-7="Figure 13" captionStart-8="Figure 14" captionStart-9="Figure 15" captionStartId-0="11.[163,241,1675,1697]" captionStartId-1="12.[145,224,1675,1697]" captionStartId-2="13.[163,242,1675,1697]" captionStartId-3="14.[145,224,1675,1697]" captionStartId-4="15.[163,241,1675,1697]" captionStartId-5="16.[145,223,1675,1697]" captionStartId-6="17.[163,243,1675,1697]" captionStartId-7="18.[145,224,1675,1697]" captionStartId-8="19.[163,243,1675,1697]" captionStartId-9="20.[145,225,1675,1697]" captionTargetBox-0="[246,1359,195,1630]" captionTargetBox-1="[234,1334,214,1635]" captionTargetBox-2="[257,1351,216,1633]" captionTargetBox-3="[221,1349,202,1632]" captionTargetBox-4="[255,1349,215,1628]" captionTargetBox-5="[226,1344,197,1635]" captionTargetBox-6="[256,1355,208,1634]" captionTargetBox-7="[236,1329,217,1628]" captionTargetBox-8="[245,1364,215,1631]" captionTargetBox-9="[235,1335,219,1632]" captionTargetId-0="figure-25@11.[246,1359,195,1635]" captionTargetId-1="figure-24@12.[231,1339,195,1635]" captionTargetId-2="figure-24@13.[254,1351,195,1635]" captionTargetId-3="figure-24@14.[215,1354,195,1635]" captionTargetId-4="figure-24@15.[251,1355,195,1635]" captionTargetId-5="figure-24@16.[226,1344,195,1635]" captionTargetId-6="figure-24@17.[250,1355,195,1635]" captionTargetId-7="figure-23@18.[233,1336,195,1635]" captionTargetId-8="figure-25@19.[242,1364,195,1635]" captionTargetId-9="figure-24@20.[235,1335,195,1635]" captionTargetPageId-0="11" captionTargetPageId-1="12" captionTargetPageId-2="13" captionTargetPageId-3="14" captionTargetPageId-4="15" captionTargetPageId-5="16" captionTargetPageId-6="17" captionTargetPageId-7="18" captionTargetPageId-8="19" captionTargetPageId-9="20" captionText-0="Figure 6. Selected male structures of Epidesmiinae species. A, labial palps with scales.B, labial palps descaled and pit-organ (vom Rath’s organ) enlarged (Epidesmia chilonaria). C, metathorax furca, dorsal view (E. chilonaria). D, E, tympanal organ with scales and descaled (E. chilonaria). F, hind leg with hair-pencil (Phrataria replicataria). G, part of male reproductive organ (E. chilonaria). Specimen metadata are given in Supporting Information, File S1." captionText-1="Figure 7. Adults and selected structures of Ecphyas holopsara Turner, 1929. A, adult female, wingspan 35 mm. B. male reproductive organ. C, aedeagus. D, male tympanal organ. E, male head and labial palps. F, female reproductive organ. G, elongated signum. H, roundish signum. Specimen metadata are given in Supporting Information, File S1." captionText-2="Figure 8. Adults and selected structures of Systatica xanthastis (Lower, 1894). A, adult male, wingspan 41 mm. B, male reproductive organ. C, aedeagus with everted vesica. D, female tympanal organ. E, male head and labial palps. F, female reproductive organ. G, signum. Specimen metadata are given in Supporting Information, File S1." captionText-3="Figure 9. Adults and selected structures of Adeixis inostentata (Walker, 1861). A, adult female, wingspan 18 mm. B, male reproductive organ. C, aedeagus with everted vesica. D, male tympanal organ. E, female head and labial palps. F, female reproductive organ. G, signum. Specimen metadata are given in Supporting Information, File S1." captionText-4="Figure 10. Adults and selected structures of Arcina fulgorigera (Walker, 1863). A, adult female, wingspan 29 mm. B, male reproductive organ. C, aedeagus with everted vesica. D, ansa of male tympanal organ. E, female head and labial palps. F, female reproductive organ. G, signum. Specimen metadata are given in Supporting Information, File S1." captionText-5="Figure 11. Adults and selected structures of Dichromodes indicataria (Walker, 1866). A, adult female, wingspan 19 mm. B, aedeagus with everted vesica. C, male reproductive organ. D, male third abdominal segment. E, female tympanal organ. F, female head and labial palps. G, female reproductive organ. H, elongated signum. I, roundish signum. Specimen metadata are given in Supporting Information, File S1." captionText-6="Figure 12. Adults and selected structures of Phrixocomes ptilomacra (Lower, 1892). A, adult male, wingspan 23 mm. B, male reproductive organ. C, aedeagus, vesica partly everted (below). D, male tympanal organ. E, male head and labial palps. F, female reproductive organ. G, signum. Specimen metadata are given in Supporting Information, File S1." captionText-7="Figure 13. Adults and selected structures of Abraxaphantes perampla (Swinhoe, 1890). A, adult male, wingspan 72 mm. B, male reproductive organ. C, aedeagus with everted vesica. D, ansa of male tympanal organ. E, Female head and labial palps. F, female reproductive organ. G, elongated signum. H, stellate signum. Specimen metadata are given in Supporting Information, File S1." captionText-8="Figure 14. Adults and selected structures of Epidesmia tricolor Westwood, 1841. A, adult female, wingspan 52 mm. B, male reproductive organ. C, aedeagus with everted vesica. D, ansa of tympanal organ. E, male eighth abdominal segment. F, female head and labial palps. G, female reproductive organ. H, elongated signum. I, stellate signum. Specimen metadata are given in Supporting Information, File S1." captionText-9="Figure 15. Adults and selected structures of Phrataria replicataria Walker, 1866. A, adult male, wingspan 27 mm. B, male reproductive organ. C, aedeagus with everted vesica. D, ansa of male tympanal organ. E, rod extending beyond male tympanal organ. F, male head and labial palps. G, female reproductive organ. H, elongated signum. I, stellate signum. Specimen metadata are given in Supporting Information, File S1." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5761608" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5761610" figureDoi-2="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5761612" figureDoi-3="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5761614" figureDoi-4="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5761616" figureDoi-5="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5761618" figureDoi-6="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5761620" figureDoi-7="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5761622" figureDoi-8="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5761624" figureDoi-9="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5761626" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/5761608/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/5761610/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/5761612/files/figure.png" httpUri-3="https://zenodo.org/record/5761614/files/figure.png" httpUri-4="https://zenodo.org/record/5761616/files/figure.png" httpUri-5="https://zenodo.org/record/5761618/files/figure.png" httpUri-6="https://zenodo.org/record/5761620/files/figure.png" httpUri-7="https://zenodo.org/record/5761622/files/figure.png" httpUri-8="https://zenodo.org/record/5761624/files/figure.png" httpUri-9="https://zenodo.org/record/5761626/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="1209">Figs 6–15</figureCitation>
)
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="135536AAFFE6FFA5FCC162B693AE814C" blockId="4.[809,1426,1718,1894]" lastBlockId="5.[827,1443,1719,1894]" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="1210" pageId="4" pageNumber="1209">
Uncus long, narrow (short in 
<taxonomicName id="D4EA4D29FFE6FFA4FB6962B794F180E1" authorityName="Turner" authorityYear="1929" box="[1153,1250,1718,1739]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Ecphyas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="1209" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="219EEAB8FFE6FFA4FB6962B794F180E1" box="[1153,1250,1718,1739]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="1209">Ecphyas</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
). Socii minute, setose (reduced, barely recognizable in 
<taxonomicName id="D4EA4D29FFE6FFA4FACD62D4959380C0" authorityName="Warren" authorityYear="1897" box="[1317,1408,1749,1770]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Adeixis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="1209" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="219EEAB8FFE6FFA4FACD62D4959380C0" box="[1317,1408,1749,1770]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="1209">Adeixis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
). Gnathos distinct, arms fused, apically granulate, spinose or dentate. Tegumen narrow. Opened valvae upright (but nearly horizontal in 
<taxonomicName id="D4EA4D29FFE6FFA4FB7663309521816C" authorityName="Guenee" authorityYear="1857" box="[1182,1330,1841,1862]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Dichromodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="1209" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="219EEAB8FFE6FFA4FB7663309521816C" box="[1182,1330,1841,1862]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="1209">Dichromodes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), mobile (fused in 
<taxonomicName id="D4EA4D29FFE6FFA4FC72635193EE814F" authorityName="Turner" authorityYear="1929" box="[922,1021,1872,1893]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Ecphyas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="1209" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="219EEAB8FFE6FFA4FC72635193EE814F" box="[922,1021,1872,1893]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="1209">Ecphyas</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), setose ventrally, with narrow or round projections (absent in 
<taxonomicName id="D4EA4D29FFE7FFA5FE0662B6924B80E6" authorityName="Turner" authorityYear="1904" box="[494,600,1719,1740]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Systatica" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="1210" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="219EEAB8FFE7FFA5FE0662B6924B80E6" box="[494,600,1719,1740]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="1210">Systatica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="D4EA4D29FFE7FFA5FD7A62B6931780E6" authorityName="Walker" authorityYear="1863" box="[658,772,1719,1740]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Phrataria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="1210" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="219EEAB8FFE7FFA5FD7A62B6931780E6" box="[658,772,1719,1740]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="1210">Phrataria</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and projections present or absent in 
<taxonomicName id="D4EA4D29FFE7FFA5FD8962D792E880C1" authorityName="Guenee" authorityYear="1857" box="[609,763,1750,1771]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Dichromodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="1210" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="219EEAB8FFE7FFA5FD8962D792E880C1" box="[609,763,1750,1771]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="1210">Dichromodes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
). Juxta variable, often sclerotized and bifurcate. Vinculum narrow. Transtilla often with two large, sclerotized, triangular lobes laterally, arms weakly sclerotized or membranous medially, barely fused. Saccus round (angled in 
<taxonomicName id="D4EA4D29FFE7FFA5FBB062B694D180E6" authorityName="Turner" authorityYear="1904" box="[1112,1218,1719,1740]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Systatica" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="1210" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="219EEAB8FFE7FFA5FBB062B694D180E6" box="[1112,1218,1719,1740]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="1210">Systatica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
). Coremata absent. Aedeagus variable, cornutus single (two cornuti in 
<emphasis id="219EEAB8FFE7FFA5FCD362F594C98120" box="[827,1242,1780,1802]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="1210">
<taxonomicName id="D4EA4D29FFE7FFA5FCD362F5944C8123" authorityName="Guenee" authorityYear="1857" box="[827,1119,1780,1801]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Dichromodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="1210" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="confluaria">Dichromodes confluaria</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="D4EA4D29FFE7FFA5FB8562F494C98120" authorityName="Meyrick" authorityYear="1890" box="[1133,1242,1781,1802]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Dichromodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="1210" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="euscia">D. euscia</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
and 
<taxonomicName id="D4EA4D29FFE7FFA5FAF362F493B28102" authority="C. Byrne" authorityName="C. Byrne" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Dichromodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="1210" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="stilbiata">
<emphasis id="219EEAB8FFE7FFA5FAF362F495B08123" box="[1307,1443,1780,1802]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="1210">D. stilbiata</emphasis>
C. Byrne
</taxonomicName>
, pers. comm.) or absent, vesica surface often covered with sclerotized granules. Vesica large, with diverticula.
