treatments-xml/data/03/AA/87/03AA87FEFFAABA674DE7E740FDCD48A6.xml

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<mods:title id="D0400E685B16A7ABC19DB7CC3675E4FB">Tapeworms (Cestoda: Proteocephalidea) of Synodontis spp. (Siluriformes) in Africa: survey of species and their redescriptions</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="19004836266264F3A1F7A9502EC5BAF2">Chambrier, Alain De</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="70A0AF5FFB8D30A522C7D0AAAAC10B1A">Mahmoud, Zuheir N.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="536D06C791EDDB028950434A7DDD8383">Mariaux, Jean</mods:namePart>
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<treatment id="03AA87FEFFAABA674DE7E740FDCD48A6" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5680899" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119403674" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5680899" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03AA87FEFFAABA674DE7E740FDCD48A6" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03AA87FEFFAABA674DE7E740FDCD48A6" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="10" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
<subSubSection id="C3196563FFAABA6F4DE7E740FEE44E49" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8BBC36E8FFAABA6F4DE7E740FD144FC7" blockId="1.[151,683,1659,1718]" box="[151,683,1659,1686]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
<heading id="D0F48184FFAABA6F4DE7E740FD144FC7" bold="true" box="[151,683,1659,1686]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" reason="1">
<taxonomicName id="4C034D6BFFAABA6F4DE7E740FD144FC7" authority="Woodland, 1925" authorityName="Woodland" authorityYear="1925" box="[151,683,1659,1686]" class="Cestoda" family="Proteocephalidae" genus="Proteocephalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Proteocephalidea" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="synodontis">
<emphasis id="B977EAFAFFAABA6F4DE7E740FD144FC7" bold="true" box="[151,683,1659,1686]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
<emphasis id="B977EAFAFFAABA6F4DE7E740FE654FC4" bold="true" box="[151,474,1660,1686]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Proteocephalus synodontis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF924B19FFAABA6F4C91E747FD144FC7" author="Woodland" box="[481,683,1659,1685]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" refString="Woodland, W. N. F. (1925) On three new proteocephalids (Cestoda) and a revision of the genera of the family. Parasitology, 17, 370 - 394." type="journal article" year="1925">Woodland, 1925</bibRefCitation>
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BBC36E8FFAABA6F4DE7E7A2FE684FE4" blockId="1.[151,683,1659,1718]" box="[151,471,1694,1718]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
(
<figureCitation id="13382A6DFFAABA6F4DEEE7A2FE984FE4" box="[158,295,1694,1718]" captionStart="FIGURES 1 – 13" captionStartId="5.[151,264,1855,1878]" captionTargetBox="[150,1434,202,1834]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[143,1444,195,1843]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURES 1 – 13. Scanning electron micrographs of the scoleces of Proteocephalus spp. from Synodontis catfish: P. synodontis Woodland, 1925 from S. schall, Lake Turkana, Kenya (1 – 3, 7, 8) and from S. schall, Kostí, Sudan (4 – 6); P. membranacei Troncy, 1978 from S. membranacea, Lake Chad, Chad, syntype (MNHNP 1116 H; 9, 10); P. largoproglottis (= syn. of P. m e m - branacei), syntype (MNHNP 1115 H; 11 – 13). 1, 4, 9, 11. Dorsoventral view. 2, 5, 10, 13. Lateral view. 3, 6, 12. Apical view. 7, 8. Papilliform filitriches on the external rim and internal surface of suckers, respectively (see Fig. 1). Scale bars = 100 μm (1 – 6, 9, 11 – 13); 50 μm (10); 3 μm (7, 8)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/166252/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Figures 1–8</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="13382A6DFFAABA6F4C43E7A2FEC34FE4" box="[307,380,1694,1718]" captionStart-0="FIGURES 14 – 24" captionStart-1="FIGURES 25 – 35" captionStartId-0="6.[151,264,1753,1776]" captionStartId-1="7.[151,264,1691,1714]" captionTargetBox-0="[185,1377,199,1732]" captionTargetBox-1="[157,1416,199,1649]" captionTargetId-0="figure@6.[179,1405,193,1741]" captionTargetId-1="figure@7.[148,1441,193,1658]" captionTargetPageId-0="6" captionTargetPageId-1="7" captionText-0="FIGURES 14 – 24. Proteocephalus synodontis Woodland, 1925. 14, Holotype (BMNH 1961.4.10.87 – 102), Khartoum, Sudan, scolex, dorsoventral view. 15, 17 – 20. Apical organs. 15. Holotype, Khartoum. 17. From Synodontis schall, Girba, Sudan; 18. Immature tapeworm from Synodontis schall, Lake Turkana, Kenya; 19. From Synodontis schall, Kostí, Sudan; 20. From Synodontis caudovittata, Kostí, Sudan. 21, 24. Immature proglottides from S. caudovittata, Kostí, Sudan. 22. Holotype, immature proglottis (note median extent of testes not reaching to uterine stem). 23. Holotype, cross section of gravid proglottis. Abbreviations: ao—apical organ; cs—cirrus-sac; do—dorsal osmoregulatory canals; dv—dorsoventral muscle fibres; gc—gland cells; lm—longitudinal internal musculature; ov—ovary; sd—sperm duct (vas deferens); te—testes; ud—uterine diverticulum; uouterine orifice; ut—uterus; vc—vaginal canal; vi—vitelline follicles; vo—ventral osmoregulatory canals. Scale bars = 100 μm (14, 16, 21 – 24); 50 µm (15, 17 – 20)." captionText-1="FIGURES 25 – 35. Proteocephalus synodontis Woodland, 1925 from Synodontis schall, Lake Turkana, Kenya (25 – 33) and P. membranacei from S. membranacea, Lake Chad, Chad. 25. Scolex, dorsoventral view (note accumulation of gland cells in the apical region—gc). 26. Scolex, longitudinal section. 27, 28, 34, 35. Cross sections of pregravid proglottides at the level of ovary (27, 34), cirrus-sac (28) and testes (35). 29. Premature proglottis, dorsal view. 30, 31. Gravid proglottides of different shape, ventral view. 32. Pregravid proglottis, ventral view. 33. Terminal genitalia, ventral view (note vaginal sphincter—vs). Fig. 34 — syntype of P. membranacei (MNHNP 1116 H); Fig. 35 — syntype of P. largoproglottis (= syn. of P. membranacei; MNHNP 1115 H). Abbreviations: cm—circular musculature of suckers; cs—cirrus-sac; do—dorsal osmoregulatory canals; dv—dorsoventral muscle fibres; gc—gland cells; lm—longitudinal internal musculature; mg—Mehlis’ gland; od—oviduct; ov—ovary; sc—secondary osmoregulatory canals; sd—sperm duct (vas deferens); te—testes; ud—uterine diverticulum; uouterine orifice; ut—uterus; vd—vitelloduct; vi—vitelline follicles; vo—ventral osmoregulatory canals; vs—vaginal sphincter. Scale bars = 500 μm (25 – 32, 34, 35); 250 µm (33)." httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/166253/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/166254/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">14–33</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="13382A6DFFAABA6F4CF7E7A2FE704FE4" box="[391,463,1694,1718]" captionStart="FIGURES 36 – 40" captionStartId="8.[151,264,1906,1929]" captionTargetBox="[150,1436,206,1878]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[142,1444,193,1885]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURES 36 – 40. Eggs of Proteocephalus synodontis Woodland, 1925 from Synodontis schall, Lake Turkana, Kenya (36, 37) and S. schall, Khartoum, Sudan (38), and P. membranacei Troncy, 1978 from S. membranacea, Lake Chad, Chad (39, 40). Fig. 39 — syntype of P. membranacei (MNHNP 1116 H); Fig. 40 — syntype of P. largoproglottis (= syn. of P. membranacei; MNHNP 1115 H). Abbreviations: em—embryophore; oe—outer envelope; on—oncosphere. Scale bars = 20 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/166255/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">36–38</figureCitation>
)
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BBC36E8FFAABA6F4DE7E7DBFEE44E49" blockId="1.[151,1436,1766,1819]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
Syns.: 
<taxonomicName id="4C034D6BFFAABA6F4DADE7DBFCE04FAE" authority="(Woodland, 1925) Meggitt, 1927" authorityName="(Woodland, 1925) Meggitt" authorityYear="1927" box="[221,863,1766,1789]" class="Cestoda" family="Proteocephalidae" genus="Crepidobothrium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Proteocephalidea" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="synodontis">
<emphasis id="B977EAFAFFAABA6F4DADE7DBFDBF4FAF" box="[221,512,1767,1789]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Crepidobothrium synodontis</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EF924B19FFAABA6F4F7FE7DAFD044FAE" author="Woodland" box="[527,699,1766,1788]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" refString="Woodland, W. N. F. (1925) On three new proteocephalids (Cestoda) and a revision of the genera of the family. Parasitology, 17, 370 - 394." type="journal article" year="1925">Woodland, 1925</bibRefCitation>
) Meggitt, 1927
</taxonomicName>
; 
<taxonomicName id="4C034D6BFFAABA6F4E1AE7DBFEE44E49" authority="(Woodland, 1925) Wardle and McLeod, 1952" authorityName="(Woodland, 1925) Wardle and McLeod" authorityYear="1952" class="Cestoda" family="Proteocephalidae" genus="Ophiotaenia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Proteocephalidea" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="synodontis">
<emphasis id="B977EAFAFFAABA6F4E1AE7DBFBE14FAF" box="[874,1118,1767,1789]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Ophiotaenia synodontis</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EF924B19FFAABA6F491CE7DAFAA74FAE" author="Woodland" box="[1132,1304,1766,1788]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" refString="Woodland, W. N. F. (1925) On three new proteocephalids (Cestoda) and a revision of the genera of the family. Parasitology, 17, 370 - 394." type="journal article" year="1925">Woodland, 1925</bibRefCitation>
) Wardle and McLeod, 1952
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3196563FFAABA6D4DE7E674FD544836" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="4" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="8BBC36E8FFAABA6F4DE7E674FBD24E0D" blockId="1.[151,1436,1863,2032]" box="[151,1133,1863,1888]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
<emphasis id="B977EAFAFFAABA6F4DE7E674FEB04E32" bold="true" box="[151,271,1864,1888]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
<typeStatus id="54B8884AFFAABA6F4DE7E674FF6F4E32" box="[151,208,1864,1888]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Type</typeStatus>
host.
</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C034D6BFFAABA6F4C68E674FC9B4E0D" authority="Bloch and Schneider, 1801" authorityName="Bloch and Schneider" authorityYear="1801" box="[280,804,1863,1888]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Mochokidae" genus="Synodontis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="schall">
<emphasis id="B977EAFAFFAABA6F4C68E674FE624E32" box="[280,477,1864,1888]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Synodontis schall</emphasis>
(Bloch and Schneider, 1801)
</taxonomicName>
(
<taxonomicName id="4C034D6BFFAABA6F4E43E67BFC7A4E0D" box="[819,965,1863,1887]" class="Actinopterygii" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Chordata" rank="order">Siluriformes</taxonomicName>
: 
<taxonomicName id="4C034D6BFFAABA6F4EBFE67BFBDE4E0D" box="[975,1121,1863,1887]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Mochokidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Mochokidae</taxonomicName>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BBC36E8FFAABA6F4DB7E657FD274EA2" blockId="1.[151,1436,1863,2032]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
<emphasis id="B977EAFAFFAABA6F4DB7E657FE2D4ED6" bold="true" box="[199,402,1899,1924]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Additional hosts.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C034D6BFFAABA6F4CE9E650FCD34ED6" authority="Boulenger, 1901" authorityName="Boulenger" authorityYear="1901" box="[409,876,1900,1924]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Mochokidae" genus="Synodontis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="caudovittata">
<emphasis id="B977EAFAFFAABA6F4CE9E650FD174ED6" box="[409,680,1900,1924]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Synodontis caudovittata</emphasis>
Boulenger, 1901
</taxonomicName>
; 
<taxonomicName id="4C034D6BFFAABA6F4E08E650FAAB4ED6" authority="Boulenger, 1901" authorityName="Boulenger" authorityYear="1901" box="[888,1300,1900,1924]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Mochokidae" genus="Synodontis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="euptera">
<emphasis id="B977EAFAFFAABA6F4E08E650FBEF4ED6" box="[888,1104,1900,1924]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Synodontis euptera</emphasis>
Boulenger, 1901
</taxonomicName>
; 
<taxonomicName id="4C034D6BFFAABA6F4851E650FE1E4EF5" authority="Vaillant, 1895" authorityName="Vaillant" authorityYear="1895" class="Actinopterygii" family="Mochokidae" genus="Synodontis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="frontosa">
<emphasis id="B977EAFAFFAABA6F4851E650FF4B4EFA" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Synodontis frontosa</emphasis>
Vaillant, 1895
</taxonomicName>
; 
<taxonomicName id="4C034D6BFFAABA6F4CC1E6ACFC9E4EF5" authority="Valenciennes" authorityName="Valenciennes" box="[433,801,1935,1960]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Mochokidae" genus="Synodontis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nigrita">
<emphasis id="B977EAFAFFAABA6F4CC1E6ACFD3D4EFA" box="[433,642,1936,1960]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Synodontis nigrita</emphasis>
Valenciennes
</taxonomicName>
in Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1840; 
<taxonomicName id="4C034D6BFFAABA6F49B5E6ACFE894E9E" authority="Ruppell, 1829" authorityName="Ruppell" authorityYear="1829" class="Actinopterygii" family="Mochokidae" genus="Synodontis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="serrata">
<emphasis id="B977EAFAFFAABA6F49B5E6ACFA234EFA" box="[1221,1436,1936,1960]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Synodontis serrata</emphasis>
Rüppell, 1829
</taxonomicName>
(all new hosts), 
<taxonomicName id="4C034D6BFFAABA6F4C83E688FC2C4E9E" authority="Ruppell, 1832" authorityName="Ruppell" authorityYear="1832" box="[499,915,1972,1996]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Mochokidae" genus="Synodontis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="batensoda">
<emphasis id="B977EAFAFFAABA6F4C83E688FD564E9E" box="[499,745,1972,1996]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Synodontis batensoda</emphasis>
Rüppell, 1832
</taxonomicName>
, (?) 
<taxonomicName id="4C034D6BFFAABA6F4EB6E688FF704EA2" authority="Pappenheim, 1914" authorityName="Pappenheim" authorityYear="1914" class="Actinopterygii" family="Claroteidae" genus="Auchenoglanis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="acuticeps">
<emphasis id="B977EAFAFFAABA6F4EB6E688FBD34E9E" box="[966,1132,1972,1996]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Auchenoglanis</emphasis>
cf. 
<emphasis id="B977EAFAFFAABA6F49E9E689FABC4E9E" box="[1177,1283,1973,1996]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">acuticeps</emphasis>
Pappenheim, 1914
</taxonomicName>
(
<taxonomicName id="4C034D6BFFAABA6F4DADE6E4FED04EA2" box="[221,367,2008,2032]" class="Actinopterygii" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Chordata" rank="order">Siluriformes</taxonomicName>
: 
<taxonomicName id="4C034D6BFFAABA6F4C0AE6E4FE5E4EA2" box="[378,481,2008,2032]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Bagridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Bagridae</taxonomicName>
) (see Remarks).
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF7C6660FFA9BA6C4D07E3EFFC654A56" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
<paragraph id="8BBC36E8FFA9BA6C4D07E3EFFC654A56" blockId="2.[119,1844,722,772]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
<emphasis id="B977EAFAFFA9BA6C4D07E3EFFF5E4BBA" bold="true" box="[119,225,723,744]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">TABLE 1.</emphasis>
Numbers of hosts of 
<taxonomicName id="4C034D6BFFA9BA6C4CDEE3EEFD0D4BBA" box="[430,690,722,744]" class="Cestoda" family="Proteocephalidae" genus="Proteocephalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Proteocephalidea" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="synodontis">
<emphasis id="B977EAFAFFA9BA6C4CDEE3EEFD0D4BBA" box="[430,690,722,744]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Proteocephalus synodontis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
examined from individual localities (No. infected/No. examined). Sample sizes indicate pooled data from 2006, 2008 &amp; for the Sudan (Nile basin) and from 2008 &amp; 2009 for Kenya (Turkana), respectively.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BBC36E8FFA9BA6C4D07E20EF9994C12" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
<table id="F903C448FFA945914D07E20EF8B44C12" box="[119,1803,818,1344]" gridcols="9" gridrows="13" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
<tr id="353334AAFFA945914D07E20EF8B44ADC" box="[119,1803,818,910]" gridrow="0" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
<emphasis id="B977EAFAFFA9BA6C4D07E20EF9FB4A15" bold="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
<th id="76E25DD6FFA945914D07E20EFE324ADC" box="[119,397,818,910]" gridcol="0" gridrow="0" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
<emphasis id="B977EAFAFFA9BA6C4D07E20EFF184ADC" bold="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Country – basin Host</emphasis>
</th>
<th id="76E25DD6FFA945914CC2E20EFDD44ADC" box="[434,619,818,910]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
<emphasis id="B977EAFAFFA9BA6C4CC2E20EFDD74ADC" bold="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
<collectingCountry id="F3147678FFA9BA6C4CC2E20EFE4C4A15" box="[434,499,818,839]" name="Sudan" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Sudan</collectingCountry>
– Nile* Khartoum Kostí
</emphasis>
</th>
<th id="76E25DD6FFA945914FC6E20EFD474ADC" box="[694,760,818,910]" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
<emphasis id="B977EAFAFFA9BA6C4FC6E245FD474ADC" bold="true" box="[694,760,889,910]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Sennar</emphasis>
</th>
<th id="76E25DD6FFA945914E47E20EFC384ADC" box="[823,903,818,910]" gridcol="3" gridrow="0" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
<emphasis id="B977EAFAFFA9BA6C4E47E269FC384ADC" bold="true" box="[823,903,853,910]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Khashm el-Girba</emphasis>
</th>
<th id="76E25DD6FFA945914EC9E20EFBF44ADC" box="[953,1099,818,910]" gridcol="4" gridrow="0" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
<emphasis id="B977EAFAFFA9BA6C4EC9E20EFBF44A3A" bold="true" box="[953,1099,818,872]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
Nile 
<emphasis id="B977EAFAFFA9BA6C4EC9E26FFB9E4A3A" bold="true" box="[953,1057,851,872]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Sub-totals</emphasis>
(%)
</emphasis>
</th>
<th id="76E25DD6FFA94591490BE20EFA8B4ADC" box="[1147,1332,818,910]" gridcol="5" gridrow="0" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
<emphasis id="B977EAFAFFA9BA6C490BE20EFA8B4ADC" bold="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
<collectingCountry id="F3147678FFA9BA6C490BE20EFB014A15" box="[1147,1214,818,839]" name="Kenya" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Kenya</collectingCountry>
– Turkana El-Molo Kalokol
</emphasis>
</th>
<th id="76E25DD6FFA945914823E20EFA7F4ADC" box="[1363,1472,818,910]" gridcol="6" gridrow="0" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
<emphasis id="B977EAFAFFA9BA6C4823E245FA7F4ADC" bold="true" box="[1363,1472,889,910]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Todonyang</emphasis>
</th>
<th id="76E25DD6FFA94591489AE20EF9DB4ADC" box="[1514,1636,818,910]" gridcol="7" gridrow="0" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
<emphasis id="B977EAFAFFA9BA6C489AE20EF9FB4A15" bold="true" box="[1514,1604,818,839]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Turkana</emphasis>
<emphasis id="B977EAFAFFA9BA6C489AE26FF9ED4A3A" bold="true" box="[1514,1618,851,872]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Sub-totals</emphasis>
(%)
</th>
</emphasis>
<th id="76E25DD6FFA945914BF2E20EF8B44ADC" box="[1666,1803,818,910]" gridcol="8" gridrow="0" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
<emphasis id="B977EAFAFFA9BA6C4BF2E245F97D4ADC" bold="true" box="[1666,1730,889,910]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Totals</emphasis>
(%)
</th>
</tr>
<tr id="353334AAFFA945914D07E2A2F8B44AE6" box="[119,1803,926,948]" gridrow="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
<th id="76E25DD6FFA945914D07E2A2FE324AE6" box="[119,397,926,948]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
<taxonomicName id="4C034D6BFFA9BA6C4D07E2A2FE9F4AE6" box="[119,288,926,948]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Mochokidae" genus="Synodontis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="schall">
<emphasis id="B977EAFAFFA9BA6C4D07E2A2FE9F4AE6" box="[119,288,926,948]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Synodontis schall</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<typeStatus id="54B8884AFFA9BA6C4C5DE2A3FEE74AE6" box="[301,344,927,948]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">type</typeStatus>
host)
</th>
<td id="76E25DD6FFA945914CC2E2A2FDD44AE6" box="[434,619,926,948]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
2/8 
<date id="FFBD1028FFA9BA6C4F44E2A3FD724AE6" box="[564,717,927,948]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" value="1933-08-10">
8/33 
<td id="76E25DD6FFA945914FC6E2A2FD474AE6" box="[694,760,926,948]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
10/ 
<date id="FFBD1028FFA9BA6C4FA4E2A3FCDD4AE6" box="[724,866,927,948]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" value="1917-05-30">
30 
<td id="76E25DD6FFA945914E47E2A2FC384AE6" box="[823,903,926,948]" gridcol="3" gridrow="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">5/17</td>
</date>
</td>
</date>
</td>
<td id="76E25DD6FFA945914EC9E2A2FBF44AE6" box="[953,1099,926,948]" gridcol="4" gridrow="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">25/88 (28%)</td>
<td id="76E25DD6FFA94591490BE2A2FA8B4AE6" box="[1147,1332,926,948]" gridcol="5" gridrow="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
8/ 
<date id="FFBD1028FFA9BA6C49FDE2A3FAAD4AE6" box="[1165,1298,927,948]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" value="1919-03-22">22 3/19</date>
</td>
<td id="76E25DD6FFA945914823E2A2FA7F4AE6" box="[1363,1472,926,948]" gridcol="6" gridrow="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
0/ 
<date id="FFBD1028FFA9BA6C4817E2A3F99D4AE6" box="[1383,1570,927,948]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" value="1950-11-09">
9 
<td id="76E25DD6FFA94591489AE2A2F9DB4AE6" box="[1514,1636,926,948]" gridcol="7" gridrow="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">11/50 (22%)</td>
</date>
</td>
<td id="76E25DD6FFA945914BF2E2A2F8B44AE6" box="[1666,1803,926,948]" gridcol="8" gridrow="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
<emphasis id="B977EAFAFFA9BA6C4BF2E2A3F97A4AE6" bold="true" box="[1666,1733,927,948]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">36/138</emphasis>
(26%)
</td>
</tr>
<tr id="353334AAFFA945914D07E2FEF8B44A8A" box="[119,1803,962,984]" gridrow="2" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
<th id="76E25DD6FFA945914D07E2FEFE324A8A" box="[119,397,962,984]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
<taxonomicName id="4C034D6BFFA9BA6C4D07E2FEFEE04A8A" box="[119,351,962,984]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Mochokidae" genus="Synodontis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="caudovittata">
<emphasis id="B977EAFAFFA9BA6C4D07E2FEFEE04A8A" box="[119,351,962,984]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Synodontis caudovittata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</th>
<td id="76E25DD6FFA945914CC2E2FEFDD44A8A" box="[434,619,962,984]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">- 3/4</td>
<td id="76E25DD6FFA945914FC6E2FEFD474A8A" box="[694,760,962,984]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">-</td>
<td id="76E25DD6FFA945914E47E2FEFC384A8A" box="[823,903,962,984]" gridcol="3" gridrow="2" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">-</td>
<td id="76E25DD6FFA945914EC9E2FEFBF44A8A" box="[953,1099,962,984]" gridcol="4" gridrow="2" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">3/4 (75%)</td>
<td id="76E25DD6FFA94591490BE2FEFA8B4A8A" box="[1147,1332,962,984]" gridcol="5" gridrow="2" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">- -</td>
<td id="76E25DD6FFA945914823E2FEFA7F4A8A" box="[1363,1472,962,984]" gridcol="6" gridrow="2" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">-</td>
<td id="76E25DD6FFA94591489AE2FEF9DB4A8A" box="[1514,1636,962,984]" gridcol="7" gridrow="2" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">-</td>
<td id="76E25DD6FFA945914BF2E2FEF8B44A8A" box="[1666,1803,962,984]" gridcol="8" gridrow="2" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
<emphasis id="B977EAFAFFA9BA6C4BF2E2FFF91F4A8A" bold="true" box="[1666,1696,963,984]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">3/4</emphasis>
(75%)
</td>
</tr>
<tr id="353334AAFFA945914D07E2DAF8B44AAE" box="[119,1803,998,1020]" gridrow="3" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
<th id="76E25DD6FFA945914D07E2DAFE324AAE" box="[119,397,998,1020]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
<taxonomicName id="4C034D6BFFA9BA6C4D07E2DAFE8F4AAE" box="[119,304,998,1020]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Mochokidae" genus="Synodontis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="euptera">
<emphasis id="B977EAFAFFA9BA6C4D07E2DAFE8F4AAE" box="[119,304,998,1020]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Synodontis euptera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</th>