</paragraph>
</subSection>
<caption id="47956622FFE7FFA5FF4B60B394508049" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5761596" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5761596" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5761596/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="1210" startId="5.[163,242,1202,1224]" targetBox="[178,1434,214,1146]" targetPageId="5">
<paragraph id="135536AAFFE7FFA5FF4B60B394508049" blockId="5.[163,1444,1202,1635]" pageId="5" pageNumber="1210">
<emphasis id="219EEAB8FFE7FFA5FF4B60B3911F82E2" bold="true" box="[163,268,1202,1224]" pageId="5" pageNumber="1210">Figure 1.</emphasis>
Adults of 
<taxonomicName id="D4EA4D29FFE7FFA5FE9760B2920382E3" authorityName="Murillo-Ramos, Brehm &amp; Sihvonen" authorityYear="2019" box="[383,528,1203,1225]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="1205" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Epidesmiinae">Epidesmiinae</taxonomicName>
genera. Type species of each genus is illustrated, except in 
<taxonomicName id="D4EA4D29FFE7FFA5FB6F60B294E382E3" authorityName="Walker" authorityYear="1863" box="[1159,1264,1203,1225]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Phrataria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="1210" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="219EEAB8FFE7FFA5FB6F60B294E382E3" box="[1159,1264,1203,1225]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="1210">Phrataria</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, where a similar species is illustrated instead. A. 
<taxonomicName id="D4EA4D29FFE7FFA5FE1D60D192A882CC" authorityName="Turner" authorityYear="1929" box="[501,699,1232,1254]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Ecphyas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="1210" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="holopsara">
<emphasis id="219EEAB8FFE7FFA5FE1D60D192A882CC" box="[501,699,1232,1254]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="1210">Ecphyas holopsara</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
male. Australia, WA, Albany, Torndirrup NP, 5.1.1993, coll. ANIC. B, C. 
<taxonomicName id="D4EA4D29FFE7FFA5FF4B60EF91368329" authorityName="Turner" authorityYear="1929" box="[163,293,1261,1283]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Ecphyas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="1210" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="holopsara">
<emphasis id="219EEAB8FFE7FFA5FF4B60EF91368329" box="[163,293,1261,1283]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="1210">E. holopsara</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
female. Australia, WA, Leeuwin-Naturaliste NP, 5.1.2015, coll. Friedrich. D. 
<taxonomicName id="D4EA4D29FFE7FFA5FBD160EC94EB8329" authorityName="Walker" authorityYear="1863" box="[1081,1272,1261,1283]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Arcina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="1210" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fulgorigera">
<emphasis id="219EEAB8FFE7FFA5FBD160EC94EB8329" box="[1081,1272,1261,1283]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="1210">Arcina fulgorigera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
male. Australia, WA, Talling, WA, 200 m, 3.11.2003, coll. ANIC. E, F. 
<taxonomicName id="D4EA4D29FFE7FFA5FD3A610A9376830B" authorityName="Walker" authorityYear="1863" box="[722,869,1291,1313]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Arcina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="1210" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fulgorigera">
<emphasis id="219EEAB8FFE7FFA5FD3A610A9376830B" box="[722,869,1291,1313]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="1210">A. fulgorigera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
female. Australia, WA, Icy Ck, Lane Pool Res. 300 m, 6.11.2003, coll. ANIC. G, I. 
<taxonomicName id="D4EA4D29FFE7FFA5FE526129929F8314" authorityName="Lower" authorityYear="1894" box="[442,652,1320,1342]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Systatica" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="1210" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="xanthastis">
<emphasis id="219EEAB8FFE7FFA5FE526129929F8314" box="[442,652,1320,1342]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="1210">Systatica xanthastis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
male. Australia, 
<taxonomicName id="D4EA4D29FFE7FFA5FCD26129939C8314" box="[826,911,1320,1342]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Victoria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="1232" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Victoria</taxonomicName>
, East Gippsland, 2.1.2012, 300 m, coll. Friedrich. H. 
<taxonomicName id="D4EA4D29FFE7FFA5FF4B6144913B8371" authorityName="Lower" authorityYear="1894" box="[163,296,1349,1371]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Systatica" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="1210" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="xanthastis">
<emphasis id="219EEAB8FFE7FFA5FF4B6144913B8371" box="[163,296,1349,1371]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="1210">S. xanthastis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
female. Australia, QLD, Binna Burra Lamington NP, 15.11.1992, 700 m, coll. ANIC. J, L. 
<taxonomicName id="D4EA4D29FFE7FFA5FB53614495B08371" authorityName="Walker" authorityYear="1866" box="[1211,1443,1349,1371]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Phrataria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="1210" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="replicataria">
<emphasis id="219EEAB8FFE7FFA5FB53614495B08371" box="[1211,1443,1349,1371]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="1210">Phrataria replicataria</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
male. Australia, 
<taxonomicName id="D4EA4D29FFE7FFA5FEB1616291A18353" box="[345,434,1379,1401]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Victoria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="1232" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Victoria</taxonomicName>
, Gisborne, 17.2.1901, coll. NHMUK. K. 
<taxonomicName id="D4EA4D29FFE7FFA5FC80616294108353" authorityName="Walker" authorityYear="1866" box="[872,1027,1379,1401]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Phrataria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="1210" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="replicataria">
<emphasis id="219EEAB8FFE7FFA5FC80616294108353" box="[872,1027,1379,1401]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="1210">P. replicataria</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
female. Australia, 
<taxonomicName id="D4EA4D29FFE7FFA5FB3D6162953D8353" box="[1237,1326,1379,1401]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Victoria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="1232" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Victoria</taxonomicName>
, Gisborne, 10.3.1901, coll. NHMUK. M, O. 
<taxonomicName id="D4EA4D29FFE7FFA5FE10618192E883BC" authorityName="Lower" authorityYear="1892" box="[504,763,1408,1430]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Phrixocomes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="1210" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ptilomacra">
<emphasis id="219EEAB8FFE7FFA5FE10618192E883BC" box="[504,763,1408,1430]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="1210">Phrixocomes ptilomacra</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
male. Australia, WA, 37 km SW of Mt. Ragged, 2.11.1977, coll. ANIC. N. 
<taxonomicName id="D4EA4D29FFE7FFA5FEE0619F91808399" authorityName="Lower" authorityYear="1892" box="[264,403,1437,1459]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Phrixocomes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="1210" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ptilomacra">
<emphasis id="219EEAB8FFE7FFA5FEE0619F91808399" box="[264,403,1437,1459]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="1210">P. ptilomacra</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
female. Australia, WA, 37 km SW of Mt. Ragged, 2.11.1977, coll. ANIC. P. 
<taxonomicName id="D4EA4D29FFE7FFA5FB48619C95708399" authorityName="Westwood" authorityYear="1841" box="[1184,1379,1437,1459]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Epidesmia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="1210" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tricolor">
<emphasis id="219EEAB8FFE7FFA5FB48619C95708399" box="[1184,1379,1437,1459]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="1210">Epidesmia tricolor</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
male. (without locality, without date) Pres. by Lady Lochore to B. M. 1946-341, coll. NHMUK. Q, R. 
<taxonomicName id="D4EA4D29FFE7FFA5FB9061BA94F283FB" authorityName="Westwood" authorityYear="1841" box="[1144,1249,1467,1489]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Epidesmia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="1210" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tricolor">
<emphasis id="219EEAB8FFE7FFA5FB9061BA94F283FB" box="[1144,1249,1467,1489]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="1210">E. tricolor</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
female. Australia, NSW, Lindfield, 22.12.1974, coll. ANIC. S. 
<taxonomicName id="D4EA4D29FFE7FFA5FDB461D9937283C4" baseAuthorityName="Walker" baseAuthorityYear="1866" box="[604,865,1496,1518]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Dichromodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="1210" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="indicataria">
<emphasis id="219EEAB8FFE7FFA5FDB461D9937283C4" box="[604,865,1496,1518]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="1210">Dichromodes indicataria</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
male. Australia, 
<taxonomicName id="D4EA4D29FFE7FFA5FBFB61D9947583C4" box="[1043,1126,1496,1518]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Victoria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="1232" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Victoria</taxonomicName>
(without date). coll. NHMUK. T, U. 
<taxonomicName id="D4EA4D29FFE7FFA5FF3061F7917F8021" baseAuthorityName="Walker" baseAuthorityYear="1866" box="[216,364,1525,1547]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Dichromodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="1210" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="indicataria">
<emphasis id="219EEAB8FFE7FFA5FF3061F7917F8021" box="[216,364,1525,1547]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="1210">D. indicataria</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
female. Australia, 
<taxonomicName id="D4EA4D29FFE7FFA5FDDC61F4929B8021" box="[564,648,1525,1547]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Victoria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="1232" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Victoria</taxonomicName>
(without date). coll. NHMUK.. V. 
<taxonomicName id="D4EA4D29FFE7FFA5FC0561F494A48021" baseAuthorityName="Walker" baseAuthorityYear="1861" box="[1005,1207,1525,1547]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Adeixis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="1210" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="inostentata">
<emphasis id="219EEAB8FFE7FFA5FC0561F494A48021" box="[1005,1207,1525,1547]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="1210">Adeixis inostentata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
male. New Caledonia, Grand Lac, 19.5.1971, 250 m, coll. NHMUK. W, X. 
<taxonomicName id="D4EA4D29FFE7FFA5FD476212932C8003" baseAuthorityName="Walker" baseAuthorityYear="1861" box="[687,831,1555,1577]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Adeixis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="1210" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="inostentata">
<emphasis id="219EEAB8FFE7FFA5FD476212932C8003" box="[687,831,1555,1577]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="1210">A. inostentata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
female. New Caledonia, Grand Lac, 19.5.1971, 250 m, coll. NHMUK. Y, AA 
<taxonomicName id="D4EA4D29FFE7FFA5FEBA62319273806C" baseAuthorityName="Swinhoe" baseAuthorityYear="1890" box="[338,608,1584,1606]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Abraxaphantes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="1210" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="perampla">
<emphasis id="219EEAB8FFE7FFA5FEBA62319273806C" box="[338,608,1584,1606]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="1210">Abraxaphantes perampla</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
male. Thailand, Chiangmai, Thoeng Dang, 7.4.2006, 500 m, coll. Sihvonen. Z. 
<taxonomicName id="D4EA4D29FFE7FFA5FF4B624C91318049" baseAuthorityName="Swinhoe" baseAuthorityYear="1890" box="[163,290,1613,1635]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Abraxaphantes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="1210" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="perampla">
<emphasis id="219EEAB8FFE7FFA5FF4B624C91318049" box="[163,290,1613,1635]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="1210">A. perampla</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
female. Thailand, Chiangmai, Thoeng Dang, 7.4.2006, 500 m, coll. Sihvonen.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="47956622FFE4FFA6FF796201921680EC" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5761600" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5761600" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5761600/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="1211" startId="6.[145,223,1536,1558]" targetBox="[153,1417,195,1488]" targetPageId="6">
<paragraph id="135536AAFFE4FFA6FF796201921680EC" blockId="6.[145,1425,1536,1734]" pageId="6" pageNumber="1211">
<emphasis id="219EEAB8FFE4FFA6FF79620190E4803F" bold="true" box="[145,247,1536,1558]" pageId="6" pageNumber="1211">Figure 2.</emphasis>
Adults of 
<taxonomicName id="D4EA4D29FFE4FFA6FE8D620191E5803C" authorityName="Murillo-Ramos, Brehm &amp; Sihvonen" authorityYear="2019" box="[357,502,1536,1558]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="1205" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Epidesmiinae">Epidesmiinae</taxonomicName>
, showing different resting positions (A–E) and a ‘dancing’ specimen of 
<taxonomicName id="D4EA4D29FFE4FFA6FB2F62019598803C" baseAuthorityName="Walker" baseAuthorityYear="1863" box="[1223,1419,1536,1558]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Phrataria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="1211" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bijugata">
<emphasis id="219EEAB8FFE4FFA6FB2F62019598803C" box="[1223,1419,1536,1558]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="1211">Phrataria bijugata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, see text for details. Photos printed with permission, see Acknowledgements for details. A, 
<taxonomicName id="D4EA4D29FFE4FFA6FBAE621F9508801E" authorityName="Lower" authorityYear="1894" box="[1094,1307,1566,1588]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Systatica" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="1211" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="xanthastis">
<emphasis id="219EEAB8FFE4FFA6FBAE621F9508801E" box="[1094,1307,1566,1588]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="1211">Systatica xanthastis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, Australia, Queensland, Tamborine Mtn., 8 Oct. 2016, photo Nicholas Fisher. B, 
<taxonomicName id="D4EA4D29FFE4FFA6FCB7623A9476807B" authorityName="Walker" authorityYear="1861" box="[863,1125,1595,1617]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Dichromodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="1211" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="atrosignata">
<emphasis id="219EEAB8FFE4FFA6FCB7623A9476807B" box="[863,1125,1595,1617]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="1211">Dichromodes atrosignata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, Australia, 
<taxonomicName id="D4EA4D29FFE4FFA6FB37623A911D8044" authority=", Wilsons Promontory" authorityName="Wilsons Promontory" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Victoria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="1211" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Victoria, Wilsons Promontory</taxonomicName>
, 22 Sept. 2006, photo Peter Marriott. C, 
<taxonomicName id="D4EA4D29FFE4FFA6FD516259938B8044" box="[697,920,1624,1646]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Phrixocomes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="1211" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ophiuca">
<emphasis id="219EEAB8FFE4FFA6FD516259938B8044" box="[697,920,1624,1646]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="1211">Phrixocomes ophiuca</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, Australia, 
<taxonomicName id="D4EA4D29FFE4FFA6FBFC6259956A8044" authority=", Davis Creek, Mallacoota" authorityName="Davis Creek, Mallacoota" box="[1044,1401,1624,1646]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Victoria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="1211" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Victoria, Davis Creek, Mallacoota</taxonomicName>
, 1 Nov. 2010, photo Marilyn Hewish. D, 
<taxonomicName id="D4EA4D29FFE4FFA6FDF16277933180A6" baseAuthorityName="Swinhoe" baseAuthorityYear="1890" box="[537,802,1654,1676]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Abraxaphantes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="1211" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="perampla">
<emphasis id="219EEAB8FFE4FFA6FDF16277933180A6" box="[537,802,1654,1676]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="1211">Abraxaphantes perampla</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, Thailand, 19 Feb. 2012, photo Tim Stratford. E, 
<taxonomicName id="D4EA4D29FFE4FFA6FAC9627790CE8083" authorityName="Westwood" authorityYear="1841" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Epidesmia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="1211" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tricolor">
<emphasis id="219EEAB8FFE4FFA6FAC9627790CE8083" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="1211">Epidesmia tricolor</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, Australia, New South Wales, 16 Feb. 2009, photo Denis Wilson. F, 
<taxonomicName id="D4EA4D29FFE4FFA6FC78629294478083" baseAuthorityName="Walker" baseAuthorityYear="1863" box="[912,1108,1683,1705]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Phrataria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="1211" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bijugata">
<emphasis id="219EEAB8FFE4FFA6FC78629294478083" box="[912,1108,1683,1705]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="1211">Phrataria bijugata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, Australia, 
<taxonomicName id="D4EA4D29FFE4FFA6FB246292959E8083" authority=", Eppalock" authorityName="Eppalock" box="[1228,1421,1683,1705]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Victoria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="1211" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Victoria, Eppalock</taxonomicName>
, 24 Jan. 2012, photo Steve Williams.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<subSection id="7A652F41FFE5FFA7FF4B64C49238847E" pageId="7" pageNumber="1212" type="multiple">