<td id="76E25DD6FFA945914CC2E2DAFDD44AAE" box="[434,619,998,1020]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">- -</td>
<td id="76E25DD6FFA945914FC6E2DAFD474AAE" box="[694,760,998,1020]" gridcol="2" gridrow="3" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">-</td>
<td id="76E25DD6FFA945914E47E2DAFC384AAE" box="[823,903,998,1020]" gridcol="3" gridrow="3" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">1/4</td>
<td id="76E25DD6FFA945914EC9E2DAFBF44AAE" box="[953,1099,998,1020]" gridcol="4" gridrow="3" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">1/4 (25%)</td>
<td id="76E25DD6FFA94591490BE2DAFA8B4AAE" box="[1147,1332,998,1020]" gridcol="5" gridrow="3" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">- -</td>
<td id="76E25DD6FFA945914823E2DAFA7F4AAE" box="[1363,1472,998,1020]" gridcol="6" gridrow="3" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">-</td>
<td id="76E25DD6FFA94591489AE2DAF9DB4AAE" box="[1514,1636,998,1020]" gridcol="7" gridrow="3" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">-</td>
<td id="76E25DD6FFA945914BF2E2DAF8B44AAE" box="[1666,1803,998,1020]" gridcol="8" gridrow="3" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
<emphasis id="B977EAFAFFA9BA6C4BF2E2DBF91F4AAE" bold="true" box="[1666,1696,999,1020]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">1/4</emphasis>
(25%)
</td>
</tr>
<tr id="353334AAFFA945914D07E536F8B44D72" box="[119,1803,1034,1056]" gridrow="4" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
<th id="76E25DD6FFA945914D07E536FE324D72" box="[119,397,1034,1056]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
<taxonomicName id="4C034D6BFFA9BA6C4D07E536FE884D72" box="[119,311,1034,1056]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Mochokidae" genus="Synodontis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="frontosa">
<emphasis id="B977EAFAFFA9BA6C4D07E536FE884D72" box="[119,311,1034,1056]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Synodontis frontosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</th>
<td id="76E25DD6FFA945914CC2E536FDD44D72" box="[434,619,1034,1056]" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
- 
<date id="FFBD1028FFA9BA6C4F44E537FD7E4D72" box="[564,705,1035,1056]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" value="1912-01-03">
1/12 
<td id="76E25DD6FFA945914FC6E536FD474D72" box="[694,760,1034,1056]" gridcol="2" gridrow="4" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">3/5</td>
</date>
</td>
<date id="FFBD1028FFA9BA6C4E47E537FC714D72" box="[823,974,1035,1056]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" value="1911-07-27">
<td id="76E25DD6FFA945914E47E536FC384D72" box="[823,903,1034,1056]" gridcol="3" gridrow="4" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">7/27</td>
<td id="76E25DD6FFA945914EC9E536FBF44D72" box="[953,1099,1034,1056]" gridcol="4" gridrow="4" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">11/44 (25%)</td>
</date>
<td id="76E25DD6FFA94591490BE536FA8B4D72" box="[1147,1332,1034,1056]" gridcol="5" gridrow="4" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
7/ 
<date id="FFBD1028FFA9BA6C49FFE537FAAD4D72" box="[1167,1298,1035,1056]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" value="1911-01-12">12 1/11</date>
</td>
<date id="FFBD1028FFA9BA6C4823E537F9BE4D72" box="[1363,1537,1035,1056]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" value="1935-04-12">
<td id="76E25DD6FFA945914823E536FA7F4D72" box="[1363,1472,1034,1056]" gridcol="6" gridrow="4" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">4/35</td>
<td id="76E25DD6FFA94591489AE536F9DB4D72" box="[1514,1636,1034,1056]" gridcol="7" gridrow="4" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">12/58 (21%)</td>
</date>
<td id="76E25DD6FFA945914BF2E536F8B44D72" box="[1666,1803,1034,1056]" gridcol="8" gridrow="4" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
<emphasis id="B977EAFAFFA9BA6C4BF2E537F97A4D72" bold="true" box="[1666,1733,1035,1056]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">23/102</emphasis>
(23%)
</td>
</tr>
<tr id="353334AAFFA945914D07E512F8B44D16" box="[119,1803,1070,1092]" gridrow="5" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
<th id="76E25DD6FFA945914D07E512FE324D16" box="[119,397,1070,1092]" gridcol="0" gridrow="5" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
<taxonomicName id="4C034D6BFFA9BA6C4D07E512FE974D16" box="[119,296,1070,1092]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Mochokidae" genus="Synodontis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nigrita">
<emphasis id="B977EAFAFFA9BA6C4D07E512FE974D16" box="[119,296,1070,1092]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Synodontis nigrita</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</th>
<td id="76E25DD6FFA945914CC2E512FDD44D16" box="[434,619,1070,1092]" gridcol="1" gridrow="5" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
- 0/ 
<date id="FFBD1028FFA9BA6C4F38E513FD6B4D16" box="[584,724,1071,1092]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" value="1912-02-01">
12 
<td id="76E25DD6FFA945914FC6E512FD474D16" box="[694,760,1070,1092]" gridcol="2" gridrow="5" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">1/2</td>
</date>
</td>
<td id="76E25DD6FFA945914E47E512FC384D16" box="[823,903,1070,1092]" gridcol="3" gridrow="5" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
3/ 
<date id="FFBD1028FFA9BA6C4E3BE513FC5B4D16" box="[843,996,1071,1092]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" value="1919-04-05">
5 
<td id="76E25DD6FFA945914EC9E512FBF44D16" box="[953,1099,1070,1092]" gridcol="4" gridrow="5" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">4/19 (21%)</td>
</date>
</td>
<td id="76E25DD6FFA94591490BE512FA8B4D16" box="[1147,1332,1070,1092]" gridcol="5" gridrow="5" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">- -</td>
<td id="76E25DD6FFA945914823E512FA7F4D16" box="[1363,1472,1070,1092]" gridcol="6" gridrow="5" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">-</td>
<td id="76E25DD6FFA94591489AE512F9DB4D16" box="[1514,1636,1070,1092]" gridcol="7" gridrow="5" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">-</td>
<td id="76E25DD6FFA945914BF2E512F8B44D16" box="[1666,1803,1070,1092]" gridcol="8" gridrow="5" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
<emphasis id="B977EAFAFFA9BA6C4BF2E513F9124D16" bold="true" box="[1666,1709,1071,1092]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">4/19</emphasis>
(21%)
</td>
</tr>
<tr id="353334AAFFA945914D07E56EF8B44D3A" box="[119,1803,1106,1128]" gridrow="6" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
<th id="76E25DD6FFA945914D07E56EFE324D3A" box="[119,397,1106,1128]" gridcol="0" gridrow="6" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
<taxonomicName id="4C034D6BFFA9BA6C4D07E56EFE934D3A" box="[119,300,1106,1128]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Mochokidae" genus="Synodontis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="serrata">
<emphasis id="B977EAFAFFA9BA6C4D07E56EFE934D3A" box="[119,300,1106,1128]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Synodontis serrata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</th>
<date id="FFBD1028FFA9BA6C4F44E56FFD004D3A" box="[564,703,1107,1128]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" value="1917-02-01">
<td id="76E25DD6FFA945914CC2E56EFDD44D3A" box="[434,619,1106,1128]" gridcol="1" gridrow="6" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">2/17</td>
<td id="76E25DD6FFA945914FC6E56EFD474D3A" box="[694,760,1106,1128]" gridcol="2" gridrow="6" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">1/5</td>
</date>
<td id="76E25DD6FFA945914E47E56EFC384D3A" box="[823,903,1106,1128]" gridcol="3" gridrow="6" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">-</td>
<td id="76E25DD6FFA945914EC9E56EFBF44D3A" box="[953,1099,1106,1128]" gridcol="4" gridrow="6" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">3/22 (14%)</td>
<td id="76E25DD6FFA94591490BE56EFA8B4D3A" box="[1147,1332,1106,1128]" gridcol="5" gridrow="6" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">- -</td>
<td id="76E25DD6FFA945914823E56EFA7F4D3A" box="[1363,1472,1106,1128]" gridcol="6" gridrow="6" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">-</td>
<td id="76E25DD6FFA94591489AE56EF9DB4D3A" box="[1514,1636,1106,1128]" gridcol="7" gridrow="6" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">-</td>
<td id="76E25DD6FFA945914BF2E56EF8B44D3A" box="[1666,1803,1106,1128]" gridcol="8" gridrow="6" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
<emphasis id="B977EAFAFFA9BA6C4BF2E56FF9124D3A" bold="true" box="[1666,1709,1107,1128]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">3/22</emphasis>
(14%)
</td>
</tr>
<tr id="353334AAFFA945914D07E54AF8B44DDE" box="[119,1803,1142,1164]" gridrow="7" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
<th id="76E25DD6FFA945914D07E54AFE324DDE" box="[119,397,1142,1164]" gridcol="0" gridrow="7" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
<taxonomicName id="4C034D6BFFA9BA6C4D07E54AFF5E4DDE" box="[119,225,1142,1164]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Mochokidae" genus="Synodontis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B977EAFAFFA9BA6C4D07E54AFF5E4DDE" box="[119,225,1142,1164]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Synodontis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. (
<taxonomicName id="4C034D6BFFA9BA6C4C7FE54BFED74DDE" box="[271,360,1142,1164]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Mochokidae" genus="Synodontis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="schall">
cf. 
<emphasis id="B977EAFAFFA9BA6C4C5FE54AFED74DDE" box="[303,360,1142,1164]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">schall</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
)
</th>
<td id="76E25DD6FFA945914CC2E54AFDD44DDE" box="[434,619,1142,1164]" gridcol="1" gridrow="7" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
1/7 
<date id="FFBD1028FFA9BA6C4F44E54BFD7D4DDE" box="[564,706,1143,1164]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" value="1916-01-04">
1/16 
<td id="76E25DD6FFA945914FC6E54AFD474DDE" box="[694,760,1142,1164]" gridcol="2" gridrow="7" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">4/9</td>
</date>
</td>
<td id="76E25DD6FFA945914E47E54AFC384DDE" box="[823,903,1142,1164]" gridcol="3" gridrow="7" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">-</td>
<td id="76E25DD6FFA945914EC9E54AFBF44DDE" box="[953,1099,1142,1164]" gridcol="4" gridrow="7" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">6/32 (19%)</td>
<td id="76E25DD6FFA94591490BE54AFA8B4DDE" box="[1147,1332,1142,1164]" gridcol="5" gridrow="7" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">- -</td>
<td id="76E25DD6FFA945914823E54AFA7F4DDE" box="[1363,1472,1142,1164]" gridcol="6" gridrow="7" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">-</td>
<td id="76E25DD6FFA94591489AE54AF9DB4DDE" box="[1514,1636,1142,1164]" gridcol="7" gridrow="7" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">-</td>
<td id="76E25DD6FFA945914BF2E54AF8B44DDE" box="[1666,1803,1142,1164]" gridcol="8" gridrow="7" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
<emphasis id="B977EAFAFFA9BA6C4BF2E54BF9124DDE" bold="true" box="[1666,1709,1143,1164]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">6/32</emphasis>
(19%)
</td>
</tr>
<tr id="353334AAFFA945914D07E5A6F8B44DE2" box="[119,1803,1178,1200]" gridrow="8" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
<th id="76E25DD6FFA945914D07E5A6FE324DE2" box="[119,397,1178,1200]" gridcol="0" gridrow="8" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
<taxonomicName id="4C034D6BFFA9BA6C4D07E5A6FE394DE2" box="[119,390,1178,1200]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Claroteidae" genus="Auchenoglanis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="acuticeps">
<emphasis id="B977EAFAFFA9BA6C4D07E5A6FEB94DE2" box="[119,262,1178,1200]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Auchenoglanis</emphasis>
cf. 
<emphasis id="B977EAFAFFA9BA6C4C5BE5A7FE394DE2" box="[299,390,1179,1200]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">acuticeps</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</th>
<td id="76E25DD6FFA945914CC2E5A6FDD44DE2" box="[434,619,1178,1200]" gridcol="1" gridrow="8" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
0/3 0/ 
<date id="FFBD1028FFA9BA6C4F38E5A7FD5F4DE2" box="[584,736,1179,1200]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" value="1917-01-18">
18 
<td id="76E25DD6FFA945914FC6E5A6FD474DE2" box="[694,760,1178,1200]" gridcol="2" gridrow="8" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">1/17</td>
</date>
</td>
<td id="76E25DD6FFA945914E47E5A6FC384DE2" box="[823,903,1178,1200]" gridcol="3" gridrow="8" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
0/ 
<date id="FFBD1028FFA9BA6C4E3AE5A7FC5B4DE2" box="[842,996,1179,1200]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" value="1942-01-04">
4 
<td id="76E25DD6FFA945914EC9E5A6FBF44DE2" box="[953,1099,1178,1200]" gridcol="4" gridrow="8" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">1/42 (2%)</td>
</date>
</td>
<td id="76E25DD6FFA94591490BE5A6FA8B4DE2" box="[1147,1332,1178,1200]" gridcol="5" gridrow="8" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">0/2 0/5</td>
<td id="76E25DD6FFA945914823E5A6FA7F4DE2" box="[1363,1472,1178,1200]" gridcol="6" gridrow="8" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">0/19</td>
<td id="76E25DD6FFA94591489AE5A6F9DB4DE2" box="[1514,1636,1178,1200]" gridcol="7" gridrow="8" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
0/ 
<date id="FFBD1028FFA9BA6C488DE5A7F9124DE2" box="[1533,1709,1179,1200]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" value="1968-01-26">
26 
<td id="76E25DD6FFA945914BF2E5A6F8B44DE2" box="[1666,1803,1178,1200]" gridcol="8" gridrow="8" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
<emphasis id="B977EAFAFFA9BA6C4BF2E5A7F9124DE2" bold="true" box="[1666,1709,1179,1200]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">1/68</emphasis>
(1%)
</td>
</date>
</td>
</tr>
<tr id="353334AAFFA945914D07E582F8B44D86" box="[119,1803,1214,1236]" gridrow="9" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" rowspan-1="1" rowspan-2="1" rowspan-3="1" rowspan-4="1" rowspan-5="1" rowspan-6="1" rowspan-7="1" rowspan-8="1">
<th id="76E25DD6FFA945914D07E582FE324D86" box="[119,397,1214,1236]" gridcol="0" gridrow="9" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
(Nile) &amp; 
<taxonomicName id="4C034D6BFFA9BA6C4DBFE582FEE14D86" box="[207,350,1214,1236]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Claroteidae" genus="Auchenoglanis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B977EAFAFFA9BA6C4DBFE582FEE14D86" box="[207,350,1214,1236]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Auchenoglanis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
cf.
</th>
</tr>
<tr id="353334AAFFA945914D07E5DEF8B44DAA" box="[119,1803,1250,1272]" gridrow="10" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" rowspan-1="1" rowspan-2="1" rowspan-3="1" rowspan-4="1" rowspan-5="1" rowspan-6="1" rowspan-7="1" rowspan-8="1">
<th id="76E25DD6FFA945914D07E5DEFE324DAA" box="[119,397,1250,1272]" gridcol="0" gridrow="10" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
<taxonomicName id="4C034D6BFFA9BA6C4D07E5DEFE9C4DAA" authority="(Turkana)" baseAuthorityName="Turkana" box="[119,291,1250,1272]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Claroteidae" genus="Auchenoglanis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sacchii">
<emphasis id="B977EAFAFFA9BA6C4D07E5DEFF044DAA" box="[119,187,1250,1272]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">sacchii</emphasis>
(Turkana)
</taxonomicName>
**
</th>
</tr>
<tr id="353334AAFFA945914D07E43AF8B44C4E" box="[119,1803,1286,1308]" gridrow="11" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
<emphasis id="B977EAFAFFA9BA6C4D07E43BFC434C4E" bold="true" box="[119,1020,1286,1308]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
<th id="76E25DD6FFA945914D07E43AFE324C4E" box="[119,397,1286,1308]" gridcol="0" gridrow="11" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
<emphasis id="B977EAFAFFA9BA6C4D07E43BFED14C4E" bold="true" box="[119,366,1286,1308]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
Totals – 
<taxonomicName id="4C034D6BFFA9BA6C4DBFE43AFE834C49" box="[207,316,1286,1307]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Mochokidae" genus="Synodontis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B977EAFAFFA9BA6C4DBFE43AFE834C49" bold="true" box="[207,316,1286,1307]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Synodontis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
only
</emphasis>
</th>
<td id="76E25DD6FFA945914CC2E43AFDD44C4E" box="[434,619,1286,1308]" gridcol="1" gridrow="11" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
<emphasis id="B977EAFAFFA9BA6C4CC2E43BFDD44C4E" bold="true" box="[434,619,1287,1308]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
<date id="FFBD1028FFA9BA6C4CC2E43BFDF44C4E" box="[434,587,1287,1308]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" value="1915-03-15">3/15 15</date>
/94
</emphasis>
</td>
<td id="76E25DD6FFA945914FC6E43AFD474C4E" box="[694,760,1286,1308]" gridcol="2" gridrow="11" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
<emphasis id="B977EAFAFFA9BA6C4FC6E43BFD534C4E" bold="true" box="[694,748,1287,1308]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">19/51</emphasis>
</td>
<td id="76E25DD6FFA945914E47E43AFC384C4E" box="[823,903,1286,1308]" gridcol="3" gridrow="11" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
<emphasis id="B977EAFAFFA9BA6C4E47E43BFCD14C4E" bold="true" box="[823,878,1287,1308]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">16/53</emphasis>
</td>
<td id="76E25DD6FFA945914EC9E43AFBF44C4E" box="[953,1099,1286,1308]" gridcol="4" gridrow="11" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
<emphasis id="B977EAFAFFA9BA6C4EC9E43BFC434C4E" bold="true" box="[953,1020,1287,1308]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">53/213</emphasis>
(25%)
</td>
</emphasis>
<td id="76E25DD6FFA94591490BE43AFA8B4C4E" box="[1147,1332,1286,1308]" gridcol="5" gridrow="11" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
<emphasis id="B977EAFAFFA9BA6C490BE43BFAAC4C4E" bold="true" box="[1147,1299,1287,1308]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
15/ 
<date id="FFBD1028FFA9BA6C49EAE43BFAAC4C4E" box="[1178,1299,1287,1308]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" value="1934-04-30">34 4/30</date>
</emphasis>
</td>
<td id="76E25DD6FFA945914823E43AFA7F4C4E" box="[1363,1472,1286,1308]" gridcol="6" gridrow="11" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
<emphasis id="B977EAFAFFA9BA6C4823E43BFAC04C4E" bold="true" box="[1363,1407,1287,1308]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">4/44</emphasis>
</td>
<td id="76E25DD6FFA94591489AE43AF9DB4C4E" box="[1514,1636,1286,1308]" gridcol="7" gridrow="11" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
<emphasis id="B977EAFAFFA9BA6C489AE43BF9924C4E" bold="true" box="[1514,1581,1287,1308]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">23/108</emphasis>
</td>
<td id="76E25DD6FFA945914BF2E43AF8B44C4E" box="[1666,1803,1286,1308]" gridcol="8" gridrow="11" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
<emphasis id="B977EAFAFFA9BA6C4BF2E43BF8B44C4E" bold="true" box="[1666,1803,1287,1308]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">76/321 (24%)</emphasis>
</td>
</tr>
<tr id="353334AAFFA945914D07E417F8B44C12" box="[119,1803,1323,1344]" gridrow="12" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" rowspan-0="1" rowspan-1="1" rowspan-2="1" rowspan-3="1" rowspan-4="1" rowspan-5="1" rowspan-6="1" rowspan-8="1">
<td id="76E25DD6FFA94591489AE417F9DB4C12" box="[1514,1636,1323,1344]" gridcol="7" gridrow="12" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">(21%)</td>
</tr>
</table>
</paragraph>
<tableNote id="76E53766FFA9BA6C4D07E458FEF54C9E" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" targetBox="[119,1803,818,1344]" targetPageId="2">
<paragraph id="8BBC36E8FFA9BA6C4D07E458FF3F4C2B" blockId="2.[119,1803,1379,1484]" box="[119,128,1380,1401]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">*</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BBC36E8FFA9BA6C4DF1E458F8B44C2B" blockId="2.[119,1803,1379,1484]" box="[129,1803,1379,1401]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
The following species of 
<taxonomicName id="4C034D6BFFA9BA6C4C05E45FFE604C2B" box="[373,479,1379,1401]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Mochokidae" genus="Synodontis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B977EAFAFFA9BA6C4C05E45FFE604C2B" box="[373,479,1379,1401]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Synodontis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
were negative: 
<taxonomicName id="4C034D6BFFA9BA6C4F07E458FD4D4C2B" box="[631,754,1379,1401]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Mochokidae" genus="Synodontis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="batensoda">
<emphasis id="B977EAFAFFA9BA6C4F07E458FD4D4C2B" box="[631,754,1379,1401]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">S. batensoda</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from Khartoum (n = 1) and White Nile at Kostí (n = 4), 
<taxonomicName id="4C034D6BFFA9BA6C4862E458FA254C2B" box="[1298,1434,1379,1401]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Mochokidae" genus="Synodontis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="filamentosa">
<emphasis id="B977EAFAFFA9BA6C4862E458FA254C2B" box="[1298,1434,1379,1401]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">S. filamentosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(n = 1) and 
<taxonomicName id="4C034D6BFFA9BA6C4B60E458F9E34C2B" box="[1552,1628,1380,1401]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Mochokidae" genus="Synodontis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sorex">
<emphasis id="B977EAFAFFA9BA6C4B60E458F9E34C2B" box="[1552,1628,1380,1401]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">S. sorex</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(n = 1) from Blue
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BBC36E8FFA9BA6C4D07E4BCFF1F4CC7" blockId="2.[119,1803,1379,1484]" box="[119,160,1408,1429]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Nile</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BBC36E8FFA9BA6C4DD6E4BCFEF54C9E" blockId="2.[119,1803,1379,1484]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
at Wad Medani, 
<taxonomicName id="4C034D6BFFA9BA6C4C36E4BCFE584CC7" box="[326,487,1407,1429]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Mochokidae" genus="Synodontis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="membranacea">
<emphasis id="B977EAFAFFA9BA6C4C36E4BCFE584CC7" box="[326,487,1407,1429]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">S. membranacea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(n = 4) from White Nile at Kostí, and 
<taxonomicName id="4C034D6BFFA9BA6C4E28E4BCFC0D4CC7" box="[856,946,1408,1429]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Mochokidae" genus="Synodontis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nigrita">
<emphasis id="B977EAFAFFA9BA6C4E28E4BCFC0D4CC7" box="[856,946,1408,1429]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">S. nigrita</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(n = 1) and 
<taxonomicName id="4C034D6BFFA9BA6C4958E4BCFBC64CC7" box="[1064,1145,1407,1429]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Mochokidae" genus="Synodontis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="schall">
<emphasis id="B977EAFAFFA9BA6C4958E4BCFBC64CC7" box="[1064,1145,1407,1429]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">S. schall</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(n = 3) from White Nile at el-Renk. ** Originally identified as 
<taxonomicName id="4C034D6BFFA9BA6C4BACE4BCFF544CE3" class="Actinopterygii" family="Claroteidae" genus="Auchenoglanis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="occidentalis">
<emphasis id="B977EAFAFFA9BA6C4BACE4BCFF544CE3" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">A. occidentalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, but this species occurs in Western Africa only (
<bibRefCitation id="EF924B19FFA9BA6C4FCCE4A7FC8B4CE2" author="Retzer" box="[700,820,1435,1456]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" refString="Retzer, M. E. (2010) Taxonomy of Auchenoglanis Gunther, 1865 (Siluriformes: Auchenoglanididae). Zootaxa, 2655, 25 - 51." type="journal article" year="2010">Retzer 2010</bibRefCitation>
) – therefore herein, specimens from Nile are tentatively assigned to 
<taxonomicName id="4C034D6BFFA9BA6C48B2E4A7F9884CE3" box="[1474,1591,1435,1457]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Claroteidae" genus="Auchenoglanis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="acuticeps">
<emphasis id="B977EAFAFFA9BA6C48B2E4A7F9884CE3" box="[1474,1591,1435,1457]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">A. acuticeps</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and those from Turkana to 
<taxonomicName id="4C034D6BFFA9BA6C4D96E48BFEFB4C9E" box="[230,324,1462,1484]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Claroteidae" genus="Auchenoglanis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sacchii">
<emphasis id="B977EAFAFFA9BA6C4D96E48BFEFB4C9E" box="[230,324,1462,1484]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">A. sacchii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</tableNote>
<paragraph id="8BBC36E8FFA8BA6D4DB7E1A4FC5549FD" blockId="3.[151,1437,151,2024]" box="[199,1002,151,176]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
<emphasis id="B977EAFAFFA8BA6D4DB7E1A4FEDA49E2" bold="true" box="[199,357,151,176]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
<typeStatus id="54B8884AFFA8BA6D4DB7E1A4FEBD49E2" box="[199,258,152,176]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Type</typeStatus>
locality.