<paragraph id="135536AAFFE5FFA7FF4B64C491E786F6" blockId="7.[163,500,197,221]" box="[163,500,197,221]" pageId="7" pageNumber="1212">
<heading id="481D81C6FFE5FFA7FF4B64C491E786F6" box="[163,500,197,221]" centered="true" fontSize="9" level="2" pageId="7" pageNumber="1212" reason="2">
<emphasis id="219EEAB8FFE5FFA7FF4B64C491E786F6" box="[163,500,197,221]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="1212">
Female genitalia (
<figureCitation id="8BD12A2FFFE5FFA7FE9764C691FF86F6" box="[383,492,199,220]" captionStart-0="Figure 6" captionStart-1="Figure 7" captionStart-2="Figure 8" captionStart-3="Figure 9" captionStart-4="Figure 10" captionStart-5="Figure 11" captionStart-6="Figure 12" captionStart-7="Figure 13" captionStart-8="Figure 14" captionStart-9="Figure 15" captionStartId-0="11.[163,241,1675,1697]" captionStartId-1="12.[145,224,1675,1697]" captionStartId-2="13.[163,242,1675,1697]" captionStartId-3="14.[145,224,1675,1697]" captionStartId-4="15.[163,241,1675,1697]" captionStartId-5="16.[145,223,1675,1697]" captionStartId-6="17.[163,243,1675,1697]" captionStartId-7="18.[145,224,1675,1697]" captionStartId-8="19.[163,243,1675,1697]" captionStartId-9="20.[145,225,1675,1697]" captionTargetBox-0="[246,1359,195,1630]" captionTargetBox-1="[234,1334,214,1635]" captionTargetBox-2="[257,1351,216,1633]" captionTargetBox-3="[221,1349,202,1632]" captionTargetBox-4="[255,1349,215,1628]" captionTargetBox-5="[226,1344,197,1635]" captionTargetBox-6="[256,1355,208,1634]" captionTargetBox-7="[236,1329,217,1628]" captionTargetBox-8="[245,1364,215,1631]" captionTargetBox-9="[235,1335,219,1632]" captionTargetId-0="figure-25@11.[246,1359,195,1635]" captionTargetId-1="figure-24@12.[231,1339,195,1635]" captionTargetId-2="figure-24@13.[254,1351,195,1635]" captionTargetId-3="figure-24@14.[215,1354,195,1635]" captionTargetId-4="figure-24@15.[251,1355,195,1635]" captionTargetId-5="figure-24@16.[226,1344,195,1635]" captionTargetId-6="figure-24@17.[250,1355,195,1635]" captionTargetId-7="figure-23@18.[233,1336,195,1635]" captionTargetId-8="figure-25@19.[242,1364,195,1635]" captionTargetId-9="figure-24@20.[235,1335,195,1635]" captionTargetPageId-0="11" captionTargetPageId-1="12" captionTargetPageId-2="13" captionTargetPageId-3="14" captionTargetPageId-4="15" captionTargetPageId-5="16" captionTargetPageId-6="17" captionTargetPageId-7="18" captionTargetPageId-8="19" captionTargetPageId-9="20" captionText-0="Figure 6. Selected male structures of Epidesmiinae species. A, labial palps with scales.B, labial palps descaled and pit-organ (vom Rath’s organ) enlarged (Epidesmia chilonaria). C, metathorax furca, dorsal view (E. chilonaria). D, E, tympanal organ with scales and descaled (E. chilonaria). F, hind leg with hair-pencil (Phrataria replicataria). G, part of male reproductive organ (E. chilonaria). Specimen metadata are given in Supporting Information, File S1." captionText-1="Figure 7. Adults and selected structures of Ecphyas holopsara Turner, 1929. A, adult female, wingspan 35 mm. B. male reproductive organ. C, aedeagus. D, male tympanal organ. E, male head and labial palps. F, female reproductive organ. G, elongated signum. H, roundish signum. Specimen metadata are given in Supporting Information, File S1." captionText-2="Figure 8. Adults and selected structures of Systatica xanthastis (Lower, 1894). A, adult male, wingspan 41 mm. B, male reproductive organ. C, aedeagus with everted vesica. D, female tympanal organ. E, male head and labial palps. F, female reproductive organ. G, signum. Specimen metadata are given in Supporting Information, File S1." captionText-3="Figure 9. Adults and selected structures of Adeixis inostentata (Walker, 1861). A, adult female, wingspan 18 mm. B, male reproductive organ. C, aedeagus with everted vesica. D, male tympanal organ. E, female head and labial palps. F, female reproductive organ. G, signum. Specimen metadata are given in Supporting Information, File S1." captionText-4="Figure 10. Adults and selected structures of Arcina fulgorigera (Walker, 1863). A, adult female, wingspan 29 mm. B, male reproductive organ. C, aedeagus with everted vesica. D, ansa of male tympanal organ. E, female head and labial palps. F, female reproductive organ. G, signum. Specimen metadata are given in Supporting Information, File S1." captionText-5="Figure 11. Adults and selected structures of Dichromodes indicataria (Walker, 1866). A, adult female, wingspan 19 mm. B, aedeagus with everted vesica. C, male reproductive organ. D, male third abdominal segment. E, female tympanal organ. F, female head and labial palps. G, female reproductive organ. H, elongated signum. I, roundish signum. Specimen metadata are given in Supporting Information, File S1." captionText-6="Figure 12. Adults and selected structures of Phrixocomes ptilomacra (Lower, 1892). A, adult male, wingspan 23 mm. B, male reproductive organ. C, aedeagus, vesica partly everted (below). D, male tympanal organ. E, male head and labial palps. F, female reproductive organ. G, signum. Specimen metadata are given in Supporting Information, File S1." captionText-7="Figure 13. Adults and selected structures of Abraxaphantes perampla (Swinhoe, 1890). A, adult male, wingspan 72 mm. B, male reproductive organ. C, aedeagus with everted vesica. D, ansa of male tympanal organ. E, Female head and labial palps. F, female reproductive organ. G, elongated signum. H, stellate signum. Specimen metadata are given in Supporting Information, File S1." captionText-8="Figure 14. Adults and selected structures of Epidesmia tricolor Westwood, 1841. A, adult female, wingspan 52 mm. B, male reproductive organ. C, aedeagus with everted vesica. D, ansa of tympanal organ. E, male eighth abdominal segment. F, female head and labial palps. G, female reproductive organ. H, elongated signum. I, stellate signum. Specimen metadata are given in Supporting Information, File S1." captionText-9="Figure 15. Adults and selected structures of Phrataria replicataria Walker, 1866. A, adult male, wingspan 27 mm. B, male reproductive organ. C, aedeagus with everted vesica. D, ansa of male tympanal organ. E, rod extending beyond male tympanal organ. F, male head and labial palps. G, female reproductive organ. H, elongated signum. I, stellate signum. Specimen metadata are given in Supporting Information, File S1." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5761608" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5761610" figureDoi-2="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5761612" figureDoi-3="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5761614" figureDoi-4="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5761616" figureDoi-5="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5761618" figureDoi-6="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5761620" figureDoi-7="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5761622" figureDoi-8="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5761624" figureDoi-9="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5761626" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/5761608/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/5761610/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/5761612/files/figure.png" httpUri-3="https://zenodo.org/record/5761614/files/figure.png" httpUri-4="https://zenodo.org/record/5761616/files/figure.png" httpUri-5="https://zenodo.org/record/5761618/files/figure.png" httpUri-6="https://zenodo.org/record/5761620/files/figure.png" httpUri-7="https://zenodo.org/record/5761622/files/figure.png" httpUri-8="https://zenodo.org/record/5761624/files/figure.png" httpUri-9="https://zenodo.org/record/5761626/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="1212">Figs 6–15</figureCitation>
)
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="135536AAFFE5FFA7FF4B64EF9238847E" blockId="7.[163,779,237,597]" pageId="7" pageNumber="1212">Two signa (in 5/9 genera), one stellate or granulate wide plate, another long, granulate or spinose narrow plate, both in mid-part of corpus bursae either ventrally or laterally; or one stellate or irregular-shaped signum (in 4/9 genera) in mid-part of corpus bursae either ventrally or laterally. Corpus bursae pyriform or constricted and narrower before anterior end, posterior part with sclerotized striations (in 5/9 genera). Ductus bursae length and degree of sclerotization variable. Shape and degree of sclerotization of lamella antevaginalis and lamella postvaginalis variable. Papillae anales round or weakly elongated, setose.</paragraph>
</subSection>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="5BF06521FFE5FFA7FF4B668C91628345" pageId="7" pageNumber="1212" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="135536AAFFE5FFA7FF4B668C913984EE" blockId="7.[163,739,653,709]" pageId="7" pageNumber="1212">
<emphasis id="219EEAB8FFE5FFA7FF4B668C913984EE" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="1212">
Morphology of individual 
<taxonomicName id="D4EA4D29FFE5FFA7FE0A668C9299848F" authorityName="Murillo-Ramos, Brehm &amp; Sihvonen" authorityYear="2019" box="[482,650,653,677]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="1205" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Epidesmiinae">Epidesmiinae</taxonomicName>
genera (
<figureCitation id="8BD12A2FFFE5FFA7FF4466AF913284EF" box="[172,289,685,709]" captionStart-0="Figure 6" captionStart-1="Figure 7" captionStart-2="Figure 8" captionStart-3="Figure 9" captionStart-4="Figure 10" captionStart-5="Figure 11" captionStart-6="Figure 12" captionStart-7="Figure 13" captionStart-8="Figure 14" captionStart-9="Figure 15" captionStartId-0="11.[163,241,1675,1697]" captionStartId-1="12.[145,224,1675,1697]" captionStartId-2="13.[163,242,1675,1697]" captionStartId-3="14.[145,224,1675,1697]" captionStartId-4="15.[163,241,1675,1697]" captionStartId-5="16.[145,223,1675,1697]" captionStartId-6="17.[163,243,1675,1697]" captionStartId-7="18.[145,224,1675,1697]" captionStartId-8="19.[163,243,1675,1697]" captionStartId-9="20.[145,225,1675,1697]" captionTargetBox-0="[246,1359,195,1630]" captionTargetBox-1="[234,1334,214,1635]" captionTargetBox-2="[257,1351,216,1633]" captionTargetBox-3="[221,1349,202,1632]" captionTargetBox-4="[255,1349,215,1628]" captionTargetBox-5="[226,1344,197,1635]" captionTargetBox-6="[256,1355,208,1634]" captionTargetBox-7="[236,1329,217,1628]" captionTargetBox-8="[245,1364,215,1631]" captionTargetBox-9="[235,1335,219,1632]" captionTargetId-0="figure-25@11.[246,1359,195,1635]" captionTargetId-1="figure-24@12.[231,1339,195,1635]" captionTargetId-2="figure-24@13.[254,1351,195,1635]" captionTargetId-3="figure-24@14.[215,1354,195,1635]" captionTargetId-4="figure-24@15.[251,1355,195,1635]" captionTargetId-5="figure-24@16.[226,1344,195,1635]" captionTargetId-6="figure-24@17.[250,1355,195,1635]" captionTargetId-7="figure-23@18.[233,1336,195,1635]" captionTargetId-8="figure-25@19.[242,1364,195,1635]" captionTargetId-9="figure-24@20.[235,1335,195,1635]" captionTargetPageId-0="11" captionTargetPageId-1="12" captionTargetPageId-2="13" captionTargetPageId-3="14" captionTargetPageId-4="15" captionTargetPageId-5="16" captionTargetPageId-6="17" captionTargetPageId-7="18" captionTargetPageId-8="19" captionTargetPageId-9="20" captionText-0="Figure 6. Selected male structures of Epidesmiinae species. A, labial palps with scales.B, labial palps descaled and pit-organ (vom Rath’s organ) enlarged (Epidesmia chilonaria). C, metathorax furca, dorsal view (E. chilonaria). D, E, tympanal organ with scales and descaled (E. chilonaria). F, hind leg with hair-pencil (Phrataria replicataria). G, part of male reproductive organ (E. chilonaria). Specimen metadata are given in Supporting Information, File S1." captionText-1="Figure 7. Adults and selected structures of Ecphyas holopsara Turner, 1929. A, adult female, wingspan 35 mm. B. male reproductive organ. C, aedeagus. D, male tympanal organ. E, male head and labial palps. F, female reproductive organ. G, elongated signum. H, roundish signum. Specimen metadata are given in Supporting Information, File S1." captionText-2="Figure 8. Adults and selected structures of Systatica xanthastis (Lower, 1894). A, adult male, wingspan 41 mm. B, male reproductive organ. C, aedeagus with everted vesica. D, female tympanal organ. E, male head and labial palps. F, female reproductive organ. G, signum. Specimen metadata are given in Supporting Information, File S1." captionText-3="Figure 9. Adults and selected structures of Adeixis inostentata (Walker, 1861). A, adult female, wingspan 18 mm. B, male reproductive organ. C, aedeagus with everted vesica. D, male tympanal organ. E, female head and labial palps. F, female reproductive organ. G, signum. Specimen metadata are given in Supporting Information, File S1." captionText-4="Figure 10. Adults and selected structures of Arcina fulgorigera (Walker, 1863). A, adult female, wingspan 29 mm. B, male reproductive organ. C, aedeagus with everted vesica. D, ansa of male tympanal organ. E, female head and labial palps. F, female reproductive organ. G, signum. Specimen metadata are given in Supporting Information, File S1." captionText-5="Figure 11. Adults and selected structures of Dichromodes indicataria (Walker, 1866). A, adult female, wingspan 19 mm. B, aedeagus with everted vesica. C, male reproductive organ. D, male third abdominal segment. E, female tympanal organ. F, female head and labial palps. G, female reproductive organ. H, elongated signum. I, roundish signum. Specimen metadata are given in Supporting Information, File S1." captionText-6="Figure 12. Adults and selected structures of Phrixocomes ptilomacra (Lower, 1892). A, adult male, wingspan 23 mm. B, male reproductive organ. C, aedeagus, vesica partly everted (below). D, male tympanal organ. E, male head and labial palps. F, female reproductive organ. G, signum. Specimen metadata are given in Supporting Information, File S1." captionText-7="Figure 13. Adults and selected structures of Abraxaphantes perampla (Swinhoe, 1890). A, adult male, wingspan 72 mm. B, male reproductive organ. C, aedeagus with everted vesica. D, ansa of male tympanal organ. E, Female head and labial palps. F, female reproductive organ. G, elongated signum. H, stellate signum. Specimen metadata are given in Supporting Information, File S1." captionText-8="Figure 14. Adults and selected structures of Epidesmia tricolor Westwood, 1841. A, adult female, wingspan 52 mm. B, male reproductive organ. C, aedeagus with everted vesica. D, ansa of tympanal organ. E, male eighth abdominal segment. F, female head and labial palps. G, female reproductive organ. H, elongated signum. I, stellate signum. Specimen metadata are given in Supporting Information, File S1." captionText-9="Figure 15. Adults and selected structures of Phrataria replicataria Walker, 1866. A, adult male, wingspan 27 mm. B, male reproductive organ. C, aedeagus with everted vesica. D, ansa of male tympanal organ. E, rod extending beyond male tympanal organ. F, male head and labial palps. G, female reproductive organ. H, elongated signum. I, stellate signum. Specimen metadata are given in Supporting Information, File S1." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5761608" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5761610" figureDoi-2="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5761612" figureDoi-3="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5761614" figureDoi-4="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5761616" figureDoi-5="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5761618" figureDoi-6="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5761620" figureDoi-7="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5761622" figureDoi-8="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5761624" figureDoi-9="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5761626" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/5761608/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/5761610/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/5761612/files/figure.png" httpUri-3="https://zenodo.org/record/5761614/files/figure.png" httpUri-4="https://zenodo.org/record/5761616/files/figure.png" httpUri-5="https://zenodo.org/record/5761618/files/figure.png" httpUri-6="https://zenodo.org/record/5761620/files/figure.png" httpUri-7="https://zenodo.org/record/5761622/files/figure.png" httpUri-8="https://zenodo.org/record/5761624/files/figure.png" httpUri-9="https://zenodo.org/record/5761626/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="1212">Figs 6–15</figureCitation>
)
</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="135536AAFFE5FFA7FF4B66D491628345" blockId="7.[163,779,725,1391]" pageId="7" pageNumber="1212">
Morphology of each genus was studied using the 
<typeStatus id="CC518808FFE5FFA7FD3166D7931884C1" box="[729,779,726,747]" pageId="7" pageNumber="1212">type</typeStatus>
species, and in species-rich genera other material was studied also. We are aware that as more material is examined, in particular in 
<taxonomicName id="D4EA4D29FFE5FFA7FDE1673092B7856C" authorityName="Guenee" authorityYear="1857" box="[521,676,817,838]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Dichromodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="1212" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="219EEAB8FFE5FFA7FDE1673092B7856C" box="[521,676,817,838]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="1212">Dichromodes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, we will gain a more accurate understanding of variation within each genus. Therefore, we do not provide detailed descriptions of genera, but instead illustrate relevant morphological structures in the colour plates provided. Selected structures are highlighted with arrows. The highest variation in the morphological structures are found in wing pattern and size; the number, position and shape of signa; shape of corpus bursae and its sclerotizations; tympanal organs; valva shape and its ornamentations; and in labial palps. Variation and similarities in these are useful in diagnosing the 
<taxonomicName id="D4EA4D29FFE5FFA7FE6A60A0923B829D" authorityName="Murillo-Ramos, Brehm &amp; Sihvonen" authorityYear="2019" box="[386,552,1185,1207]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="1205" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Epidesmiinae">Epidesmiinae</taxonomicName>
genera, and other groups within 
<taxonomicName id="D4EA4D29FFE5FFA7FEB860C191E082FC" authorityName="Murillo-Ramos, Brehm &amp; Sihvonen" authorityYear="2019" box="[336,499,1216,1238]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="1205" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Epidesmiinae">Epidesmiinae</taxonomicName>
, for instance, if a tribelevel classification within the subfamily is needed later. The morphological variation should be compared against the molecular phylogenetic hypothesis of 
<taxonomicName id="D4EA4D29FFE5FFA7FF4B613B9154837A" authorityName="Murillo-Ramos, Brehm &amp; Sihvonen" authorityYear="2019" box="[163,327,1338,1360]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="1205" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Epidesmiinae">Epidesmiinae</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="777B4B5BFFE5FFA7FEB1613B928A837A" author="Murillo-Ramos L &amp; Brehm G &amp; Sihvonen P &amp; Hausmann A &amp; Holm S &amp; Reza Ghanavi H &amp; Ounap E &amp; Truuverk A &amp; Staude H &amp; Friedrich E &amp; Tammaru T &amp; Wahlberg N" box="[345,665,1338,1360]" pageId="7" pageNumber="1212" pagination="7386" refId="ref13001" refString="Murillo-Ramos L, Brehm G, Sihvonen P, Hausmann A, Holm S, Reza Ghanavi H, Ounap E, Truuverk A, Staude H, Friedrich E, Tammaru T, Wahlberg N. 2019. A comprehensive molecular phylogeny of Geometridae (Lepidoptera) with a focus on enigmatic small subfamilies. PeerJ 7: e 7386." type="journal article" year="2019">
Murillo-Ramos 
<emphasis id="219EEAB8FFE5FFA7FDFC613A92428365" box="[532,593,1338,1360]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="1212">et al.</emphasis>
, 2019
</bibRefCitation>
) to see if correlations exist.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="5BF06521FFE5FFA7FF4B61A493C8815B" pageId="7" pageNumber="1212" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="135536AAFFE5FFA7FF4B61A493168397" blockId="7.[163,773,1445,1469]" box="[163,773,1445,1469]" pageId="7" pageNumber="1212">
<heading id="481D81C6FFE5FFA7FF4B61A493168397" box="[163,773,1445,1469]" pageId="7" pageNumber="1212">
<emphasis id="219EEAB8FFE5FFA7FF4B61A493168397" box="[163,773,1445,1469]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="1212">
Distribution, biology and immature stages (