</emphasis>
Neighbourhoods of Khartoum, 
<collectingCountry id="F3147678FFA8BA6D4FBBE1ABFCAE49FD" box="[715,785,151,175]" name="Sudan" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Sudan</collectingCountry>
(Nile River basin).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BBC36E8FFA8BA6D4DB7E180FBF64986" blockId="3.[151,1437,151,2024]" box="[199,1097,187,212]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
<emphasis id="B977EAFAFFA8BA6D4DB7E180FECA4986" bold="true" box="[199,373,187,212]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
<typeStatus id="54B8884AFFA8BA6D4DB7E180FEBD4986" box="[199,258,188,212]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Type</typeStatus>
material.
</emphasis>
<typeStatus id="54B8884AFFA8BA6D4C0CE180FE5B4986" box="[380,484,188,212]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
(designated as cotype) in 
<collectionCode id="ED12AE2DFFA8BA6D4E79E181FCE24986" box="[777,861,189,212]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">BMNH</collectionCode>
(1961.4.10.87–102).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BBC36E8FFA8BA6D4DB5E1E3FD544836" blockId="3.[151,1437,151,2024]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
<emphasis id="B977EAFAFFA8BA6D4DB5E1E3FE4049AA" bold="true" box="[197,511,223,248]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Geographical distribution</emphasis>
(see Material and Methods section for coordinates): Nile River basin, Sudanlocalities Khartoum, White Nile in Kostí, Blue Nile in Sennar, Atbarah River in Khashm El-Girba; Lake Turkana, Kenya—localities El-Molo Bay (Loiyangalani area), Kalokol (Longech village) and Omo River Delta (Todonyang) (except for Khartoum, all new geographical records).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3196563FFA8BA6A4DB5E053FE774830" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="5" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BBC36E8FFA8BA6D4DB5E053FBBB4B0E" blockId="3.[151,1437,151,2024]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
<emphasis id="B977EAFAFFA8BA6D4DB5E053FECC48DA" bold="true" box="[197,371,367,392]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Redescription.</emphasis>
Based on recently collected specimens from 
<collectingCountry id="F3147678FFA8BA6D4EF0E04CFC7648DA" box="[896,969,368,392]" name="Kenya" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Kenya</collectingCountry>
and 
<collectingCountry id="F3147678FFA8BA6D4975E053FBF148D5" box="[1029,1102,367,391]" name="Sudan" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Sudan</collectingCountry>
; measurements of specimens from different 
<taxonomicName id="4C034D6BFFA8BA6D4C4EE0AFFE0648F9" box="[318,441,403,427]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Mochokidae" genus="Synodontis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B977EAFAFFA8BA6D4C4EE0AFFE0648F9" box="[318,441,403,427]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Synodontis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
spp. provided in 
<tableCitation id="C6810353FFA8BA6D4FF3E0A8FD4C48F9" box="[643,755,403,428]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="2.[119,200,723,744]" captionText="TABLE 1. Numbers of hosts of Proteocephalus synodontis examined from individual localities (No. infected / No. examined). Sample sizes indicate pooled data from 2006, 2008 &amp; for the Sudan (Nile basin) and from 2008 &amp; 2009 for Kenya (Turkana), respectively." pageId="3" pageNumber="4">TABLE 1</tableCitation>
. 
<taxonomicName id="4C034D6BFFA8BA6D4E72E0AFFB4448F9" authority="Proteocephalinae. Strobila" authorityName="Proteocephalinae. Strobila" box="[770,1275,403,427]" class="Cestoda" family="Proteocephalidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Proteocephalidea" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="family">Proteocephalidae, Proteocephalinae. Strobila</taxonomicName>
with acraspedote proglottides, up to 
<quantity id="4CFB9B0DFFA8BA6D4CD9E08BFE46489D" box="[425,505,439,463]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.4" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" unit="mm" value="84.0">84 mm</quantity>
(
<collectingCountry id="F3147678FFA8BA6D4F7AE08BFDEC489D" box="[522,595,439,463]" name="Sudan" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Sudan</collectingCountry>
) and 
<quantity id="4CFB9B0DFFA8BA6D4FE5E08BFD5A489D" box="[661,741,439,463]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.4" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" unit="mm" value="94.0">94 mm</quantity>
(Turkana) long and 2.38 mm (
<collectingCountry id="F3147678FFA8BA6D4937E08BFB2F489D" box="[1095,1168,439,463]" name="Sudan" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Sudan</collectingCountry>
) and 2.19 mm (
<collectingCountry id="F3147678FFA8BA6D4838E08BFA2B489D" box="[1352,1428,439,463]" name="Kenya" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Kenya</collectingCountry>
) wide, consisting of 138–290 proglottides: 95–148 immature (up to appearance of spermatozoa in vas deferens), only 5–10 mature (up to appearance of eggs in uterus), 25–36 pregravid (up to appearance of hooks in oncospheres) and 44–99 gravid. Proglottides variable in shape, from much wider than long (
<figureCitation id="13382A6DFFA8BA6D4975E31DFBDD4B6B" box="[1029,1122,545,569]" captionStart="FIGURES 14 – 24" captionStartId="6.[151,264,1753,1776]" captionTargetBox="[185,1377,199,1732]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[179,1405,193,1741]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURES 14 – 24. Proteocephalus synodontis Woodland, 1925. 14, Holotype (BMNH 1961.4.10.87 – 102), Khartoum, Sudan, scolex, dorsoventral view. 15, 17 – 20. Apical organs. 15. Holotype, Khartoum. 17. From Synodontis schall, Girba, Sudan; 18. Immature tapeworm from Synodontis schall, Lake Turkana, Kenya; 19. From Synodontis schall, Kostí, Sudan; 20. From Synodontis caudovittata, Kostí, Sudan. 21, 24. Immature proglottides from S. caudovittata, Kostí, Sudan. 22. Holotype, immature proglottis (note median extent of testes not reaching to uterine stem). 23. Holotype, cross section of gravid proglottis. Abbreviations: ao—apical organ; cs—cirrus-sac; do—dorsal osmoregulatory canals; dv—dorsoventral muscle fibres; gc—gland cells; lm—longitudinal internal musculature; ov—ovary; sd—sperm duct (vas deferens); te—testes; ud—uterine diverticulum; uouterine orifice; ut—uterus; vc—vaginal canal; vi—vitelline follicles; vo—ventral osmoregulatory canals. Scale bars = 100 μm (14, 16, 21 – 24); 50 µm (15, 17 – 20)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/166253/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Figs. 24</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="13382A6DFFA8BA6D491EE31DFB074B6B" box="[1134,1208,545,569]" captionStart="FIGURES 25 – 35" captionStartId="7.[151,264,1691,1714]" captionTargetBox="[157,1416,199,1649]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[148,1441,193,1658]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURES 25 – 35. Proteocephalus synodontis Woodland, 1925 from Synodontis schall, Lake Turkana, Kenya (25 – 33) and P. membranacei from S. membranacea, Lake Chad, Chad. 25. Scolex, dorsoventral view (note accumulation of gland cells in the apical region—gc). 26. Scolex, longitudinal section. 27, 28, 34, 35. Cross sections of pregravid proglottides at the level of ovary (27, 34), cirrus-sac (28) and testes (35). 29. Premature proglottis, dorsal view. 30, 31. Gravid proglottides of different shape, ventral view. 32. Pregravid proglottis, ventral view. 33. Terminal genitalia, ventral view (note vaginal sphincter—vs). Fig. 34 — syntype of P. membranacei (MNHNP 1116 H); Fig. 35 — syntype of P. largoproglottis (= syn. of P. membranacei; MNHNP 1115 H). Abbreviations: cm—circular musculature of suckers; cs—cirrus-sac; do—dorsal osmoregulatory canals; dv—dorsoventral muscle fibres; gc—gland cells; lm—longitudinal internal musculature; mg—Mehlis’ gland; od—oviduct; ov—ovary; sc—secondary osmoregulatory canals; sd—sperm duct (vas deferens); te—testes; ud—uterine diverticulum; uouterine orifice; ut—uterus; vd—vitelloduct; vi—vitelline follicles; vo—ventral osmoregulatory canals; vs—vaginal sphincter. Scale bars = 500 μm (25 – 32, 34, 35); 250 µm (33)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/166254/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">29, 32</figureCitation>
), almost rectangular (
<figureCitation id="13382A6DFFA8BA6D4DEFE378FF424B0E" box="[159,253,580,604]" captionStart="FIGURES 14 – 24" captionStartId="6.[151,264,1753,1776]" captionTargetBox="[185,1377,199,1732]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[179,1405,193,1741]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURES 14 – 24. Proteocephalus synodontis Woodland, 1925. 14, Holotype (BMNH 1961.4.10.87 – 102), Khartoum, Sudan, scolex, dorsoventral view. 15, 17 – 20. Apical organs. 15. Holotype, Khartoum. 17. From Synodontis schall, Girba, Sudan; 18. Immature tapeworm from Synodontis schall, Lake Turkana, Kenya; 19. From Synodontis schall, Kostí, Sudan; 20. From Synodontis caudovittata, Kostí, Sudan. 21, 24. Immature proglottides from S. caudovittata, Kostí, Sudan. 22. Holotype, immature proglottis (note median extent of testes not reaching to uterine stem). 23. Holotype, cross section of gravid proglottis. Abbreviations: ao—apical organ; cs—cirrus-sac; do—dorsal osmoregulatory canals; dv—dorsoventral muscle fibres; gc—gland cells; lm—longitudinal internal musculature; ov—ovary; sd—sperm duct (vas deferens); te—testes; ud—uterine diverticulum; uouterine orifice; ut—uterus; vc—vaginal canal; vi—vitelline follicles; vo—ventral osmoregulatory canals. Scale bars = 100 μm (14, 16, 21 – 24); 50 µm (15, 17 – 20)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/166253/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Figs. 21</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="13382A6DFFA8BA6D4C78E378FE984B0E" box="[264,295,580,604]" captionStart="FIGURES 25 – 35" captionStartId="7.[151,264,1691,1714]" captionTargetBox="[157,1416,199,1649]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[148,1441,193,1658]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURES 25 – 35. Proteocephalus synodontis Woodland, 1925 from Synodontis schall, Lake Turkana, Kenya (25 – 33) and P. membranacei from S. membranacea, Lake Chad, Chad. 25. Scolex, dorsoventral view (note accumulation of gland cells in the apical region—gc). 26. Scolex, longitudinal section. 27, 28, 34, 35. Cross sections of pregravid proglottides at the level of ovary (27, 34), cirrus-sac (28) and testes (35). 29. Premature proglottis, dorsal view. 30, 31. Gravid proglottides of different shape, ventral view. 32. Pregravid proglottis, ventral view. 33. Terminal genitalia, ventral view (note vaginal sphincter—vs). Fig. 34 — syntype of P. membranacei (MNHNP 1116 H); Fig. 35 — syntype of P. largoproglottis (= syn. of P. membranacei; MNHNP 1115 H). Abbreviations: cm—circular musculature of suckers; cs—cirrus-sac; do—dorsal osmoregulatory canals; dv—dorsoventral muscle fibres; gc—gland cells; lm—longitudinal internal musculature; mg—Mehlis’ gland; od—oviduct; ov—ovary; sc—secondary osmoregulatory canals; sd—sperm duct (vas deferens); te—testes; ud—uterine diverticulum; uouterine orifice; ut—uterus; vd—vitelloduct; vi—vitelline follicles; vo—ventral osmoregulatory canals; vs—vaginal sphincter. Scale bars = 500 μm (25 – 32, 34, 35); 250 µm (33)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/166254/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">30</figureCitation>
), to much longer than wide in some gravid proglottides (
<figureCitation id="13382A6DFFA8BA6D4ED3E378FC494B0E" box="[931,1014,580,604]" captionStart="FIGURES 25 – 35" captionStartId="7.[151,264,1691,1714]" captionTargetBox="[157,1416,199,1649]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[148,1441,193,1658]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURES 25 – 35. Proteocephalus synodontis Woodland, 1925 from Synodontis schall, Lake Turkana, Kenya (25 – 33) and P. membranacei from S. membranacea, Lake Chad, Chad. 25. Scolex, dorsoventral view (note accumulation of gland cells in the apical region—gc). 26. Scolex, longitudinal section. 27, 28, 34, 35. Cross sections of pregravid proglottides at the level of ovary (27, 34), cirrus-sac (28) and testes (35). 29. Premature proglottis, dorsal view. 30, 31. Gravid proglottides of different shape, ventral view. 32. Pregravid proglottis, ventral view. 33. Terminal genitalia, ventral view (note vaginal sphincter—vs). Fig. 34 — syntype of P. membranacei (MNHNP 1116 H); Fig. 35 — syntype of P. largoproglottis (= syn. of P. membranacei; MNHNP 1115 H). Abbreviations: cm—circular musculature of suckers; cs—cirrus-sac; do—dorsal osmoregulatory canals; dv—dorsoventral muscle fibres; gc—gland cells; lm—longitudinal internal musculature; mg—Mehlis’ gland; od—oviduct; ov—ovary; sc—secondary osmoregulatory canals; sd—sperm duct (vas deferens); te—testes; ud—uterine diverticulum; uouterine orifice; ut—uterus; vd—vitelloduct; vi—vitelline follicles; vo—ventral osmoregulatory canals; vs—vaginal sphincter. Scale bars = 500 μm (25 – 32, 34, 35); 250 µm (33)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/166254/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Fig. 31</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BBC36E8FFA8BA6D4DB7E354FE214B95" blockId="3.[151,1437,151,2024]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
Longitudinal internal musculature extraordinarily well developed, forming wide band of dense bundles of muscle fibres, occupying about one half of proglottides in cross sections (
<figureCitation id="13382A6DFFA8BA6D4E94E3B7FBFC4BF1" box="[996,1091,651,675]" captionStart="FIGURES 14 – 24" captionStartId="6.[151,264,1753,1776]" captionTargetBox="[185,1377,199,1732]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[179,1405,193,1741]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURES 14 – 24. Proteocephalus synodontis Woodland, 1925. 14, Holotype (BMNH 1961.4.10.87 – 102), Khartoum, Sudan, scolex, dorsoventral view. 15, 17 – 20. Apical organs. 15. Holotype, Khartoum. 17. From Synodontis schall, Girba, Sudan; 18. Immature tapeworm from Synodontis schall, Lake Turkana, Kenya; 19. From Synodontis schall, Kostí, Sudan; 20. From Synodontis caudovittata, Kostí, Sudan. 21, 24. Immature proglottides from S. caudovittata, Kostí, Sudan. 22. Holotype, immature proglottis (note median extent of testes not reaching to uterine stem). 23. Holotype, cross section of gravid proglottis. Abbreviations: ao—apical organ; cs—cirrus-sac; do—dorsal osmoregulatory canals; dv—dorsoventral muscle fibres; gc—gland cells; lm—longitudinal internal musculature; ov—ovary; sd—sperm duct (vas deferens); te—testes; ud—uterine diverticulum; uouterine orifice; ut—uterus; vc—vaginal canal; vi—vitelline follicles; vo—ventral osmoregulatory canals. Scale bars = 100 μm (14, 16, 21 – 24); 50 µm (15, 17 – 20)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/166253/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Figs. 23</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="13382A6DFFA8BA6D4921E3B7FB224BF1" box="[1105,1181,651,675]" captionStart="FIGURES 25 – 35" captionStartId="7.[151,264,1691,1714]" captionTargetBox="[157,1416,199,1649]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[148,1441,193,1658]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURES 25 – 35. Proteocephalus synodontis Woodland, 1925 from Synodontis schall, Lake Turkana, Kenya (25 – 33) and P. membranacei from S. membranacea, Lake Chad, Chad. 25. Scolex, dorsoventral view (note accumulation of gland cells in the apical region—gc). 26. Scolex, longitudinal section. 27, 28, 34, 35. Cross sections of pregravid proglottides at the level of ovary (27, 34), cirrus-sac (28) and testes (35). 29. Premature proglottis, dorsal view. 30, 31. Gravid proglottides of different shape, ventral view. 32. Pregravid proglottis, ventral view. 33. Terminal genitalia, ventral view (note vaginal sphincter—vs). Fig. 34 — syntype of P. membranacei (MNHNP 1116 H); Fig. 35 — syntype of P. largoproglottis (= syn. of P. membranacei; MNHNP 1115 H). Abbreviations: cm—circular musculature of suckers; cs—cirrus-sac; do—dorsal osmoregulatory canals; dv—dorsoventral muscle fibres; gc—gland cells; lm—longitudinal internal musculature; mg—Mehlis’ gland; od—oviduct; ov—ovary; sc—secondary osmoregulatory canals; sd—sperm duct (vas deferens); te—testes; ud—uterine diverticulum; uouterine orifice; ut—uterus; vd—vitelloduct; vi—vitelline follicles; vo—ventral osmoregulatory canals; vs—vaginal sphincter. Scale bars = 500 μm (25 – 32, 34, 35); 250 µm (33)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/166254/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">27, 28</figureCitation>
). Dorsoventral muscle fibres present (
<figureCitation id="13382A6DFFA8BA6D4C4EE393FE2D4B95" box="[318,402,687,711]" captionStart="FIGURES 14 – 24" captionStartId="6.[151,264,1753,1776]" captionTargetBox="[185,1377,199,1732]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[179,1405,193,1741]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURES 14 – 24. Proteocephalus synodontis Woodland, 1925. 14, Holotype (BMNH 1961.4.10.87 – 102), Khartoum, Sudan, scolex, dorsoventral view. 15, 17 – 20. Apical organs. 15. Holotype, Khartoum. 17. From Synodontis schall, Girba, Sudan; 18. Immature tapeworm from Synodontis schall, Lake Turkana, Kenya; 19. From Synodontis schall, Kostí, Sudan; 20. From Synodontis caudovittata, Kostí, Sudan. 21, 24. Immature proglottides from S. caudovittata, Kostí, Sudan. 22. Holotype, immature proglottis (note median extent of testes not reaching to uterine stem). 23. Holotype, cross section of gravid proglottis. Abbreviations: ao—apical organ; cs—cirrus-sac; do—dorsal osmoregulatory canals; dv—dorsoventral muscle fibres; gc—gland cells; lm—longitudinal internal musculature; ov—ovary; sd—sperm duct (vas deferens); te—testes; ud—uterine diverticulum; uouterine orifice; ut—uterus; vc—vaginal canal; vi—vitelline follicles; vo—ventral osmoregulatory canals. Scale bars = 100 μm (14, 16, 21 – 24); 50 µm (15, 17 – 20)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/166253/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Fig. 23</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BBC36E8FFA8BA6D4DB7E3EEFEBF4ACE" blockId="3.[151,1437,151,2024]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
Ventral osmoregulatory canals very wide, thin-walled, convoluted, with narrow secondary canals directed to ventral surface; canals medioventral to lateral bands of vitelline follicles and well visible in all proglottides (
<figureCitation id="13382A6DFFA8BA6D4814E3CAFF604A63" captionStart="FIGURES 14 – 24" captionStartId="6.[151,264,1753,1776]" captionTargetBox="[185,1377,199,1732]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[179,1405,193,1741]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURES 14 – 24. Proteocephalus synodontis Woodland, 1925. 14, Holotype (BMNH 1961.4.10.87 – 102), Khartoum, Sudan, scolex, dorsoventral view. 15, 17 – 20. Apical organs. 15. Holotype, Khartoum. 17. From Synodontis schall, Girba, Sudan; 18. Immature tapeworm from Synodontis schall, Lake Turkana, Kenya; 19. From Synodontis schall, Kostí, Sudan; 20. From Synodontis caudovittata, Kostí, Sudan. 21, 24. Immature proglottides from S. caudovittata, Kostí, Sudan. 22. Holotype, immature proglottis (note median extent of testes not reaching to uterine stem). 23. Holotype, cross section of gravid proglottis. Abbreviations: ao—apical organ; cs—cirrus-sac; do—dorsal osmoregulatory canals; dv—dorsoventral muscle fibres; gc—gland cells; lm—longitudinal internal musculature; ov—ovary; sd—sperm duct (vas deferens); te—testes; ud—uterine diverticulum; uouterine orifice; ut—uterus; vc—vaginal canal; vi—vitelline follicles; vo—ventral osmoregulatory canals. Scale bars = 100 μm (14, 16, 21 – 24); 50 µm (15, 17 – 20)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/166253/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Figs. 23, 24</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="13382A6DFFA8BA6D4D9CE225FE894A63" box="[236,310,793,817]" captionStart="FIGURES 25 – 35" captionStartId="7.[151,264,1691,1714]" captionTargetBox="[157,1416,199,1649]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[148,1441,193,1658]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURES 25 – 35. Proteocephalus synodontis Woodland, 1925 from Synodontis schall, Lake Turkana, Kenya (25 – 33) and P. membranacei from S. membranacea, Lake Chad, Chad. 25. Scolex, dorsoventral view (note accumulation of gland cells in the apical region—gc). 26. Scolex, longitudinal section. 27, 28, 34, 35. Cross sections of pregravid proglottides at the level of ovary (27, 34), cirrus-sac (28) and testes (35). 29. Premature proglottis, dorsal view. 30, 31. Gravid proglottides of different shape, ventral view. 32. Pregravid proglottis, ventral view. 33. Terminal genitalia, ventral view (note vaginal sphincter—vs). Fig. 34 — syntype of P. membranacei (MNHNP 1116 H); Fig. 35 — syntype of P. largoproglottis (= syn. of P. membranacei; MNHNP 1115 H). Abbreviations: cm—circular musculature of suckers; cs—cirrus-sac; do—dorsal osmoregulatory canals; dv—dorsoventral muscle fibres; gc—gland cells; lm—longitudinal internal musculature; mg—Mehlis’ gland; od—oviduct; ov—ovary; sc—secondary osmoregulatory canals; sd—sperm duct (vas deferens); te—testes; ud—uterine diverticulum; uouterine orifice; ut—uterus; vd—vitelloduct; vi—vitelline follicles; vo—ventral osmoregulatory canals; vs—vaginal sphincter. Scale bars = 500 μm (25 – 32, 34, 35); 250 µm (33)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/166254/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">30, 32</figureCitation>
). Dorsal osmoregulatory canals thin-walled, wide in immature proglottides, dorsal to anlagen of lateral bands of vitelline follicles (