<figureCitation id="8BD12A2FFFE5FFA7FD5061A792EF8397" box="[696,764,1445,1469]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="8.[145,227,1653,1675]" captionTargetBox="[145,1416,195,1605]" captionTargetId="figure-23@8.[145,1425,195,1614]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Figure 3. Immature stages of Epidesmiinae. All photos by Steve Williams. A, Phrataria bijugata, eggs, Australia, Queensland, 5 January 2015. B, Phrataria bijugata, 1st instar larva in lateral view, Australia, Victoria, 30 January 2015. C, Phrataria bijugata, 1st instar larva in dorsal view, Australia, Victoria, 7 January 2020. D, Epidesmia hypenaria, eggs, Australia, Victoria, 6 December 2015. E, Epidesmia chilonaria, small larvae, Australia, Victoria, 6 February 2013. F, Epidesmia chilonaria, fully grown larva, Australia, Victoria, 6 April 2013. G, Epidesmia chilonaria, pupa, Australia, Victoria, 22 December 2013." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5761602" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5761602/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="1212">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
)
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="135536AAFFE5FFA7FF4B61CC94B98342" blockId="7.[163,779,1485,1906]" lastBlockId="7.[827,1444,197,1905]" pageId="7" pageNumber="1212">
<taxonomicName id="D4EA4D29FFE5FFA7FF4B61CC915C83C9" authorityName="Murillo-Ramos, Brehm &amp; Sihvonen" authorityYear="2019" box="[163,335,1485,1507]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="1205" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Epidesmiinae">Epidesmiinae</taxonomicName>
have an Australasian distribution with species recorded from 
<collectingCountry id="6BFD763AFFE5FFA7FDDD61ED92AB802B" box="[565,696,1516,1538]" name="Australia" pageId="7" pageNumber="1212">Australia</collectingCountry>
, 
<collectingCountry id="6BFD763AFFE5FFA7FD3961ED911A800B" name="New Zealand" pageId="7" pageNumber="1212">New Zealand</collectingCountry>
, 
<collectingCountry id="6BFD763AFFE5FFA7FEFF620A91C6800B" box="[279,469,1547,1569]" name="New Caledonia" pageId="7" pageNumber="1212">New Caledonia</collectingCountry>
and eastern 
<collectingCountry id="6BFD763AFFE5FFA7FD95620A90EE8015" name="Papua New Guinea" pageId="7" pageNumber="1212">Papua New Guinea</collectingCountry>
. Monotypic 
<taxonomicName id="D4EA4D29FFE5FFA7FE64622892528014" authorityName="Swinhoe" authorityYear="1890" box="[396,577,1577,1598]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Abraxaphantes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="1212" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="219EEAB8FFE5FFA7FE64622892528014" box="[396,577,1577,1598]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="1212">Abraxaphantes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is the only Indo- Malayan representative, recorded from 
<collectingCountry id="6BFD763AFFE5FFA7FD72624993198074" box="[666,778,1608,1630]" name="Thailand" pageId="7" pageNumber="1212">Thailand</collectingCountry>
and southern 
<collectingCountry id="6BFD763AFFE5FFA7FEB7626691A38057" box="[351,432,1639,1661]" name="China" pageId="7" pageNumber="1212">China</collectingCountry>
. 
<taxonomicName id="D4EA4D29FFE5FFA7FE296266927B8056" authorityName="Guenee" authorityYear="1857" box="[449,616,1639,1660]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Dichromodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="1212" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="219EEAB8FFE5FFA7FE296266927B8056" box="[449,616,1639,1660]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="1212">Dichromodes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is the most diverse genus with 67 described species (Scoble &amp; H a u s m a n n, 2 0 0 7), b u t p o t e n t i a l l y o v e r 2 0 0 additional species await description (
<bibRefCitation id="777B4B5BFFE5FFA7FD7C62C290CF80DC" author="Marriott P" pageId="7" pageNumber="1212" refId="ref12682" refString="Marriott P. 2012. Moths of Victoria. Watsonia North: Entomological Society of Victoria." type="book" year="2012">Marriott, 2012</bibRefCitation>
). Several species fly commonly during the day and fly a short distance when disturbed in heath and grassy areas, but are also attracted to light during the night (
<bibRefCitation id="777B4B5BFFE5FFA7FEC5633C91F48178" author="Marriott P" box="[301,487,1853,1875]" pageId="7" pageNumber="1212" refId="ref12682" refString="Marriott P. 2012. Moths of Victoria. Watsonia North: Entomological Society of Victoria." type="book" year="2012">Marriott, 2012</bibRefCitation>
). Little information is available on immature stages. Eggs are laid singly by 
<taxonomicName id="D4EA4D29FFE5FFA7FCB464C494FF86F1" authority="(Walker, 1863)" baseAuthorityName="Walker" baseAuthorityYear="1863" box="[860,1260,197,219]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Phrataria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="1212" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bijugata">
<emphasis id="219EEAB8FFE5FFA7FCB464C4942F86F0" box="[860,1084,197,218]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="1212">Phrataria bijugata</emphasis>
(Walker, 1863)
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="D4EA4D29FFE5FFA7FACB64C4949D86D0" authority="(Guenee, 1857)" baseAuthorityName="Guenee" baseAuthorityYear="1857" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Epidesmia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="1212" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hypenaria">
<emphasis id="219EEAB8FFE5FFA7FACB64C493AF86D3" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="1212">Epidesmia hypenaria</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="777B4B5BFFE5FFA7FC3864E5949686D0" author="Guenee A" box="[976,1157,228,250]" pageId="7" pageNumber="1212" refId="ref12095" refString="Guenee A. 1857. Histoire Naturelle des Insectes. Species General des Lepidopteres. Paris: Atlas." type="book" year="1857">Guenée, 1857</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
. Those are turquoise blue when laid and darken as they develop. The first instar larva of 
<taxonomicName id="D4EA4D29FFE5FFA7FBD1652394AC871C" baseAuthorityName="Walker" baseAuthorityYear="1863" box="[1081,1215,289,311]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Phrataria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="1212" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bijugata">
<emphasis id="219EEAB8FFE5FFA7FBD1652394AC871C" box="[1081,1215,289,311]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="1212">P. bijugata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is faint pink, and its abdomen is curved when resting. 
<taxonomicName id="D4EA4D29FFE5FFA7FAF46541938F875E" authorityName="Westwood" authorityYear="1841" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Epidesmia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="1212" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tricolor">
<emphasis id="219EEAB8FFE5FFA7FAF46541938F875E" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="1212">Epidesmia tricolor</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
larvae have been recorded feeding on tea tree (
<taxonomicName id="D4EA4D29FFE5FFA7FC52657F958F87B8" authority="J. R. Forst. &amp; G. Forst." authorityName="J. R. Forst. &amp; G. Forst." box="[954,1436,381,403]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myrtaceae" genus="Leptospermum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Myrtales" pageId="7" pageNumber="1212" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="219EEAB8FFE5FFA7FC52657F946A87B9" box="[954,1145,382,403]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="1212">Leptospermum</emphasis>
J.R.Forst. &amp; G.Forst.
</taxonomicName>
; 
<taxonomicName id="D4EA4D29FFE5FFA7FCD3659D93AD879B" box="[827,958,412,433]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myrtaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Myrtales" pageId="7" pageNumber="1212" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Myrtaceae</taxonomicName>
) (
<bibRefCitation id="777B4B5BFFE5FFA7FC32659D9467879B" author="Scoble MJ" box="[986,1140,412,434]" pageId="7" pageNumber="1212" refId="ref13373" refString="Scoble MJ. 1999. Geometrid moths of the world: a catalogue (Lepidoptera, Geometridae). Collingwood: CSIRO." type="book" year="1999">Scoble, 1999</bibRefCitation>
) and 
<taxonomicName id="D4EA4D29FFE5FFA7FB57659D954C879B" authorityName="Guenee" authorityYear="1857" box="[1215,1375,412,433]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Dichromodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="1212" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="219EEAB8FFE5FFA7FB57659D954C879B" box="[1215,1375,412,433]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="1212">Dichromodes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
have been reared on 
<taxonomicName id="D4EA4D29FFE5FFA7FC1F65BB94DF87FA" authority="L'Her." authorityName="L'Her." box="[1015,1228,442,464]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myrtaceae" genus="Eucalyptus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Myrtales" pageId="7" pageNumber="1212" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="219EEAB8FFE5FFA7FC1F65BB946E87E5" box="[1015,1149,442,463]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="1212">Eucalyptus</emphasis>
L’Hér.
</taxonomicName>
(also 
<taxonomicName id="D4EA4D29FFE5FFA7FAFD65BA958587FA" box="[1301,1430,443,464]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myrtaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Myrtales" pageId="7" pageNumber="1212" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Myrtaceae</taxonomicName>
). 
<taxonomicName id="D4EA4D29FFE5FFA7FCD365D893C587C4" authorityName="Guenee" authorityYear="1857" box="[827,982,473,494]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Dichromodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="1212" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="219EEAB8FFE5FFA7FCD365D893C587C4" box="[827,982,473,494]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="1212">Dichromodes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
larvae are characteristically long and thin, and camouflaged to resemble small dead twigs of the hosts. 
<taxonomicName id="D4EA4D29FFE5FFA7FC33661795B18401" authority="Meyrick, 1890" authorityName="Meyrick" authorityYear="1890" box="[987,1442,534,556]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Dichromodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="1212" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="anelictis">
<emphasis id="219EEAB8FFE5FFA7FC33661794F88401" box="[987,1259,534,555]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="1212">Dichromodes anelictis</emphasis>
Meyrick, 1890
</taxonomicName>
showed high host specificity and was successfully reared on 
<taxonomicName id="D4EA4D29FFE5FFA7FC2D665595568440" authority="R. T. Baker" authorityName="R. T. Baker" box="[965,1349,596,618]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myrtaceae" genus="Eucalyptus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Myrtales" pageId="7" pageNumber="1212" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="viridis">
<emphasis id="219EEAB8FFE5FFA7FC2D665594A48443" box="[965,1207,596,617]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="1212">Eucalyptus viridis</emphasis>
R.T.Baker
</taxonomicName>
(green mallee). This moth occurs in autumn and can be prevalent at that time in ‘mallee areas’ but is absent in different habitats. In contrast, the larva of 
<taxonomicName id="D4EA4D29FFE5FFA7FCB366CF947884C9" baseAuthorityName="Herrich-Schaffer" baseAuthorityYear="1855" box="[859,1131,718,739]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Epidesmia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="1212" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chilonaria">
<emphasis id="219EEAB8FFE5FFA7FCB366CF947884C9" box="[859,1131,718,739]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="1212">Epidesmia chilonaria</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is polyphagous and was easily raised on 
<taxonomicName id="D4EA4D29FFE5FFA7FBEB66EC93B38508" authority="A. Cunn. ex Schauer" authorityName="Schauer" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myrtaceae" genus="Eucalyptus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Myrtales" pageId="7" pageNumber="1212" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="melliodora">
<emphasis id="219EEAB8FFE5FFA7FBEB66EC95068528" box="[1027,1301,749,770]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="1212">Eucalyptus melliodora</emphasis>
A.Cunn. ex Schauer
</taxonomicName>
and that of 
<taxonomicName id="D4EA4D29FFE5FFA7FBA8670D9558850B" baseAuthorityName="Guenee" baseAuthorityYear="1857" box="[1088,1355,780,801]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Epidesmia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="1212" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hypenaria">
<emphasis id="219EEAB8FFE5FFA7FBA8670D9558850B" box="[1088,1355,780,801]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="1212">Epidesmia hypenaria</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
fed on 
<taxonomicName id="D4EA4D29FFE5FFA7FCD3672B94CD856A" authority="Dehnh." authorityName="Dehnh." box="[827,1246,810,832]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myrtaceae" genus="Eucalyptus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Myrtales" pageId="7" pageNumber="1212" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="camaldulensis">
<emphasis id="219EEAB8FFE5FFA7FCD3672B946F8515" box="[827,1148,810,831]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="1212">Eucalyptus camaldulensis</emphasis>
Dehnh.
</taxonomicName>
(river red gum) and 
<taxonomicName id="D4EA4D29FFE5FFA7FC99674895B18575" authority="F. Muell. ex Benth." authorityName="Benth." box="[881,1442,841,863]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myrtaceae" genus="Eucalyptus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Myrtales" pageId="7" pageNumber="1212" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="macrorhyncha">
<emphasis id="219EEAB8FFE5FFA7FC99674894A38574" box="[881,1200,841,862]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="1212">Eucalyptus macrorhyncha</emphasis>
F. Muell. ex Benth.
</taxonomicName>
(red stringybark). Small and fully grown larvae of 
<taxonomicName id="D4EA4D29FFE5FFA7FCD3678693FF85B1" baseAuthorityName="Herrich-Schaffer" baseAuthorityYear="1855" box="[827,1004,902,924]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Epidesmia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="1212" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chilonaria">
<emphasis id="219EEAB8FFE5FFA7FCD3678693FF85B1" box="[827,1004,902,924]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="1212">Ep. chilonaria</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are shown in 
<figureCitation id="8BD12A2FFFE5FFA7FB496787952E85B6" box="[1185,1341,902,924]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="8.[145,227,1653,1675]" captionTargetBox="[145,1416,195,1605]" captionTargetId="figure-23@8.[145,1425,195,1614]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Figure 3. Immature stages of Epidesmiinae. All photos by Steve Williams. A, Phrataria bijugata, eggs, Australia, Queensland, 5 January 2015. B, Phrataria bijugata, 1st instar larva in lateral view, Australia, Victoria, 30 January 2015. C, Phrataria bijugata, 1st instar larva in dorsal view, Australia, Victoria, 7 January 2020. D, Epidesmia hypenaria, eggs, Australia, Victoria, 6 December 2015. E, Epidesmia chilonaria, small larvae, Australia, Victoria, 6 February 2013. F, Epidesmia chilonaria, fully grown larva, Australia, Victoria, 6 April 2013. G, Epidesmia chilonaria, pupa, Australia, Victoria, 22 December 2013." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5761602" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5761602/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="1212">Figure 3E, F</figureCitation>
. Larvae of 
<taxonomicName id="D4EA4D29FFE5FFA7FCB167A793C88590" baseAuthorityName="Walker" baseAuthorityYear="1863" box="[857,987,933,955]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Phrataria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="1212" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bijugata">
<emphasis id="219EEAB8FFE5FFA7FCB167A793C88590" box="[857,987,933,955]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="1212">P. bijugata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, shown in 
<figureCitation id="8BD12A2FFFE5FFA7FB8867A494CA8590" box="[1120,1241,933,955]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="8.[145,227,1653,1675]" captionTargetBox="[145,1416,195,1605]" captionTargetId="figure-23@8.[145,1425,195,1614]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Figure 3. Immature stages of Epidesmiinae. All photos by Steve Williams. A, Phrataria bijugata, eggs, Australia, Queensland, 5 January 2015. B, Phrataria bijugata, 1st instar larva in lateral view, Australia, Victoria, 30 January 2015. C, Phrataria bijugata, 1st instar larva in dorsal view, Australia, Victoria, 7 January 2020. D, Epidesmia hypenaria, eggs, Australia, Victoria, 6 December 2015. E, Epidesmia chilonaria, small larvae, Australia, Victoria, 6 February 2013. F, Epidesmia chilonaria, fully grown larva, Australia, Victoria, 6 April 2013. G, Epidesmia chilonaria, pupa, Australia, Victoria, 22 December 2013." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5761602" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5761602/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="1212">Figure 3B</figureCitation>
, proved difficult to rear and it took several attempts to identify host preferences. Feeding was eventually observed on 
<taxonomicName id="D4EA4D29FFE5FFA7FC8D6003953D823C" authority="Schauer" authorityName="Schauer" box="[869,1326,1025,1047]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myrtaceae" genus="Eucalyptus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Myrtales" pageId="7" pageNumber="1212" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="polyanthemos">
<emphasis id="219EEAB8FFE5FFA7FC8D600394A4823D" box="[869,1207,1025,1047]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="1212">Eucalyptus polyanthemos</emphasis>
Schauer
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="D4EA4D29FFE5FFA7FA90600393D2821F" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myrtaceae" genus="Eucalyptus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Myrtales" pageId="7" pageNumber="1212" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="melliodora">
<emphasis id="219EEAB8FFE5FFA7FA90600393D2821F" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="1212">Eu. melliodora</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, where leaves were skeletonized from the edge. These larvae did not survive beyond the second instar, probably indicating that the preferred eucalypt host has yet to be identified. The first instar larvae of 
<taxonomicName id="D4EA4D29FFE5FFA7FBEF609B936782E5" authority="Turner, 1936" authorityName="Turner" authorityYear="1936" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Phrixocomes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="1212" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hedrasticha">
<emphasis id="219EEAB8FFE5FFA7FBEF609B952D8285" box="[1031,1342,1178,1199]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="1212">Phrixocomes hedrasticha</emphasis>
Turner, 1936
</taxonomicName>
showed some interest in a number of the local shrubs of 
<taxonomicName id="D4EA4D29FFE5FFA7FC5960D9940282C4" box="[945,1041,1240,1262]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Victoria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="1232" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Victoria</taxonomicName>
but did not establish. The larvae of 
<taxonomicName id="D4EA4D29FFE5FFA7FCB260F793EA8321" authorityName="Guenee" authorityYear="1857" box="[858,1017,1270,1291]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Dichromodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="1212" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="219EEAB8FFE5FFA7FCB260F793EA8321" box="[858,1017,1270,1291]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="1212">Dichromodes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="D4EA4D29FFE5FFA7FBE160F794988321" authorityName="Duncan &amp; Westwood" authorityYear="1841" box="[1033,1163,1270,1291]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Epidesmia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="1212" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="219EEAB8FFE5FFA7FBE160F794988321" box="[1033,1163,1270,1291]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="1212">Epidesmia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="D4EA4D29FFE5FFA7FB2460F795758321" authorityName="Turner" authorityYear="1930" box="[1228,1382,1270,1291]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Phrixocomes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="1212" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="219EEAB8FFE5FFA7FB2460F795758321" box="[1228,1382,1270,1291]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="1212">Phrixocomes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
that have been reared, show a propensity to remain rigid, stationary and often in plain sight during the day and actively feed at night.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="135536AAFFE5FFA7FCBB617093C8815B" blockId="7.[827,1444,197,1905]" pageId="7" pageNumber="1212">
<taxonomicName id="D4EA4D29FFE5FFA7FCBB6170945383AC" baseAuthorityName="Walker" baseAuthorityYear="1861" box="[851,1088,1393,1414]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Adeixis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="1212" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="inostentata">
<emphasis id="219EEAB8FFE5FFA7FCBB6170945383AC" box="[851,1088,1393,1414]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="1212">Adeixis inostentata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
occurs in herbaceous marsh association in 
<collectingCountry id="6BFD763AFFE5FFA7FC0F618E944A838F" box="[999,1113,1423,1445]" name="Australia" pageId="7" pageNumber="1212">Australia</collectingCountry>
, three 
<taxonomicName id="D4EA4D29FFE5FFA7FB46618E9571838F" box="[1198,1378,1423,1445]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Adeixis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="1212" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="219EEAB8FFE5FFA7FB46618E9516838E" box="[1198,1285,1423,1444]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="1212">Adeixis</emphasis>
species
</taxonomicName>
were found 
<collectedFrom id="A0F67557FFE5FFA7FC6961AE93EE83E9" box="[897,1021,1454,1476]" pageId="7" pageNumber="1212">
on 
<taxonomicName id="D4EA4D29FFE5FFA7FC4961AF93EE83E9" box="[929,1021,1454,1475]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myrtaceae" genus="Baeckea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Myrtales" pageId="7" pageNumber="1212" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="219EEAB8FFE5FFA7FC4961AF93EE83E9" box="[929,1021,1454,1475]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="1212">Baeckea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</collectedFrom>
-sedge maquis on sedimentary rock in 
<collectingCountry id="6BFD763AFFE5FFA7FCD361CC93F483C9" box="[827,999,1485,1507]" name="New Caledonia" pageId="7" pageNumber="1212">New Caledonia</collectingCountry>
and 
<taxonomicName id="D4EA4D29FFE5FFA7FBF661CC948583C8" baseAuthorityName="Hudson" baseAuthorityYear="1903" box="[1054,1174,1485,1506]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Adeixis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="1212" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="griseata">
<emphasis id="219EEAB8FFE5FFA7FBF661CC948583C8" box="[1054,1174,1485,1506]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="1212">A. griseata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
occurs in characteristic ‘pakihi’ country, poorly drained acid areas with sedges and scattered low shrubs in 
<collectingCountry id="6BFD763AFFE5FFA7FB60620A9530800A" box="[1160,1315,1546,1568]" name="New Zealand" pageId="7" pageNumber="1212">New Zealand</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="777B4B5BFFE5FFA7FADB620B93618014" author="Holloway JD" pageId="7" pageNumber="1212" refId="ref12332" refString="Holloway JD. 1979. A survey of the Lepidoptera, biogeography and ecology of New Caledonia. Series Entomologica 15. The Hague: W. Junk." type="book" year="1979">Holloway, 1979</bibRefCitation>
). 