<figureCitation id="13382A6DFFA8BA6D4F73E201FDE64A07" box="[515,601,829,853]" captionStart="FIGURES 25 – 35" captionStartId="7.[151,264,1691,1714]" captionTargetBox="[157,1416,199,1649]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[148,1441,193,1658]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURES 25 – 35. Proteocephalus synodontis Woodland, 1925 from Synodontis schall, Lake Turkana, Kenya (25 – 33) and P. membranacei from S. membranacea, Lake Chad, Chad. 25. Scolex, dorsoventral view (note accumulation of gland cells in the apical region—gc). 26. Scolex, longitudinal section. 27, 28, 34, 35. Cross sections of pregravid proglottides at the level of ovary (27, 34), cirrus-sac (28) and testes (35). 29. Premature proglottis, dorsal view. 30, 31. Gravid proglottides of different shape, ventral view. 32. Pregravid proglottis, ventral view. 33. Terminal genitalia, ventral view (note vaginal sphincter—vs). Fig. 34 — syntype of P. membranacei (MNHNP 1116 H); Fig. 35 — syntype of P. largoproglottis (= syn. of P. membranacei; MNHNP 1115 H). Abbreviations: cm—circular musculature of suckers; cs—cirrus-sac; do—dorsal osmoregulatory canals; dv—dorsoventral muscle fibres; gc—gland cells; lm—longitudinal internal musculature; mg—Mehlis’ gland; od—oviduct; ov—ovary; sc—secondary osmoregulatory canals; sd—sperm duct (vas deferens); te—testes; ud—uterine diverticulum; uouterine orifice; ut—uterus; vd—vitelloduct; vi—vitelline follicles; vo—ventral osmoregulatory canals; vs—vaginal sphincter. Scale bars = 500 μm (25 – 32, 34, 35); 250 µm (33)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/166254/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Fig. 29</figureCitation>
); canals becoming indistinguishable in mature, pregravid and gravid proglottides (
<figureCitation id="13382A6DFFA8BA6D4C78E25CFE2A4A2A" box="[264,405,864,888]" captionStart="FIGURES 25 – 35" captionStartId="7.[151,264,1691,1714]" captionTargetBox="[157,1416,199,1649]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[148,1441,193,1658]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURES 25 – 35. Proteocephalus synodontis Woodland, 1925 from Synodontis schall, Lake Turkana, Kenya (25 – 33) and P. membranacei from S. membranacea, Lake Chad, Chad. 25. Scolex, dorsoventral view (note accumulation of gland cells in the apical region—gc). 26. Scolex, longitudinal section. 27, 28, 34, 35. Cross sections of pregravid proglottides at the level of ovary (27, 34), cirrus-sac (28) and testes (35). 29. Premature proglottis, dorsal view. 30, 31. Gravid proglottides of different shape, ventral view. 32. Pregravid proglottis, ventral view. 33. Terminal genitalia, ventral view (note vaginal sphincter—vs). Fig. 34 — syntype of P. membranacei (MNHNP 1116 H); Fig. 35 — syntype of P. largoproglottis (= syn. of P. membranacei; MNHNP 1115 H). Abbreviations: cm—circular musculature of suckers; cs—cirrus-sac; do—dorsal osmoregulatory canals; dv—dorsoventral muscle fibres; gc—gland cells; lm—longitudinal internal musculature; mg—Mehlis’ gland; od—oviduct; ov—ovary; sc—secondary osmoregulatory canals; sd—sperm duct (vas deferens); te—testes; ud—uterine diverticulum; uouterine orifice; ut—uterus; vd—vitelloduct; vi—vitelline follicles; vo—ventral osmoregulatory canals; vs—vaginal sphincter. Scale bars = 500 μm (25 – 32, 34, 35); 250 µm (33)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/166254/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Figs. 27, 28</figureCitation>
). Scolex with numerous anastomosed osmoregulatory canals present also in its apical part (
<figureCitation id="13382A6DFFA8BA6D4DEFE2B8FF4B4ACE" box="[159,244,900,924]" captionStart="FIGURES 25 – 35" captionStartId="7.[151,264,1691,1714]" captionTargetBox="[157,1416,199,1649]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[148,1441,193,1658]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURES 25 – 35. Proteocephalus synodontis Woodland, 1925 from Synodontis schall, Lake Turkana, Kenya (25 – 33) and P. membranacei from S. membranacea, Lake Chad, Chad. 25. Scolex, dorsoventral view (note accumulation of gland cells in the apical region—gc). 26. Scolex, longitudinal section. 27, 28, 34, 35. Cross sections of pregravid proglottides at the level of ovary (27, 34), cirrus-sac (28) and testes (35). 29. Premature proglottis, dorsal view. 30, 31. Gravid proglottides of different shape, ventral view. 32. Pregravid proglottis, ventral view. 33. Terminal genitalia, ventral view (note vaginal sphincter—vs). Fig. 34 — syntype of P. membranacei (MNHNP 1116 H); Fig. 35 — syntype of P. largoproglottis (= syn. of P. membranacei; MNHNP 1115 H). Abbreviations: cm—circular musculature of suckers; cs—cirrus-sac; do—dorsal osmoregulatory canals; dv—dorsoventral muscle fibres; gc—gland cells; lm—longitudinal internal musculature; mg—Mehlis’ gland; od—oviduct; ov—ovary; sc—secondary osmoregulatory canals; sd—sperm duct (vas deferens); te—testes; ud—uterine diverticulum; uouterine orifice; ut—uterus; vd—vitelloduct; vi—vitelline follicles; vo—ventral osmoregulatory canals; vs—vaginal sphincter. Scale bars = 500 μm (25 – 32, 34, 35); 250 µm (33)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/166254/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Fig. 26</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BBC36E8FFA8BA6D4DB7E29BFB844C70" blockId="3.[151,1437,151,2024]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
Scolex unarmed, wider than neck, pyramidal in shape (four-sided truncated cone), with four posterior lobes separated by deep longitudinal incisions (
<figureCitation id="13382A6DFFA8BA6D4F16E2F7FD6E4AB1" box="[614,721,971,995]" captionStart="FIGURES 1 – 13" captionStartId="5.[151,264,1855,1878]" captionTargetBox="[150,1434,202,1834]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[143,1444,195,1843]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURES 1 – 13. Scanning electron micrographs of the scoleces of Proteocephalus spp. from Synodontis catfish: P. synodontis Woodland, 1925 from S. schall, Lake Turkana, Kenya (1 – 3, 7, 8) and from S. schall, Kostí, Sudan (4 – 6); P. membranacei Troncy, 1978 from S. membranacea, Lake Chad, Chad, syntype (MNHNP 1116 H; 9, 10); P. largoproglottis (= syn. of P. m e m - branacei), syntype (MNHNP 1115 H; 11 – 13). 1, 4, 9, 11. Dorsoventral view. 2, 5, 10, 13. Lateral view. 3, 6, 12. Apical view. 7, 8. Papilliform filitriches on the external rim and internal surface of suckers, respectively (see Fig. 1). Scale bars = 100 μm (1 – 6, 9, 11 – 13); 50 μm (10); 3 μm (7, 8)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/166252/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Figs. 1–6</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="13382A6DFFA8BA6D4FADE2F7FC9A4AB1" box="[733,805,971,995]" captionStart="FIGURES 14 – 24" captionStartId="6.[151,264,1753,1776]" captionTargetBox="[185,1377,199,1732]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[179,1405,193,1741]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURES 14 – 24. Proteocephalus synodontis Woodland, 1925. 14, Holotype (BMNH 1961.4.10.87 – 102), Khartoum, Sudan, scolex, dorsoventral view. 15, 17 – 20. Apical organs. 15. Holotype, Khartoum. 17. From Synodontis schall, Girba, Sudan; 18. Immature tapeworm from Synodontis schall, Lake Turkana, Kenya; 19. From Synodontis schall, Kostí, Sudan; 20. From Synodontis caudovittata, Kostí, Sudan. 21, 24. Immature proglottides from S. caudovittata, Kostí, Sudan. 22. Holotype, immature proglottis (note median extent of testes not reaching to uterine stem). 23. Holotype, cross section of gravid proglottis. Abbreviations: ao—apical organ; cs—cirrus-sac; do—dorsal osmoregulatory canals; dv—dorsoventral muscle fibres; gc—gland cells; lm—longitudinal internal musculature; ov—ovary; sd—sperm duct (vas deferens); te—testes; ud—uterine diverticulum; uouterine orifice; ut—uterus; vc—vaginal canal; vi—vitelline follicles; vo—ventral osmoregulatory canals. Scale bars = 100 μm (14, 16, 21 – 24); 50 µm (15, 17 – 20)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/166253/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">14, 16</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="13382A6DFFA8BA6D4E40E2F7FCF04AB1" box="[816,847,971,995]" captionStart="FIGURES 25 – 35" captionStartId="7.[151,264,1691,1714]" captionTargetBox="[157,1416,199,1649]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[148,1441,193,1658]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURES 25 – 35. Proteocephalus synodontis Woodland, 1925 from Synodontis schall, Lake Turkana, Kenya (25 – 33) and P. membranacei from S. membranacea, Lake Chad, Chad. 25. Scolex, dorsoventral view (note accumulation of gland cells in the apical region—gc). 26. Scolex, longitudinal section. 27, 28, 34, 35. Cross sections of pregravid proglottides at the level of ovary (27, 34), cirrus-sac (28) and testes (35). 29. Premature proglottis, dorsal view. 30, 31. Gravid proglottides of different shape, ventral view. 32. Pregravid proglottis, ventral view. 33. Terminal genitalia, ventral view (note vaginal sphincter—vs). Fig. 34 — syntype of P. membranacei (MNHNP 1116 H); Fig. 35 — syntype of P. largoproglottis (= syn. of P. membranacei; MNHNP 1115 H). Abbreviations: cm—circular musculature of suckers; cs—cirrus-sac; do—dorsal osmoregulatory canals; dv—dorsoventral muscle fibres; gc—gland cells; lm—longitudinal internal musculature; mg—Mehlis’ gland; od—oviduct; ov—ovary; sc—secondary osmoregulatory canals; sd—sperm duct (vas deferens); te—testes; ud—uterine diverticulum; uouterine orifice; ut—uterus; vd—vitelloduct; vi—vitelline follicles; vo—ventral osmoregulatory canals; vs—vaginal sphincter. Scale bars = 500 μm (25 – 32, 34, 35); 250 µm (33)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/166254/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">25</figureCitation>
), 605–1,105 long and 585–1,310 wide, with longitudinal wrinkles in its posterior part (
<figureCitation id="13382A6DFFA8BA6D4F6EE2D2FD004D54" box="[542,703,1006,1030]" captionStart="FIGURES 1 – 13" captionStartId="5.[151,264,1855,1878]" captionTargetBox="[150,1434,202,1834]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[143,1444,195,1843]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURES 1 – 13. Scanning electron micrographs of the scoleces of Proteocephalus spp. from Synodontis catfish: P. synodontis Woodland, 1925 from S. schall, Lake Turkana, Kenya (1 – 3, 7, 8) and from S. schall, Kostí, Sudan (4 – 6); P. membranacei Troncy, 1978 from S. membranacea, Lake Chad, Chad, syntype (MNHNP 1116 H; 9, 10); P. largoproglottis (= syn. of P. m e m - branacei), syntype (MNHNP 1115 H; 11 – 13). 1, 4, 9, 11. Dorsoventral view. 2, 5, 10, 13. Lateral view. 3, 6, 12. Apical view. 7, 8. Papilliform filitriches on the external rim and internal surface of suckers, respectively (see Fig. 1). Scale bars = 100 μm (1 – 6, 9, 11 – 13); 50 μm (10); 3 μm (7, 8)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/166252/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Figs. 1, 2, 4, 5</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="13382A6DFFA8BA6D4FBBE2D2FD554D54" box="[715,746,1006,1030]" captionStart="FIGURES 14 – 24" captionStartId="6.[151,264,1753,1776]" captionTargetBox="[185,1377,199,1732]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[179,1405,193,1741]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURES 14 – 24. Proteocephalus synodontis Woodland, 1925. 14, Holotype (BMNH 1961.4.10.87 – 102), Khartoum, Sudan, scolex, dorsoventral view. 15, 17 – 20. Apical organs. 15. Holotype, Khartoum. 17. From Synodontis schall, Girba, Sudan; 18. Immature tapeworm from Synodontis schall, Lake Turkana, Kenya; 19. From Synodontis schall, Kostí, Sudan; 20. From Synodontis caudovittata, Kostí, Sudan. 21, 24. Immature proglottides from S. caudovittata, Kostí, Sudan. 22. Holotype, immature proglottis (note median extent of testes not reaching to uterine stem). 23. Holotype, cross section of gravid proglottis. Abbreviations: ao—apical organ; cs—cirrus-sac; do—dorsal osmoregulatory canals; dv—dorsoventral muscle fibres; gc—gland cells; lm—longitudinal internal musculature; ov—ovary; sd—sperm duct (vas deferens); te—testes; ud—uterine diverticulum; uouterine orifice; ut—uterus; vc—vaginal canal; vi—vitelline follicles; vo—ventral osmoregulatory canals. Scale bars = 100 μm (14, 16, 21 – 24); 50 µm (15, 17 – 20)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/166253/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">14</figureCitation>
). Suckers uniloculate, deeply embedded (
<figureCitation id="13382A6DFFA8BA6D49CAE2D2FA9A4D54" box="[1210,1317,1006,1030]" captionStart="FIGURES 1 – 13" captionStartId="5.[151,264,1855,1878]" captionTargetBox="[150,1434,202,1834]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[143,1444,195,1843]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURES 1 – 13. Scanning electron micrographs of the scoleces of Proteocephalus spp. from Synodontis catfish: P. synodontis Woodland, 1925 from S. schall, Lake Turkana, Kenya (1 – 3, 7, 8) and from S. schall, Kostí, Sudan (4 – 6); P. membranacei Troncy, 1978 from S. membranacea, Lake Chad, Chad, syntype (MNHNP 1116 H; 9, 10); P. largoproglottis (= syn. of P. m e m - branacei), syntype (MNHNP 1115 H; 11 – 13). 1, 4, 9, 11. Dorsoventral view. 2, 5, 10, 13. Lateral view. 3, 6, 12. Apical view. 7, 8. Papilliform filitriches on the external rim and internal surface of suckers, respectively (see Fig. 1). Scale bars = 100 μm (1 – 6, 9, 11 – 13); 50 μm (10); 3 μm (7, 8)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/166252/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Figs. 1–6</figureCitation>
), 
<quantity id="4CFB9B0DFFA8BA6D484AE2D2FF124D7B" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.271" metricValueMax="13.462" metricValueMin="5.08" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" unit="in" value="365.0" valueMax="530.0" valueMin="200.0">200–530 in</quantity>
diameter, with well developed anterolateral circular musculature (
<figureCitation id="13382A6DFFA8BA6D4EE2E52DFC594D7B" box="[914,998,1041,1065]" captionStart="FIGURES 25 – 35" captionStartId="7.[151,264,1691,1714]" captionTargetBox="[157,1416,199,1649]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[148,1441,193,1658]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURES 25 – 35. Proteocephalus synodontis Woodland, 1925 from Synodontis schall, Lake Turkana, Kenya (25 – 33) and P. membranacei from S. membranacea, Lake Chad, Chad. 25. Scolex, dorsoventral view (note accumulation of gland cells in the apical region—gc). 26. Scolex, longitudinal section. 27, 28, 34, 35. Cross sections of pregravid proglottides at the level of ovary (27, 34), cirrus-sac (28) and testes (35). 29. Premature proglottis, dorsal view. 30, 31. Gravid proglottides of different shape, ventral view. 32. Pregravid proglottis, ventral view. 33. Terminal genitalia, ventral view (note vaginal sphincter—vs). Fig. 34 — syntype of P. membranacei (MNHNP 1116 H); Fig. 35 — syntype of P. largoproglottis (= syn. of P. membranacei; MNHNP 1115 H). Abbreviations: cm—circular musculature of suckers; cs—cirrus-sac; do—dorsal osmoregulatory canals; dv—dorsoventral muscle fibres; gc—gland cells; lm—longitudinal internal musculature; mg—Mehlis’ gland; od—oviduct; ov—ovary; sc—secondary osmoregulatory canals; sd—sperm duct (vas deferens); te—testes; ud—uterine diverticulum; uouterine orifice; ut—uterus; vd—vitelloduct; vi—vitelline follicles; vo—ventral osmoregulatory canals; vs—vaginal sphincter. Scale bars = 500 μm (25 – 32, 34, 35); 250 µm (33)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/166254/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Fig. 26</figureCitation>
). Unicellular gland cells lining anterior margin of scolex (
<figureCitation id="13382A6DFFA8BA6D4C10E509FE554D1F" box="[352,490,1077,1101]" captionStart="FIGURES 14 – 24" captionStartId="6.[151,264,1753,1776]" captionTargetBox="[185,1377,199,1732]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[179,1405,193,1741]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURES 14 – 24. Proteocephalus synodontis Woodland, 1925. 14, Holotype (BMNH 1961.4.10.87 – 102), Khartoum, Sudan, scolex, dorsoventral view. 15, 17 – 20. Apical organs. 15. Holotype, Khartoum. 17. From Synodontis schall, Girba, Sudan; 18. Immature tapeworm from Synodontis schall, Lake Turkana, Kenya; 19. From Synodontis schall, Kostí, Sudan; 20. From Synodontis caudovittata, Kostí, Sudan. 21, 24. Immature proglottides from S. caudovittata, Kostí, Sudan. 22. Holotype, immature proglottis (note median extent of testes not reaching to uterine stem). 23. Holotype, cross section of gravid proglottis. Abbreviations: ao—apical organ; cs—cirrus-sac; do—dorsal osmoregulatory canals; dv—dorsoventral muscle fibres; gc—gland cells; lm—longitudinal internal musculature; ov—ovary; sd—sperm duct (vas deferens); te—testes; ud—uterine diverticulum; uouterine orifice; ut—uterus; vc—vaginal canal; vi—vitelline follicles; vo—ventral osmoregulatory canals. Scale bars = 100 μm (14, 16, 21 – 24); 50 µm (15, 17 – 20)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/166253/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Figs. 15–20</figureCitation>
). Apical organ present in all 
<specimenCount id="9D05FD61FFA8BA6D4E5AE509FC7E4D1F" box="[810,961,1077,1101]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" type="generic">32 specimens</specimenCount>
from 
<collectingCountry id="F3147678FFA8BA6D4974E509FBF24D1F" box="[1028,1101,1077,1101]" name="Sudan" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Sudan</collectingCountry>
, but absent in 13 of 15 worms from 
<collectingCountry id="F3147678FFA8BA6D4DA5E565FEA14D23" box="[213,286,1113,1137]" name="Kenya" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Kenya</collectingCountry>
(present only in two immature specimens in 
<collectingCountry id="F3147678FFA8BA6D4E6FE565FCD44D23" box="[799,875,1113,1137]" name="Kenya" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Kenya</collectingCountry>
, never in adult ones), highly variable in size (35– 140 long and 30–75 wide in specimens from 
<collectingCountry id="F3147678FFA8BA6D4FD0E540FD564DC6" box="[672,745,1148,1172]" name="Sudan" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Sudan</collectingCountry>
, but only 25–35 × 
<quantity id="4CFB9B0DFFA8BA6D4EB5E540FB954DC6" box="[965,1066,1148,1172]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.35" metricValueMax="7.62" metricValueMin="5.08" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" unit="in" value="25.0" valueMax="30.0" valueMin="20.0">20–30 in</quantity>
worms from 
<collectingCountry id="F3147678FFA8BA6D49B8E540FAAC4DC6" box="[1224,1299,1148,1172]" name="Kenya" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Kenya</collectingCountry>
) and shape, even in specimens of same size and from same hosts, from elongate, tear-shaped to spherical (
<figureCitation id="13382A6DFFA8BA6D49C5E59CFA814DEA" box="[1205,1342,1184,1208]" captionStart="FIGURES 14 – 24" captionStartId="6.[151,264,1753,1776]" captionTargetBox="[185,1377,199,1732]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[179,1405,193,1741]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURES 14 – 24. Proteocephalus synodontis Woodland, 1925. 14, Holotype (BMNH 1961.4.10.87 – 102), Khartoum, Sudan, scolex, dorsoventral view. 15, 17 – 20. Apical organs. 15. Holotype, Khartoum. 17. From Synodontis schall, Girba, Sudan; 18. Immature tapeworm from Synodontis schall, Lake Turkana, Kenya; 19. From Synodontis schall, Kostí, Sudan; 20. From Synodontis caudovittata, Kostí, Sudan. 21, 24. Immature proglottides from S. caudovittata, Kostí, Sudan. 22. Holotype, immature proglottis (note median extent of testes not reaching to uterine stem). 23. Holotype, cross section of gravid proglottis. Abbreviations: ao—apical organ; cs—cirrus-sac; do—dorsal osmoregulatory canals; dv—dorsoventral muscle fibres; gc—gland cells; lm—longitudinal internal musculature; ov—ovary; sd—sperm duct (vas deferens); te—testes; ud—uterine diverticulum; uouterine orifice; ut—uterus; vc—vaginal canal; vi—vitelline follicles; vo—ventral osmoregulatory canals. Scale bars = 100 μm (14, 16, 21 – 24); 50 µm (15, 17 – 20)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/166253/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Figs. 15–20</figureCitation>
). Apical part of scolex with numerous gland cells (
<figureCitation id="13382A6DFFA8BA6D4F1AE5FFFD4E4D89" box="[618,753,1219,1243]" captionStart="FIGURES 14 – 24" captionStartId="6.[151,264,1753,1776]" captionTargetBox="[185,1377,199,1732]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[179,1405,193,1741]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURES 14 – 24. Proteocephalus synodontis Woodland, 1925. 14, Holotype (BMNH 1961.4.10.87 – 102), Khartoum, Sudan, scolex, dorsoventral view. 15, 17 – 20. Apical organs. 15. Holotype, Khartoum. 17. From Synodontis schall, Girba, Sudan; 18. Immature tapeworm from Synodontis schall, Lake Turkana, Kenya; 19. From Synodontis schall, Kostí, Sudan; 20. From Synodontis caudovittata, Kostí, Sudan. 21, 24. Immature proglottides from S. caudovittata, Kostí, Sudan. 22. Holotype, immature proglottis (note median extent of testes not reaching to uterine stem). 23. Holotype, cross section of gravid proglottis. Abbreviations: ao—apical organ; cs—cirrus-sac; do—dorsal osmoregulatory canals; dv—dorsoventral muscle fibres; gc—gland cells; lm—longitudinal internal musculature; ov—ovary; sd—sperm duct (vas deferens); te—testes; ud—uterine diverticulum; uouterine orifice; ut—uterus; vc—vaginal canal; vi—vitelline follicles; vo—ventral osmoregulatory canals. Scale bars = 100 μm (14, 16, 21 – 24); 50 µm (15, 17 – 20)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/166253/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Figs. 15, 16</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="13382A6DFFA8BA6D4F8DE5FFFCF84D89" box="[765,839,1219,1243]" captionStart="FIGURES 25 – 35" captionStartId="7.[151,264,1691,1714]" captionTargetBox="[157,1416,199,1649]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[148,1441,193,1658]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURES 25 – 35. Proteocephalus synodontis Woodland, 1925 from Synodontis schall, Lake Turkana, Kenya (25 – 33) and P. membranacei from S. membranacea, Lake Chad, Chad. 25. Scolex, dorsoventral view (note accumulation of gland cells in the apical region—gc). 26. Scolex, longitudinal section. 27, 28, 34, 35. Cross sections of pregravid proglottides at the level of ovary (27, 34), cirrus-sac (28) and testes (35). 29. Premature proglottis, dorsal view. 30, 31. Gravid proglottides of different shape, ventral view. 32. Pregravid proglottis, ventral view. 33. Terminal genitalia, ventral view (note vaginal sphincter—vs). Fig. 34 — syntype of P. membranacei (MNHNP 1116 H); Fig. 35 — syntype of P. largoproglottis (= syn. of P. membranacei; MNHNP 1115 H). Abbreviations: cm—circular musculature of suckers; cs—cirrus-sac; do—dorsal osmoregulatory canals; dv—dorsoventral muscle fibres; gc—gland cells; lm—longitudinal internal musculature; mg—Mehlis’ gland; od—oviduct; ov—ovary; sc—secondary osmoregulatory canals; sd—sperm duct (vas deferens); te—testes; ud—uterine diverticulum; uouterine orifice; ut—uterus; vd—vitelloduct; vi—vitelline follicles; vo—ventral osmoregulatory canals; vs—vaginal sphincter. Scale bars = 500 μm (25 – 32, 34, 35); 250 µm (33)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/166254/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">25, 26</figureCitation>
); diameter of area with gland cells 150–260. Proliferative zone (measured from base of scolex to first segment) 1.1–1.3 mm long and 390–910 wide. Scolex and proliferative zone uniformly covered with short, dense papilliform filitriches (
<figureCitation id="13382A6DFFA8BA6D4EB1E436FB924C70" box="[961,1069,1290,1314]" captionStart="FIGURES 1 – 13" captionStartId="5.[151,264,1855,1878]" captionTargetBox="[150,1434,202,1834]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[143,1444,195,1843]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURES 1 – 13. Scanning electron micrographs of the scoleces of Proteocephalus spp. from Synodontis catfish: P. synodontis Woodland, 1925 from S. schall, Lake Turkana, Kenya (1 – 3, 7, 8) and from S. schall, Kostí, Sudan (4 – 6); P. membranacei Troncy, 1978 from S. membranacea, Lake Chad, Chad, syntype (MNHNP 1116 H; 9, 10); P. largoproglottis (= syn. of P. m e m - branacei), syntype (MNHNP 1115 H; 11 – 13). 1, 4, 9, 11. Dorsoventral view. 2, 5, 10, 13. Lateral view. 3, 6, 12. Apical view. 7, 8. Papilliform filitriches on the external rim and internal surface of suckers, respectively (see Fig. 1). Scale bars = 100 μm (1 – 6, 9, 11 – 13); 50 μm (10); 3 μm (7, 8)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/166252/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Figs. 7, 8</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BBC36E8FFA8BA6D4DB7E412FE064C81" blockId="3.[151,1437,151,2024]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
Testes medullary, spherical to oval, 50–75 long and 35–65 wide, numbering 95–133, usually in two layers in cross section (
<figureCitation id="13382A6DFFA8BA6D4C46E46DFE364C3B" box="[310,393,1361,1385]" captionStart="FIGURES 25 – 35" captionStartId="7.[151,264,1691,1714]" captionTargetBox="[157,1416,199,1649]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[148,1441,193,1658]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURES 25 – 35. Proteocephalus synodontis Woodland, 1925 from Synodontis schall, Lake Turkana, Kenya (25 – 33) and P. membranacei from S. membranacea, Lake Chad, Chad. 25. Scolex, dorsoventral view (note accumulation of gland cells in the apical region—gc). 26. Scolex, longitudinal section. 27, 28, 34, 35. Cross sections of pregravid proglottides at the level of ovary (27, 34), cirrus-sac (28) and testes (35). 29. Premature proglottis, dorsal view. 30, 31. Gravid proglottides of different shape, ventral view. 32. Pregravid proglottis, ventral view. 33. Terminal genitalia, ventral view (note vaginal sphincter—vs). Fig. 34 — syntype of P. membranacei (MNHNP 1116 H); Fig. 35 — syntype of P. largoproglottis (= syn. of P. membranacei; MNHNP 1115 H). Abbreviations: cm—circular musculature of suckers; cs—cirrus-sac; do—dorsal osmoregulatory canals; dv—dorsoventral muscle fibres; gc—gland cells; lm—longitudinal internal musculature; mg—Mehlis’ gland; od—oviduct; ov—ovary; sc—secondary osmoregulatory canals; sd—sperm duct (vas deferens); te—testes; ud—uterine diverticulum; uouterine orifice; ut—uterus; vd—vitelloduct; vi—vitelline follicles; vo—ventral osmoregulatory canals; vs—vaginal sphincter. Scale bars = 500 μm (25 – 32, 34, 35); 250 µm (33)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/166254/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Fig. 28</figureCitation>
), forming two fields separated medially (
<figureCitation id="13382A6DFFA8BA6D4E25E46DFC174C3B" box="[853,936,1361,1385]" captionStart="FIGURES 14 – 24" captionStartId="6.[151,264,1753,1776]" captionTargetBox="[185,1377,199,1732]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[179,1405,193,1741]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURES 14 – 24. Proteocephalus synodontis Woodland, 1925. 14, Holotype (BMNH 1961.4.10.87 – 102), Khartoum, Sudan, scolex, dorsoventral view. 15, 17 – 20. Apical organs. 15. Holotype, Khartoum. 17. From Synodontis schall, Girba, Sudan; 18. Immature tapeworm from Synodontis schall, Lake Turkana, Kenya; 19. From Synodontis schall, Kostí, Sudan; 20. From Synodontis caudovittata, Kostí, Sudan. 21, 24. Immature proglottides from S. caudovittata, Kostí, Sudan. 22. Holotype, immature proglottis (note median extent of testes not reaching to uterine stem). 23. Holotype, cross section of gravid proglottis. Abbreviations: ao—apical organ; cs—cirrus-sac; do—dorsal osmoregulatory canals; dv—dorsoventral muscle fibres; gc—gland cells; lm—longitudinal internal musculature; ov—ovary; sd—sperm duct (vas deferens); te—testes; ud—uterine diverticulum; uouterine orifice; ut—uterus; vc—vaginal canal; vi—vitelline follicles; vo—ventral osmoregulatory canals. Scale bars = 100 μm (14, 16, 21 – 24); 50 µm (15, 17 – 20)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/166253/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Fig. 21</figureCitation>
), usually not reaching to uterine stem in premature and mature proglottides (
<figureCitation id="13382A6DFFA8BA6D4F62E448FD1F4CDE" box="[530,672,1396,1420]" captionStart="FIGURES 14 – 24" captionStartId="6.[151,264,1753,1776]" captionTargetBox="[185,1377,199,1732]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[179,1405,193,1741]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURES 14 – 24. Proteocephalus synodontis Woodland, 1925. 14, Holotype (BMNH 1961.4.10.87 – 102), Khartoum, Sudan, scolex, dorsoventral view. 15, 17 – 20. Apical organs. 15. Holotype, Khartoum. 17. From Synodontis schall, Girba, Sudan; 18. Immature tapeworm from Synodontis schall, Lake Turkana, Kenya; 19. From Synodontis schall, Kostí, Sudan; 20. From Synodontis caudovittata, Kostí, Sudan. 21, 24. Immature proglottides from S. caudovittata, Kostí, Sudan. 22. Holotype, immature proglottis (note median extent of testes not reaching to uterine stem). 23. Holotype, cross section of gravid proglottis. Abbreviations: ao—apical organ; cs—cirrus-sac; do—dorsal osmoregulatory canals; dv—dorsoventral muscle fibres; gc—gland cells; lm—longitudinal internal musculature; ov—ovary; sd—sperm duct (vas deferens); te—testes; ud—uterine diverticulum; uouterine orifice; ut—uterus; vc—vaginal canal; vi—vitelline follicles; vo—ventral osmoregulatory canals. Scale bars = 100 μm (14, 16, 21 – 24); 50 µm (15, 17 – 20)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/166253/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Figs. 22, 24</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="13382A6DFFA8BA6D4FDFE448FD424CDE" box="[687,765,1396,1420]" captionStart="FIGURES 25 – 35" captionStartId="7.[151,264,1691,1714]" captionTargetBox="[157,1416,199,1649]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[148,1441,193,1658]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURES 25 – 35. Proteocephalus synodontis Woodland, 1925 from Synodontis schall, Lake Turkana, Kenya (25 – 33) and P. membranacei from S. membranacea, Lake Chad, Chad. 25. Scolex, dorsoventral view (note accumulation of gland cells in the apical region—gc). 26. Scolex, longitudinal section. 27, 28, 34, 35. Cross sections of pregravid proglottides at the level of ovary (27, 34), cirrus-sac (28) and testes (35). 29. Premature proglottis, dorsal view. 30, 31. Gravid proglottides of different shape, ventral view. 32. Pregravid proglottis, ventral view. 33. Terminal genitalia, ventral view (note vaginal sphincter—vs). Fig. 34 — syntype of P. membranacei (MNHNP 1116 H); Fig. 35 — syntype of P. largoproglottis (= syn. of P. membranacei; MNHNP 1115 H). Abbreviations: cm—circular musculature of suckers; cs—cirrus-sac; do—dorsal osmoregulatory canals; dv—dorsoventral muscle fibres; gc—gland cells; lm—longitudinal internal musculature; mg—Mehlis’ gland; od—oviduct; ov—ovary; sc—secondary osmoregulatory canals; sd—sperm duct (vas deferens); te—testes; ud—uterine diverticulum; uouterine orifice; ut—uterus; vd—vitelloduct; vi—vitelline follicles; vo—ventral osmoregulatory canals; vs—vaginal sphincter. Scale bars = 500 μm (25 – 32, 34, 35); 250 µm (33)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/166254/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">29, 32</figureCitation>
). Testes present also in gravid proglottides (
<figureCitation id="13382A6DFFA8BA6D4870E448FA304CDE" box="[1280,1423,1396,1420]" captionStart="FIGURES 25 – 35" captionStartId="7.[151,264,1691,1714]" captionTargetBox="[157,1416,199,1649]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[148,1441,193,1658]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURES 25 – 35. Proteocephalus synodontis Woodland, 1925 from Synodontis schall, Lake Turkana, Kenya (25 – 33) and P. membranacei from S. membranacea, Lake Chad, Chad. 25. Scolex, dorsoventral view (note accumulation of gland cells in the apical region—gc). 26. Scolex, longitudinal section. 27, 28, 34, 35. Cross sections of pregravid proglottides at the level of ovary (27, 34), cirrus-sac (28) and testes (35). 29. Premature proglottis, dorsal view. 30, 31. Gravid proglottides of different shape, ventral view. 32. Pregravid proglottis, ventral view. 33. Terminal genitalia, ventral view (note vaginal sphincter—vs). Fig. 34 — syntype of P. membranacei (MNHNP 1116 H); Fig. 35 — syntype of P. largoproglottis (= syn. of P. membranacei; MNHNP 1115 H). Abbreviations: cm—circular musculature of suckers; cs—cirrus-sac; do—dorsal osmoregulatory canals; dv—dorsoventral muscle fibres; gc—gland cells; lm—longitudinal internal musculature; mg—Mehlis’ gland; od—oviduct; ov—ovary; sc—secondary osmoregulatory canals; sd—sperm duct (vas deferens); te—testes; ud—uterine diverticulum; uouterine orifice; ut—uterus; vd—vitelloduct; vi—vitelline follicles; vo—ventral osmoregulatory canals; vs—vaginal sphincter. Scale bars = 500 μm (25 – 32, 34, 35); 250 µm (33)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/166254/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Figs. 30, 31</figureCitation>
). External vas deferens strongly coiled, occupying narrow field reaching, but never overlapping, midline of proglottis aporally (
<figureCitation id="13382A6DFFA8BA6D4C53E487FE3E4C81" box="[291,385,1467,1491]" captionStart="FIGURES 14 – 24" captionStartId="6.[151,264,1753,1776]" captionTargetBox="[185,1377,199,1732]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[179,1405,193,1741]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURES 14 – 24. Proteocephalus synodontis Woodland, 1925. 14, Holotype (BMNH 1961.4.10.87 – 102), Khartoum, Sudan, scolex, dorsoventral view. 15, 17 – 20. Apical organs. 15. Holotype, Khartoum. 17. From Synodontis schall, Girba, Sudan; 18. Immature tapeworm from Synodontis schall, Lake Turkana, Kenya; 19. From Synodontis schall, Kostí, Sudan; 20. From Synodontis caudovittata, Kostí, Sudan. 21, 24. Immature proglottides from S. caudovittata, Kostí, Sudan. 22. Holotype, immature proglottis (note median extent of testes not reaching to uterine stem). 23. Holotype, cross section of gravid proglottis. Abbreviations: ao—apical organ; cs—cirrus-sac; do—dorsal osmoregulatory canals; dv—dorsoventral muscle fibres; gc—gland cells; lm—longitudinal internal musculature; ov—ovary; sd—sperm duct (vas deferens); te—testes; ud—uterine diverticulum; uouterine orifice; ut—uterus; vc—vaginal canal; vi—vitelline follicles; vo—ventral osmoregulatory canals. Scale bars = 100 μm (14, 16, 21 – 24); 50 µm (15, 17 – 20)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/166253/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Figs. 21</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="13382A6DFFA8BA6D4CFDE487FE124C81" box="[397,429,1467,1491]" captionStart="FIGURES 25 – 35" captionStartId="7.[151,264,1691,1714]" captionTargetBox="[157,1416,199,1649]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[148,1441,193,1658]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURES 25 – 35. Proteocephalus synodontis Woodland, 1925 from Synodontis schall, Lake Turkana, Kenya (25 – 33) and P. membranacei from S. membranacea, Lake Chad, Chad. 25. Scolex, dorsoventral view (note accumulation of gland cells in the apical region—gc). 26. Scolex, longitudinal section. 27, 28, 34, 35. Cross sections of pregravid proglottides at the level of ovary (27, 34), cirrus-sac (28) and testes (35). 29. Premature proglottis, dorsal view. 30, 31. Gravid proglottides of different shape, ventral view. 32. Pregravid proglottis, ventral view. 33. Terminal genitalia, ventral view (note vaginal sphincter—vs). Fig. 34 — syntype of P. membranacei (MNHNP 1116 H); Fig. 35 — syntype of P. largoproglottis (= syn. of P. membranacei; MNHNP 1115 H). Abbreviations: cm—circular musculature of suckers; cs—cirrus-sac; do—dorsal osmoregulatory canals; dv—dorsoventral muscle fibres; gc—gland cells; lm—longitudinal internal musculature; mg—Mehlis’ gland; od—oviduct; ov—ovary; sc—secondary osmoregulatory canals; sd—sperm duct (vas deferens); te—testes; ud—uterine diverticulum; uouterine orifice; ut—uterus; vd—vitelloduct; vi—vitelline follicles; vo—ventral osmoregulatory canals; vs—vaginal sphincter. Scale bars = 500 μm (25 – 32, 34, 35); 250 µm (33)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/166254/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">32</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BBC36E8FFA8BA6D4DB5E4E3FA974F33" blockId="3.[151,1437,151,2024]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
Cirrus-sac pyriform, thick-walled, 170–290 long and 60–100 wide (length/width ratio = 2.5–4.1). RLCS = 13– 30%. Internal vas deferens thin-walled; ejaculatory duct thick-walled, long, forming several loops; cirrus unarmed, long, may occupy almost entire length of cirrus-sac (
<figureCitation id="13382A6DFFA8BA6D4F80E71AFCFA4F6C" box="[752,837,1574,1598]" captionStart="FIGURES 25 – 35" captionStartId="7.[151,264,1691,1714]" captionTargetBox="[157,1416,199,1649]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[148,1441,193,1658]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURES 25 – 35. Proteocephalus synodontis Woodland, 1925 from Synodontis schall, Lake Turkana, Kenya (25 – 33) and P. membranacei from S. membranacea, Lake Chad, Chad. 25. Scolex, dorsoventral view (note accumulation of gland cells in the apical region—gc). 26. Scolex, longitudinal section. 27, 28, 34, 35. Cross sections of pregravid proglottides at the level of ovary (27, 34), cirrus-sac (28) and testes (35). 29. Premature proglottis, dorsal view. 30, 31. Gravid proglottides of different shape, ventral view. 32. Pregravid proglottis, ventral view. 33. Terminal genitalia, ventral view (note vaginal sphincter—vs). Fig. 34 — syntype of P. membranacei (MNHNP 1116 H); Fig. 35 — syntype of P. largoproglottis (= syn. of P. membranacei; MNHNP 1115 H). Abbreviations: cm—circular musculature of suckers; cs—cirrus-sac; do—dorsal osmoregulatory canals; dv—dorsoventral muscle fibres; gc—gland cells; lm—longitudinal internal musculature; mg—Mehlis’ gland; od—oviduct; ov—ovary; sc—secondary osmoregulatory canals; sd—sperm duct (vas deferens); te—testes; ud—uterine diverticulum; uouterine orifice; ut—uterus; vd—vitelloduct; vi—vitelline follicles; vo—ventral osmoregulatory canals; vs—vaginal sphincter. Scale bars = 500 μm (25 – 32, 34, 35); 250 µm (33)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/166254/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Fig. 33</figureCitation>
). Genital pore irregularly alternating, almost equatorial, situated at 37–60% of proglottis length (
<figureCitation id="13382A6DFFA8BA6D4FFDE775FCAA4F33" box="[653,789,1609,1633]" captionStart="FIGURES 14 – 24" captionStartId="6.[151,264,1753,1776]" captionTargetBox="[185,1377,199,1732]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[179,1405,193,1741]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURES 14 – 24. Proteocephalus synodontis Woodland, 1925. 14, Holotype (BMNH 1961.4.10.87 – 102), Khartoum, Sudan, scolex, dorsoventral view. 15, 17 – 20. Apical organs. 15. Holotype, Khartoum. 17. From Synodontis schall, Girba, Sudan; 18. Immature tapeworm from Synodontis schall, Lake Turkana, Kenya; 19. From Synodontis schall, Kostí, Sudan; 20. From Synodontis caudovittata, Kostí, Sudan. 21, 24. Immature proglottides from S. caudovittata, Kostí, Sudan. 22. Holotype, immature proglottis (note median extent of testes not reaching to uterine stem). 23. Holotype, cross section of gravid proglottis. Abbreviations: ao—apical organ; cs—cirrus-sac; do—dorsal osmoregulatory canals; dv—dorsoventral muscle fibres; gc—gland cells; lm—longitudinal internal musculature; ov—ovary; sd—sperm duct (vas deferens); te—testes; ud—uterine diverticulum; uouterine orifice; ut—uterus; vc—vaginal canal; vi—vitelline follicles; vo—ventral osmoregulatory canals. Scale bars = 100 μm (14, 16, 21 – 24); 50 µm (15, 17 – 20)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/166253/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Figs. 21, 24</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="13382A6DFFA8BA6D4E51E775FCD44F33" box="[801,875,1609,1633]" captionStart="FIGURES 25 – 35" captionStartId="7.[151,264,1691,1714]" captionTargetBox="[157,1416,199,1649]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[148,1441,193,1658]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURES 25 – 35. Proteocephalus synodontis Woodland, 1925 from Synodontis schall, Lake Turkana, Kenya (25 – 33) and P. membranacei from S. membranacea, Lake Chad, Chad. 25. Scolex, dorsoventral view (note accumulation of gland cells in the apical region—gc). 26. Scolex, longitudinal section. 27, 28, 34, 35. Cross sections of pregravid proglottides at the level of ovary (27, 34), cirrus-sac (28) and testes (35). 29. Premature proglottis, dorsal view. 30, 31. Gravid proglottides of different shape, ventral view. 32. Pregravid proglottis, ventral view. 33. Terminal genitalia, ventral view (note vaginal sphincter—vs). Fig. 34 — syntype of P. membranacei (MNHNP 1116 H); Fig. 35 — syntype of P. largoproglottis (= syn. of P. membranacei; MNHNP 1115 H). Abbreviations: cm—circular musculature of suckers; cs—cirrus-sac; do—dorsal osmoregulatory canals; dv—dorsoventral muscle fibres; gc—gland cells; lm—longitudinal internal musculature; mg—Mehlis’ gland; od—oviduct; ov—ovary; sc—secondary osmoregulatory canals; sd—sperm duct (vas deferens); te—testes; ud—uterine diverticulum; uouterine orifice; ut—uterus; vd—vitelloduct; vi—vitelline follicles; vo—ventral osmoregulatory canals; vs—vaginal sphincter. Scale bars = 500 μm (25 – 32, 34, 35); 250 µm (33)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/166254/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">30–32</figureCitation>
). Genital atrium narrow, deep (
<figureCitation id="13382A6DFFA8BA6D49B7E775FAA44F33" box="[1223,1307,1609,1633]" captionStart="FIGURES 25 – 35" captionStartId="7.[151,264,1691,1714]" captionTargetBox="[157,1416,199,1649]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[148,1441,193,1658]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURES 25 – 35. Proteocephalus synodontis Woodland, 1925 from Synodontis schall, Lake Turkana, Kenya (25 – 33) and P. membranacei from S. membranacea, Lake Chad, Chad. 25. Scolex, dorsoventral view (note accumulation of gland cells in the apical region—gc). 26. Scolex, longitudinal section. 27, 28, 34, 35. Cross sections of pregravid proglottides at the level of ovary (27, 34), cirrus-sac (28) and testes (35). 29. Premature proglottis, dorsal view. 30, 31. Gravid proglottides of different shape, ventral view. 32. Pregravid proglottis, ventral view. 33. Terminal genitalia, ventral view (note vaginal sphincter—vs). Fig. 34 — syntype of P. membranacei (MNHNP 1116 H); Fig. 35 — syntype of P. largoproglottis (= syn. of P. membranacei; MNHNP 1115 H). Abbreviations: cm—circular musculature of suckers; cs—cirrus-sac; do—dorsal osmoregulatory canals; dv—dorsoventral muscle fibres; gc—gland cells; lm—longitudinal internal musculature; mg—Mehlis’ gland; od—oviduct; ov—ovary; sc—secondary osmoregulatory canals; sd—sperm duct (vas deferens); te—testes; ud—uterine diverticulum; uouterine orifice; ut—uterus; vd—vitelloduct; vi—vitelline follicles; vo—ventral osmoregulatory canals; vs—vaginal sphincter. Scale bars = 500 μm (25 – 32, 34, 35); 250 µm (33)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/166254/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Fig. 33</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BBC36E8FFA8BA6D4DB7E750FE0B4E0B" blockId="3.[151,1437,151,2024]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
Ovary medullary, bilobed, compact or with small outgrowths on surface (
<figureCitation id="13382A6DFFA8BA6D4961E750FBD74FD6" box="[1041,1128,1644,1668]" captionStart="FIGURES 25 – 35" captionStartId="7.[151,264,1691,1714]" captionTargetBox="[157,1416,199,1649]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[148,1441,193,1658]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURES 25 – 35. Proteocephalus synodontis Woodland, 1925 from Synodontis schall, Lake Turkana, Kenya (25 – 33) and P. membranacei from S. membranacea, Lake Chad, Chad. 25. Scolex, dorsoventral view (note accumulation of gland cells in the apical region—gc). 26. Scolex, longitudinal section. 27, 28, 34, 35. Cross sections of pregravid proglottides at the level of ovary (27, 34), cirrus-sac (28) and testes (35). 29. Premature proglottis, dorsal view. 30, 31. Gravid proglottides of different shape, ventral view. 32. Pregravid proglottis, ventral view. 33. Terminal genitalia, ventral view (note vaginal sphincter—vs). Fig. 34 — syntype of P. membranacei (MNHNP 1116 H); Fig. 35 — syntype of P. largoproglottis (= syn. of P. membranacei; MNHNP 1115 H). Abbreviations: cm—circular musculature of suckers; cs—cirrus-sac; do—dorsal osmoregulatory canals; dv—dorsoventral muscle fibres; gc—gland cells; lm—longitudinal internal musculature; mg—Mehlis’ gland; od—oviduct; ov—ovary; sc—secondary osmoregulatory canals; sd—sperm duct (vas deferens); te—testes; ud—uterine diverticulum; uouterine orifice; ut—uterus; vd—vitelloduct; vi—vitelline follicles; vo—ventral osmoregulatory canals; vs—vaginal sphincter. Scale bars = 500 μm (25 – 32, 34, 35); 250 µm (33)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/166254/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Fig. 32</figureCitation>
). OV = 52–66% (x = 61 ± 4%; n = 39; CV = 7%). Mehlis’ glands 55–135 (n = 29) in diameter, representing 4–13% of proglottis width. Vagina thick-walled, anterior (30–84%) or posterior (16–70%; n = 441) to cirrus-sac, with higher concentration of chromophilic cells in its distal part and feebly developed vaginal sphincter near genital pore (