<location id="16356071FFE5FFA7FC6E622893C58014" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:9B4387BCFFE6FFA7FF33624693C8815B:16356071FFE5FFA7FC6E622893C58014" box="[902,982,1577,1598]" country="Australia" county="The" municipality="Structural" name="Larvae" pageId="7" pageNumber="1212">Larvae</location>
of 
<taxonomicName id="D4EA4D29FFE5FFA7FC10622895758014" authority="Holloway, 1979" authorityName="Holloway" authorityYear="1979" box="[1016,1382,1577,1599]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Adeixis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="1212" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="baeckeae">
<emphasis id="219EEAB8FFE5FFA7FC10622894A68014" box="[1016,1205,1577,1598]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="1212">Adeixis baeckeae</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="777B4B5BFFE5FFA7FB54622895758014" author="Holloway JD" box="[1212,1382,1577,1599]" pageId="7" pageNumber="1212" refId="ref12332" refString="Holloway JD. 1979. A survey of the Lepidoptera, biogeography and ecology of New Caledonia. Series Entomologica 15. The Hague: W. Junk." type="book" year="1979">Holloway, 1979</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
have been reared 
<collectedFrom id="A0F67557FFE5FFA7FC2B6249944D8077" box="[963,1118,1608,1629]" pageId="7" pageNumber="1212">
on 
<taxonomicName id="D4EA4D29FFE5FFA7FC0B6249944D8077" box="[995,1118,1608,1629]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myrtaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Myrtales" pageId="7" pageNumber="1212" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Myrtaceae</taxonomicName>
</collectedFrom>
: 
<taxonomicName id="D4EA4D29FFE5FFA7FB8E6246936C8056" authority="(Holloway, 1979)" baseAuthorityName="Holloway" baseAuthorityYear="1979" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myrtaceae" genus="Baeckea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Myrtales" pageId="7" pageNumber="1212" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="ericoides">
<emphasis id="219EEAB8FFE5FFA7FB8E6246953A8076" box="[1126,1321,1607,1628]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="1212">Baeckea ericoides</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="777B4B5BFFE5FFA7FADE624693668051" author="Holloway JD" pageId="7" pageNumber="1212" refId="ref12332" refString="Holloway JD. 1979. A survey of the Lepidoptera, biogeography and ecology of New Caledonia. Series Entomologica 15. The Hague: W. Junk." type="book" year="1979">Holloway, 1979</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
. 
<location id="16356071FFE5FFA7FC65626793D18056" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:9B4387BCFFE6FFA7FF33624693C8815B:16356071FFE5FFA7FC65626793D18056" box="[909,962,1638,1660]" country="Australia" county="The" municipality="Structural" name="This" pageId="7" pageNumber="1212">This</location>
species pupates in loosely constructed cocoons in the terminal leaves of 
<taxonomicName id="D4EA4D29FFE5FFA7FB446284951B80B0" box="[1196,1288,1669,1690]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myrtaceae" genus="Baeckea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Myrtales" pageId="7" pageNumber="1212" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="219EEAB8FFE5FFA7FB446284951B80B0" box="[1196,1288,1669,1690]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="1212">Baeckea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and emerges about 25 days after pupation (
<bibRefCitation id="777B4B5BFFE5FFA7FB2762A295818093" author="Holloway JD" box="[1231,1426,1699,1721]" pageId="7" pageNumber="1212" refId="ref12332" refString="Holloway JD. 1979. A survey of the Lepidoptera, biogeography and ecology of New Caledonia. Series Entomologica 15. The Hague: W. Junk." type="book" year="1979">Holloway, 1979</bibRefCitation>
). 
<collectingMunicipality id="F331ACD0FFE5FFA7FCD362C393A580F2" box="[827,950,1730,1752]" pageId="7" pageNumber="1212">Structural</collectingMunicipality>
details of pupa, such as the arrangement of cremaster setae, are not available. 
<collectingCounty id="FA344E26FFE5FFA7FB1F62E0953780DD" box="[1271,1316,1761,1783]" pageId="7" pageNumber="1212">The</collectingCounty>
habitus of 
<taxonomicName id="D4EA4D29FFE5FFA7FCD3630193F2813E" baseAuthorityName="Herrich-Schaffer" baseAuthorityYear="1855" box="[827,993,1791,1813]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Epidesmia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="1212" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chilonaria">
<emphasis id="219EEAB8FFE5FFA7FCD3630193F2813E" box="[827,993,1791,1813]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="1212">Ep. chilonaria</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
pupa is shown in 
<figureCitation id="8BD12A2FFFE5FFA7FB5162FE9538813F" box="[1209,1323,1791,1813]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="8.[145,227,1653,1675]" captionTargetBox="[145,1416,195,1605]" captionTargetId="figure-23@8.[145,1425,195,1614]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Figure 3. Immature stages of Epidesmiinae. All photos by Steve Williams. A, Phrataria bijugata, eggs, Australia, Queensland, 5 January 2015. B, Phrataria bijugata, 1st instar larva in lateral view, Australia, Victoria, 30 January 2015. C, Phrataria bijugata, 1st instar larva in dorsal view, Australia, Victoria, 7 January 2020. D, Epidesmia hypenaria, eggs, Australia, Victoria, 6 December 2015. E, Epidesmia chilonaria, small larvae, Australia, Victoria, 6 February 2013. F, Epidesmia chilonaria, fully grown larva, Australia, Victoria, 6 April 2013. G, Epidesmia chilonaria, pupa, Australia, Victoria, 22 December 2013." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5761602" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5761602/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="1212">
Figure 
<specimenCount id="05ECFD23FFE5FFA7FAE763019538813F" box="[1295,1323,1792,1813]" pageId="7" pageNumber="1212" type="generic">3F</specimenCount>
</figureCitation>
. Adults of 
<taxonomicName id="D4EA4D29FFE5FFA7FCD3631F94028119" authorityName="Westwood" authorityYear="1841" box="[827,1041,1822,1843]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Epidesmia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="1212" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tricolor">
<emphasis id="219EEAB8FFE5FFA7FCD3631F94028119" box="[827,1041,1822,1843]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="1212">Epidesmia tricolor</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
fly in or near wet forests in southeastern 
<collectingCountry id="6BFD763AFFE5FFA7FC7E633C94178179" box="[918,1028,1853,1875]" name="Australia" pageId="7" pageNumber="1212">Australia</collectingCountry>
. For more information on phenology, see 
<figureCitation id="8BD12A2FFFE5FFA7FC8E635A93C0815B" box="[870,979,1883,1905]" captionStart="Figure 17" captionStartId="22.[146,224,757,779]" captionTargetBox="[352,1216,196,715]" captionTargetId="figure-595@22.[351,1218,195,717]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="Figure 17. Phenology for Epidesmiinae moths, summarizing the number of flight time records per month (42 species, nine genera).The most records are from the Southern Hemisphere summer months, highest numbers being between October and January. The adult records in many species occur within 2–4-month periods, indicating these may have only one generation per year. Abraxaphantes perampla has been taken in Thailand in March–April, but there is a single record in July." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5761630" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5761630/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="1212">Figure 17</figureCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>