<figureCitation id="13382A6DFFA8BA6D49D6E7EBFB464FBD" box="[1190,1273,1751,1775]" captionStart="FIGURES 25 – 35" captionStartId="7.[151,264,1691,1714]" captionTargetBox="[157,1416,199,1649]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[148,1441,193,1658]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURES 25 – 35. Proteocephalus synodontis Woodland, 1925 from Synodontis schall, Lake Turkana, Kenya (25 – 33) and P. membranacei from S. membranacea, Lake Chad, Chad. 25. Scolex, dorsoventral view (note accumulation of gland cells in the apical region—gc). 26. Scolex, longitudinal section. 27, 28, 34, 35. Cross sections of pregravid proglottides at the level of ovary (27, 34), cirrus-sac (28) and testes (35). 29. Premature proglottis, dorsal view. 30, 31. Gravid proglottides of different shape, ventral view. 32. Pregravid proglottis, ventral view. 33. Terminal genitalia, ventral view (note vaginal sphincter—vs). Fig. 34 — syntype of P. membranacei (MNHNP 1116 H); Fig. 35 — syntype of P. largoproglottis (= syn. of P. membranacei; MNHNP 1115 H). Abbreviations: cm—circular musculature of suckers; cs—cirrus-sac; do—dorsal osmoregulatory canals; dv—dorsoventral muscle fibres; gc—gland cells; lm—longitudinal internal musculature; mg—Mehlis’ gland; od—oviduct; ov—ovary; sc—secondary osmoregulatory canals; sd—sperm duct (vas deferens); te—testes; ud—uterine diverticulum; uouterine orifice; ut—uterus; vd—vitelloduct; vi—vitelline follicles; vo—ventral osmoregulatory canals; vs—vaginal sphincter. Scale bars = 500 μm (25 – 32, 34, 35); 250 µm (33)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/166254/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Fig. 33</figureCitation>
). Vitelline follicles medullary, in two longitudinal bands on both sides of proglottis, occupying almost its total length (
<figureCitation id="13382A6DFFA8BA6D4849E7C6FF094E64" captionStart="FIGURES 14 – 24" captionStartId="6.[151,264,1753,1776]" captionTargetBox="[185,1377,199,1732]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[179,1405,193,1741]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURES 14 – 24. Proteocephalus synodontis Woodland, 1925. 14, Holotype (BMNH 1961.4.10.87 – 102), Khartoum, Sudan, scolex, dorsoventral view. 15, 17 – 20. Apical organs. 15. Holotype, Khartoum. 17. From Synodontis schall, Girba, Sudan; 18. Immature tapeworm from Synodontis schall, Lake Turkana, Kenya; 19. From Synodontis schall, Kostí, Sudan; 20. From Synodontis caudovittata, Kostí, Sudan. 21, 24. Immature proglottides from S. caudovittata, Kostí, Sudan. 22. Holotype, immature proglottis (note median extent of testes not reaching to uterine stem). 23. Holotype, cross section of gravid proglottis. Abbreviations: ao—apical organ; cs—cirrus-sac; do—dorsal osmoregulatory canals; dv—dorsoventral muscle fibres; gc—gland cells; lm—longitudinal internal musculature; ov—ovary; sd—sperm duct (vas deferens); te—testes; ud—uterine diverticulum; uouterine orifice; ut—uterus; vc—vaginal canal; vi—vitelline follicles; vo—ventral osmoregulatory canals. Scale bars = 100 μm (14, 16, 21 – 24); 50 µm (15, 17 – 20)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/166253/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Figs. 21, 24</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="13382A6DFFA8BA6D4DB2E622FEB34E64" box="[194,268,1822,1846]" captionStart="FIGURES 25 – 35" captionStartId="7.[151,264,1691,1714]" captionTargetBox="[157,1416,199,1649]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[148,1441,193,1658]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURES 25 – 35. Proteocephalus synodontis Woodland, 1925 from Synodontis schall, Lake Turkana, Kenya (25 – 33) and P. membranacei from S. membranacea, Lake Chad, Chad. 25. Scolex, dorsoventral view (note accumulation of gland cells in the apical region—gc). 26. Scolex, longitudinal section. 27, 28, 34, 35. Cross sections of pregravid proglottides at the level of ovary (27, 34), cirrus-sac (28) and testes (35). 29. Premature proglottis, dorsal view. 30, 31. Gravid proglottides of different shape, ventral view. 32. Pregravid proglottis, ventral view. 33. Terminal genitalia, ventral view (note vaginal sphincter—vs). Fig. 34 — syntype of P. membranacei (MNHNP 1116 H); Fig. 35 — syntype of P. largoproglottis (= syn. of P. membranacei; MNHNP 1115 H). Abbreviations: cm—circular musculature of suckers; cs—cirrus-sac; do—dorsal osmoregulatory canals; dv—dorsoventral muscle fibres; gc—gland cells; lm—longitudinal internal musculature; mg—Mehlis’ gland; od—oviduct; ov—ovary; sc—secondary osmoregulatory canals; sd—sperm duct (vas deferens); te—testes; ud—uterine diverticulum; uouterine orifice; ut—uterus; vd—vitelloduct; vi—vitelline follicles; vo—ventral osmoregulatory canals; vs—vaginal sphincter. Scale bars = 500 μm (25 – 32, 34, 35); 250 µm (33)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/166254/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">29–32</figureCitation>
); bands interrupted at level of terminal genitalia on ventral side (
<figureCitation id="13382A6DFFA8BA6D4E99E622FBF74E64" box="[1001,1096,1822,1846]" captionStart="FIGURES 14 – 24" captionStartId="6.[151,264,1753,1776]" captionTargetBox="[185,1377,199,1732]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[179,1405,193,1741]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURES 14 – 24. Proteocephalus synodontis Woodland, 1925. 14, Holotype (BMNH 1961.4.10.87 – 102), Khartoum, Sudan, scolex, dorsoventral view. 15, 17 – 20. Apical organs. 15. Holotype, Khartoum. 17. From Synodontis schall, Girba, Sudan; 18. Immature tapeworm from Synodontis schall, Lake Turkana, Kenya; 19. From Synodontis schall, Kostí, Sudan; 20. From Synodontis caudovittata, Kostí, Sudan. 21, 24. Immature proglottides from S. caudovittata, Kostí, Sudan. 22. Holotype, immature proglottis (note median extent of testes not reaching to uterine stem). 23. Holotype, cross section of gravid proglottis. Abbreviations: ao—apical organ; cs—cirrus-sac; do—dorsal osmoregulatory canals; dv—dorsoventral muscle fibres; gc—gland cells; lm—longitudinal internal musculature; ov—ovary; sd—sperm duct (vas deferens); te—testes; ud—uterine diverticulum; uouterine orifice; ut—uterus; vc—vaginal canal; vi—vitelline follicles; vo—ventral osmoregulatory canals. Scale bars = 100 μm (14, 16, 21 – 24); 50 µm (15, 17 – 20)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/166253/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Figs. 24</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="13382A6DFFA8BA6D4924E622FB214E64" box="[1108,1182,1822,1846]" captionStart="FIGURES 25 – 35" captionStartId="7.[151,264,1691,1714]" captionTargetBox="[157,1416,199,1649]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[148,1441,193,1658]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURES 25 – 35. Proteocephalus synodontis Woodland, 1925 from Synodontis schall, Lake Turkana, Kenya (25 – 33) and P. membranacei from S. membranacea, Lake Chad, Chad. 25. Scolex, dorsoventral view (note accumulation of gland cells in the apical region—gc). 26. Scolex, longitudinal section. 27, 28, 34, 35. Cross sections of pregravid proglottides at the level of ovary (27, 34), cirrus-sac (28) and testes (35). 29. Premature proglottis, dorsal view. 30, 31. Gravid proglottides of different shape, ventral view. 32. Pregravid proglottis, ventral view. 33. Terminal genitalia, ventral view (note vaginal sphincter—vs). Fig. 34 — syntype of P. membranacei (MNHNP 1116 H); Fig. 35 — syntype of P. largoproglottis (= syn. of P. membranacei; MNHNP 1115 H). Abbreviations: cm—circular musculature of suckers; cs—cirrus-sac; do—dorsal osmoregulatory canals; dv—dorsoventral muscle fibres; gc—gland cells; lm—longitudinal internal musculature; mg—Mehlis’ gland; od—oviduct; ov—ovary; sc—secondary osmoregulatory canals; sd—sperm duct (vas deferens); te—testes; ud—uterine diverticulum; uouterine orifice; ut—uterus; vd—vitelloduct; vi—vitelline follicles; vo—ventral osmoregulatory canals; vs—vaginal sphincter. Scale bars = 500 μm (25 – 32, 34, 35); 250 µm (33)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/166254/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">32, 33</figureCitation>
), with few follicles on dorsal side (
<figureCitation id="13382A6DFFA8BA6D4C6FE67DFEC34E0B" box="[287,380,1857,1881]" captionStart="FIGURES 14 – 24" captionStartId="6.[151,264,1753,1776]" captionTargetBox="[185,1377,199,1732]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[179,1405,193,1741]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURES 14 – 24. Proteocephalus synodontis Woodland, 1925. 14, Holotype (BMNH 1961.4.10.87 – 102), Khartoum, Sudan, scolex, dorsoventral view. 15, 17 – 20. Apical organs. 15. Holotype, Khartoum. 17. From Synodontis schall, Girba, Sudan; 18. Immature tapeworm from Synodontis schall, Lake Turkana, Kenya; 19. From Synodontis schall, Kostí, Sudan; 20. From Synodontis caudovittata, Kostí, Sudan. 21, 24. Immature proglottides from S. caudovittata, Kostí, Sudan. 22. Holotype, immature proglottis (note median extent of testes not reaching to uterine stem). 23. Holotype, cross section of gravid proglottis. Abbreviations: ao—apical organ; cs—cirrus-sac; do—dorsal osmoregulatory canals; dv—dorsoventral muscle fibres; gc—gland cells; lm—longitudinal internal musculature; ov—ovary; sd—sperm duct (vas deferens); te—testes; ud—uterine diverticulum; uouterine orifice; ut—uterus; vc—vaginal canal; vi—vitelline follicles; vo—ventral osmoregulatory canals. Scale bars = 100 μm (14, 16, 21 – 24); 50 µm (15, 17 – 20)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/166253/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Figs. 21</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="13382A6DFFA8BA6D4CF8E67DFE174E0B" box="[392,424,1857,1881]" captionStart="FIGURES 25 – 35" captionStartId="7.[151,264,1691,1714]" captionTargetBox="[157,1416,199,1649]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[148,1441,193,1658]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURES 25 – 35. Proteocephalus synodontis Woodland, 1925 from Synodontis schall, Lake Turkana, Kenya (25 – 33) and P. membranacei from S. membranacea, Lake Chad, Chad. 25. Scolex, dorsoventral view (note accumulation of gland cells in the apical region—gc). 26. Scolex, longitudinal section. 27, 28, 34, 35. Cross sections of pregravid proglottides at the level of ovary (27, 34), cirrus-sac (28) and testes (35). 29. Premature proglottis, dorsal view. 30, 31. Gravid proglottides of different shape, ventral view. 32. Pregravid proglottis, ventral view. 33. Terminal genitalia, ventral view (note vaginal sphincter—vs). Fig. 34 — syntype of P. membranacei (MNHNP 1116 H); Fig. 35 — syntype of P. largoproglottis (= syn. of P. membranacei; MNHNP 1115 H). Abbreviations: cm—circular musculature of suckers; cs—cirrus-sac; do—dorsal osmoregulatory canals; dv—dorsoventral muscle fibres; gc—gland cells; lm—longitudinal internal musculature; mg—Mehlis’ gland; od—oviduct; ov—ovary; sc—secondary osmoregulatory canals; sd—sperm duct (vas deferens); te—testes; ud—uterine diverticulum; uouterine orifice; ut—uterus; vd—vitelloduct; vi—vitelline follicles; vo—ventral osmoregulatory canals; vs—vaginal sphincter. Scale bars = 500 μm (25 – 32, 34, 35); 250 µm (33)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/166254/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">28</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BBC36E8FFA8BA6A4DB7E65AFC114981" blockId="3.[151,1437,151,2024]" lastBlockId="4.[151,1437,151,2011]" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="5" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
Uterus medullary, with 
<typeStatus id="54B8884AFFA8BA6D4CBDE65AFE424E2C" box="[461,509,1894,1918]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">type</typeStatus>
1 development according to de 
<bibRefCitation id="EF924B19FFA8BA6D4E10E659FBD64E2F" box="[864,1129,1893,1917]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" refString="de Chambrier, A., Zehnder, M. P., Vaucher, C. &amp; Mariaux, J. (2004) The evolution of the Proteocephalidea (Platyhelminthes, Eucestoda) based on an enlarged molecular phylogeny, with comments on their uterine development. Systematic Parasitology, 57, 159 - 171." type="journal article">
Chambrier 
<emphasis id="B977EAFAFFA8BA6D4EAEE65AFBB04E2F" box="[990,1039,1893,1917]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">et al</emphasis>
. (2004)
</bibRefCitation>
, defined as follows: uterine stem present as thick longitudinal concentration of chromophilic cells along median line in immature proglottides (
<figureCitation id="13382A6DFFA8BA6D4DEFE690FF484E96" box="[159,247,1964,1988]" captionStart="FIGURES 25 – 35" captionStartId="7.[151,264,1691,1714]" captionTargetBox="[157,1416,199,1649]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[148,1441,193,1658]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURES 25 – 35. Proteocephalus synodontis Woodland, 1925 from Synodontis schall, Lake Turkana, Kenya (25 – 33) and P. membranacei from S. membranacea, Lake Chad, Chad. 25. Scolex, dorsoventral view (note accumulation of gland cells in the apical region—gc). 26. Scolex, longitudinal section. 27, 28, 34, 35. Cross sections of pregravid proglottides at the level of ovary (27, 34), cirrus-sac (28) and testes (35). 29. Premature proglottis, dorsal view. 30, 31. Gravid proglottides of different shape, ventral view. 32. Pregravid proglottis, ventral view. 33. Terminal genitalia, ventral view (note vaginal sphincter—vs). Fig. 34 — syntype of P. membranacei (MNHNP 1116 H); Fig. 35 — syntype of P. largoproglottis (= syn. of P. membranacei; MNHNP 1115 H). Abbreviations: cm—circular musculature of suckers; cs—cirrus-sac; do—dorsal osmoregulatory canals; dv—dorsoventral muscle fibres; gc—gland cells; lm—longitudinal internal musculature; mg—Mehlis’ gland; od—oviduct; ov—ovary; sc—secondary osmoregulatory canals; sd—sperm duct (vas deferens); te—testes; ud—uterine diverticulum; uouterine orifice; ut—uterus; vd—vitelloduct; vi—vitelline follicles; vo—ventral osmoregulatory canals; vs—vaginal sphincter. Scale bars = 500 μm (25 – 32, 34, 35); 250 µm (33)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/166254/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Fig. 29</figureCitation>
). Lumen of uterus appears in last immature proglottides, gradually extending to form tubular structure (
<figureCitation id="13382A6DFFA8BA6D4DEFE6F3FE8E4EB5" box="[159,305,1999,2023]" captionStart="FIGURES 14 – 24" captionStartId="6.[151,264,1753,1776]" captionTargetBox="[185,1377,199,1732]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[179,1405,193,1741]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURES 14 – 24. Proteocephalus synodontis Woodland, 1925. 14, Holotype (BMNH 1961.4.10.87 – 102), Khartoum, Sudan, scolex, dorsoventral view. 15, 17 – 20. Apical organs. 15. Holotype, Khartoum. 17. From Synodontis schall, Girba, Sudan; 18. Immature tapeworm from Synodontis schall, Lake Turkana, Kenya; 19. From Synodontis schall, Kostí, Sudan; 20. From Synodontis caudovittata, Kostí, Sudan. 21, 24. Immature proglottides from S. caudovittata, Kostí, Sudan. 22. Holotype, immature proglottis (note median extent of testes not reaching to uterine stem). 23. Holotype, cross section of gravid proglottis. Abbreviations: ao—apical organ; cs—cirrus-sac; do—dorsal osmoregulatory canals; dv—dorsoventral muscle fibres; gc—gland cells; lm—longitudinal internal musculature; ov—ovary; sd—sperm duct (vas deferens); te—testes; ud—uterine diverticulum; uouterine orifice; ut—uterus; vc—vaginal canal; vi—vitelline follicles; vo—ventral osmoregulatory canals. Scale bars = 100 μm (14, 16, 21 – 24); 50 µm (15, 17 – 20)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/166253/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Figs. 21, 24</figureCitation>
). Eggs appear simultaneously with formation of lateral, thick-walled diverticula lined with chromophilic cells. In gravid proglottides, lateral diverticula 
<quantity id="4CFB9B0DFFAFBA6A4E6BE1ABFCCE49FD" box="[795,881,151,175]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.54" metricValueMax="4.064" metricValueMin="1.016" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" unit="in" value="10.0" valueMax="16.0" valueMin="4.0">4–16 in</quantity>
number on each side, occupy up to 75% of proglottis width; they open by two or three slit-like orifices (
<figureCitation id="13382A6DFFAFBA6A4E68E187FC1F4981" box="[792,928,187,211]" captionStart="FIGURES 25 – 35" captionStartId="7.[151,264,1691,1714]" captionTargetBox="[157,1416,199,1649]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[148,1441,193,1658]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURES 25 – 35. Proteocephalus synodontis Woodland, 1925 from Synodontis schall, Lake Turkana, Kenya (25 – 33) and P. membranacei from S. membranacea, Lake Chad, Chad. 25. Scolex, dorsoventral view (note accumulation of gland cells in the apical region—gc). 26. Scolex, longitudinal section. 27, 28, 34, 35. Cross sections of pregravid proglottides at the level of ovary (27, 34), cirrus-sac (28) and testes (35). 29. Premature proglottis, dorsal view. 30, 31. Gravid proglottides of different shape, ventral view. 32. Pregravid proglottis, ventral view. 33. Terminal genitalia, ventral view (note vaginal sphincter—vs). Fig. 34 — syntype of P. membranacei (MNHNP 1116 H); Fig. 35 — syntype of P. largoproglottis (= syn. of P. membranacei; MNHNP 1115 H). Abbreviations: cm—circular musculature of suckers; cs—cirrus-sac; do—dorsal osmoregulatory canals; dv—dorsoventral muscle fibres; gc—gland cells; lm—longitudinal internal musculature; mg—Mehlis’ gland; od—oviduct; ov—ovary; sc—secondary osmoregulatory canals; sd—sperm duct (vas deferens); te—testes; ud—uterine diverticulum; uouterine orifice; ut—uterus; vd—vitelloduct; vi—vitelline follicles; vo—ventral osmoregulatory canals; vs—vaginal sphincter. Scale bars = 500 μm (25 – 32, 34, 35); 250 µm (33)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/166254/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Figs. 30, 31</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BBC36E8FFAFBA6A4DB7E1DCFE774830" blockId="4.[151,1437,151,2011]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
Eggs with membraneous outer envelope with paired lateral auricular projections (
<figureCitation id="13382A6DFFAFBA6A4924E1E3FB6249A5" box="[1108,1245,223,247]" captionStart="FIGURES 36 – 40" captionStartId="8.[151,264,1906,1929]" captionTargetBox="[150,1436,206,1878]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[142,1444,193,1885]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURES 36 – 40. Eggs of Proteocephalus synodontis Woodland, 1925 from Synodontis schall, Lake Turkana, Kenya (36, 37) and S. schall, Khartoum, Sudan (38), and P. membranacei Troncy, 1978 from S. membranacea, Lake Chad, Chad (39, 40). Fig. 39 — syntype of P. membranacei (MNHNP 1116 H); Fig. 40 — syntype of P. largoproglottis (= syn. of P. membranacei; MNHNP 1115 H). Abbreviations: em—embryophore; oe—outer envelope; on—oncosphere. Scale bars = 20 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/166255/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Figs. 36–38</figureCitation>
), 48–53 long and 19–22 wide; embryophore thick, spherical to slightly subspherical, 20–21 long and 18–20 wide, containing granular, incomplete envelope (
<figureCitation id="13382A6DFFAFBA6A4CCBE01BFDFA486D" box="[443,581,295,319]" captionStart="FIGURES 36 – 40" captionStartId="8.[151,264,1906,1929]" captionTargetBox="[150,1436,206,1878]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[142,1444,193,1885]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURES 36 – 40. Eggs of Proteocephalus synodontis Woodland, 1925 from Synodontis schall, Lake Turkana, Kenya (36, 37) and S. schall, Khartoum, Sudan (38), and P. membranacei Troncy, 1978 from S. membranacea, Lake Chad, Chad (39, 40). Fig. 39 — syntype of P. membranacei (MNHNP 1116 H); Fig. 40 — syntype of P. largoproglottis (= syn. of P. membranacei; MNHNP 1115 H). Abbreviations: em—embryophore; oe—outer envelope; on—oncosphere. Scale bars = 20 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/166255/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Figs. 36–38</figureCitation>
). Oncospheres oval, 14–15 long and 10–11 wide, with six embryonic hooks 5.5–6.5 long (
<figureCitation id="13382A6DFFAFBA6A4C43E076FE044830" box="[307,443,330,354]" captionStart="FIGURES 36 – 40" captionStartId="8.[151,264,1906,1929]" captionTargetBox="[150,1436,206,1878]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[142,1444,193,1885]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURES 36 – 40. Eggs of Proteocephalus synodontis Woodland, 1925 from Synodontis schall, Lake Turkana, Kenya (36, 37) and S. schall, Khartoum, Sudan (38), and P. membranacei Troncy, 1978 from S. membranacea, Lake Chad, Chad (39, 40). Fig. 39 — syntype of P. membranacei (MNHNP 1116 H); Fig. 40 — syntype of P. largoproglottis (= syn. of P. membranacei; MNHNP 1115 H). Abbreviations: em—embryophore; oe—outer envelope; on—oncosphere. Scale bars = 20 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/166255/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Figs. 37, 38</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3196563FFAFBA674DB7E053FDCD48A6" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="10" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8BBC36E8FFAFBA6A4DB7E053FB734B68" blockId="4.[151,1437,151,2011]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<emphasis id="B977EAFAFFAFBA6A4DB7E053FE8448D5" bold="true" box="[199,315,367,391]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Remarks.</emphasis>
Evaluation of extensive material of 
<taxonomicName id="4C034D6BFFAFBA6A4FA5E053FBBC48D5" box="[725,1027,367,391]" class="Cestoda" family="Proteocephalidae" genus="Proteocephalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Proteocephalidea" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="synodontis">
<emphasis id="B977EAFAFFAFBA6A4FA5E053FBBC48D5" box="[725,1027,367,391]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Proteocephalus synodontis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
recently collected from several species of 
<taxonomicName id="4C034D6BFFAFBA6A4D9BE0AFFED948F9" box="[235,358,403,427]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Mochokidae" genus="Synodontis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B977EAFAFFAFBA6A4D9BE0AFFED948F9" box="[235,358,403,427]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Synodontis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, including topotypic material from the type-host, has shown that this species is unique among African proteocephalidean cestodes, including 
<taxonomicName id="4C034D6BFFAFBA6A4FD7E084FCE4489D" box="[679,859,439,463]" class="Cestoda" family="Proteocephalidae" genus="Proteocephalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Proteocephalidea" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="membranacei">
<emphasis id="B977EAFAFFAFBA6A4FD7E084FCE4489D" box="[679,859,439,463]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">P. membranacei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
redescribed below, in the possession of an extraordinarily developed inner longitudinal musculature forming a wide band of large, tightly grouped bundles of muscle fibres. The inner longitudinal musculature of 
<taxonomicName id="4C034D6BFFAFBA6A4FDCE33CFCFC4B45" box="[684,835,511,535]" class="Cestoda" family="Proteocephalidae" genus="Proteocephalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Proteocephalidea" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="synodontis">
<emphasis id="B977EAFAFFAFBA6A4FDCE33CFCFC4B45" box="[684,835,511,535]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">P. synodontis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
resembles that of “pseudophyllidean” cestodes, i.e. some members of the orders Bothriocephalidea and Diphyllobothriidea (
<bibRefCitation id="EF924B19FFAFBA6A4EB2E31EFB1D4B68" author="Kuchta" box="[962,1186,546,571]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" refString="Kuchta, R., Scholz, T., Brabec, J. &amp; Bray, R. A. (2008 a) Suppression of the tapeworm order Pseudophyllidea (Platyhelminthes: Eucestoda) and the proposal of two new orders, Bothriocephalidea and Diphyllobothriidea. International Journal for Parasitology, 38, 49 - 55." type="journal article" year="2008" yearSuffix="a">
Kuchta 
<emphasis id="B977EAFAFFAFBA6A496CE318FBF24B69" box="[1052,1101,547,571]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">et al</emphasis>
. 2008a
</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="EF924B19FFAFBA6A49DDE31EFB014B68" author="Kuchta" box="[1197,1214,546,570]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" refString="Kuchta, R., Scholz, T. &amp; Bray, R. A. (2008 b) Revision of the order Bothriocephalidea Kuchta, Scholz, Brabec &amp; Bray, 2008 (Eucestoda) with amended generic diagnoses and keys to families and genera. Systematic Parasitology, 71, 81 - 136." type="journal article" year="2008" yearSuffix="b">b</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BBC36E8FFAFBA6A4DB5E374FB7E4BA2" blockId="4.[151,1437,151,2011]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
In addition to a very well developed inner longitudinal musculature, 
<taxonomicName id="4C034D6BFFAFBA6A4EB0E374FBEC4B0D" box="[960,1107,583,607]" class="Cestoda" family="Proteocephalidae" genus="Proteocephalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Proteocephalidea" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="synodontis">
<emphasis id="B977EAFAFFAFBA6A4EB0E374FBEC4B0D" box="[960,1107,583,607]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">P. synodontis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
can be differentiated from its African congeners by possessing testicular fields (the poral and aporal ones) well separated from each other, whereas those of 
<taxonomicName id="4C034D6BFFAFBA6A4C2EE3ACFDAC4BF5" box="[350,531,655,679]" class="Cestoda" family="Proteocephalidae" genus="Proteocephalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Proteocephalidea" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="membranacei">
<emphasis id="B977EAFAFFAFBA6A4C2EE3ACFDAC4BF5" box="[350,531,655,679]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">P. membranacei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and other African 
<taxonomicName id="4C034D6BFFAFBA6A4F9DE3B3FC234BF5" box="[749,924,655,679]" class="Cestoda" family="Proteocephalidae" genus="Proteocephalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Proteocephalidea" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B977EAFAFFAFBA6A4F9DE3B3FC234BF5" box="[749,924,655,679]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Proteocephalus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
spp. are confluent medially near the anterior margin of the proglottid. 
<taxonomicName id="4C034D6BFFAFBA6A4CCDE38FFD514B99" box="[445,750,691,715]" class="Cestoda" family="Proteocephalidae" genus="Proteocephalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Proteocephalidea" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="synodontis">
<emphasis id="B977EAFAFFAFBA6A4CCDE38FFD514B99" box="[445,750,691,715]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Proteocephalus synodontis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
can also be distinguished from all but one African proteocephalideans (
<taxonomicName id="4C034D6BFFAFBA6A4C48E3E4FE544BBD" box="[312,491,727,751]" class="Cestoda" family="Proteocephalidae" genus="Proteocephalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Proteocephalidea" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="membranacei">
<emphasis id="B977EAFAFFAFBA6A4C48E3E4FE544BBD" box="[312,491,727,751]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">P. membranacei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) by the presence of two lateral, rounded projections on the eggs.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BBC36E8FFAFBA6A4DB5E3C7FE1A4A95" blockId="4.[151,1437,151,2011]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
All specimens of 
<taxonomicName id="4C034D6BFFAFBA6A4CF8E3C0FDA34A41" box="[392,540,763,787]" class="Cestoda" family="Proteocephalidae" genus="Proteocephalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Proteocephalidea" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="synodontis">
<emphasis id="B977EAFAFFAFBA6A4CF8E3C0FDA34A41" box="[392,540,763,787]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">P. synodontis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from 
<collectingCountry id="F3147678FFAFBA6A4F2FE3C7FD714A41" box="[607,718,763,787]" name="Sudan" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">the Sudan</collectingCountry>
(Nile River basin) possess a thin-walled, but well delimited apical organ with granular content. Examination of a large set of specimens from different hosts and localities in 
<collectingCountry id="F3147678FFAFBA6A480AE223FF624A09" name="Sudan" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">the Sudan</collectingCountry>
has revealed a remarkable variation in shape and size of this apical organ. In tapeworms from Turkana, only two juvenile specimens possessed a very small, yet recognizable apical organ surrounded by numerous gland cells, whereas the apical organ was not observed in any of 
<specimenCount id="9D05FD61FFAFBA6A4F90E2B7FC854AF1" box="[736,826,907,931]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" type="adult">13 adult</specimenCount>
specimens, the scolices of which contained only gland cells in their apical part.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BBC36E8FFAFBA6A4DB5E2EFFE2C4D29" blockId="4.[151,1437,151,2011]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Otherwise, the tapeworms from the Nile and Turkana basins were identical in all morphological features, including those specific for the species, i.e. extraordinarily developed inner longitudinal musculature, shape of the scolex and eggs, disappearance of dorsal osmoregulatory canals in mature and gravid proglottides, complete separation of testicular fields, etc. On the basis of this morphological similarity, all tapeworms are tentatively considered to be conspecific.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BBC36E8FFAFBA6A4DB5E5BBFA224C25" blockId="4.[151,1437,151,2011]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
A comparative analysis of partial sequences of the 28S rRNA gene of 
<specimenCount id="9D05FD61FFAFBA6A4EACE5BBFBCB4DCD" box="[988,1140,1159,1183]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" type="generic">22 specimens</specimenCount>
from five 
<taxonomicName id="4C034D6BFFAFBA6A499CE5BBFAD84DCD" box="[1260,1383,1159,1183]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Mochokidae" genus="Synodontis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B977EAFAFFAFBA6A499CE5BBFAD84DCD" box="[1260,1383,1159,1183]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Synodontis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
spp. from four localities in the Nile (n = 15) and Turkana (n = 7) basins has shown their identity in all but one nucleotide. Furthermore, partial sequences of the 
<geoCoordinate id="EE37502FFFAFBA6A4FE2E5F3FD7C4DB5" box="[658,707,1231,1255]" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" precision="5555" value="-5.8">5.8S</geoCoordinate>
/ITS2 genes of the same specimens showed a complete identity except for a slight difference in the number of repeats of a 2 bp microsatellite, separating specimens from the Nile (13/14 repeats) and Turkana (11 repeats) (Genbank 
<accessionNumber id="9450AB0BFFAFBA6A4E79E42BFCC14C7D" box="[777,894,1303,1327]" httpUri="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ena/browser/api/embl/JN005775" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">JN005775</accessionNumber>
– 
<accessionNumber id="9450AB0BFFAFBA6A4EFDE42BFBBC4C7D" box="[909,1027,1303,1327]" httpUri="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ena/browser/api/embl/JN005779" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">JN005779</accessionNumber>
). Both these slight, but invariable sequence differences seemingly correlate with the presence/absence of apical organ in adult tapeworms and may indicate ongoing allopatric speciation of geographically isolated populations after their relatively recent separation.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BBC36E8FFAFBA6A4DB7E4BFFD654FC5" blockId="4.[151,1437,151,2011]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
The morphological and molecular differences between specimens from the Nile and Turkana described above may reflect current separation of Turkana and the Omo River (its only permanent tributary), which form an endorheic basin. These two basins were connected repeatedly during the humid periods in the course of palaeoclimatic fluctuations of the Pleistocene. The last discontinuous connection was present 9,500–3,680 BC, during which the water level of Lake Turkana stood at an elevation about 
<quantity id="4CFB9B0DFFAFBA6A4E69E72FFCEB4F79" box="[793,852,1555,1579]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.0" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" unit="m" value="80.0">80 m</quantity>
above its present surface level (
<bibRefCitation id="EF924B19FFAFBA6A49B2E72FFF6C4F1D" author="Harvey" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" refString="Harvey, C. P. D. &amp; Grove A. T. (1982) A prehistoric source of the Nile. Geographic Journal, 148, 327 - 336." type="journal article" year="1982">Harvey and Grove, 1982</bibRefCitation>
). The close relationship between Turkana and Nile is also evidenced by their biogeographical similarity (
<bibRefCitation id="EF924B19FFAFBA6A4DEEE767FE864F21" author="Hopson" box="[158,313,1627,1651]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" refString="Hopson, A. J. (ed). (1982) Lake Turkana: a report on the finding of the Lake Turkana project 1972 - 1975. Vols. 1 - 6. Overseas Development Administration, London." type="book chapter" year="1982">Hopson 1982</bibRefCitation>
; Dgebuadze 
<emphasis id="B977EAFAFFAFBA6A4CBAE760FE434F21" box="[458,508,1627,1651]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">et al</emphasis>
. 1994), including the occurrence of 
<taxonomicName id="4C034D6BFFAFBA6A4EE4E760FC4C4F21" box="[916,1011,1627,1651]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Mochokidae" genus="Synodontis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="schall">
<emphasis id="B977EAFAFFAFBA6A4EE4E760FC4C4F21" box="[916,1011,1627,1651]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">S. schall</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, the 
<typeStatus id="54B8884AFFAFBA6A495AE760FBE54F26" box="[1066,1114,1628,1652]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">type</typeStatus>
host of 
<taxonomicName id="4C034D6BFFAFBA6A49C6E760FAF64F21" box="[1206,1353,1627,1651]" class="Cestoda" family="Proteocephalidae" genus="Proteocephalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Proteocephalidea" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="synodontis">
<emphasis id="B977EAFAFFAFBA6A49C6E760FAF64F21" box="[1206,1353,1627,1651]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">P. synodontis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and 
<taxonomicName id="4C034D6BFFAFBA6A48F7E760FF4B4FC5" class="Actinopterygii" family="Mochokidae" genus="Synodontis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="frontosa">
<emphasis id="B977EAFAFFAFBA6A48F7E760FF4B4FC5" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">S. frontosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in both drainages (
<bibRefCitation id="EF924B19FFAFBA6A4CB9E743FD714FC5" author="Froese" box="[457,718,1663,1687]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" refString="Froese, R. &amp; Pauly, D. (Eds.) (2011) FishBase. World Wide Web electronic publication. www. fishbase. org, April 2011." type="book chapter" year="2011">Froese and Pauly 2011</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BBC36E8FFAFBA6A4DB7E798FBF74E51" blockId="4.[151,1437,151,2011]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
It is possible that future studies using molecular markers suitable for a more detailed analysis of population structure, applied to larger samples, will provide evidence that both geographically distant populations of 
<taxonomicName id="4C034D6BFFAFBA6A4833E7F4FF644E51" class="Cestoda" family="Proteocephalidae" genus="Proteocephalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Proteocephalidea" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="synodontis">
<emphasis id="B977EAFAFFAFBA6A4833E7F4FF644E51" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">P. synodontis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
actually represent two separate, but morphologically similar (sibling) species.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BBC36E8FFAFBA6A4DB5E633FCE34E89" blockId="4.[151,1437,151,2011]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
The above-mentioned variability (supposedly intraspecific) in the shape, size and the presence/absence of an apical organ found in 
<taxonomicName id="4C034D6BFFAFBA6A4CE8E608FD904E19" box="[408,559,1843,1867]" class="Cestoda" family="Proteocephalidae" genus="Proteocephalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Proteocephalidea" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="synodontis">
<emphasis id="B977EAFAFFAFBA6A4CE8E608FD904E19" box="[408,559,1843,1867]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">P. synodontis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is unique among proteocephalidean cestodes, because a considerably lower variability in the size of the apical organ has been observed in other species (de 
<bibRefCitation id="EF924B19FFAFBA6A493AE66BFAB84E3D" author="Chambrier" box="[1098,1287,1879,1903]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" refString="de Chambrier, A. (1988) Crepidobothrium garzonii n. sp. (Cestoda: Proteocephalidae) parasite de Bothrops alternatus Dum. Bibr. &amp; Dum., 1854 (Serpentes: Viperidae) au Paraguay. Revue Suisse de Zoologie, 95, 1163 - 1170." type="journal article" year="1988">Chambrier 1988</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="EF924B19FFAFBA6A4866E66BFAE04E3D" author="Chambrier" box="[1302,1375,1879,1903]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" refString="de Chambrier, A. (1989 a) Revision du genre Crepidobothrium Monticelli, 1900 (Cestoda: Proteocephalidae) parasite d'ophidiens neotropicaux. I. C. gerrardii (Baird, 1860) et C. viperis (Beddard, 1913). Revue Suisse de Zoologie, 96, 191 - 217." type="journal article" year="1989" yearSuffix="a">1989a</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="EF924B19FFAFBA6A4813E66BFACD4E3D" author="Chambrier" box="[1379,1394,1879,1903]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" refString="de Chambrier, A. (1989 b) Revision du genre Crepidobothrium Monticelli, 1900 (Cestoda: Proteocephalidae) parasite d'ophidiens neotropicaux. II. C. dollfusi Freze, 1965, C. lachesidis (MacCallum, 1921) et conclusions. Revue Suisse de Zoologie, 96, 345 - 380." type="journal article" year="1989" yearSuffix="b">b</bibRefCitation>
; de 
<bibRefCitation id="EF924B19FFAFBA6A4DE7E647FE684EC1" author="Chambrier" box="[151,471,1915,1939]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" refString="de Chambrier, A. &amp; Vaucher, C. (1999) Proteocephalidae et Monticelliidae (Eucestoda: Proteocephalidea) parasites de poissons d'eau douce au Paraguay, avec descriptions d'un genre nouveau et de dix especes nouvelles. Revue Suisse de Zoologie, 106, 165 - 240." type="journal article" year="1999">Chambrier &amp; Vaucher 1999</bibRefCitation>
). In addition, the presence/absence of an apical organ even represents a species-specific character used for differentiation of proteocephalideans in other zoogeographical regions (de 
<bibRefCitation id="EF924B19FFAFBA6A4995E6A3FF6C4E89" author="Chambrier" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" refString="de Chambrier, A., Scholz, T. &amp; Vaucher, C. (1996) Tapeworms (Cestoda: Proteocephalidea) of Hoplias malabaricus (Pisces: Characiformes, Erythrinidae) in Paraguay: description of Proteocephalus regoi sp. n., and redescription of Nomimoscolex matogrossensis. Folia Parasitologica, 43, 133 - 140." type="journal article" year="1996">
Chambrier 
<emphasis id="B977EAFAFFAFBA6A4814E69CFA2A4EE5" box="[1380,1429,1951,1975]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">et al</emphasis>
. 1996
</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EF924B19FFAFBA6A4DADE6FFFE134E89" author="Scholz" box="[221,428,1987,2011]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" refString="Scholz, T., Hanzelova, V., Skerikova, A., Shimazu, T. &amp; Rolbiecki, L. (2007) An annotated list of species of the Proteocephalus Weinland, 1858 aggregate sensu de Chambrier et al. (2004) (Cestoda: Proteocephalidea), parasites of freshwater fishes in the Palaearctic Region, their phylogenetic relationships and key to identification. Systematic Parasitology 67, 139 - 156." type="journal article" year="2007">
Scholz 
<emphasis id="B977EAFAFFAFBA6A4C41E6F8FEDD4E89" box="[305,354,1987,2011]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">et al</emphasis>
. 2007
</bibRefCitation>
; de Chambrier &amp; de 
<bibRefCitation id="EF924B19FFAFBA6A4FE5E6FFFCEE4E89" author="Chambrier" box="[661,849,1987,2011]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" refString="de Chambrier, S. &amp; de Chambrier, A. (2010) Two new genera and two new species of proteocephalidean tapeworms (Eucestoda) from reptiles and amphibians in Australia. Folia Parasitologica 57, 263 - 279." type="journal article" year="2010">Chambrier 2010</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF7C6660FFAEBA6B4DE7E603FE444EBD" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/166252/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" targetBox="[150,1434,202,1834]" targetPageId="5">
<paragraph id="8BBC36E8FFAEBA6B4DE7E603FE444EBD" blockId="5.[151,1437,1855,2031]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<emphasis id="B977EAFAFFAEBA6B4DE7E603FEF94E06" bold="true" box="[151,326,1855,1878]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">FIGURES 1–13.</emphasis>
Scanning electron micrographs of the scoleces of 
<taxonomicName id="4C034D6BFFAEBA6B4E35E603FC5C4E07" box="[837,995,1855,1877]" class="Cestoda" family="Proteocephalidae" genus="Proteocephalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Proteocephalidea" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B977EAFAFFAEBA6B4E35E603FC5C4E07" box="[837,995,1855,1877]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Proteocephalus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
spp. from 
<taxonomicName id="4C034D6BFFAEBA6B4920E603FB004E07" box="[1104,1215,1855,1877]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Mochokidae" genus="Synodontis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B977EAFAFFAEBA6B4920E603FB004E07" box="[1104,1215,1855,1877]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Synodontis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
catfish: 
<taxonomicName id="4C034D6BFFAEBA6B4867E67CFEFE4E26" authority="Woodland, 1925" authorityName="Woodland" authorityYear="1925" class="Cestoda" family="Proteocephalidae" genus="Proteocephalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Proteocephalidea" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="synodontis">
<emphasis id="B977EAFAFFAEBA6B4867E67CFA234E07" box="[1303,1436,1855,1877]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">P. synodontis</emphasis>
Woodland, 1925
</taxonomicName>
from 
<taxonomicName id="4C034D6BFFAEBA6B4CF4E663FDA04E26" authority="Lake" authorityName="Lake" box="[388,543,1886,1908]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Mochokidae" genus="Synodontis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="schall">
<emphasis id="B977EAFAFFAEBA6B4CF4E663FE624E26" box="[388,477,1886,1908]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">S. schall</emphasis>
, Lake
</taxonomicName>
Turkana, Kenya (1–3, 7, 8) and from 
<taxonomicName id="4C034D6BFFAEBA6B4EC8E663FBE54E26" authority="Kosti" authorityName="Kosti" box="[952,1114,1886,1908]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Mochokidae" genus="Synodontis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="schall">
<emphasis id="B977EAFAFFAEBA6B4EC8E663FBAF4E26" box="[952,1040,1886,1908]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">S. schall</emphasis>
, Kostí
</taxonomicName>
, Sudan (4–6); 
<taxonomicName id="4C034D6BFFAEBA6B4986E663FEA24EC0" authority="Troncy, 1978" authorityName="Troncy" authorityYear="1978" class="Cestoda" family="Proteocephalidae" genus="Proteocephalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Proteocephalidea" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="membranacei">
<emphasis id="B977EAFAFFAEBA6B4986E663FA234E26" box="[1270,1436,1886,1908]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">P. membranacei</emphasis>
Troncy, 1978
</taxonomicName>
from 
<taxonomicName id="4C034D6BFFAEBA6B4C2CE641FDFC4EC0" authority="Lake" authorityName="Lake" box="[348,579,1916,1939]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Mochokidae" genus="Synodontis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="membranacea">
<emphasis id="B977EAFAFFAEBA6B4C2CE641FDBB4EC1" box="[348,516,1917,1939]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">S. membranacea</emphasis>
, Lake
</taxonomicName>
Chad, Chad, syntype (MNHNP 1116H; 9, 10); 
<taxonomicName id="4C034D6BFFAEBA6B495AE642FB644EC1" box="[1066,1243,1917,1939]" class="Cestoda" family="Proteocephalidae" genus="Proteocephalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Proteocephalidea" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="largoproglottis">
<emphasis id="B977EAFAFFAEBA6B495AE642FB644EC1" box="[1066,1243,1917,1939]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">P. largoproglottis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(= syn. of 
<emphasis id="B977EAFAFFAEBA6B483AE642FF4E4EE3" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">P. m e m - branacei</emphasis>
), syntype (MNHNP 1115H; 11–13). 1, 4, 9, 11. Dorsoventral view. 2, 5, 10, 13. Lateral view. 3, 6, 12. Apical view. 7, 8. Papilliform filitriches on the external rim and internal surface of suckers, respectively (see Fig. 1). Scale bars = 100 μm (1–6, 9, 11–13); 50 μm (10); 3 μm (7, 8).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="DF7C6660FFADBA684DE7E7E5FDB94EB7" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/166253/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" targetBox="[185,1377,199,1732]" targetPageId="6">
<paragraph id="8BBC36E8FFADBA684DE7E7E5FDB94EB7" blockId="6.[151,1436,1753,2021]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
<emphasis id="B977EAFAFFADBA684DE7E7E5FEEA4FBD" bold="true" box="[151,341,1753,1776]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">FIGURES 14–24.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C034D6BFFADBA684C2CE7E5FC9F4FBD" authority="Woodland, 1925" authorityName="Woodland" authorityYear="1925" box="[348,800,1753,1775]" class="Cestoda" family="Proteocephalidae" genus="Proteocephalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Proteocephalidea" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="synodontis">
<emphasis id="B977EAFAFFADBA684C2CE7E5FDD14FBD" box="[348,622,1753,1775]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Proteocephalus synodontis</emphasis>
Woodland, 1925
</taxonomicName>
. 14, Holotype (BMNH 1961.4.10.87–102), Khartoum, Sudan, scolex, dorsoventral view. 15, 17–20. Apical organs. 15. Holotype, Khartoum. 17. From 
<taxonomicName id="4C034D6BFFADBA684956E7C4FA9C4E5C" authority="Girba" authorityName="Girba" box="[1062,1315,1784,1806]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Mochokidae" genus="Synodontis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="schall">
<emphasis id="B977EAFAFFADBA684956E7C4FB674E5C" box="[1062,1240,1784,1806]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Synodontis schall</emphasis>
, Girba
</taxonomicName>
, Sudan; 18. Immature tapeworm from 
<taxonomicName id="4C034D6BFFADBA684CD3E62BFD2A4E7F" authority="Lake" authorityName="Lake" box="[419,661,1815,1837]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Mochokidae" genus="Synodontis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="schall">
<emphasis id="B977EAFAFFADBA684CD3E62BFDE94E7F" box="[419,598,1815,1837]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Synodontis schall</emphasis>
, Lake
</taxonomicName>
Turkana, Kenya; 19. From 
<taxonomicName id="4C034D6BFFADBA684EDFE62BFB184E7F" authority="Kosti" authorityName="Kosti" box="[943,1191,1815,1837]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Mochokidae" genus="Synodontis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="schall">
<emphasis id="B977EAFAFFADBA684EDFE62BFBDE4E7F" box="[943,1121,1815,1837]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Synodontis schall</emphasis>
, Kostí
</taxonomicName>
, Sudan; 20. From 
<taxonomicName id="4C034D6BFFADBA684812E624FE1D4E19" authority="Kosti" authorityName="Kosti" class="Actinopterygii" family="Mochokidae" genus="Synodontis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="caudovittata">
<emphasis id="B977EAFAFFADBA684812E624FEE54E1E" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Synodontis caudovittata</emphasis>
, Kostí
</taxonomicName>
, Sudan. 21, 24. Immature proglottides from 
<taxonomicName id="4C034D6BFFADBA684E1EE60AFBF14E19" authority="Kosti" authorityName="Kosti" box="[878,1102,1845,1868]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Mochokidae" genus="Synodontis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="caudovittata">
<emphasis id="B977EAFAFFADBA684E1EE60AFBB84E1E" box="[878,1031,1846,1868]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">S. caudovittata</emphasis>
, Kostí
</taxonomicName>
, Sudan. 22. Holotype, immature proglottis (note median extent of testes not reaching to uterine stem). 23. Holotype, cross section of gravid proglottis. Abbreviations: ao—apical organ; cs—cirrus-sac; do—dorsal osmoregulatory canals; dv—dorsoventral muscle fibres; gc—gland cells; lm—longitudinal internal musculature; ov—ovary; sd—sperm duct (vas deferens); te—testes; ud—uterine diverticulum; uouterine orifice; ut—uterus; vc—vaginal canal; vi—vitelline follicles; vo—ventral osmoregulatory canals. Scale bars = 100 μm (14, 16, 21–24); 50 µm (15, 17–20).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="DF7C6660FFACBA694DE7E7A7FD234EB7" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/166254/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" targetBox="[157,1416,199,1649]" targetPageId="7">
<paragraph id="8BBC36E8FFACBA694DE7E7A7FD234EB7" blockId="7.[151,1437,1691,2021]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
<emphasis id="B977EAFAFFACBA694DE7E7A7FEEA4FE3" bold="true" box="[151,341,1691,1714]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">FIGURES 25–35.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C034D6BFFACBA694C2CE7A0FCA14FE0" authority="Woodland, 1925" authorityName="Woodland" authorityYear="1925" box="[348,798,1692,1714]" class="Cestoda" family="Proteocephalidae" genus="Proteocephalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Proteocephalidea" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="synodontis">
<emphasis id="B977EAFAFFACBA694C2CE7A0FDD14FE0" box="[348,622,1692,1714]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Proteocephalus synodontis</emphasis>
Woodland, 1925
</taxonomicName>
from 
<taxonomicName id="4C034D6BFFACBA694E2EE7A0FBED4FE0" authority="Lake" authorityName="Lake" box="[862,1106,1692,1714]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Mochokidae" genus="Synodontis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="schall">
<emphasis id="B977EAFAFFACBA694E2EE7A0FBAE4FE0" box="[862,1041,1692,1714]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Synodontis schall</emphasis>
, Lake
</taxonomicName>
Turkana, Kenya (25–33) and 
<taxonomicName id="4C034D6BFFACBA6948F9E7A1FE9E4F83" class="Cestoda" family="Proteocephalidae" genus="Proteocephalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Proteocephalidea" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="membranacei">
<emphasis id="B977EAFAFFACBA6948F9E7A1FE9E4F83" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">P. membranacei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from 
<taxonomicName id="4C034D6BFFACBA694C2FE787FDF74F82" authority="Lake" authorityName="Lake" box="[351,584,1722,1745]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Mochokidae" genus="Synodontis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="membranacea">
<emphasis id="B977EAFAFFACBA694C2FE787FDB74F83" box="[351,520,1723,1745]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">S. membranacea</emphasis>
, Lake
</taxonomicName>
Chad, Chad. 25. Scolex, dorsoventral view (note accumulation of gland cells in the apical region—gc). 26. Scolex, longitudinal section. 27, 28, 34, 35. Cross sections of pregravid proglottides at the level of ovary (27, 34), cirrus-sac (28) and testes (35). 29. Premature proglottis, dorsal view. 30, 31. Gravid proglottides of different shape, ventral view. 32. Pregravid proglottis, ventral view. 33. Terminal genitalia, ventral view (note vaginal sphincter—vs). Fig. 34—syntype of 
<taxonomicName id="4C034D6BFFACBA694C01E60AFDA94E19" box="[369,534,1845,1867]" class="Cestoda" family="Proteocephalidae" genus="Proteocephalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Proteocephalidea" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="membranacei">
<emphasis id="B977EAFAFFACBA694C01E60AFDA94E19" box="[369,534,1845,1867]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">P. membranacei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(MNHNP 1116H); Fig. 35—syntype of 
<taxonomicName id="4C034D6BFFACBA694EB2E60AFBCA4E19" box="[962,1141,1845,1867]" class="Cestoda" family="Proteocephalidae" genus="Proteocephalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Proteocephalidea" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="largoproglottis">
<emphasis id="B977EAFAFFACBA694EB2E60AFBCA4E19" box="[962,1141,1845,1867]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">P. largoproglottis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(= syn. of 
<taxonomicName id="4C034D6BFFACBA69499FE60AFA2A4E19" box="[1263,1429,1845,1867]" class="Cestoda" family="Proteocephalidae" genus="Proteocephalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Proteocephalidea" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="membranacei">
<emphasis id="B977EAFAFFACBA69499FE60AFA2A4E19" box="[1263,1429,1845,1867]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">P. membranacei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; MNHNP 1115H). Abbreviations: cm—circular musculature of suckers; cs—cirrus-sac; do—dorsal osmoregulatory canals; dv—dorsoventral muscle fibres; gc—gland cells; lm—longitudinal internal musculature; mg—Mehlis’ gland; od—oviduct; ov—ovary; sc—secondary osmoregulatory canals; sd—sperm duct (vas deferens); te—testes; ud—uterine diverticulum; uouterine orifice; ut—uterus; vd—vitelloduct; vi—vitelline follicles; vo—ventral osmoregulatory canals; vs—vaginal sphincter. Scale bars = 500 μm (25–32, 34, 35); 250 µm (33).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="DF7C6660FFA3BA664DE7E64EFB154EB6" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/166255/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" targetBox="[150,1436,206,1878]" targetPageId="8">
<paragraph id="8BBC36E8FFA3BA664DE7E64EFB154EB6" blockId="8.[151,1436,1906,2020]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
<emphasis id="B977EAFAFFA3BA664DE7E64EFEEB4EDA" bold="true" box="[151,340,1906,1929]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">FIGURES 36–40.</emphasis>
Eggs of 
<taxonomicName id="4C034D6BFFA3BA664CDEE64EFCD24EDA" authority="Woodland, 1925" authorityName="Woodland" authorityYear="1925" box="[430,877,1906,1928]" class="Cestoda" family="Proteocephalidae" genus="Proteocephalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Proteocephalidea" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="synodontis">
<emphasis id="B977EAFAFFA3BA664CDEE64EFD004EDA" box="[430,703,1906,1928]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Proteocephalus synodontis</emphasis>
Woodland, 1925
</taxonomicName>
from 
<taxonomicName id="4C034D6BFFA3BA664EDBE64EFB224EDA" authority="Lake" authorityName="Lake" box="[939,1181,1906,1928]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Mochokidae" genus="Synodontis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="schall">
<emphasis id="B977EAFAFFA3BA664EDBE64EFBE24EDA" box="[939,1117,1906,1928]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Synodontis schall</emphasis>
, Lake
</taxonomicName>
Turkana, Kenya (36, 37) and 
<taxonomicName id="4C034D6BFFA3BA664DB2E6AEFEA74EF5" box="[194,280,1937,1959]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Mochokidae" genus="Synodontis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="schall">
<emphasis id="B977EAFAFFA3BA664DB2E6AEFEA74EF5" box="[194,280,1937,1959]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">S. schall</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, Khartoum, Sudan (38), and 
<taxonomicName id="4C034D6BFFA3BA664F4EE6AEFCD14EF5" authority="Troncy, 1978" authorityName="Troncy" authorityYear="1978" box="[574,878,1937,1959]" class="Cestoda" family="Proteocephalidae" genus="Proteocephalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Proteocephalidea" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="membranacei">
<emphasis id="B977EAFAFFA3BA664F4EE6AEFD5E4EF5" box="[574,737,1937,1959]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">P. membranacei</emphasis>
Troncy, 1978
</taxonomicName>
from 
<taxonomicName id="4C034D6BFFA3BA664EDBE6AEFB2C4EF5" authority="Lake" authorityName="Lake" box="[939,1171,1937,1959]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Mochokidae" genus="Synodontis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="membranacea">
<emphasis id="B977EAFAFFA3BA664EDBE6AEFBEC4EF5" box="[939,1107,1937,1959]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">S. membranacea</emphasis>
, Lake
</taxonomicName>
Chad, Chad (39, 40). Fig. 39—syntype of 
<taxonomicName id="4C034D6BFFA3BA664C49E68DFE634E97" box="[313,476,1967,1990]" class="Cestoda" family="Proteocephalidae" genus="Proteocephalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Proteocephalidea" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="membranacei">
<emphasis id="B977EAFAFFA3BA664C49E68DFE634E97" box="[313,476,1967,1990]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">P. membranacei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(MNHNP 1116H); Fig. 40—syntype of 
<taxonomicName id="4C034D6BFFA3BA664E04E68DFB9B4E97" box="[884,1060,1967,1990]" class="Cestoda" family="Proteocephalidae" genus="Proteocephalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Proteocephalidea" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="largoproglottis">
<emphasis id="B977EAFAFFA3BA664E04E68DFB9B4E97" box="[884,1060,1967,1990]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">P. largoproglottis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(= syn. of 
<taxonomicName id="4C034D6BFFA3BA6649E1E68DFA8B4E97" box="[1169,1332,1967,1990]" class="Cestoda" family="Proteocephalidae" genus="Proteocephalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Proteocephalidea" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="membranacei">
<emphasis id="B977EAFAFFA3BA6649E1E68DFA8B4E97" box="[1169,1332,1967,1990]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">P. membranacei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; MNHNP 1115H). Abbreviations: em—embryophore; oe—outer envelope; on—oncosphere. Scale bars = 20 µm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BBC36E8FFA2BA674DB5E1A4FB8D484F" blockId="9.[151,1436,151,500]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
<taxonomicName id="4C034D6BFFA2BA674DB5E1A4FE4C49E2" box="[197,499,152,176]" class="Cestoda" family="Proteocephalidae" genus="Proteocephalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Proteocephalidea" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="synodontis">
<emphasis id="B977EAFAFFA2BA674DB5E1A4FE4C49E2" box="[197,499,152,176]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Proteocephalus synodontis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is a rather frequent parasite, which was found in as many as six 
<taxonomicName id="4C034D6BFFA2BA6749BEE1A4FAF649E2" box="[1230,1353,152,176]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Mochokidae" genus="Synodontis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B977EAFAFFA2BA6749BEE1A4FAF649E2" box="[1230,1353,152,176]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Synodontis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
spp. in the Sudanian Nile, namely in 
<taxonomicName id="4C034D6BFFA2BA674C99E181FDF64986" box="[489,585,188,212]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Mochokidae" genus="Synodontis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="schall">
<emphasis id="B977EAFAFFA2BA674C99E181FDF64986" box="[489,585,188,212]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">S. schall</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(overall prevalence 28%; n = 88), 
<taxonomicName id="4C034D6BFFA2BA674EA7E181FB3F4986" box="[983,1152,188,212]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Mochokidae" genus="Synodontis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="caudovittata">
<emphasis id="B977EAFAFFA2BA674EA7E181FB3F4986" box="[983,1152,188,212]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">S. caudovittata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(75%; n = 4), 
<taxonomicName id="4C034D6BFFA2BA674859E181FA244986" box="[1321,1435,189,212]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Mochokidae" genus="Synodontis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="euptera">
<emphasis id="B977EAFAFFA2BA674859E181FA244986" box="[1321,1435,189,212]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">S. euptera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(25%; n = 4); 
<taxonomicName id="4C034D6BFFA2BA674C42E1DCFE1549AA" box="[306,426,224,248]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Mochokidae" genus="Synodontis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="frontosa">
<emphasis id="B977EAFAFFA2BA674C42E1DCFE1549AA" box="[306,426,224,248]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">S. frontosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(25%; n = 44), 
<taxonomicName id="4C034D6BFFA2BA674F27E1DCFD0049AA" box="[599,703,224,248]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Mochokidae" genus="Synodontis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nigrita">
<emphasis id="B977EAFAFFA2BA674F27E1DCFD0049AA" box="[599,703,224,248]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">S. nigrita</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(21%; n = 19) and 
<taxonomicName id="4C034D6BFFA2BA674EE5E1DCFBBD49AA" box="[917,1026,224,248]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Mochokidae" genus="Synodontis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="serrata">
<emphasis id="B977EAFAFFA2BA674EE5E1DCFBBD49AA" box="[917,1026,224,248]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">S. serrata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(14%; n = 22), and in two fish hosts, namely 
<taxonomicName id="4C034D6BFFA2BA674D80E039FEF0484E" box="[240,335,260,284]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Mochokidae" genus="Synodontis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="schall">
<emphasis id="B977EAFAFFA2BA674D80E039FEF0484E" box="[240,335,260,284]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">S. schall</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(22%; n = 50), and 
<taxonomicName id="4C034D6BFFA2BA674F40E039FD17484E" box="[560,680,260,284]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Mochokidae" genus="Synodontis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="frontosa">
<emphasis id="B977EAFAFFA2BA674F40E039FD17484E" box="[560,680,260,284]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">S. frontosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(21%; n = 58), in Turkana, 
<collectingCountry id="F3147678FFA2BA674E91E039FB91484F" box="[993,1070,261,285]" name="Kenya" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Kenya</collectingCountry>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BBC36E8FFA2BA674DB5E014FDCD48A6" blockId="9.[151,1436,151,500]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
A tapeworm morphologically almost indistinguishable from those from 
<taxonomicName id="4C034D6BFFA2BA674E8BE014FBC94812" box="[1019,1142,296,320]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Mochokidae" genus="Synodontis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B977EAFAFFA2BA674E8BE014FBC94812" box="[1019,1142,296,320]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Synodontis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
spp., but markedly larger and wider, was found in the bagrid catfish 
<taxonomicName id="4C034D6BFFA2BA674FE8E070FC634836" box="[664,988,332,356]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Claroteidae" genus="Auchenoglanis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="acuticeps">
<emphasis id="B977EAFAFFA2BA674FE8E070FC814836" box="[664,830,332,356]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Auchenoglanis</emphasis>
cf. 
<emphasis id="B977EAFAFFA2BA674E02E071FC634836" box="[882,988,333,356]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">acuticeps</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from the Blue Nile in Sennar. Partial sequences from both the 28S rRNA and 
<geoCoordinate id="EE37502FFFA2BA674FF7E053FD0748D5" box="[647,696,367,391]" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" precision="5555" value="-5.5">5.5S</geoCoordinate>
/ITS2 genes of this specimen were identical with those of all sequenced samples of 
<taxonomicName id="4C034D6BFFA2BA674CE5E0A9FD9648FE" box="[405,553,404,428]" class="Cestoda" family="Proteocephalidae" genus="Proteocephalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Proteocephalidea" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="synodontis">
<emphasis id="B977EAFAFFA2BA674CE5E0A9FD9648FE" box="[405,553,404,428]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">P. synodontis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from 
<taxonomicName id="4C034D6BFFA2BA674F1FE0A8FD5548FE" box="[623,746,404,428]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Mochokidae" genus="Synodontis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B977EAFAFFA2BA674F1FE0A8FD5548FE" box="[623,746,404,428]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Synodontis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
spp. from 
<collectingCountry id="F3147678FFA2BA674E16E0A8FC6948FE" box="[870,982,404,428]" name="Sudan" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">the Sudan</collectingCountry>
(data not shown). Therefore, this specimen from an atypical host is tentatively identified as 
<taxonomicName id="4C034D6BFFA2BA674F98E085FCC44882" box="[744,891,440,464]" class="Cestoda" family="Proteocephalidae" genus="Proteocephalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Proteocephalidea" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="synodontis">
<emphasis id="B977EAFAFFA2BA674F98E085FCC44882" box="[744,891,440,464]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">P. synodontis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
but new material is necessary to confirm its regular occurrence in a bagrid definitive host.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>